EX LIBRIS.

Bertram C. S.
1L5U3,, J3.Sc., It.*.0., JT,E^,

materialism of the Victorian period has much to do with the vogue which Bergson's works have obtained, but in no small respect also do they owe their popularity to the ease and gracefulness of their language and the persuasive manner in which their arguments are brought forward. Of none of his books is this more true than of the charming essay
revulsion
against

NO

doubt the

fact that there

is

a great

and growing

the

crass

on Dreams just published (Dreams. By Henri Bergson, Translated, with an introduction, by Edwin E. Slosson. London: Fisher Unwin. 1914. 2s. 6d. net). According to the writer the dream is the image of
one's mind in a disinterested condition, not, even though Tin Witt ir
'

DREAMS

DREAMS
BY

HENRI BERGSON

TRANSLATED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION, BY

EDWIN

E.

SLOSSON

SECOND IMPRESSION

T. FISHER LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE

1914

UNWIN

IM

INSTITUTE OF
10 L

STUDIES

FFB201932

English Edition^ 1914

(All rights reserved]

INTRODUCTION
mankind was engaged in the study of dreaming. The wise man among the ancients was preeminently the interpreter of dreams. The
the
of history
ability to interpret successfully or plausibly

BEFORE

dawn

was the quickest road to royal favour, as failure Joseph and Daniel found it to be
;

to give satisfaction in this respect led to

banishment from court or death. When a scholar laboriously translates a cuneiform

tablet

dug up from a Babylonian mound

it

where

has lain buried for

five

thousand

years or more, the chances are that it will turn out either an astrological treatise or If the former, we look a dream book.

upon
latter

it

with

some indulgence

if

the

with pure contempt.

For we know

INTRODUCTION
though underreasons and pursued in

that the study of the stars,

taken for selfish

the spirit of charlatanry, led at length to physical science, while the study of dreams

has proved as unprofitable as the dreamOut of astrology grew ing of them. Out of oneiromancy has astronomy.

grown
That
to

nothing.
at least

was substantially true up

languages continued
interor,

the beginning of the present century.

in all
sell

Dream books
to

in

preters of

cheap editions, and the dreams made a decent

at

any rate, a comfortable living out of the

poorer
rarely
classes.

But

the
to

psychologist

paid

attention

dreams

except

incidentally in his study of imagery, assoBut ciation, and the speed of thought.

now

a change has come over the

spirit

of the times.

The subject

of the signi-

ficance of dreams,

suddenly become
over.

so long ignored, has a matter of energetic

study and of fiery controversy the world

The cause

of this revival of interest

is

INTRODUCTION
the

new point of view brought forward Professor Bergson in the paper which by is here made accessible to the EnglishThis is the idea that we reading public. can explore the unconscious substratum
of

our mentality,

the

storehouse of our

memories, by means of dreams, for these memories are by no means inert, but have,
were, a life and purpose of their and strive to rise into consciousness own, whenever they get a chance, even into the semi -consciousness of a dream. To use
as
it

Professor Bergson's striking metaphor, our

memories are packed away under pressure like steam in a boiler, and the dream is
their escape valve.

That

this is

more than a mere metaphor

has been proved by Professor Freud and others of the Vienna school, who cure cases
of hysteria

by inducing the patient

to

to give

expression

the

secret

anxieties

and

emotions

which, unknown to him, have been preying upon his mind. The clue to

these disturbing thoughts is generally obtained in dreams or similar states of

.04-

INTRODUCTION
According
to the

relaxed consciousness.

Freudians a dream always means something, but never what it appears to mean.
It
is

symbolic,

and expresses

desires

or

fears
to

which we refuse ordinarily to admit consciousness, either because they are

painful or because they are repugnant to our moral nature. watchman is

stationed at the gate of consciousness to keep them back, but sometimes these

unwelcome
disguise.

intruders

slip

In
this

the

hands

past him in of fanatical

Freudians

theory has developed the

wildest extravagances, and the voluminous literature of psycho-analysis contains much

that

seems

to the

as the stuff

layman quite as absurd which fills the shilling dream

book.
impossible to believe that the subconsciousness of every one of us contains
It is

nothing but the foul and monstrous speci-

mens which they dredge up from

the

mental depths of their neuropathic patients and exhibit with such pride.
Bergson's view seems to

me

truer as

60

DREAMS

might dream that night that the car had run over my body. I watch at the bedside of an invalid whose condition is
If at any moment, hopeless. perhaps without even being aware of it, I had

hoped against hope, I might dream that the invalid was cured. I should dream of the cure, in any case, more probably than that I should dream of the disease. In short, the events which reappear by preference in the dream are those of which we have thought most distractedly.

What

is

there
of the

astonishing

about

that

The ego
;

dream is an ego that is relaxed the memories which it gathers most readily are the memories of relaxation and distraction, those which do not bear the mark of effort.
It is

true that in very profound slumber

different.
this

the law that regulates the reappearance of

memories may be very

We
it

know almost nothing

slumber.

of

profound
fill

The dreams which

Sometimes,

are,

as a general rule, the dreams which

forget.

nevertheless,

we we

DREAMS
recover
it

61

something of them.
very
peculiar that we

And

then

is

feeling,

strange,

indescribable,

seems

to us that

we

It experience. from have returned

These afar in space and afar in time. are doubtless very old scenes, scenes of youth or infancy that we live over then
in
all

their

details,

with a

mood

which'

colours

them with infancy and youth

revive
It
is

that fresh sensation of that

we seek

vainly to

when awake.
upon
this

profound slumber that

its

psychology ought to direct

efforts,

not

only to study the mechanism of unconscious memory, but to examine the more

mysterious phenomena which are raised by " I do not dare psychical research."
express
this

an opinion upon phenomena of

but
I

cannot avoid attaching importance to the observations gathered by so rigorous a method and
class,

some

with such indefatigable zeal by the Society

for

Psychical
in
this

Research.
it

If
is

telepathy

influences
that

our dreams,

quite likely
it

profound slumber

would

62

DEEAMS

have the greatest chance to manifest itself. But I repeat, I cannot express an opinion I have gone forward upon this point.
with you as far as I can ; threshold of the mystery.
I

stop

upon the
the

To explore

most secret depths of the unconscious, to labour in what I have just called the subsoil of consciousness, that will be the
principal task of psychology in the century I do not doubt that which is opening.

wonderful discoveries await

it

there,

as

important perhaps as have been in the preceding centuries the discoveries of the That at physical and natural sciences. least is the promise which I make for it,
that
for
is
it.

the wish that in closing

have

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