Unit 1

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INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONY SYSTEM


OB1ECTIVES

General Objective : To understand the concept oI telephony system, the types oI the
telephone exchanges and the switching concept.

Specific Objectives : At the end oI the unit you will be able to:

explain the need oI the telephony networking system.
sketch the telephone network Ior local exchange and telephone
network hierarchy.
deIine PSTN and MTX telephone exchange.
explain switching concept including matrix switching, step by
step, common controller and SPC.
draw the SPC block diagram and to understand the advantages
and disadvantages oI the system.

UNIT 1
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1.0 Introduction

The Telephony Communication Principle

There are 3 main parts as shown in Iigure 1.1
a) Transmitting transducer
b) Receiving transducer
c) One pair wire system

IAPU1

We use telephony system in our
everyday liIe. The equipment
involves telephone sets at home,
the internet, e-mails, our mobile
phones and teleIaxes. Telephony
system makes our liIe much more
easier.
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Conversation
Energy

Produces
the conversation
energy again

Figure 1.1 Telephony Communication Principle

1.1 The Telephone
The telephone is one oI the 825089 devices we have in our house. It is so very
simple because the telephone connection to our house has not changed in
nearly a century.
The telephone only contains three parts and they are all simple as shown in Iigure
1.2.
A switch to connect and disconnect the phone Irom the network. This
switch is generally called the hook switch. It connects when you liIt the
handset.
A speaker - It is generally in a small size, 8-ohm speaker oI some sort.
A microphone - In the past, telephone microphones have been as simple
as carbon granules compressed between two thin metal plates. Sound
waves Irom our voice compress and decompress the granules, changing
the resistance oI the granules and modulating the current Ilowing through
the microphone.

Transmitting
Transducer

Receiving
Transducer
Receiving
Transducer
Transmitting
Transducer
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Figure 1.2 Parts oI the telephone set.

1.2 Telephone Bandwidth
In order to allow more long-distance calls to be transmitted, the Irequencies
transmitted are limited to a bandwidth oI about 3000 hertz. All oI the Irequencies in
our voice below 400 hertz and above 3,400 hertz are eliminated. That's why
someone's voice on a phone has a distinctive sound.

1.3 Digital Telephone
The digital button is the latest technique oI dialing. It uses the button to give signal
Ior every one digit. The diagram in Iigure 1.3 shows the :, 1one M:9
Freq:ency TMF) type oI dialing. The button on the phone is connected to a set oI
oscillators which produces a pair oI tone on the local line whenever a button is being
pressed. The tone will be detected at the main distributor and the digit will be
conIirmed. The detector circuits in the main distributor will conIirm the tone within
33ms.

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1209Hz 1336Hz 1477Hz

Figure 1.3 ual Tone Multi Frequency TMF)

1.3.1 Progress Tones
The various types oI tones generated by the exchange to guide the users are :
, 1one (1). This is a 33 c/s continuous note and is applied to the line
aIter the subscriber has liIted his handset and the switching equipment has
allocated him an available outlet Ior this call to proceed. There would have
been a physical limit on the number oI calls an exchange could handle so iI
all equipment was already in use, the subscriber would not get a dial tone.
B:8y 1one (B1). A higher pitched note oI 400 c/s interrupts to give a
cadence oI 0.75 seconds on, 0.75 seconds oII. Busy tone indicates either that
the called subscriber is already oII-hook busy) or that the route to the called
subscriber is congested. In later systems, a slightly diIIerent cadence was
introduced in order to distinguish between these two scenarios. A busy tone
1
4
7 8 9
5 6
3 2
# 0 *
697Hz
770Hz

852Hz

941Hz

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is made up oI a 480-hertz and a 620-hertz tone, with a cycle oI one and a halI
second on and one and a halI second oII.
A:2-er Uno-9,n,-e 1one (AU1). Identical pitch to the busy tone but
continuous. This tone is used to indicate that a number is out oI service,
Iaulty or that a spare line has been dialed.
#ng 1one (#1). A tone oI 133c/s which interrupts in the same cadence as
the ring current which rings the telephone bell at the called party's end : 0.4
seconds on, 0.2 seconds oII.

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Example 1.1

o you know the human`s voice Irequency ?

Solution to Example 1.1

The answer is between 300 3400 Hz.

Telephony System surely
makes my job easier.
Yahoo !!!
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Activity 1A

TEST OUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE
NEXT INPUT.!

1.1 State THREE main parts oI the telephone system and draw the block
diagram.

1.2 List and explain FOUR types oI the telephone supervisory progress) tones .

Telephony system makes the world
becomes smaller through the usage oI the
internet. This won`t be achieved without the
advancement in telephony technology.
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Feedback To Activity 1A

1.1 There are 3 main parts as shown in Iigure 1.1
a) Transmitting transducer
b) Receiving transducer
c) One pair wire system

1.2 The various types oI tones generated by the exchange to guide the users are :
, 1one (1). This is a 33 c/s continuous note and is applied to the line aIter the
subscriber has liIted his handset and the switching equipment has allocated him an
available outlet Ior this call to proceed. There would have been a physical limit on
the number oI calls an exchange could handle so iI all equipment was already in use,
the subscriber would not get a dial tone.
B:8y 1one (B1). A higher pitched note oI 400 c/s interrupts to give a cadence oI
0.75 seconds on, 0.75 seconds oII. Busy tone indicates either that the called

Transmitting
Transducer

Receiving
Transducer
Receiving
Transducer
Transmitting
Transducer
Produces
the conversation
energy again
Conversation
Energy
Figure 1.1 Telephony Communication Principle
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subscriber is already oII-hook busy) or that the route to the called subscriber is
congested. In later systems, a slightly diIIerent cadence was introduced in order to
distinguish between these two scenarios. A busy tone is made up oI a 480-hertz and
a 620-hertz tone, with a cycle oI one and a halI second on and one and a halI second
oII.
A:2-er Uno-9,n,-e 1one (AU1). Identical pitch to the busy tone but continuous.
This tone is used to indicate that a number is out oI service, Iaulty or that a spare line
has been dialed.
#ng 1one (#1). A tone oI 133c/s which interrupts in the same cadence as the ring
current which rings the telephone bell at the called party's end : 0.4 seconds on, 0.2
seconds oII.

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1.4 The Telephone Exchange
The telephone exchange is the place where all the telephone lines are connected so
that the communication using the human`s voice could be achieved. The device in
the exchange will act as a switch which contacts whenever it is directed.

1.4.1 The Telephone Connection Between Two Subscribers.
The connection process is shown in Iigure 1.3.
1. When Subscriber A picks up the telephone set, Local Exchange will
detect a call request signal Irom Subscriber A..
2. Local Exchange will send a dial tone to Subscriber A.
3. Subscriber A starts to dial the numbers. The numbers received will be
tested by the Local Exchange.
4. II the numbers are valid, Local Exchange will test whether the line is
available or not.
5. II the line is available, Local Exchange will do the connection. Local
Exchange will send a ringing tone to Subscriber A and the signal to
ring the Subscriber B`s telephone. Subscriber B will pick up the
telephone set, thus making the dialing tone stop.

IAPU1
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6. II either one oI the subscribers hangs up the phone , communication
will be disconnected and the Local Exchange will clear the line.

1.5 Telephone Network For Local Exchange

The telephone network starts Irom the house. A pair oI copper wires runs Irom a box
at the road to a box at our house. Figure 1.4 shows the connection Irom the
exchange to the customer`s house. From there, the pair oI wires is connected to the
phone jack in our house.
Along the road runs a thick cable packed with 100 or more copper pairs. epending
on where we are located, this thick cable will run directly to the phone company's
switch in our area or district and it will run to a box that acts as a digital
concentrator cabinet)
The concentrator digitizes the voice at a sample rate oI 8,000 samples per second
and 8-bit resolution. It then combines the voice with dozens oI others and sends them
1
2
3
4
5 5
6 6

S
U
B
S
C
R
I
B
E
R

A

S
U
B
S
C
R
I
B
E
R

B

L
O
C
A
L

E
X
C
H
A
N
G
E

Figure 1.3 Telephone communication between subscribers
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all down a single wire usually a coax cable) to the phone company oIIice. Either
way, the line connects into a line card at the switch so we can hear the dial tone
when we pick up our phone.

Figure 1.4 The Connection Irom the Exchange to the Customer House

Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
The Main istribution Frame is situated at the telephone exchange. It is used to
connect the customer phone user) with the main switching system aIter passing
through the cabinet. It comprises oI all the customers and data which are situated in
one area or district.
The duties oI MF :
a) To test the phone line.
b) To execute the jumper process.
c) To check the problem phone line.
d) To cut the phone line manually.
e) To connect the phone line manually.

Cabinet
The cabinet is a place to distribute lines to the P Box beIore reaching a customer`s
house as portrayed in Iigure 1.5. Generally, the cabinet is the end Ior the main cable
where it starts at the Main istribution Frame and passes through the cabinet.
Exchange
Cabinet
Upper Cable
IB Cable
P Box
House
Connection Underground Cable
Man - hole
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Connection Irom the cabinet to the main distributor normally uses the lead` cable oI
diIIerent sizes where each oI it has 200 pairs and to be distributed to about 20 P
Box. From the cabinet to the P Box, it uses the plastic cable. In the cabinet, there
are 1800 pairs oI terminals.

Figure 1.5 Cabinet
The Cabinet`s Iunctions are as Iollows :
a. To save the usage oI cable and replacing cable would be easier.
b. To avoid the joint to be opened and this would save cost and time.
c. To act as a place to perIorm maintenance checking.
d. To upgrade the arrangement oI lines.

Distribution Point Box (DP)
The P Box`s Iunction is to make maintenance work and underground cabling
easier. Usually, the P Box has 10 pairs but only 8 pairs are used and the others
kept Ior testing work Irom P Box to the main distributor.

Upper Cable
The upper cable is used to make connection with the customers using the P Box.
The two wire cable normally is used.

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Underground Cable
The underground cable is connected to the cabinet Irom the P through man-holes.
The underground cable will end at the telephone exchange.

1.6 The National Telephone Network Hierarchy
Figure 1.6 The Telephone Network Hierarchy

MSC Main Switching Center Ior international call )
ZSC Zone Switching Center Ior call between states in Malaysia )
SC istrict Switching Center Ior call between diIIerent districts )
LE Local Exchange
S Phone User / Subscriber
The National Telephone Network Hierarchy is the network that links all the exchanges in
one country.

MSC
ZSC ZSC
SC SC SC SC
LE LE LE LE LE LE LE LE
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
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Example 1.2

What does TMF stand Ior ?


TMF ual-tone Multi Irequency) is a type oI dialing system which uses a pair oI
audio tone to create signals representing the numbers to be dialed. It is also named as
%4:.%430.

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Activity 1B

NEXT INPUT.!

1.3 Sketch and explain the connection Irom the exchange to the customer s
house.
1.4 escribe with the aid oI a suitable diagram the route oI your call iI you want
to make a call Irom your polytechnic to another polytechnic nearest to you.

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Feedback To Activity 1B

1.3 The telephone network starts Irom the house. A pair oI copper wires runs Irom a box
at the road to a box at our house. Figure 1.4 shows the connection Irom the
exchange to the customer`s house. From there, the pair oI wires is connected to the
phone jack in our house. Along the road runs a thick cable packed with 100 or more
copper pairs. epending on where we are located, this thick cable will run directly to
the phone company's switch in our area or district and it will run to a box that acts as
a digital concentrator cabinet)
The concentrator digitizes the voice at a sample rate oI 8,000 samples per second
and 8-bit resolution. It then combines the voice with dozens oI others and sends them
all down a single wire usually a coax cable) to the phone company oIIice. Either
way, the line connects into a line card at the switch so we can hear the dial tone
when we pick up our phone.

Figure 1.4 The Connection Irom the Exchange to the Customer House

Exchange
Cabinet
Upper Cable
IB Cable
P Box
House
Connection
Underground Cable
Man - hole
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1.4 II you are at Politeknik Ungku Omar and you want to call a Iriend at
Politeknik Seberang Perai, the route oI the call would be as Iollows:

PUO LE SC ZSC

PSP LE SC ZSC
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1.7 Switching Concept
Switch is used to provide a path Ior the call. The switch perIorms three main
Iunctions to process a call:
a) To identiIy the subscriber`s location
b) To set up the communication path
c) To supervise the call
By using the jack position, the customers occupying the switchboard can be easily
identiIied. With the introduction oI electromechanical switches, customers are given
telephone numbers. The customer's cable pair is terminated and cross-connected to
the oIIice equipment at the main distributing Irame. OIIice equipment terminated on
the MF represents a physical location in the switch and a speciIic telephone
number.

IAPU1
o you wonder how
the telephone
exchange works?

E3125/1/21

1.8 Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN)
Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN) is the world's collection oI
interconnected voice-oriented public telephone networks. The PSTN consists oI a
digital backbone oI switched circuits together with the analog local loop wiring still
Iound in many residences. The PSTN provides the most popular basis Ior creating
wide area networks WANs) through both leased lines and dial-up lines between
local and remote networks. PSTN is oIten used in wide area networking and because
oI its ubiquitous nature local loop connections exist almost everywhere in the world.
In relation to the Internet, the PSTN actually Iurnishes much oI the Internet's long-
distance inIrastructure. Because Internet service providers ISPs pay the long-distance
providers Ior access to their inIrastructure and share the circuits among many users
through packet-switching, Internet users avoid having to pay usage tolls to anyone
other than their ISPs.
The process oI signal transmission needs switching network such as concentrator,
distributor, expander and multiplexer. Combination oI all these networks will Iorm a
complete PSTN.

Concentrator
Figure 1.7 shows the concentrator concept in PSTN network.The concentrator unit is
controlled directly by the local exchange. All the subscribers can be connected
simultaneously at diIIerent channels. This will reduce the cost oI installation and
maintenance.

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Distributor
istributor is a network in the middle oI the concentrator and the expander as
shown in Iigure 1.8. This unit will connect thousands oI subsribers in stages . For
example, Ior every 1000 incoming lines, it will allow 100 outgoings to the distributor
at one time.

Concentrator
Subscribers
istributor
Figure 1.7 The traIIic concentration in PSTN network.

Local line 1
Local line 1000
Local line 1000
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
o
r

istributor
E
x
p
a
n
d
e
r

Local line 1
Outgoing channel Incoming channel
Figure 1.8 PSTN Switching Network

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Expander
This unit will expand the actual number oI lines giong into the concentrator. The
switching process Ior the expander and the concentrator relies on the number oI lines
being activated simultaneously.

Multiplexer
The Iunction oI the unit is to send signals Irom multiple sources through the single
channel as potrayed in Iigure 1.9. This will reduce the number oI lines needed. Some
oI the multiplexing techniques that are widely used are the Time ivision
Multiplexing TM) and Frequency ivision Multiplexing FM).
emultiplexing is the technique used to regain the input signals at the receiver.

1.9 Types Of Switching
Generally, there are THREE types oI switching : The Crossbar Switch, Step by step
Switch and Stored Program Control SPC).
1.9.1 Crossbar Switch (Matrix)
It consists oI a vertical and horizontal lines. Switches are needed to connect
the combination oI both lines. The number oI crossing can be Iound with the
method by multiplying the input and output oI channel and total them up. The
number oI crossing will be the multiplication oI the number oI input and
output channels. For Iigure 1.10, the number oI crossing is 16. To connect
M
U
X

InIormation signal 1


E
M
U
X



Figure 1.9 Multiplexing and emultiplexing Techniques
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input channel 2 and the output channel 4, the 'd switch will be activated.
This will allow subscriber input 2 and output 4 to communicate.

1.9.2 Step-by-Step Switch
Almon Strowger invented the Iirst "automatic" switch in 1890. It was the step
by step electromechanical switch. It was Iirst installed in 1892. The name
Step-by-Step came Irom the way the path is set up step-by step as each digit
was dialed as shown in Iigure 1.11. The Iundamental process was that
telephone calls progressed through switches in steps, each step being made in
response to the dialing oI a digit.
The problems oI the Step-by-Step switch were:
Power : Required a large amount oI electricity to move switch components
Ior call processing
Floor Space: Major switch components were made oI brass, copper and
magnets which were so heavy that required steel reinIorcement in the Iloors
where they were installed
High Maintenance: The large number oI moving parts in this switch
required constant dusting and oiling to ensure connections could be made
inside the switch
1 a b c d
2 e I g h
Input 3 i j k l
4 m n o p
1 2 3 4
Output
Figure 1.10 The Matrix Switching

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Noise: The contacts were chattering as a physical path is set up through the
switch Ior call processing.

1.9.3 Stored Program Control (SPC)
The Stored Program Control SPC) is a method oI switching using computer
to process a call automatically. The computer will operate based on a certain
program which can be changed whenever it is needed.
Figure 1.12 shows the block diagram oI the SPC system.
Memory
To store the user`s activities status in the Iorm oI soItware..
Control Director
The program that controls and directs the whole system.
File
To store the inIormation.
DTMF/decodec
To decode the signal produced during the dialing process.
Scanner
To detect the telephone status on/oII hook) and signal Irom the line.
Driver
To on and oII the switch.
To allow the tones signal to pass through.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
To control and execute the program.
Figure 1.11 The Selector Switch
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Tone Generator / Ringer
To generate the tones.

# 1
# 2
# 1
# M
Tone Generator
TMF/ ecadic
Scanner river
CPU Ringer
Memory Control
irector
File
# n
1 2 n
ne Un9 Sw9chng Un9
Figure 1.12 SPC Switching Block iagram.

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SPC Exchange Switching Process
i. II caller A picks up the telephone set oII hook) , the line will be
activated and this will be automatically detected by the scanner.
ii. The scanner will identiIy the location and condition oI caller A and
inIorm the CPU.
iii. Once the Ieedback is received, the CPU will check the status oI A and
store it in the memory.
iv. The CPU will then connect A and the switching section via the driver.
The dial tone will be sent Irom the generator to A.
v. When A starts dialing, the dial tone will be stopped by the TMF
ual Tone Multi Frequency) .
vi. The Irequency representing the dialed number will be stored in the
memory.
vii. The CPU will identiIy types oI call and the destination.
viii. The driver will drive the switching equipment to create a path
between A and B.
ix. The CPU will instruct the ringer to produce the ringing tone Ior
receiver B. The ringing tone will be sent to caller A simultaneously.
x. When B picks up the set, the scanner will detect the answering signal
and send it to the CPU. The CPU will direct the ringer to stop the
ringing tone and starts the timer .
xi. AIter the communication, iI anyone oI the users hangs up, the scanner
will detect the stop signal and send it to the CPU.
xii. The CPU will store the user`s bill.

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The Advantages of the SPC
a) The monitoring and maintenance will be easier by inspecting the
program.
b) The signaling Irom the exchange can be operated more eIIiciently.
Any increase in the number oI lines will not need the upgrading oI the
signaling equipment.
c) The maintenance cost is low and the speed is Iaster.

The Disadvantages of the SPC.
a) Any single minor breakdown will cease the operation oI the
exchange.
b) Will need proper air-conditioned room.

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Example 1.3

Elaborate what is meant by the Public Switching Telephone Network PSTN)


PSTN Public Switching Telephone Network) is the world's collection oI
interconnected voice-oriented public telephone networks. The PSTN consists oI a
digital backbone oI switched circuits together with the analog local loop wiring still
Iound in many residences. The PSTN provides the most popular basis Ior creating
wide area networks WANs) through both leased lines and dial-up lines between
local and remote networks. PSTN is oIten used in wide area networking because its
ubiquitous nature local loop connections exist almost everywhere in the world.

E3125/1/30

Activity 1C

NEXT INPUT.!

1.5 True or Ialse. The PSTN provides the most popular basis Ior creating wide
area networks WANs) through both leased lines and dial-up lines between
local and remote networks.
1.6 State THREE types oI telephone switching and mention the main diIIerences
between them.
1.7 eIine THREE Iunctions oI the switch in the telephone exchange.

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Feedback To Activity 1C

1.5 True
1.6 Matrix electromechanical), Step by Step auto electromechanical) and Stored
Program Control Iully computerized).
1.7 a) IdentiIy the subscriber`s location
b) Set up the communication path
c) Supervise the call

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KEY FACTS

1. In the older telephone, the use oI a rotary dialing mechanism produces what is
known as pulse dialing.

2. For the newer telephone, it uses a dialing system known as touchtone. It is also
reIerred to as the dual tone multi Irequency TMF) .

3. o you know that telephones are connected directly by twisted-pair cable to a
local exchange. Each exchange identiIied by the Iirst three digits oI a phone
number) can serve up to 10000 lines.
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SELF-ASSESSMENT

You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this selI-assessment section
and check your answers with those given in the Feedback on SelI-Assessment given
on the next page. II you Iace any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck.

Question 1-1
a. What is the name oI the building or Iacility to which every telephone is
connected?

Question 1-2
a. BrieIly deIine the terms MF, TMF and MSC.

b. List FOUR possible Iunctions oI the cabinet.

c. Explain the process oI the telephone connection between two subscribers.

d. What is the diIIerence between the upper cable and the underground cable.

Question 1-3
a. Explain brieIly the disadvantages oI a step-by-step exchange.
b. PSTN Public Switching Telephone Network) is the collection oI interconnected
voice-oriented public telephone networks. Name the FOUR important switching
networks in the PSTN and explain.
c. Based on the diagram in Iigure 1.10, name the type oI the telephone switching
system. Explain the connection that is involved in order to activate 'j switch.

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d. The Stored Program Control SPC) is a method oI switching using computer
to process a call automatically. Name all the empty blocks in Iigure 1.12.

Figure 1.12
# 1
# 2
# 1
# M

# n
1 2 n
ne Un9 Sw9chng ne Un9
1 a b c d
2 e I g h
Input 3 i j k l
4 m n o p
1 2 3 4
Output
Figure 1.10 The Matrix Switching

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Feedback To Self-Assessment

Have you tried the questions????? II 'YES, check your answers now.

Answer 1-1
a. The telephone exchange.

Answer 1-2
a. MF Main istribution Frame.
TMF- ual Tone Multi Frequency
MSC Main Switching Center.
b. The Cabinet`s Iunctions are as Iollows :
i. To save the usage oI cable and replacing cable would be easier.
ii. To avoid the joint to be opened and this would save cost and time.
iii. To act as a place to perIorm maintenance checking.
iv. To upgrade the arrangement oI lines.
c.

1
2
3
4
5 5
6 6

S
U
B
S
C
R
I
B
E
R

A

S
U
B
S
C
R
I
B
E
R

B

L
O
C
A
L

E
X
C
H
A
N
G
E

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1. When Subscriber A picks up the telephone set, Local Exchange will
detect a call request signal Irom Subscriber A..
2. Local Exchange will send a dial tone to Subscriber A.
3. Subscriber A starts to dial the numbers. The numbers received will be
tested by the Local Exchange.
4. II the numbers are valid, Local Exchange will test whether the line is
available or not.
5. II the line is available, Local Exchange will do the connection. Local
Exchange will send a ringing tone to Subscriber A and the signal to
ring the Subscriber B`s telephone. Subscriber B will pick up the
telephone set, thus making the dialing tone stop.
6. II either one oI the subscribers hangs up the phone , communication
will be disconnected and the Local Exchange will clear the line.

d. Upper Cable :The upper cable is used to make connection with the
customers using the P Box. The two wire cable is normally used.
Underground Cable : The underground cable is connected to the cabinet
Irom the P through man-holes. The underground cable will end at the
telephone exchange.

Answer 1-3
a. The disadvantages oI the Step-by-Step switch were:
Power : Required a large amount oI electricity to move switch components
Ior call processing
Floor Space: Major switch components were made oI brass, copper and
magnets which were so heavy that required steel reinIorcement in the Iloors
where they were installed
E3125/1/37

High Maintenance: The large number oI moving parts in this switch
required constant dusting and oiling to ensure connections could be made
inside the switch
Noise: The contacts were chattering as a physical path was set up through the
switch Ior call processing.

b. Concentrator: The concentrator unit is controlled directly by the local
exchange. All the subscribers can be connected simultaneously at the
diIIerent channels. This will reduce the cost oI installation and maintenance.
Distributor : istributor is a network in the middle oI the concentrator
and the expander as shown in Iigure 1.8. This unit will connect thousands oI
subsribers in stages .
Expander : This unit will expand the actual number oI lines giong into the
concentrator. The switching process Ior the expander and the concentrator
relies on the number oI lines being activated simultaneously.
Multiplexer : The Iunction oI the unit is to send signals Irom multiple
sources through the single channel. This will reduce the number oI lines
needed. Some oI the multiplexing techniques that are widely used are the
Time ivision Multiplexing TM) and Frequency ivision Multiplexing
FM). emultiplexing is the technique to regain the input signals at the
receiver.
Combination oI all these networks will Iorm a complete PSTN.

c. To activate 'j switch, the input channel 3 and output channel 2 must be
connected.

E3125/1/38

d.

# 1
# 2
# 1
# M
Tone Generator
TMF/ ecadic
Scanner river
CPU Ringer
Memory Control
irector
File
# n
1 2 n
ne Un9 Sw9chng ne Un9

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E3125/1/1

INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONY SYSTEM

The Telephony Communication Principle

Figure 1.6 The Telephone Network Hierarchy

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