SOLAF 2

1 SKEMA JAWAPAN SOLAF 2 K2

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(i) (ii)

Mitosis C, B, E, A, D

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

P : chromosomes E : metaphase

P1 sister chromatid separates P2 moves to opposite poles

d d (ii)

(i)

Increase the number of cells in organism

1 f Occurs in Mitosis Somatic cells To replace damage/dead cell. No cross over during prophase Produce 2 daughter cells Daughter cells are diploid (2n) Genetically identical No genetic variability Meiosis Occurs in reproductive cell To produce gamates Cross over occurs during prophase Produce 4 daughter cells Daughter cells are haploid (n) Not genetically identical Genetic variability occurs Any 2 pairs

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SOLAF 2 2 a (i)

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Note : no. of water molecule correct 1 (ii) osmosis Able to explain what is osmosis P 1 movement of water molecule across the plasma membrane P2 from low concentration area to the high concentration area // following concentration gradient P3 through semi permeable membrane b (i) Solution A : hypotonic Solution B : hypertonic (ii) in solution A : causes water to diffuse into the cells by osmosis the cell expands and burst // undergoes hemolysis in solution B causes water to diffuse out from the cells cell shrink / undergoes crenation 1 1 1 Max 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Max 3 1

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SOLAF 2

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P1 concentrated salt solution is hypertonic to the cells P2 water diffuses out from the cells by osmosis // fish is dehydrated P3 not suitable for the growth of microbes

1 1 1 12

(i) Able to name the hormone secreted by gland P P : ADH // FSH // LH Q : Thyroxine (ii) Able to state the condition caused by the growth of gland Q Goiter (iii) Able to suggest how to overcome the problem in (a)(ii) 1 1 1 1

Taking enough iodine in our diet Able to label adrenal gland with letter S correctly. Answer

1 S

Able to explain the role of gland R in regulating theperson blood glucose concentration from 0 minuteto 90 minutes Sample Answer P1 : From 0 to 60 minutes, the blood glucose level increases more than 1 the normal level P 2 : Islet cells in gland R is stimulated to secrete insulin 1 P3 : Insulin stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen (in 1 the liver)

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SOLAF 2

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P4 : This cause the glucose level to return to the normal level at the 90th 1 minute Max 3 d (i) Able to state the persons blood osmotic pressure based on the situation given The blood osmotic pressure increases (ii) Able to explain how gland Q involves in returning the osmotic pressure of the blood to normal levels. P1 : The osmoreceptor detects the increase in the osmotic blood pressure P2 : Gland Q is stimulated to release more ADH P3: ADH is transported by blood to the kidneys 1 1 1 1

P4 : ADH increases the permeability of the wall of distal convoluted 1 tubule and collecting ducts P5 : More water is reabsorbed from the filtrate into the blood 1 Max 3 12 4 a Able to name substance R R : ammonium compounds b (i) Able to name process P Nitrogen fixation (ii) Able to explain the process P in leguminous plants P1 nitrogen fixing bacteria lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants. P2 i.e Rhizobium species 1 P3 convert nitrogen in atmosphere into nitrates/ ammonium compound 4551/1 2011 Hak Cipta Jabatan Pelajaran Perak 1 SULIT 1 1 1

SOLAF 2 c

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Able to explain the effect when there is no denitrifying bacteria P1 Process Q / denitrification did not take place P2 no nitrate will be broken down into nitrogen and oxygen P3 causes imbalance of gases in atmosphere // atmospheric nitrogen decreses Able to explain the effect of using excessive fertilizers in agriculture P1 run off of excess fertilizers will increase the nutrient in aquatic ecosystem P2 causing excessive growth of algae // algae bloom P3 algae covers the water surface and block sunlight P4 aquatic plant could not carry out photosynthesis and die P5 algae die, decomposing bacteria uses oxygen for its activity P6 reduce the oxygen content in water // increase in BOD 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 Max 4 12

(i)

Able to name the type of twins P : Siamese twins Q : identical twin 1 1 2

(ii)

Able to explain the formation of twin Q P1 An ovum is fertilized an a sperm to produce zygote P2 the zygote splits into two halves by mitosis P3 each halves develop into foetus P4 the two foetus sharing the same placenta

1 1 1 1 Max 3

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SOLAF 2 b

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P1 Both twin in P and Q have similar genetic content P2 the twins in P and Q have the same physical characteristics P3 twin in P and Q have similar sex P4 twins in Q are completely separated and grow as different individual twin in P are not completely separated, but joined at certain parts of the bodies// sharing organs

Able to explain the differences between R and S P1 R is formed from fertilization of an ovum by a sperm S is form from two different sperm that fertilize two different ovum P2 in R, one zygote is formed and split into two by mitosis In S, two different zygote are formed P3 R is identical twin S is fraternal twin P4 Twin in R share the similar genetic content // have identical characteristics Twin in S have different genetic content // have different characteristics P5 Twin R have same sex Twin S may have same sex / different sex 1 1 1 1

1 Max 4 12

a(i) F1 P1 F2 P2 F3 P3

Able to describe the adaptive characteristics in leaves tissue to carry out photosynthesis Have a layer of epidermis penetration of sunlight for photosynthesis pallisade mesophyll cells are arranged upright and packed carry out photosynthesis at maximum rate spongy mesophyll are loosely arranged create air spaces for gases exchange 1 1 1 1 1 1 SULIT

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SOLAF 2

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a(ii) P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 b S1 S2

At 12.00 night the concentration of CO2 is high no uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis the light intensity is low stomata closed at 6.00am the concentration of CO2 started to decrease increase in light intensity cause stomata starts to open CO2 is absorbed by the leaves for photosynthesis

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

at 12.00 noon, the concentration of CO2 is the lowest 1 leaf receives maximum sunlight to carry out photosynthesis // rate of 1 photosynthesis is maximum stomata open widely 1 at 6.00pm, the light intensity started to decrease CO2 concentration starts to increase less intake of CO2 for photosynthesis small opening of stomata Similarity both digest cellulose both have microbes/ bacteria/ protozoa in alimentary canal to produce cellulase Animal P The stomach consists of four chambers Size of caecum is small Animal Q The stomach consists of one chamber Size of caecum is big and long 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 2s+4d Max 6 20 1 1 1 1 Max 10 1 1

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

bacteria and protozoa are found bacteria and protozoa are found in rumen and reticulum in caecum cellulose is digested in rumen and reticulum cellulose is digested in caecum

food passes the alimentary canal food passes the alimentary canal once twice

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SOLAF 2 7 a(i) F1 P1 F2 P2 F3 P3 F4 P4

8 Small and large number of alveoli increase the surface area for gases exchange Covered with large network of capillaries ease the gases exchange and transport of gases to body tissues moist surface gases can easily dissolved and diffuse into/ out blood alveolus has thin wall ie one cell thick enhance the gases exchange

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a(ii) P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

oxygenated blood flows through blood capillaries have high partial pressure of oxygen compared to body tissues oxygen diffuses into the body tissues down the concentration gradient the cells carry out cellular respiration to produce energy this will increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in body tissues compared to blood. carbon dioxide diffuses out from body tissues into blood capillary to be sent to lungs

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

the muscle respired by anaerobic respiration during 100 meters event Because oxygen supply cannot support the oxygen needs / not enough / no oxygen so the glucose is not oxidised completely and will form lactic acids muscle is said to experience oxygen dept will inhale air and exhale air very fast// breathing rate is faster oxygen is send more to the cells. the lactic acid is oxidised to carbon dioxide, water and energy

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 20

P1 P2 P3 P4

Pioneer species for disused pond is submerged plant activities of pioneer plants cause a change in habitat, make it suitable for another species The dead pioneer plant will decay and deposits in the bed of pond increase the nutrient content in pond pond becomes shallower

1 1 1 1 SULIT

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SOLAF 2 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12

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this condition is suitable for the growth of floating plants which replace the pioneer species floating plants cover the surface of pond, preventing the light from penetrating the water the rate of photosynthesis decreases submerged plants die and add humus to the bed floating plants is replaced by amphibian plant pond becomes drier and suitable for the growth of herbaceous plants soil becomes drier and more fertile and more suitable for teresterial plants soil becomes drier and more fertile and more suitable for teresterial plants Preservation refers to the management of ecosystems and the environment to ensure a healthy and balanced natural environment // take care of the environment Conservation is the wise use of natural resources for environmental protection // very careful use / control use of natural resources (This includes) the protection, management and renewal of natural resources. Need to ensure that the flora and the fauna are not extinct / lost forever Future generation can learn about the natural ecosystem. To maintain the quality of the environment do not disturb the energy flow / food web / food chain to keep the plant / animal which have high medicinal value // source of food help to maintain the natural cycles ( eg. Water cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle) provides natural catchment areas preserves natural ecotourism / recreational activities provides natural catchment areas preserves natural ecotourism / recreational activities

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

haemophilia is caused by gene mutation for synthesis of blood clotting factor has undergone mutation the no clotting factor for the patient. It is caused by a recessive allele which is linked to X chromosome more common in male because the trait will express itself even if there is only one recessive allele present on his X chromosome. for female, two recessive alleles have to be present on her X chromosomes in order for her to become haemophiliac.

1 1 1 1 1

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SOLAF 2

10

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P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11

P6 - Parent P7 Meiosis P8 Gamete P9 Fertilisation P10 - F1 generation P11 Phenotype

XHY

XHXh

1 1

XH

XH

Xh

1 1

XHXH Normal female

XHXh Carrier female

XHY Normal male

Ali has 25% probability to have haemophilia. P12 b F1 F2 Blood group discontinous variation height continous variation similarity S1 - both creates varieties among organism differences Blood group D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D1 - Graph shows discrete distribution

XhY 1 Haemophi 1 liac male 1 Max 8 1 1 2 1

S1

Height D1- Graph shows normal distribution 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1S+3D

D2- Influenced by genetic factor D2- Influenced by genetic and environmental factor D3 - Traits are controlled by a single gene D4 - Characters cannot be measured and graded // qualitative D5 the difference between individual is distinct D3 -Traits are controlled by more than one gene D4 - Characters can be measured and graded // quantitative D5 the difference between individual not distinct

c P1 Gene mutation takes place when there is a change in the sequence of 1 4551/1 2011 Hak Cipta Jabatan Pelajaran Perak SULIT

SOLAF 2

11 nucleotide bases Base deletion removal of a base from a normal gene sequence Or

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P2 P3

1 1

P4 P5

Base insertion insertion of an extra base into a normal sequence Or

1 1

P6 P7

Base substitution replacement of one base with another. Or

1 1

P8

Gene mutation results in a defective protein being produced or no protein is produced at all

1 8 20

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