Lesson 1 Abwtp

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)
Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science
Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process
Lesson 1 Organic Material and Bacterial Metabolism A/Prof. Chia-Yuan Chang /

MABEEL
Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Introduction
The organic compounds present in waste water are of particular interest in sanitary engineering. A great variety of micro-organisms - which may be present in the waste water or in the receiving water body - will interact with organic compounds, using these either as an energy source or as a material source for synthesis of new cellular material. The utilisation of organic material by micro-organisms is called metabolism. Metabolism consists of two parts: 1. The biochemical reactions that produce energy, resulting in the dissimilation of the organic compounds and the production of stable end products, a process called catabolism 2. The synthesis of new cellular matter is called anabolism. In order to be able to describe the metabolic processes that occur in the activated sludge process, it is necessary to: 1. Determine a suitable quantitative parameter that is able to adequately describe the concentration of organic compounds present in waste water 2. Establish the different catabolic- and anabolic processes that may occur
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Contents of this section

Measurement of organic material Decription of COD test Description of BOD test Description of TOC test Comparison of parameters for measurement of organic material Bacterial metabolism Aerobic (oxidative) metabolism Anoxic metabolism Anaerobic metabolism
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Measurement of Organic Material

In view of the enormous number of different compounds present in most waste waters, it is totally impractical, if not impossible, to determine these individually. For this reason the concept of organic material is introduced, which is indicative for the combined concentration of all the organic compounds present in a waste water. To quantify the mass or concentration of organic material, it is possible to use the properties that practically all organic compounds have in common: (1) they can be oxidised and (2) they contain organic carbon. In sanitary engineering the property that organic material can be oxidised has found the widest application. There are two standard tests based on this property: the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Both have standardised procedures that are described in several specialised texts (for example Standard Methods, 2002), thus the experimental details will not be discussed here. The TOC test is based on the determination of organic carbon. The following items will be discussed in this section: Decription of COD test Description of BOD test Description of TOC test Comparison of parameters for measurement of organic material
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(1) Description of COD test In the COD test, the organic material concentration is calculated from the oxidant consumption necessary for the oxidation of the organic material, using a very strong inorganic oxidant. For most organic compounds, oxidation is nearly complete. The theoretical COD value of a specific compound can be calculated from the structural formula. (2) Description of BOD test In the BOD test micro-organisms are used for the oxidation of organic material. The BOD is determined from the observed decrease in oxygen concentration. Often the duration of the BOD test is limited to 5 days, although it is well known that oxidation of a significant part of the organic compounds found in wastewater will not yet complete. An empirical formula is then used to estimate the ultimate BOD from the BOD5 value.
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(3) Description of TOC test In the total organic carbon (TOC) test the production of carbon dioxide is measured upon complete oxidation of organic material through combustion at high temperature. The carbon dioxide mass is indicative of the mass of organic carbon initially present in the sample. The equipment for the TOC test is rather sophisticated but it has the advantage of taking only a few minutes, so that it permits virtually on line control. Similar to the COD test, it is possible to calculate the theoretical TOC value of a compound from the structural formula. (4) Comparison of parameters for measurement of organic material In this section the COD and TOC parameters are related to the free energy release upon oxidation. It will be demonstrated that the value of the free energy release is remarkably constant in the case of COD, when the number of electrons transferred per carbon atom is in the range between 3 and 8, as will be the case for the overwhelming majority of the compounds present in wastewater, refer to Figure 1.1
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Figure 1.1 Value of the released free energy as a function of the number of transferred electrons per C-atom
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Bacterial Metabolism
The term metabolism refers to the utilisation of a substrate such as organic material by micro-organisms. Invariably part of the metabolised organic material is transformed to chemically stable end products, which is an energy releasing process. The chemical transformation of the organic material is called catabolism or dissimilation. A second process, occurring simultaneously with catabolism is anabolism, the process of synthesis of new cellular mass. Depending on the type of micro-organisms involved, the source material for synthesis may be organic material (heterotrophic micro-organisms) or carbon dioxide (autotrophic microorganisms). Nitrifiers, responsible for the transformation of ammonium to nitrate, are an example of autotrophic bacteria. The metabolism of nitrifiers will be discussed in the section on Nitrogen Removal. The following items will be discussed in this section: Aerobic (oxidative) metabolism Anoxic metabolism Anaerobic metabolism
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(1) Aerobic metabolism First the metabolism of heterotrophs in an aerobic environment will be considered. In this case the catabolic process will be the oxidation of organic material by oxygen, also called aerobic respiration. The anabolic process will be the synthesis of cellular material from organic material. It is concluded that the organic material represents both an energy source and a material source for the micro-organisms, as is displayed in Figure 1.2. The ratio between bacterial mass and its COD value is determined, which allows the yield coefficient for heterotrophic growth to be calculated.
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Figure 1.2 Metabolism of organic material in an aerobic environment
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(2) Anoxic metabolism In the absence of oxygen, other compounds may serve as an oxidant, such as nitrate, nitrite, sulphite and sulphate.
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(3) Anaerobic metabolism Certain micro-organisms are capable to metabolise organic material In the absence of an oxidant, a process called fermentation. It results in a rearrangement of the electrons in molecules of the metabolised compound in such a fashion that at least two new molecules are formed. Fermentations are of great importance in the food industry (e.g. for the production of cheese, yoghurt and beer). In sanitary engineering, the fermentation of particular interest is anaerobic digestion. This fermentation is characterised by the fact that the end products are methane and carbon dioxide. The particularity is that methane cannot be further reduced and carbon dioxide cannot be further oxidised, so that anaerobic digestion is the most complete of all fermentation processes.
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Aerobic granulation
The biological treatment of wastewater in the sewage treatment plant is often accomplished using conventional activated sludge systems. These systems generally require large surface areas for treatment and biomass separation units due to the generally poor settling properties of the sludge. In recent years, new technologies have been developed to improve settlability. The use of aerobic granular sludge is one of them. Aerobic granular biomass The following definition differentiates an aerobic granule from a simple floc with relatively good settling properties and came out of discussions which took place at the 1st IWA-Workshop Aerobic Granular Sludge in Munich (2004): Granules making up aerobic granular activated sludge are to be understood as aggregates of microbial origin, which do not coagulate under reduced , and which settle significantly faster than activated sludge flocs(de Kreuk et al. 2005[1])"
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Aerobic Granules
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Formation of aerobic granules biomass is developed in Granular sludge

sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and without carrier materials. These systems fulfil most of the requirements for their formation as: Feast - Famine regime: short feeding periods must be selected to create feast and famine periods (Beun et al. 1999[2]), characterized by the presence or absence of organic matter in the liquid media, respectively. With this feeding strategy the selection of the appropriate micro-organisms to form granules is achieved. When the substrate concentration in the bulk liquid is high, the granule-former organisms can store the organic matter in form of poly--hydroxybutyrate to be consumed in the famine period, giving an advantage over filamentous organisms. Short settling time: This hydraulic selection pressure on the microbial community allows the retention granular biomass inside the reactor while flocculent biomass is washed-out. (Qin et al. 2004[3]) Hydrodynamic shear force : Evidences show that the application of high favours the formation of aerobic granules and the physical granule integrity. It was found that aerobic granules could be formed only above a threshold shear force value in terms of superficial upflow air velocity above 1.2 cm/s in a column SBR, and more regular, rounder, and more SBR Reactor, with aerobic granules compact aerobic granules were developed at high hydrodynamic shear forces (Tay et al., 2001[4] ). MABEEL Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Advantages The development of biomass in the form of aerobic granules is being studied for its application in the removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from wastewater. Aerobic granules in aerobic SBR present several advantages compared to conventional activated sludge process such as: Stability and flexibility: the SBR system can be adapted to fluctuating conditions with the ability to withstand shock and toxic loadings Excellent settling properties: a smaller secondary settler will be necessary, which means a lower surface requirement for the construction of the plant. Good biomass retention: higher biomass concentrations inside the reactor can be achieved, and higher substrate loading rates can be treated. Presence of aerobic and anoxic zones inside the granules to perform simultaneously different biological processes in the same system (Beun et al.. 1999[2] ) The cost of running a wastewater treatment plant working with aerobic granular sludge can be reduced by at least 20% and space requirements can be reduced by as much as 75% (de Kreuk et al.., 2004[5]). MABEEL Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Treatment of industrial wastewater

Synthetic wastewater was used in most of the works carried out with aerobic granules. These works were mainly focussed on the study of granules formation, stability and nutrient removal efficiencies under different operational conditions and their potential use to remove toxic compounds. The potential of this technology to treat industrial wastewater is under study, some of the results: Arrojo et al. (2004)[6] operated two reactors that were fed with industrial wastewater produced in a laboratory for analysis of dairy products (Total COD : 15003000 mg/L; soluble COD: 3001500 mg/L; total nitrogen: 50200 mg/L). These authors applied organic and nitrogen loading rates up to 7 g COD/(Ld) and 0.7 g N/(Ld) obtaining removal efficiencies of 80%.
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Schwarzenbeck et al. (2004)[7] treated malting wastewater which had a high content of particulate organic matter (0.9 g TSS/L). They found that particles with average diameters lower than 25-50 m were removed at 80% efficiency, whereas particles bigger than 50 m were only removed at 40% efficiency. These authors observed that the ability of aerobic granular sludge to remove particulate organic matter from the wastewaters was due to both incorporation into the biofilm matrix and metabolic activity of protozoa population covering the surface of the granules. Cassidy and Belia (2005)[8] obtained removal efficiencies for COD and P of 98% and for N and VSS over 97% operating a granular reactor fed with slaughterhouse wastewater (Total COD: 7685 mg/L; soluble COD: 5163 mg/L; TKN: 1057 mg/L and VSS: 1520 mg/L). To obtain these high removal percentages, they operated the reactor at a DO saturation level of 40%, which is the optimal value predicted by Beun et al. (2001) for N removal, and with an anaerobic feeding period which helped to maintain the stability of the granules when the DO concentration was limited.
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Inizan et al. (2005)[9] treated industrial wastewaters from pharmaceutical industry and observed that the suspended solids in the inlet wastewater were not removed in the reactor. Tsuneda et al. (2006)[10] , when treating wastewater from metal-refinery process (1.0-1.5 g NH4+-N/L and up to 22 g/L of sodium sulphate), removed a nitrogen loading rate of 1.0 kg-N/m3d with an efficiency of 95% in a system containing autotrophic granules. Usmani et al. (2008)[11] high superficial air velocity, a relatively short settling time of 5-30 min, a high ratio of height to diameter (H/D=20) of the reactor and optimum ogranic load facilitates the cultivation of regular compact and circular granules. Lpez-Palau et al. (2009)[14], treated wastewater from a winery industry. The formation of granules was performed using a synthetic substrate and after 120 days of operation, synthetic media was replaced by real winery wastewater, with a COD loading of 6 kg COD/(m3d).
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Figueroa et al. (2008)[12], treated wastewater from a fish canning industry. Applied OLR were up to 1.72 kg COD/(m3d) with fully organic matter depletion. Ammonia nitrogen was removed via nitrification-denitrification up to 40% when nitrogen loading rates were of 0.18 kg N/(m3d). The formation of mature aerobic granules occurred after 75 days of operation with 3.4 mm of diameter, SVI of 30 mL/g VSS and density around 60 g VSS/L-granule Farooqi et al. (2008)[13], Wastewaters from fossil fuel refining, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides are the main sources of phenolic compounds. Those with more complex structures are often more toxic than the simple phenol. This study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of granular sludge in UASB and SBR for the treatment of mixtures of phenolics compounds. The results indicates that anaerobic treatment by UASB and aerobic treatment by SBR can be successfully used for phenol/cresol mixture, representative of major substrates in chemical and petrochemical wastewater and the results shows proper acclimatization period is essential for the degradation of m - cresol and phenol. Moreover, SBR was found as a better alternative than UASB reactor as it is more efficient and higher concentration of m cresols can be successfully degraded.
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Pilot research in aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granulation technology for the application in wastewater treatment is widely developed at laboratory scales. The large-scale experience is still limited but different institutions are making efforts to improve this technology: Since 1999 DHV Water, Delft University of technology (TUD), STW (Dutch Foundation for Applied Technology) and STOWA (Dutch Foundation for Applied Water Research) have been cooperating closely on the development of the aerobic granular sludge technology (Nereda). Based on the results obtained, a pilot plant was started up in September 2003 in Ede (Netherlands). The heart of the installation consists of two parallel biological reactors with each a height and diameter of 6 m and 0.6 respectively and a volume of 1.5 m3.
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From the basis of the aerobic granular sludge but using a contention system for the granules, a sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (SBBGR) with a volume of 3.1m3 was developed by IRSA (Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Italy). Different studies were carried out in this plant treating sewage at an Italian wastewater treatment plant.
The use of aerobic granules prepared in laboratory, as a starter culture, before adding in main system, is the base of the technology ARGUS (Aerobic Granules Upgrade System) developed by EcoEngineering Ltd.. The granules are cultivated on-site in small bioreactors called propagators and fill up only 2 to 3% of the main bioreactor or fermentor (digestor) capacity. This system is being used in a pilot plant with a volume of 2.7 m3 located in one Hungarian pharmaceutical industry.
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The Group of Environmental Engineering and Bioprocesses from the University of Santiago de Compostela is currently operating a 100 L pilot plant reactor. The feasibility study showed that the aerobic granular sludge technology seems very promising (de Bruin et al., 2004[15]. Based on total annual costs a GSBR (Granular sludge Sequencing Batch Reactors) with pretreatment and a GSBR with post-treatment proves to be more attractive than the reference activated sludge alternatives (6-16%). A sensitivity analysis shows that the GSBR technology is less sensitive to land price and more sensitive to rain water flow. Because of the high allowable volumetric load the footprint of the GSBR variants is only 25% compared to the references. However, the GSBR with only primary treatment cannot meet the present effluent standards for municipal wastewater, mainly because of exceeding the suspended solids effluent standard caused by washout of not well settleable biomass.
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^ de Kreuk M.K., McSwain B.S., Bathe S., Tay S.T.L., Schwarzenbeck and Wilderer P.A. (2005). Discussion outcomes. Ede. In: Aerobic Granular Sludge. Water and Environmental Management Series. IWA Publishing. Munich, pp.165-169) ^ a b Beun J.J., Hendriks A., Van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Morgenroth E., Wilderer P.A. and Heijnen J.J. (1999). Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor. Water Research, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 22832290. ^ Qin L. Liu Y. and Tay J-H (2004). Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor. Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 4752. ^ Tay J.-H., Liu Q.-S. and Liu Y. (2001). The effects of shear force on the formation, structure and metabolism of aerobic granules. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 57, Nos. 1-2, pp. 227233. ^ de Kreuk, M.K., Bruin L.M.M. and van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2004). Aerobic granular sludge: From idea to pilot plant.. In Wilderer, P.A. (Ed.), Granules 2004. IWA workshop Aerobic Granular Sludge, Technical University of Munich, 2628 September 2004 (pp. 112). London: IWA. ^ Arrojo B., Mosquera-Corral A., Garrido J.M. and Mndez R. (2004) Aerobic granulation with industrial wastewater in sequencing batch reactors. Water Research, Vol. 38, Nos. 14-15, pp. 3389 3399 ^ Schwarzenbeck N., Erley R. and Wilderer P.A. (2004). Aerobic granular sludge in an SBR-system treating wastewater rich in particulate matter. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 49, Nos. 11-12, pp. 4146. ^ Cassidy D.P. and Belia E. (2005). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from an abattoir wastewater in a SBR with aerobic granular sludge. Water Research, Vol. 39, No. 19, pp. 48174823. ^ Inizan M., Freval A., Cigana J. and Meinhold J. (2005). Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for industrial wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 52, Nos. 10-11, pp. 335343. ^ Tsuneda S., Ogiwara M., Ejiri Y. and Hirata A. (2006). High-rate nitrification using aerobic granular sludge. Water Science and Technology, 53 (3), 147-154. ^ Shams Qamar Usmani, Suhail Sabir, Izharul Haq Farooqui and Anees Ahmad (2008) Biodegradation of Phenols and p-Cresol by Sequential Batch Reactor proc. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT 2008), scope 10, pp 906910, ISBN 978-983-3986-29-3. ^ Figueroa M., Mosquera-Corral A., Campos J. L. and Mndez R. (2008). Treatment of saline wastewater in SBR aerobic granular reactors. Water Science and Technology, 58 (2), 479-485. ^ Farooqi I.H., Basheer F. and Ahmad T.(2008). Studies on Biodegradation of Phenols and m -Cresols by Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket and Aerobic Sequential Batch Reactor.Global Nest Journal,10(1), 39-46. ^ LpezPalau S., Dosta J. and Mata-lvarez J. (2009). Start-up of an aerobic granular sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of winery wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 60 (4), 1049-1054. ^ de Bruin L.M.M., de Kreuk M.K., van der Roest H.F.R., Uijterlinde C. and van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2004). Aerobic granular sludge technology: and alternative to activated sludge. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 49, Nos. 11-12, pp. 17)
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Assignment 07-March-2011
Please list at least two kinds of biological wastewater treatment unit whatever aerobic, anoxic or anaerobic metabolism
Send back your completed assignments by 09 March, 2011 to email chadjamei@yahoo.com.tw The format of the file must be "MS-doc file"
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Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process

Lesson 1 Organic Material and Bacterial Metabolism A/Prof. Chia-Yuan Chang /

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Contents of this section

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Measurement of Organic Material

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Figure 1.2 Metabolism of organic material in an aerobic environment

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Formation of aerobic granules biomass is developed in Granular sludge

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Treatment of industrial wastewater

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Pilot research in aerobic granular sludge

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

Special topic on advanced biological wastewater treatment process 99(2)

Membrane Application & Bio-Environmental Engineering Laboratory at CNU

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