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(Re)Articulations of Citizenship Author(s): Aihwa Ong Source: PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct.

, 2005), pp. 697-699 Published by: American Political Science Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30044353 . Accessed: 21/09/2011 08:05
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of Citizenship (Re)Articulations
of confluences globalflows,by forming Thenew of andentanglements possibilispaces effect on citizenship.In an ties, havea mutating configured mobilities by ever-shifting landscape andpositionalities, idea of citizenshiptied the to the terrain imagination a nation-state and of [1983] 1991)is calledinto question. (Anderson In theory,citizenshipas protected entitlements in But on membership a nation-state. depends in entitlements benand increasingly practice, efits arerealizedthrough specificmobilizations andclaimsin milieusof globalizedcontingency. of The movements globalmarkets, technologies, interact shapenovel spaces to andpopulations of politicalmobilization claims.As rights and with citizenship andprotections long associated fromthe state,they arebecomingdisarticulated with arere-articulated elementssuchas markettransnational basedinterests, agencies,mobile elites, andmarginialized populations. Giventhis scenarioof shifting"globalassemblages" (OngandCollier2005), emergent of elements spacesandcombinations disparate aredestabilizing citizenshipas a territorialized bundleof protected entitlements. New modes of governing makefinerdistinctions relation in to national and territory the residential populain tion.Participation transnational networks and nodeshas engenglobal dereda checkerboard of patterning the national thuseffecting terrain, Some sites andzones areinvestedwith more thanothers.At the sametime, politicalresources once associated with all rightsandentitlements citizensarebecominglinkedto neoliberal criteria, so thatsome entitlements maybe withdrawn fromsome citizensandgivento non-citizens. the betweenhavingand Furthermore, difference not havingcitizenship becomingblurred is as the territorialization entitlements increasof is claims ingly challenged deterritorialized by beyondthe state. we betweentwo Analytically, can distinguish thatunderliemutations citizenin processes ship. On the one hand,thereis the emergence of new politicalspaces,andon the other,the of disentanglement citizenship components. The confluenceof citizenship regimes,neoliberalcriteria, mobilepopulations and constitute milieusof possibilitiesfor politicalmobilization. Thesespacesarenot definedor delimited of by the territoriality the nation-state. Migrainterests, torymarket technologies,andNGOs becomearticulated with citizenshiporders,thus shapingnovel spacesof politicalmobilization. New spacesincludethe city, the publicsquare, the refugeecamp,regionallabormarkets, or Thesearesites for the articulation cyber-space. of new claimsfor resources fromstateas well as non-state institutions. with Meanwhile,the elementsassociated from citizenshiparebecomingdisarticulated each otherandre-articulated mobile with far technologiesandactors.We havetraveled fromthe idea of citizenship a legal statusin as a nation-state, as a conditionopposedto the and conditionof statelessness (Arendt[1958] 1998). and betweencitizenship Binaryoppositions and betweennational statelessness, territoriality its absence,arenot usefulfor thinking aboutthe new configurations spacesandnew combiof nationof factorsthataffectpoliticalmobilizations andclaims.Rightsandentitlements once associatedwith citizensarebecomingdispersed who can includenonamongpopulations citizens.Furthermore, difference the between andnothavingcitizenship becoming is having is blurred the territorialization entitlements as of madein spacesbeyondthe state. increasingly We used to thinkof different dimensions of citizenship-rights, politicalenfranchisea ment,territoriality, state,etc.-as moreor less going together. some Now, increasingly, of these components separating fromeach are other.Some populations to claimthe original get bundleof rights,while othersenjoyonly limited At eleprotections. the sametime, citizenship mentsbecomeassociated with market criteria, administrative interpolicies,andhumanitarian ventions.Diversepopulations-dispossessed citizens,migrant workers, expatriates-voice claimsin termsof neoliberal valuesor humanitarian rights,as the case maybe. Thus,the of (re)combinations globalizingforcesandsituatedelementsproduceconditions possibility of for articulating other politicalclaimson grounds thanlegal citizenship. The confluenceof processesof territorialization anddeterritorializationre-configuring is connections betweenpoliticalspace,entitlements,andpoliticalaction.I makethe following claims.First,the spaceof the assemblage, rather thanthe territory the nation-state, the of is site for new politicalmobilizations claims. and crineoliberal Second,in zones of hypergrowth, teriaof knowledgeandself-enterprise become citizenshipidealsthatchallengethe legal limits of citizenship. Third,new politicalspacesare fast becomingsites for articulation claims of on resources fromvarioussourcesbeyondthe state.Fourth, are assemblages sites on the edge of emergence, resolutions problems so to of in livingcannotbe determined contemporary advance,butunfoldwithinthe spaceof the assemblage. In whatfollows, I contrast disarticulation the andre-articulation citizenship of elementsin two globalizedmilieus,as citizenship elementsarebecomingarticulated emergent with of "regimes living"(CollierandLakoff2005).

Aihwa Ong,

by

of University California, Berkeley

or graduated variegated (Ong sovereignty 2000).

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In hypergrowth betweencitizenship norms zones, interactions andneoliberal valuesplace a premium self-enterprising on actors, of otherpoliticalspaces regardless citizenshipstatus.Meanwhile, and can shapedby market politicalstrategies becomesites for the of articulation specificproblems collectivelife. of

Zones of Hypergrowth
The accelerated flows of populations capitalhavefocused and attention how citizenship affectedby the claimsof borderon is denotethe practices crossingeconomicactors.Suchtransnational of to freedoms, susceptibility citizenship the exerciseof market as those with entrepreneurial the capacitiescan negotiate limitsof immigration. "Flexiblecitizenship" describesmaneuvers wherebysubjects areinducedto respondfluidlyandopportunistically dynamic to borders. an age of In market conditionsregardless national of and flexibleaccumulation, "flexibility, migration, relocations, insteadof being coercedor resisted,havebecomepracticesto strivefor rather thanstability" na(Ong 1999, 19). Furthermore, tion-statesseekingwealth-bearing entrepreneurial and immigrants do not hesitateto adjustimmigration laws to favorelite migrant In and subjects,especiallyprofessionals investors. advanced of criteria citiand sites, the articulation market-based capitalist elite actorsto exploitthe possibilityof zenshipnormsencourages the of through astutedeployment multiple capitalaccumulation passports. domestic In advanced liberaldemocracies, policiestoward It havealso becomemarket-based. has been claimed populations connot thatcitizensaregenerallygoverned through oppressive or for but mechanisms, "through freedom," an inducement trolling choiceson theirown formallyfree subjectsto makecalculative in is behalf(Rose 1999).Government no longerinterested taking careof everycitizen,butwantshim/herto act as a free subject actionto confront who self-actualizes relies on autonomous and Thereis thusa fundamental changein the globalizedinsecurities. or as ethicsof subjectformation, the ethicsof citizenship, governof ing shiftsits targetfromthe social andcollectivemanagement the population self-govern(biopolitics)to a focus on individual of Suchethicsareframedas an animation ing (ethico-politics). bothin freevariouscapacitiesof individual freedom,expressed domfromstateprotection guidance,andin freedomto make and individual. calculated choices as a free self-maximizing In the UnitedStates,humantechnologiesthatgovernthrough of the freedomor aspirations subjectsespeciallytargetthe urban and poor,immigrants, refugeeswho areviewed as less capableof tech(Ong2003). This shifttowarda neoliberal self-improvement holdsthatthe securityof citizens,theirwellnology of governing on dependent theirown being andqualityof life, areincreasingly as free individuals confront to insecurities capacities globalized and in by makingcalculations investments theirlives. Thesemarvon ket-driven valuesarederivedfromFrederic Hayek'stheory of the homoeconomicus an instrumentalist as figureforgedin the The effervescent conditionsof market competition. theoryof individual economicagencyas the most efficientformfor distributwas underthe "neo-conservative" ing publicresources embraced as and Ironically, neolibpoliciesof Thatcherism Reaganomics. become eralvaluesof flexibility, mobility,andentrepreneurialism the achievements ideals,theyundermine democratic citizenship of American liberalism basedon ideals of equalrights. Neoliberalideasandpracticesarediffusedto variousenvironmentsof hyper-growth. Asian cities, citizensareurgedto be In and not self-enterprising, only to cope with uncertainties risks, of butalso to raisethe overall"human quality" theirsocieties. ethicsof self-responsible Thus,in EastandSouthAsia, neoliberal to are citizenship linkedto social obligations buildthe nation.

In IndiaandMalaysia, discourses about"knowledge workers" in and "knowledge urgecitizensto self-improve order society" In to develophigh-techindustries. Singapore, accumulation the of intellectual of capitalas an obligation citizenshipis extreme. citizensareexpectedto developnew mindsetsand Ordinary builddigitalcapabilities, while professionals urgedto achieve are normsof "techno-preneurial or citizenship" lose out to more skilledandentrepreneurial and expatriates be reducedto a second-classcitizenry(Ong2005). In short,neoliberal valuesof self-management self-enand havedifferent for terprise implications citizenship,depending on interactions withparticular Whilethe politicalenvironments. and tendencyin England the U.S. is to focus on the self-governing andtechnologically savvycitizenas an individual particiin civil society,in Asiangrowthzones, the discourseof the pant and citizenis tied to contributions knowledgeable entrepreneurial as to "civicsociety," to solidarity a nationalcommunity. or The commonfeatureis thatacrossthese diversemilieus,the stakesof Especiallyin hypercapitalcitizenshipareraisedfor the majority. ist zones, thosewho cannotscale the skills ladderor measure up to the normsof self-governing increasingly are as marginalized deviantor even riskysubjectswho threaten newly normalthe of as of ized regime.The spread neoliberal criteria an expression individual undercuts freedomsystematically juridicalprinciples of citizenship promiseuniversal that rightsto all.

Zones of Exclusion
The interactions betweenmarkets administrative and decisions but havecreatednot only sites of hypergrowth, also zones for the politicallyexcluded.As such,politicalclaimsby the disenfranchisedareincreasingly focusednot on legal rights,buton the In beingsto biologicalsurvival. the post-Cherrightas human claimshavebecomean important era,health-based nobyl part of citizenship sufferers claimed rightsin the West.Chernobyl and biomedicalresources social equitythatcan be conceptualized as a kindof "biological 2002). In France, citizenship" (Petryna claimfor asylum. bodilyhealthis gainingvoice as a legitimate DidierFassinarguesthatthe suffering body of the HIV-infected of reversespublicperception his biopoliticalotherness migrant some formof legal rootedin raceandalien status.Increasingly, is in i.e., recognition awarded the nameof humanity, the rightto of of a healthybody,regardless the citizenship the patient(Didier that 2001). This is an emergingassemblage linksillegal migrants, rightsto healthandcitizenship. morefundamentally But questionsof sheersurvival applyto of the ever-increasing populations the globallyexcluded.Dishumancoursesof humanrightsandof globalnormsof actualized of millionsof the politicallyweakin ity seem incapable reaching Africa,LatinAmerica,andAsia. Wherepeoplecan be included of operates only as barelife, the rhetoric ethicalglobalization and at too vast a scale to deal with specific,situated, practical of problems abused,naked,andflawedbodies.In manycases, withoutrights-disenfranchised we aretalkingaboutpopulations where subjects,refugees,andmigrants-in a varietyof situations and theyhavelittle or no claimsto protection, for whomthe most are minimalclaimsof the rightto survival beingposedfor the are of firsttime.Thesepopulations excludedfromenvironments rightsbecausethey arehiddenfromview, or they live in "failed of or states," as migrants they arestripped citizenship rightsonce on the move. of In suchsituations, new constellation elementsdefinesthe a and spacefor articulating makingclaimsaboutliving conditions. The explosivegrowthof NGOsindexesthe emergenceof alternathat tive politicalauthorities adjudicate amongclaimsof barelife. of In the non-state administration excludedhumanity, groupsand PS October 2005

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individuals sortedinto variouscategoriesin relationto parare ticularneeds,prioritized with interests,andpotentialaffiliations Forinstance,the HIV epidemicin the IvoryCoast powers-that-be. has brought healthNGOs,anddrugcompanies together patients, in clinic-centered Patients formspecialsocio-politinetworks. cal groupsin orderto makeparticular claimson the stateandon The elements corporations. interrelations amongthese disparate for shapeconditions whatVinh-kim Nguyencalls "therapeutic of (2005). Such"counter-politics sheerlife" is a form citizenship" of situated mobilization involvesethicalclaimsto resources that in articulated termsof needsas living beings(CollierandLakoff Onemilieuof the politicsof sheerlife involvesforeign in domesticmaidsandtheiraffluent Asia. employers Southeast the region,a vastfemalemigrant Throughout population-workor ing as maids,factoryworkers, prostitutes-is regularly NGOsseekingto improvethe exposedto slave-likeconditions. of living conditions foreignmaidsinvokenot migrant rightsbut moreminimalandattainable, theirbiologicalsurvival. something NGOsinvokethe ethicsof reciprocity at leastrecognition or of economicsymbiosisbetweenmigrant workers the affluent and households dependon foreignnanniesto sustaina high stanthat dardof living.Wherecitizenship does not provideprotection for the migrant the worker, joiningof a healthybody anddependency on foreignmaidsproduces claimof "bio-welfare." mapping a By the migrants' claimsonto the spaceof regionallaborcirculations, NGOsarearticulating moralstatus,if not the humanrights,of the as workers humanbeings. migrant
* * *

2005).

A binarymodelthatopposesterritorialized to citizenship deterritorialized statelessness cannotcapture emergent the political conditions articulations citizenship of produced particular by of elements,market forces,andpolitics.Multipleassemblages elementscreatenovel politicalspacesin whichquesdisparate tions of living areproblematized resolvedtoday.In zones of and neoliberal valuesarticulate idealsof belonging hyper-capitalism, idealsof citizenship. Those by makingtalentsandself-enterprise who areassessedto be underperforming therefore security and a riskaretreated second-class as the citizens.Ironically, linking also createsspacesfor the politically up withglobalmarkets excludedto mobilizeandarticulate specificclaimsin termsof of problems collectivefate. In particular entitiesbeyondthe statesuch globalassemblages, as corporations, religions,andNGOsarebecomingmoreactive of Diverseandcontradictory standards of practitioners humanity. humanworthiness at play in theseconstellations. do not are We needto agreewithparticular schemesof humancategorization to are embroiled in recognizethatglobalizingcriteria increasingly notionsof politicalbelonging,entitlements, definingandrecasting andrights,i.e., elementslong associated withcitizenship. Specific of citizenshipandof living areposed andresolved problems the articulations heterogeneous of ideas,instituthrough situated The and of tions, andnetworks. dis-articulation re-articulation elementsmeanthatpoliticalresolutions continare citizenship We gent,varied,andambiguous. aremovingbeyondthe recent past whencitizenshipas a packageof territorialized rightsseemed immutable the flux andconjunctures globalflows. to of

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