Eco-Friendly Energy Sources for Rural Development

General introduction

The electrical energy demand is increasing

every day. In order to meet with increasing electricity demand. Govt. of

India is planning and installing various type of generating stations.

So we see that what is mean by power station?

An electric power station is factory in which energy is converted from

one form or another to electrical energy for example in thermal. The

energy is first in the form of heat in the fuel, which may be coal gas or

oil. This heat is liberated by combustion in the boiler furnace and is

then used to convert water into steam.

The energy in the steam used to convert

mechanical energy into electrical energy.

There are two types energy sources one is non

conventional energy source and another is conventional energy source.

NON - CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

In this system following energy plant are

observed ,

1. Solar energy plant

2. Solar cells

3. Tidal energy

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4. Geo thermal energy

5. Wind energy

6. Bio-gas plant

7. Bio-mass plant.

1 ) SOLAR ENERGY PLANT

The thermo-nuclear fusion take place in the

interior of sun at 45 x 106 degree farenheight. Thus a tremendous

amount of hot energy constantly released by sun.

In solar energy plant solar collector absorb the

maximum amount of solar radiation and convert it into heat energy

water is used as flit it will absorb heat and convert in to steam in boiler.

Then steam is passed to the turbine to drive generator.

2 ) TIDAL ENERGY.

There is a tremendous energy in the tides of

ocean catching soc water at high tide in an ocean and releasing it

through turbine to low tide and turbine brine generator and electrical

energy is generated.

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3) GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy means the heat which is in

the interior of the earth is extracted and used for power generation. In

side the earth about 100 km radio active materials one present large

amount of heat is produced because of nuclear fission. Due to which

molten is mass is produced by melting surrounding area this moten

moss trees to come towards earth surface. It can not reach surface the

water which penetrated in this area gets heated and steam is take

place.

4) WIND ENERGY.

The wind is having very large energy because

of pressure and temp difference in the regions. A conversion of wind

energy to electrical energy useful in areas where strong wind for

sufficient and long period of year present sent.

CONVENTIONAL - ENERGY SOURCES

1) Thermal power station.

2) Hydro electric power station.

3) Nuclear power station

4) Diesel power station

5) Gas turbine dine plant

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1) THERMAL POWER STATION

The thermal power station working is based on

the Ranking cycle the basic idea is that steam is generated in a boiler

and is used for driving turbine.

2) HYDRO - ELECTRIC POWER STATION

The basic requirement of hydropower project is

that geo graphical situation must be convenient for contraction for

construction dam, reservoir etc. Dam is constructed to storage the

water and it is built at the toper than powerhouse and from dam

through pen stock water is forced on turbine and electrical energy is

achieved.

3) NUCLEAR POWER - STATION

Due to nuclear-reaction tremendous heat is

produced. By using heat steam is produced which is released on

turbine and electrical energy is generated.

4) DIESEL POWER - STATION

The electric power generation by diesel plants

is becoming costly because of increasing sing fuel cost. The diesel

engine works on four stroke i.e.

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1) Suction

2) Compression

3) Ignition

4) Exhaust

As seen from demand of rural area above

power station are not economical space required above plant is very

large so eco friendly energy sources for rural development are very

important.

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THE GENERAL ENERGY NEEDS IN RURAL

SECTIOR

1) BASIC NEEDS

1) Potable drinking water supply.

2) Cooking

3) Domestic and street lightening.

2) AGRICULTURAL NEEDS

i) Water pumping for irrigation

ii) Storage and drying agricultural crops.

iii) Fuel to operate form machinery.

3) INDUSTRIALS NEEDS

1) Rural industries manufacture of soap, bricks, charcoal, metal

products, leather and agroindustrial products, printing, hand loom

industry.

2) Operating agricultural implements. For over come above needs

solar cells, and various eco-friendly energy sources are used which

are as discussed below.

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INTRODUCTION TO ECO-NOMICAL, ECO-

FRIENDLY ENERGY SOURCES.

As the fulfilled need of rural sector some non-

conventional energy sources are helpful. The decentralized energy

system based on solar, wind, bio-mass, minihydel etc. Hold a great

promise and have shown isolated packets where reaching electricity by

the conventional method is being.

BIOGAS PLANT AND THEIR APPLICATION .

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Organic waste available in rural areas in

agricultural waste, human waste, piggery waste etc this waste is

anaerobically fermented with oxygen, it gives rise to a gas which is

60% methane. This is an efficient and versatile fuel. The left over

sludge can be used as fertilizer it takes 3 to 5 animals to run a biogas

plant for family of 5 to 6. Therefore, 0.5 cattle per on is required to

provide energy for substance and fertilizers. In India, the cost of family

size biogas plant for 5 persons is about 4000/- on large size. Village

biogas plant may also be used for dairies, hospitals etc.

Biogas is very simple. A pond with cement

concrete walls is constructed first. The shape of pond can be circular

or square. Agriculture waste, animal waste, human waste etc are

poured in above pond. A. P. V.C coated cylindrical with dome shape at

the top, is placed in the pond. The galvanized or P. V. C. piping

connections are done at the top of the bank.

Animal or human waste in the tank will get

fermented and during fermentation process 65% gas is liberated. This

gas can be directly used for cooking or heating purpose. In case of

large size gas plants gas can be supplied to hospital, dairies etc.

1. Aquatic wastes

2. Forest wastes like coconut husk.

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3. Industrial wastes.

The made is generated periodically and can be

converted into useful biogas the problem of waste disposal is also

solved as the sludge is used is manure.

DUNG FROM ANIMALS

The animals douter the exreta (dung) which is

used as manure fuel and in feed to biogas plant.

1 kg of cattle dung about 45 lit. of biogas

during winter and about 55 lit. biogas during summer.

SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOGAS PLANTS IN

INDIA’S ENERGY STRATEGY

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Up to 1971 end about 15,00,000 numer family

sing biogas plants have been installed in India. About 415 numbers of

biogas tired internal combustion engines at rated capacity of 5 mm

have been installed.

By 2000 A.D. 1,50,00,000 biogas plants may be

operation in India.

Biogas plants have a very significant role in

India’s rural development and energy development.

The fuel used for biogas plant is desired from

renewable animal waste and agricultural waste. The biogas produced

by the biogas is used in rural areas for the following :

i) As fuel for cooking

ii) As fuel for driving engines for pumps

iii) As a fuel for engine drives generating plants for supplying

electrical energy to the community.

iv) Residue from biogas plants is used as manure.

v) Energy conservation of fossil fuels and obtrical energy from

conventional power plants.

vi) Conservation of trees and plants which would be used as fuel if

biogas not available.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF BIOGAS

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The raw biogas obtained, raw the biogas plants

by the process of anaerobic digestion is methane rich fuel gas.

1) Methane 55 to 60 %

2) Carbon dioxide 35 to 40 %

3) Hydrogen (H 2 ) 5%

ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION ( DIGESTION )

PROCESS USED IN BIOGAS PLANTS

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During the anaerobic digestion, the organic

matters under goes fermentation and the biogas is liberated.

The anaerobic digestion as following stages :

Stage 1. Formation of acids and chemicals. The micro organism of

anaerobic and facultatine groups produce fermentation and hydrolysis

to form acids.

Stage 2. Production of methane ( CH 4 ) in this stage the organic acids

and chemicals formed in the 2 n d stage are decomposed by the

anaerobic to reduce methane ( CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide gases.

ADVANTAGES

1) The left over sludge in the pond can be used as fertilizer.

2) The animals are essentials in rural area, so animal waste, or other

wastes are easily available.

3) This plant is very economical in rural areas.

JANTA AND DEENBANDHU BIOGAS PLANTS

INTRODUCTION

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Deenbandhu biogas plant is a low cost design

for family requirement. Basically to reduce the cost of popular design

of fixed dome biogas plant called Janta biogas plant.

1) JANTA BIG - GAS PLANT

Fig shows diff. part of Janta biogas plant. This

plant has cylindrical digester with flat bottom and dome shaped roof.

Upper position of cylinder acts as gas storage chamber with production

of gas the slurry from the gas storage chamber is displaced into inlet

and outlet displacement chamber which are connected with digester

through inlet and outlet chutes respectively.

2) DEENBANDHU BIO - GAS PLANT

Unlike J.B.P. this design has curved bottom

and a hemi-spherical top jointed their bases with no - cylindrical portion

in bottom. The digester, gas storage chamber and the empty space

above the slurry are all provided within this shape. All slurry displaced

out of the gas storage chamber is stored in the outlet displacement

chamber as there is no displacement spaces on the inlet side. The

inlet is in the form of a pipe which connects the digester with slurry

mixing tank.

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Deenbandhu bio-gas plants, despite their lower

retention time are equally efficient in terms of total gas yield per unit of

feed out they are more efficient in terms of total gas production per unit

volume of digester. From this we conclude the D.B.P. is more efficient

than J.B.P.

BIOMASS PLANT AND THEIR APPLICATION

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INTRODUCTION

Photosynthesis is at the base at all biomass

production and food-chains. It converts physical energy into chemical

energy and generates oxygen, the life sustaining gas. Various type of

bio-mass and or bio-fuels available are firewood, agricultural alcohol,

vegetable oil hydro carbon plants, particularly those yielding rubber

and petroleum like-materials fresh weeds, sewage grown algae, algal

hydro carbons and biological production of hydrogen using halo

bacteria algae azolla and even higher plants.

In the face of increasing population and

industrialization India face acute problem of energy supply and

demand. Since the area of culturable land has increased many fold

brones especially of agricultural of origin is available in plenty in

interated approach suggesting a proportionate use of this waste

removable source base would go a long way in solving resources

confixt for the production of fuel fodder and fertilizer.

Pressure on land caused by increasing

population supplemented by agriculturization and industrialization is

resulting in ruthless exploitation of natural resources to meet the fuel

requirement. This has led to the air pollution and many other problems

until now we were using the natural resources the coal, diesel, petrol

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etc. But these resources are going to be extinguished one day,

therefore we have to think of new way energy.

Energy is varying uniform. It may be in

electrical form or any other electrical energy is the backbone of the

industry. No industry can work without electrical energy.

BIOMASS - FOR ENERGY

Bio-mass for energy denotes that portion of

bio-mass used for combustion purpose. In agriculture energy saving

and substitution became necessary through a better use of bio-mass.

At present the crop residues are usually used for heating purpose,

animal residues also for methanisation Bio-mass accounts for about

440 percent of total energy consumed at national level and forms the

bulk of rural energy foe cooking purposes bio-mass is the chief fuel in

the hape of fire wood and non fire wood bio-mass. Dry, stream, stalks,

coconut shelf, dung etc. obtained through crop and animal residues are

used as fuel in addition to fire wood and fuel stick obtained from other

sources. The problem with the non fire wood bio-mass is that it`s

thermal efficiency may be lower. Modern chulas complemented with

bio-mass and energy plantations may prove to integrate energy

resources towards augmentation. Because bio-mass is the major

source of energy for rural people.

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The larger proportion of bio-mass is available

for fuel purpose. In the case of garden crops, the crop residues

suitable for fuel purpose.

BIO-MASS - COMPETITION FOR FUEL, FOODAR AND

FERTILIZES.

INTRODUCTION

In the face of increasing population and

industrialization, India faces a cute problem of energy sources demand

since the area of cultivable land has increase many foid, bio-mass

especially of agricultural origin is available in plenty.

The rural population in the developing

countries is mainly dependent upon fire-wood. The world consumption

of fire-wood is estimated at around 5% - 10% of total energy

consumption, but it is about 6% in the developing countries where

approximately 80% of the total fuel is employed for cooking.

Thus sustainable development would

essentially need to be an appropriate energy mix to meet the basic

needs of food and fuel for the human, fooder for the line stocks and at

same time maintains of the soil fertility. In this context the role of

biomass as a non conventional renewable source is of paramount

importance.

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There is a presently enormous amount of bio-

mass on the globe which refers to all forms of organic matter including

crop residues agro-industrial byproducts, urban waste, animal dung

and poultry waste.

In addition the fermented residues get enriched

in nitrogen as a result of growth of these fungi besides increasing the

bio-logical value of these residues which can use as the fertilizers

supplemented in the soil to improve it’s fertility.

CONCLUSION

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So we seen that, what do you mean by power

station and energy source like bio-gas and bio-mass those are Eco-

friendly and those mostly used in Ruler needs in Ruler sector domestic

purpose like portable water supply, cooling, drinking and also utilized

this system used in Agriculture needs and as well as industrial needs

without any pollution.

So these sources much better and much eco-

friendly for Ruler development and domestic purpose.

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