R]IIED RRDIO TORPORRIION $tf tRG0

MA||UAT OF SIIIIPLIIIED RADIO SEIYICIIIG

A ConrlcnscdSrrrnrnaryof Proctic&l Short-Cul tr{cthods for 'l'r{)uble ilr lkrdio urd Elcctronic Devices Irlceting by J. G' TUSTISON with Electri'olReleor'h lr. Col.,U. S. Army SisnolCorpi. FormerlY Eloctroni$ Eneineer
Produ.k, tn.. lErpi), ond Altc Service CorPorotion

Supltomontluy Dott SuriDlicd l)v tho Tcchniorl Stdf of,{LLIl,lD ItlDIo coltt'oLA'rroN

Publithal llll.d todlo Cortor.llon,

BY Chl.!go, lllltolt, U. s. l.

Prlor.d

rL U S, A.

t oDyrlsht

lgl3

by Alll.d

Bndlo corD.

T A 8 L EO ] G O N T E N T S
Forcword,. , , . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . , ,3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Gener:rl Servicingllint,s. . . .. . .... ..... .....9 Vrlkrgo e:r.dings. R ......... - ... ..16 C u r r e r lrltc r d i n g s . .........18 I n 4 r e r l a r r c{cu $ u r { ')o r r.l , N u ..25 J r r r l r r t r r r rl|rcr d O a t r r c i l y . . . ' l i , r D sr i t l c r s . . . . . . .28 . 'l'rtring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Sigrurl .. .. .32 ltrdio (lnor (irxk,s. .. .. .... . .. .. .33 I t c s i s t o(rl o l , r ( i r t l o s ( i o r r d c r r s c rl o r( i r l c s . . . . . . . . ....34 Co I'owcr'l'r':r,nsforrrrclLcrLds..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 5 L l r . ' l ' r r r l r f o l r n r Lrr : l r l s . . . . . . . . : S p c r i k eIr c l s l l n d l ' l u g C o n r r c < , i i o D s . .. ......36 ' er .. .. .. .... .38 A u d i o l n n s f o r r r r L c l d s .. . . . . . . . ...........3f1 L B a t t e rC n L l e c a d s . . . . . y Fmctior&l IncLer to Dccirn.rl errd .Nlillimctcr hquivclcnts. . . .30 . . . . . . - . . , . I D s i d eB t c k O o v c r U s e f ul l a d i o I l o o k s .

FOREWORD
Thc oLju,t of this inrnr.Ll is fo describc, bricfly, uscfLrl pnrcticxl alxl simple rrethods for l(x:r{ing troul)lcs rnrl nnkiug r(ljostrl.,nl,s in vrcuurn tubc (clcc'l'hc tronic) qluiprrt('Jrt. c q | i t ) r n c n l , a n d n r o l , h o d sr r s o d { r ' c r r o t t l r c m o s t i ( l c l l l r r r l r v c l c s c l e c t t r l i o s l r o r v l } | l l , r r r r i n i r r r r u no f t o s l c ( t u i t ) n r c n t , i : u r l ) c u s e d 1 o o r glcrl c\tcut:rr(l $illr v{rry sriisfurt,()ryrosults. 'l l r o s r r c r t s s o f : r , n r s ) . | i r r ' L r n ,f , n 1 ! ( l t ( ' o r x i t 1 r i o r u r r l o L r r l v c | s c c ( i l i { i , , . . , 'l'ho dq,|rl(ls Lr|g0ll ulnnr l)is irrrj{illriion :rrrrl rosorrrccfrrlnoss. srrgg0sliolls rr r 1 , r ' , , s c r r t ic r ll l , i s l r D k L : l r r r r :l l u : n . s u l t , r l i l t f o l 1 , r l i , r r l , h , r (h l l s l r { l r ' rg , r i r r r r l : r r r r l i,rrrrrl of vllrx, l)y {l,c rurllrr,r dr, i"g Li:r tllly lrrrlio tlrinirg rl,n s irr llLc srlrrrrl o f h r L r r lo r l x , t i r . r r r ! . ( i , r r r s i r k , rl b i s r s : t I l l , l l l \ l l t N I n N S lll,lMINl)1,llt rvl(,1 it "t.Il''l'o is \ ' o t , " 1 . or o t ) l r i f r r ) ( l k { x t ) u r u i l n n r : I ) t , o l x , r x l i n g . WIxrrr:vcr' lxrssil,Lr,of r(nrrso, l,ho n1r:r,ilnurnsl,orrLl rr(ilizc rrll rvriLrl,l,, n v x l ( r ' n t c s t c ( l u i t r r x i r t , c i l h c r s t x y i i : i z o ( l o r g c r r c | r r l .S i g t l t l g o r x ) n r t ( r s , o s c i l l l i o f s , o s . i l L r s { x ) l x ) sl,r r i d g c s , r r r r r r l v z o r ' : ri,A r r l t l r ( l t ' , r s ,o t ( i . , a r c l t i g l ' l y d o s i n r l , l ( l s n ( l r ' c r n i n v t l r r t l r l c t i r l i n r c h i o v i u g { ) t ) t i r n l n r r { ) s r L l l s .l l o w c v u r ' , o r r l l t r r r o f l ( x r t h c l r r r u i r r i h o l i r : | l l ( l ( , o sn o t l r i v c r ( i ( x ) s s1 o h l n n l r t ( r ' v i n s t f u n x r r t s r r ) r l i s f o l c e r l t o r n r L i l l t . r i rc ( t u i l ) r n c x Li r ( , o l s i r L o l n ' r a t i I l g , ! ' D , t i t i , ' l l \ t i t l r r v l r x l t , w L instnunt:I)l.s hc Iras rvrileblc. \\'-{sr[N(iroN, I).O., J anuorll , 19 13.

J. G. l osrrsun

GENERAL SERVICING HINTS A carcful visrrrl irspcctiorr rnd thorough clcaning of thc equiprncnt shoukl lxr thc first lhirg to do. By thc timc l,his inspcction anrl elclning htvc bccn colryrlctcd,you rvill probrbly not nccd a tcst lrctcr to krcltc thc troublc. Ncrt, lcst rtll ylrcllllrn trrlxrsin a tubc tcst(rr; or if lr,tubc tcsl,cr i; lot ir,r,tilirlrkr, xrpllr,cc clch trrlrc,onc lrt it tirrrc,n'ith a krxlrvngoorl tubc, t,r'yirrglhc crlrriprrcrrt for norrrlll olxnll.ion :rfl()r.cvoly c\clulrrgc.Nolr, tulr on thc c(llliprnont, a,lrl clrccli cu,chtrrbc 1,oscc that tlrc lihrrrcrrl,s trc opclal.ing,cithr:r by l<xrliirrg thc lillrrrcnt at gkrw ir gl.rsslulrcs, ol by ftrr:lirg rnctrl tLrlxrsto sco if 1,hcylt rc wal rn. In {C-opcratcd scts, if a fusc Lrlorvswhcn thc cquipnlcnt is tulncrl on, rernovc thc rcctilicr tubc fronr its soi:lict to kill thc highvoltage porvcr supply. Norv, turn thc cquiprncrrt on again. If rcmoving tlie rectifier tubc has cleared thc trouble, it is a good indication

of an ovcrload in thc high-voltage powcr supply. trrequcntly thrs troublc is cLruscd by a shortcd filtcr condcnscr. In AC-DC sct", whcrc tubc lilarncuts arc corrnectcd il sclics, it, will bc ncccssary to rualic a poiut-by-lxritrt chcck of the circuit in ordcr to firrd thc t:tusc of lhc oycrlolrl. \\rhcn erlripnurrtt ctn bc trrrncd on tnd no lusc blols, chcck Llll 'l'lror tubcs fol lorrnlrl ph,tc lntl filiururnt voltlgcs. chcck t,hlorrglr lhc sr:t lry pllrcirrgu.sigrrll on thc inprrt ond troce tho sigrrtl lhlouglr cllch circttit lry rru:lns rrf il ltcatlylltonc ltrvittg lt ootrtlclsrl irr sclios rvith onc lcrrrl uf thr: holrlphonc. A st'condrnr:thod of signal tracilg is to starl, at thc output cncl of ln.rrrrplifit:r or rcoeivcran(1,usirrgt:ithor iulorv-voltagcAO supply or & high-lrcqucnoybuzzcr as a sigtull gcncrlrtor,put a rjignll across thc final output lcads. Vcrify thc plcscnce of lhe signal by listcrrirrg to it in thc spcakcl or by mcans of hcadphoncs or an output mcter

conncctcd a,crossthc samc output lcads. Norv procccd, stagc by stagc, torvard the iuput of l,hc cquipmcnt, puttirrg thc sigral into crch tubc at thc phtc rr,rrdgrid, arrd at, cach coupling trtusforrncr or condcnscr,until thc point is rcrchul rvhcrc thc signrl is lost or apprcciably rcrlucctl, Ilcrncrrrbcl thul crch sttgc of anrplificu"tior r uill trhl to llrc sigrrll strclgth at lhc output. Whcrr l,hc point, rvlrrrc llur signal is lost or rcrlucccl hls bccrrrcllchul, it is a rolll,ivtly sirnple rntttcr lo lcsl orch cornponcnt,of tlrtt [)[r'ticul.rr sttgo arrrl thcr.clry locltc l,ho troublt:. If l rccoivcr ol rrrrplificr is noisy ol scl&tchy, it usually irrrlicll,cs a dcfectivc hrlrc or t ltd coruxrction.'fo krcltc a noisy tulxr, tur.rr thc sct on rntl talr crch tulxr ligh y with your lingcl or a 1rcrrcil. l'<r Iocate a batl conncction, ust: I srrurll dry stick or piccc ol fibcr lod scvcral irrchcs lorrg as an "irrsulated firrgcr." antl tcst crch conncction throughout thc cquiprncnt by pressiug orr it rvhilc thc set is in oprera-

tion. Do not usc your bare finger or a piece of metal to pokc around in cquiprrrcnt rvhich is turmxl on. Sgrakcr rroiscsrnay lrc cattscd by a nrpturcd diaphragrrt, a voicc coil dragging on tho pole piecc, or mclal filings and dirt in l,hc air grp. llsc a hcadplronc in scrics lvith a condcnscr to chcck noiscs irt 'flrr: polvcl srrpplics lnrl artdio circttits of a,sot. sarncrnctlxld cilu be porvor litrc to rlctcrminc whothcr it rrsql to r:hqrl< & cornrnorci.r,l clrrrit:s ,\C ol l)C. A srrrtll tlxrr-lxll tLtttsfotrrtct Inry bc usrxl for a varicty of pllrposos,sllch :rs N substitrrtefol a liltcr clurl<c, sigrlll goncrator l, for dlivirrg aurlio cilcuits, a rnultipliur for i\C voltrncters,a boostcr for rclrlirrg lorv noisc lcvcls on a rtrctclJctc. 'l'o chcck plr,rpcr opcratiorr of arr oscillator stlgc, conncct a voltmctcr frorn plate of tube to ground. Shorting thc tuning condcnser should ohauge the mctcr rcading. If it docs not, check the circuit

furthcr for shorts, opcns, batl conncctions, etc. lVlurn lirrirrgup the lI stagcs in a rcccivcr ihat has AYC, kccp thc tcst sigl:rl ncrr thc thrcsholtl of scnsit,ivity in ordcr to give thc 'l'his will prcvcrrt aligrurrcrtt crrors duo to cflcct of a rvork signtl. of thc AVC cilr:uit. A piccc of dry blrd-rvood sbtrpcncd lction infir l scnrvdrivcr poirtt ttllhcs a good lligtrrnctrt tool. not in scrvicc Ilrry bc chargcd antl is dattgcrous; A conrkrnscL rvii,lr rlisclringcit lrc[otc ltrndlirrg. l'irr rtltllccntcltl's,trvo cotttlortstrrs a lrrurkrLrrvnvolt,lgc ltlvcl thtn thc rcqttired voltagc ntly bo cort'I'his doublcs thc voltagc rating, but halvcs thc rcctctl irr sclics. clU)itcr1.v. IJc crrrcful l hcn rrrakittg tcstsl you alc dcaling rvith high voltagcs. Mtlk your tcst lcuds, lltl rlrvays usc thc same lcad for probing. It is custorniuy to usc thc black tcst lcad for lcgaiive or oonrnonJ &nd the rcd lcrd for the positivc or hot side. Be careful about applying

too high a voltage and kicking a meter against the pin. This will hcnd the nctxlle and dcstroy 1,hccrlilrlation of the meter. \Yhcn rt:placing rcsist,orschcck thc rvatt.rge of the circuit, bcfore inshlling thc rcsistor. Bc surc that thc roplaccrrrcnt rcsistor is of IE suflicicrrt wattagc to rlissipatc thc hcat. Ilormulas I'R, {,or tt will apply. An llr signll trkcn frorn thc IF stagc of an operating rcccivcr rvill oftcn provitlc thc ncccssury signll for pcaking lnothcr sct. VOLIAGE READINGS Bc surc to usc thc highost rnctcr scllc availablc rvhcn chccking ln unknown voltagc; aftcr which you can clungc to a morc appropriatc scalc for rnost lccrlatc rcading. The colibrotion of o voll meter may bc chcckeil by connccting it, in parallcl with another mctcr of known accuracy, &crossa convcni-

cnt voltagc sourcc. (Scc Figure 1.) Thc rcadings of both can thcn bc cornparctl.Srrrall inaccuracioscan bc corrccteclby moving the pivot ldjrtstrrrcnt on thc facc of thc mct'cr bcing calilrratcd. pla,co sorlcs lt, voltoges beyondthe scoleof ony voltmeter, Tomeosure of rcsistolslur'osstlre volll,gc lo lrt: tucrsltlctl, lrcirrgclrcful thlt t'hc vrrhteso th.rt 1,hcytlo lcsistols lrir,vcsrrllicicrrtrcsisilt,ttcc conrlrirrcrl c r r o l l r l r l r r r t , i r r l r Ly l d l l u r c i l c t t i i , t l n t w t t x t r r t t t t r h t t r t c l r t ,l r r t dt l r t t s ll llrc ovt'r'u,ll volt:rgc. Norv ttlic lcedillgs t(ilr)ss crtolt ttrsisl,or llvcr 'l'lrc lolrll of tltost: itttlivitlttll rcttlirtgr. is in lrrrrr. (Strr lfigrrrc 2.) bcing ntcasttltlrl. cqrul to llrc \'oltago rcloss tlrc linc or lo.r,d I'ltcc a resislol in sctics rvith tllc voltlnctcr, Resistonce Multipliers. choosing r valuc lhat rvill kcep i,hc nccdlc on scalc. Thcn, using a vollagc rvilhin lhc normal rrxrlcr ri.Lngc,t'akc a rtxr,rling with the voltmctcr alonc (rcading A), and a scconclreatlirtg on thc same voltagc with the sclccied resistor in scries with the metcr (rcading
Pog.l0

f
2at : trl A G - &

HB
E 6

i3

PF

I G f

u.l

Fu
=-P

E3

o o u, (,

R). (Scc Figrrrc 3.) Now divicle rcading (A) by reading (B) to obtain 'l'lrcu, ttsing tho I'olttlro rtnslunt (I() of yorrl mrrltiplicr rcsistor. nrcicr rvilh thc rlulliltlicr rcsistllr in scrii:s, maktl rtlrlitrgs artd nrrrlliply all of i,ltc rcttlittgs thtrs tntdc by thc (Ii) to olrtrr'ini'rttc 'l'llr rcsislot so ctlilrur,t'nl and taggcd with thc (li) vrrluc volllgc. cul lx, ttsctl with thc slrtttcvollttrctcr tglin without rqrll il rlllirtn ' a to It is <k'siltlrlc,lntt llol lr(recssoly, sclcct, rosistor llllrt rvill trrrlktl lJx' (li) vnhrc lin r:vctt tlttrttlxlr. Mlltipliers. Orr A(l vrtltlnctcrs only a tttnsfotlncl ntly Tronsformer 'lb obt&in thc colslint (li) for lx: ttstrtltts tl vttltttrcttrrlnrrlt'iplit'r. such r Inultiplicr',rotd t voltrgc with md rvilhout thc tLtnsfottrtcr mrrliiplicl in circrrit. l)ivitlc ihc rcailing takcn without thc nrrltiplicr trlnsforrrrcr irt rtsc by lhc reading rvith thc mulliplicr transformcl in use to olilain tlte (li) (Seel,.iguro4.) To obtain the truc voltagc rvhcrrusing thc nrultiplicr with this samc volturcter, multiply
P d s e1 2

o
!t
rr--t

I I I

F N
N

o +

,F
((

o d

llr#+
Pose l5

all scale readings by (K). Be sure to connect the low voltage side of thc transformcr to thc metcr. CURRENTREADINGS Always ttsc thc highcst crtrront scrlc availablc whcn first check'I'bctt ing an unknoln cilcttit. charrgc to a morc appropriatc scalc for llcctttrllr:rt'ttlitrg. for Ammeters moy be checked colibrotionby placilrg thc mctcr to be chcckcd in scrics lvith a rrrotcr of known accrrracy,corrccting of arry srnlll in'cgttLrlil,icslry nxru,ns thc pivot adjustmcrrt on tltc facc of lhc rnctor lx:itrg calibrrtcd. (Srrcl"igurc 5.) currentbeyond the scoleof on ommelerplacc a sltunt To meosure or lorv-vr,lue rcsistor of sulEcicrrt porvcr rating to carry thc cxccss currelt rcross thc tcrmirrals of thc ammctcr. To firrd l (I() for this shrrnt takc a reading of a given uuncnt rvithin thc rangc of the rneter
Pose 16

METERKNOWN TO 8E CORRECT

UETERTO BE CALIBRATED
t

EE
E'

lF x J
2ii
G

without the shunt and anothcr rcading rvith thc shunt in placc. (Scc ligure {i.) Divirlc thc rcading takcn witlxlrt thc shunt by thc reading tlkcn with thc slnurt, to obtain the (K) valrrc. Whcn thc shunt is uscd, multiply a.ll sc&lc rcadings on thc mctcr by ihis (K) lo olrtain thc truc currctrt. ITI'I PEDANCE IYIEASURE'IAENTS Methodone-substitution. unkrx)wn irrrlxxlrncurrlly lxt rlctorrnined r\n by lirst rrurtsrrlirgthr:,\(1 voll,lr,gc rlrop llcrossit, tlrcn lcr-ossu,rroninductivc rr:sistor,lcljuslirrg llu: value of thc rcsislor ultil thc samc volt&gc drop is obtainctl lcross lxrth loads. 'I'hc I)C rcsistancc of the rcsistor rn&y now bc rncasurt:tl by rrrcans of an ohrnrnctcr or a Whcatstonc blidge. Thc v&luc of tho unknown irnpcdancc in oluns is equal to the valuc of thc lcsistance in ohms. Sincc irnpedarrce changes rvith frequerrcy, thc mcasurernent thus madc indicates thc
Pos618

2 AME THROUGH ETER

r!8q!qH

I AMP.

-t

= tf,6 76

&P

impcclurccof this inductivc or capacitiveload olly at thc froqucncy undo rvhich l,hc lcst rvls rnlrlc. (Scc l"igurtr 7.) I'lace a rcsistor i? Methodtwo-voltmeter reodingsond computotion. 'l'hcn rnakc a vollrgt: irr sclir:s rvilh ilo tttrknorvtrittrpctlttrcc Z. rcrrrlirrg lrcloss tlrc nrsislot ./ri,utllilg this (/'J,)l,nrl also actoss tlt., urrlirro*l irrlxllrrrrcc Z*, clllirrg l,his (/',). (Stc lfigrrlc 8.) Norv, lry corrrlrtrlrrl.iort, rrsirrir f,,rr'rrrln. ll' z .,,t t rEl.

f a n , lr i l * r i t , r r i r g. , r , / i',rl'crirso,r'u,ri,",. '

J . i i ,- l , : " . (;)

*The unhnown irn'pedancemay be either inductiue or c&pacil'iue.

P d s e2 0

trl (J E f

o an
trl (9

5 o

-OR - CAPACITIVE Z TIAY B INDUCTIVE tis- 7

Pas.2l

To meosure the effectiveimpedonce on oulputtronsformer an of tn amplifier, for load matching purposcs orrly, conncct al orrtput rnotcr across thc unloulccl srcontlary of thc transformcr antl rnrkt: a,nrarling in dccilrcls (tlb). 'fhcn phcc .r uon-inrluctivc loacl (resistor) across thc output aud vary its valuc urtil lht: output rcaclingobtainul, is 6 tllr lorvcr thln thc uulorcled ro.rding. (Scc l'igulc 9.) 'l'hc l)O rcsislluttxr l,his rcsistor, rnclrsllrfil with au ohrruuctcr,cquals lhc of clTcctivt:irnpctlanccof thc transforrrxrr. Motchingimpedonce. spcllkcr or'oul,lnlt krttl shoultl hlvc lln imA pc(Lr,nc() r(rsist,alrcc or cqrull to ol highcl thal thr: cffr:ctivcirnptrllrrrcc of thc trunsforlror rvhich drivcs it. Good practicc is a mrtching ratio of 1:2 to 1:5. To provide o signol to drive on omplifierfor testing purposes, a bell-ringing transforncr is suitablc if no audio oscillator is availablc. Connect the bell-ringing trausformer so as to provide a,nAC voltage
Poco 22

mot be Unknorn lmpedqnce inducfiveor copocilive a.c.

VOLIMETER

Er R
Pds.23

9v
S -

"ug

U * f i

Eg EH qH EE
0

fis. l0 of approximatcly 10 volts on thc krw sirlc and I 1,000-ohm potcntitttnctcr acrossthc 10 vr-rltsto pclrnit al,tcnruttionof this sigral so as to fccd thc arnplificr rvithout ovclloading. (Scc l,'igurc 10.) INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITY The methods oullinedon the precedingpoges {or the delerminolion
Pose 25

the moy olso be usedos o bosisof computing volueof on of impeddne inductoncein henrys,ond of o copocity in forods. Thc following formulas will servc:

t -.where

| X , . r r r dC 2rIX, 2ol

2?r : 6.2t / - frcqrrcntry irr cytlcs por sccond. 1, : inductancc in hcrrrys. C : ctl)ricitY il furlds

negligilrlc&nd ru:ctlnot bc takcn into If rcsistlncc is cotrsiclcrcrl accourrt, inrpcd.lncc Z in thc lormula orr page 20, rnay bo uscd as the intluctivo rc&ctancc X, or thc capacitive reactrncc {", in tlic forrrruhs lbovc.

AND INDUCTANCE RESISTANCE

F i g .l l

CAPACITY A'{O RESISTANCE

Poso 27

When rcsistance is not negligible and must bc takcn into acZ, count, squarc thc vlhtc of thc irnJx:d.rncc rntl sulrtltct thc square of the resistanccll. Thc figurc thus obtrincd is cqurl to thc srqrrarc of thc rcactaucc.'I'hcrcforc, cxtract thc squarc root of tltis figuro to find thc valuc of rcactancc -X, rtr -f" for usc irt thc forrnttllrs on pagc 26.'I'lxrsc vllucs rnay rls<t lxr forttttl glaphirllly by Lrying ll atrl trrcasuling tltc lnrl Z ottl, to scrrlr, cotnplctittg tltc rcctrrttgkr, liuclr vrluu ol {" or X,.. (Scc |igulc 11.) IRANSIIIITTERS rnrrkc .r, pichup uril apptoximatcly trvo In testing tronsmitlers, ol inchcs in diarnctcr lrrrl corrsisting onc or tlvo turns of ct4rpcrlvtrc conncctctlto a flrshlighi bulb. Iloltling this lor4r in thc lickl of l,hc tank or tunilg circuits rvill cousc thc bulb to light if the circuit is oscillating. A unall loop conncctcd to thc input of a receiver will
Pdse 28

.OO2HFD. OR LARGR

coNor{sER

F i 9 .l 2

prosidc an cxploling coil fo[ usc on thc oscill&3orstage. The rcceivcr should bc tuncd to thc frequcncy or & harmonic of the frequcncy of the stage urrder test. l)o rrot, however, use the exploring poso 29

coil and reccivcr on the highcr powcr stagcs. It is understood that before making tcsts with rn cxploring coil, all filamcnt and platc voltagcs havc bcen chcckcd and have.becn found norm&I. SIGNAL TRACTNG Signolgenerotorfor trocing o signol, A high_Ircltroncy buzzcr, op_ cratod by r bttl.o.y, rntkcs au cllrr:tivc signal g"n".riu. for tracilg through r rccr:ivcror iurrplificr.. (Srrcl.igrrrcs lirnd lB.) To usc the signal tlu,ccr start at thc outpui of the rcccivcr or amplifior, and phcc a signal on the outprrt (spccch or signal) lcarls. Thc signal may bc obser.vcdby meaus of " "i"ot "., f.oolfirono" o. an output metcr conncctcdto thc output leads of the set. Wi r thc sct oper&ting, follow thc signal circuit progrcssivcly back through the various stagcs of thc sct, placing thc s[nal o" it o outprrt "oa thcn the input of each coupling transfouner, "orpliog .oid",l"o", Poc.30

Posa Sl

&nd on the pl&te &nd grid of cach tube until the point is found where thc signal is impcrlctl or fails to come tlrrough. \\rhen this point is clctcrmincd, check cech componcnt of thnt stlge until thc dcfcct is loctlcrl. Il.omcmlter tlurt coch stagc of amplifica,tion rvill incroasc the signnl krvcl &1, lhc oui,pul. (Sur Itigurc li3.) Lr:ttcrcd cilclcs irrdicrte progrcssivc points in lhc cileuit loross rvhichi,hcsignalis int,r'rxlucql.

RADIO GOIOR CODES '['lro color corloswhich lollol urc usctl by most radio autl insttumcnt tntnufaclurcls in tlxr u,iring of thoir plotlucts, and by parts nrrnrrfactulcrs for idcntifyirrg hatl phccuurrrt or rosistor &nd conrlorrscr valucs, rllings, lnrl tolera,rrccs.'flrcse htvc lrccn included for rvhatcvcr hclp thcy may provide in idcnlifying parts and Icads nhcn shooting troublc.
?ose 32

RESfSTORGOLOR GODES Sodt Sodt ht Ba[d Dol or

Color Black Brown Red 0range Yellow Creen Blue Violel Grey White Value

(Volues in Ohms)
Liqhllv0wr Thr8ad <Fhxibh lrpe rcaiihn,

Horry Y{ow[ Thruad

Erd 2rd Band Dol or Value Color Black 0 Brown I Red 2 0range 3 4 Yellow 5 Green 6 Blue 7 Violet Grey 8 White 9

llArro,fiii66lovor.co.6o,

Dolor Band 3rd8a[dor Dol Color Value Black None Erown 0 Red 00 0range 000 Green Blue

Erd End 8r[d Color Tolerance

0 t 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9

Gold x 5,/o Salver t l0,/" None ! 2 0 %

0000 00000 000000

Pos.33

CONDENSER COLOR CODES (Voluesin hlicromicrolarods) lsl Dol 2rdDot 3rdDol

{li Dol

used paper on c0n0ensets 0nly

Color ing Volts

ColorlValue Color Value Colot Value ll Black Brown Red 0range Yellow Cfeen Blue Violet Grey White BIack 0 ll Black None Brown I ll Brown 0 Red 2 ll Red 00 0range 0range 000 Yellow 0000 Green Green Blue Elue Violet Violet Grey White While i 2 . 5 Green Blue 1 1 0 Yellow1 1 5 Red r20 None over20

DC Work

Brown 100 Red 200 0range 300 Yellow 400 Green 500 Elue 600 Violet 700 Gray 800 White 900 Gold 1,000 Copper 1,600 Silver 2,000

POWERTRANSFORMER LEADS

I F TRANSFORITITER LEADS
Ptre t!' c'"""

cl

B*jr-L,, -",.,"" a{ P o
.* -=lo-S ---llrl-' ',i",",:','. 1
P o s e3 5

cua.ooa"

SPEAKER

AND PLUG

P a s e3 6

Speoker leods and Plug Conneclions-continved

AUDIO TRANSFORTIIER. LEADS (lnpu,ttn ersrdge,Ourpu,)

r-d mlmr @i

_______s,' -""",**. l - ' * * ' ^ '

E\*Found only on pushlrrll

___!!."ofuc,id.

plirnary or stxrrurlLly rvirxlings.

BATTERY CABLE I.EADS

Ited Black Blue Yellow P.se 38 A+ AB+ BWhitc Brown Om.nge Green lJ+Jntcrmcdi&te Ci C -Intermediate C-

< =p
F =

E Er Lr Er;r; i E3;EE; 3 r l g;
67
. , ?

; i

"]
= 5

", 2
r

-:

t t l

+; 9=--:
rrr 6-i .;

-:

a,
j ' l

ig r*,:=i
A= r^^^.,
7=
e

t
I -l

=l
Pdse 39

l-'

.E

o
5

= 2 iE =i E = i iF i i J o

'! ! i'i 't

EA

or o, o 9 .: c

-E

Pogo 10

usEFt RADtotooKS u
A l l i e d a d i o o m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A l t i c d , !R . i d i o i t B H 6 n d b @ t R C D E.l;t .l by U. N. M. C@k, U. S. Ndqt, Nar?ln r.a'cl Ldort!.rt. .. .. ,. .rt. AlIiedRrdioCorp......................ADictionalrolRrdioTcr!n!...............1& AllidR.dioCorp......................AlIid'.R.dio-Formul..!dD.trBook..,...to. AlisdnrdioCorp.......................R6dioBuild6n'Hrldbool....,.......,....to. .r.llisdR.dioCdrp......................Allied'.n.dioCilcuitHrDdbool..,.........ro. A t n o r i c r n r d i o R a l s yl a s u o . . . . . . . . . . H o F t o B e o o t t r R r d i o A h . t u r . . . . . . . . . . . r r . R . Am.ricstrRldioR6laylaaau6..........RrdioAmsiur'.H.odboot.....,..,,......1t. A D 6 r i c | nt t d i o R s l a yl . ! g u e . . . . . . . . . . s D . d . l D 6 f . G F i i t l o n H . r d b @ k . . . . . . . . . . 1 t . @ A r o o r i c aR r d i o R s l e yl , c r s u .. . . . . . . . . R s d i oA r u t u r L i o r D l o . n u ! | . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 & n M Li, N. M. C@16,U. 8. Nrval Rokrrch L b o r s t o r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M . l h o m a t i c .t o r E l e c t r i . h ms D dR r d i o r n e n . l . t l .l Wili.m L. Evliti,.t rl............. . . , F u n d s m o n i r to f R d d i o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . t t . ' o . . { ,A . G h n . r d i... . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , R a d i o h y . i cC o u ! i . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 r . O P ! M l l l o r y... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M y E T c h D i c . l. n u r t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . a : t . o o M WrymMillo!.........................R.dioO!o..tor'.Uc.u.Oui&.,,....,....,t1,0O A l l E d M o r s . D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . C 6 t r i ! sA o q u r i n t di r hR r d i o . . . , . . . . , . . . $ . a r w . Rrdio,Lt-d............................Th6'Rsdio'Hsndbook.,...............,....tt.o Johrtr'.Rids..........................FrsquoncyModubtiod.....................1t.4t G.orsoE.Strlin8.....................The'R.NdioM|l|u!I........................tr.rr R W f t o n ,w e l a hs o d E b y .. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . U n d c . l tn d i D a d i o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a r .

Conrvl, Yovr ALLIED Cotolog lor Evcrylhiagin Rodio oad Eloclronict