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HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS A hydrograph is a continuous plot of instantaneous discharge vs. time.

. It results from a combination of physiographic and meteorological conditions in a watershed and represents the integrated effects of climate, hydrologic losses, surface runoff, interflow, and ground water flow. Detailed analysis of hydrographs is usually important in flood damage mitigation, flood forecasting, or establishing design flows for structures that convey floodwaters. Components of Runoff 1. Overland Flow or Surface Runoff. The water that travels over the ground surface to a channel. The amount of surface runoff flow may be small since it may only occur over a permeable soil surface when the rainfall rate exceeds the local infiltration capacity.

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Interflow or Subsurface Storm Flow. The precipitation that infiltrates the soil surface and move laterally through the upper soil layers until it enters a stream channel. The proportion of the interflow to the total runoff depends on the physical features of the basin. Interflow travels more slowly than overland flow but may be much larger in quantity especially in storms of moderate intensity. Groundwater Flow or Base Flow. The portion of precipitation that percolates downward until it reaches the water table. This water accretion may eventually discharge into the streams if the water table intersects the stream channels of the basin. However, its contribution to streamflow cannot fluctuate rapidly because of its very low flow velocity. It has been customary to consider the total flow to be divided into two parts: the storm or direct runoff and the base flow. Direct runoff is presumed to consist of surface runoff and substantial portion of the interflow, whereas base flow is considered to be largely groundwater.

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Hydrograph Relations
Centroid of Precipitation Peak
ce Re

Basin Lag

Li mb

Time of Rise Discharge, Q

ssio im nL

Risin g

Baseflow Recession

Inflection Point

Baseflow Recession Time

Beginning of Direct Runoff

End of Direct Runoff

Recession and Base Flow Separation A typical hydrograph resulting from an isolated period of rainfall consists of a rising limb, crest segment, and falling limb and recession. The slope of the rising limb is largely determined by the storm intensity, and the point of inflection on the recession generally marks the time at which surface inflow ceases and water is thereafter withdrawn from the basin storage.

qt = qo e kt
Discharge, Q

Baseflow Recession

where, qo = specified initial discharge qt = discharge at a later time t k = recession constant

Time

Baseflow Separation Techniques 1. Straight Line Method Draw a horizontal line segment (A-B) from (Abeginning of runoff to intersection with recession curve.

Discharge, Q

Direct Runoff A Baseflow Time B

2. Fixed Base Method Draw line segment (A C) from baseflow recession to a point directly below the hydrograph peak Draw line segment (C-D) (Cconnecting a point N time periods after the peak where, N = time in days where direct runoff is terminated A = drainage area in km2 b = coefficient, taken as 0.827

Discharge, Q

N = bA0.2

Direct Runoff A C Baseflow

D B

Time

3. Variable Slope Method Draw line segment (A-C) (Aforward from baseflow recession to a point directly below the hydrograph peak Draw line segment (B-E) (Bbackward from baseflow recession to a point directly below the inflection point Draw line segment (C-E) (CDischarge, Q

Direct Runoff E A C Baseflow Time B

Climatic Factors on Hydrographs Shape and Volume Hydrograph 1. 2. 3. Rainfall intensity and pattern Areal distribution of rainfall over the basin Duration of the storm event

Physiographic Factors on Hydrographs Shape and Volume Hydrograph 1. 2. 3. 4. Size and shape of drainage area Nature of the stream network Slope of the land and the main channel Storage detention in the watershed

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