MADE BY : MRAMIK PALIWAL

9/22/2011 2011 Mramik

OPTICAL FIBER
An optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber

that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fiber is used, glass or plastic, to contain and guide light waves Capacity
Microwave at 10 GHz with 10% utilization ratio:

1 GHz BW Light at 100 Tera Hz (1014 ) with 10% utilization ratio: 100 THz (10,000GHz)
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EVOLUTION OF FIBER
1880 Alexander Graham Bell 1930 Patents on tubing 1950 Patent for two-layer glass wave-guide 1960 Laser first used as light source

1965 High loss of light discovered

1970s Refining of manufacturing process 1980s OF technology becomes backbone of long

distance telephone networks in NA.

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INTRODUCTION
Fibers of glass . Usually 120 micrometers in diameter Used to carry signals in the form of light over

distances up to 50 km. No repeaters needed.

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INTRODUCTION (CONT)
Core thin glass center of the fiber where light travels. Cladding outer optical material

surrounding the core Buffer Coating plastic coating that protects the fiber.

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How Does Optical Fiber Transmit Light??

Total Internal Reflection. Fiber Optics Relay Systems has

Transmitter Optical Fiber Optical Regenerator Optical Receiver

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TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

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TYPES OF FIBERS

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TYPES OF FIBERS(CONT.)
Optical fibers come in two types:

Single-mode fibers used to transmit one signal per fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have small cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from laser. Multi-mode fibers used to transmit many signals per fiber (used in computer networks). They have larger cores(62.5 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from LED.
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ACCEPTANCE CORE & NUMERICAL APERATURE

Acceptance Cone Acceptance angle, c, is the maximum angle in which external light rays may strike the air/Fiber interface and still propagate down the Fiber with < 10 dB loss. c = Sin-1n12 n22 Numerical aperture: NA = sin c = n12 n22
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ADVANTAGES
Capacity: much wider bandwidth (10 GHz) Crosstalk immunity Safety: Fiber is non-metalic

Less Signal Degradation& Digital Signals

Security: tapping is difficult Economics: Fewer repeaters

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DISADVANTAGES
Higher initial cost in installation Interfacing cost Strength: Lower tensile strength

Remote electric power

More expensive to repair/maintain.

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AREAS OF APPLICATION
Telecommunications Local Area Networks Cable TV

CCTV
Optical Fiber Sensors

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OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

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What is Optical Fiber Communication???

Method of transmitting information from one place to

another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Basic steps : Creating the optical signal using transmitter, Relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, Receiving the optical signal, Converting it into an electrical signal.
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OPTICAL FIBER LINK

Transmitter
Input Signal
Coder or Converter Light Source

Source-to-Fiber

Fiber-Optic Cable

Fiber-to-light Interface

Light Detector

Amplifier/Shaper Decoder

Output

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Receiver

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WAVELENGTH DIVISON MULTIPLEXING

It is a technology which multiplexes a number of

optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colours) of laser light. Enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity.

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WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

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BANDWIDTH
Every day the demand for more capacity grows.

AVAILABILITY
High speed throughput is limited by the last mile .
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THE DIFFERENCE
FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE
LOCAL LOOP

Fiber has demonstrated

Average download speed for

speeds up to 100 Gbps

the nation: 5.1 mbps

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WI-FI
Wi-Fi is the only real option

for wireless connectivity in homes & small businesses. The data transfer rates are less than needed, especially when multiple devices use the same connection. Full multiplexing is not possible for Wi-Fi.

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WIRES
To avoid Wi-Fi bottlenecks, this is the alternative:

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and its not pretty 2011 Mramik

A NEW SOLUTION
Replace radio waves with beams of light

BREAKTHROUGH
Researchers discovered a way to encode infrared

light with data in a way that dramatically improves transmission speed The method delivers speeds more than 1 Gbps
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RADIO VS. INFRARED

Unlike radio waves used

by Wi-Fi, light photons can deliver broader bandwidth that can be used simultaneously by multiple devices. Also, photons do not interfere with each other or pass through walls like radio transmissions
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HOW IT WORKS
The encoded infrared light is sent through a special

holographic grid resulting in multiple beams all carrying the same data

THE LIGHT GRID

The pencil-thin beams of infrared light fill the volume

of a room, and devices fitted with infrared receivers pick up data from the beams anywhere within the array Beams reflect off of walls, desktops, even faces
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THE NEXT STEP

Capable of even higher

bandwidth, white LED lamps could replace infrared in future optical wireless systems. White LEDs could light up rooms efficiently while simultaneously providing broadband wireless access.
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WHITE LED LIGHT

Experts believe the cost of white LEDs will drop and

they will become the standard light source for homes because of their energy efficiency. Wireless systems based on them would be easy to integrate into existing fixtures

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MORE ADVANCEMENTS
Chosen for systems requiring higher bandwidth or

spanning longer distances than electrical cabling can accommodate. Can be installed in areas with high electromagnetic interference (EMI), such as alongside utility lines, power lines, and railroad tracks and areas of high lightning. With these benifits,optical fiber technology is stretching its hands in communication field,where thousands of electrical links would be required to replace a single high bandwidth fiber cable
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