ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL

or

uii

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

FRENCH INDO-CHINA
SECTION 10: PUBLIC WORKS S'AND UTILITIES
I I---

ILI-~-----

-I

^0\*

F
________

ri

SA

Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information contained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b, AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.)

HEADQUARTERS,

ARMY SERVICE FORCES,

APRIL

1944

ARMY SERVICE FORCES

-- ---- -- ~ al--------~----a I~

IM
-- -------- ---~-- ~-7, -- ---. -s.~- i

M359-10
- ~- ~---

Civil Affairs

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

FRENCH INDO- CHINA

SECTION 10: PUBLIC WORKS AND UTILITIES

~CI

'-r

------

111~

^^1"""
/ _^\A

HEADQUARTERS,

ARMY SERVICE FORCES,

5 APRIL 1944

S.. *. Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information con tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricte material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the Unite States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperatin in Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the pres (See also par. 18b except by authorized military public relations 'agencies. AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.)

:e.

NUMBERING SYSTEM OF ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS

The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual is indicated by consecutive numbering within the following categories.

M1 -

M99

M100 - M199 M200 M300 M400 M500 M600 M700 M800 M900 M299 M399 M499 M599 M699 M799 M899 up

Basic and Advanced Training Army Specialized Training Program and PreInduction Personnel and Morale Civil Affairs Supply and Transportation Fiscal Procurement and Production Administration Miscellaneous Equipment, Materiel, Housing and Construction * * * HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, Washington 25, D. C., April 5, 1944.

Army Service Forces Manual M 358 -

10,

Civil Affairs Handbook, Public

Works and Utilities in French Indo-China, has been prepared under the supervision of The Provost Marshal General, and is published for the in-

formation and guidance of all concerned.

EPX 461

(21 Sep 43)SOMERVELL:

By command of Lieutenant General

W. D. STYER, Major General, General Staff Corps, Chief of Staff. il OFFICIAL: J. A. ULIO, Major General, Adjutant General.

now#

This study on Public Works and Utilities in Prench Indo-China was prepared for the MILITARY GOVLENT DIVISION, 07710
by the

O 01 THE, PROVOST

MARSHAL GMMk

PAR

EASTERN

UNIT OP THE BUREAU 07 JORZIGN AND DOMESTIC COMM U. S. D1PAR

O3

TM!NT

07 COMMERCE

077103RS USING THIS MAT1ARIAL ABIE

R3NU3STID TO MAX

SUGGESTIONS AND

CRITICISMS INDICATING THE REVI SIONS OR ADDITIONS WHICH WOULD MAKE THIS

MATERIAL

MORE USEUL TOR THEIR PUPPOSES.

THESE CRITICISMS SHOULD

BF SENT TO THE CHIE? 07 THE LIAISON AND STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARY GOVEPNMENT DIVISION, PMGO,

280? MUN1ITIONS BUILDING,

WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

CIVIL

AFFAIRS

HA1flBO

1. Geographical and Social Background

2. Government and 3. Legal Affairs

Administration

4. Government 3inance 5. Money and Banking 6. Natural Resources 7. Agriculture 8. Industry and Commerce 9. Labor.

10. Public Works and Utilities

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Tra~nsportation Systems
Compminications Public Health and Sanitation Public Safety Education

16.
1'?.

Public Welfare
Cultural Institutions

This st&y on Public Works and -Utilities in French Indo-China was prepared for the MILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE 0F THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL by the PAR EASTERN UNIT OF THE BURhEAU 07 FORUIGN ANDl DOMESTIC OO)O4RCI, U.S. DEPARTMENT 07 COMKERCE

INTRODUOCTION

Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbook. The basic -urposes of civil affairs officers are (l) to assist the

Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder, it possible for civilian and (3) to create the conditions which will make effectively.

agencies to

function

The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out these responsibilities *The Handbooks do not deal as efficiently and humanely as possible. or policies (which will depend upon

with-plans

changing and unpredictable developments). that they do not, imply any riven rather ready reference

It should be clearly understood of action, They are

official, program

source books containing

the basic factual information

needed for planning and policy making.

TABLE OF CONTiENTS

Pares
I. ELECTRICITY, A.

GAS, WATER

AND SEWAGE

1 i .1 11 11 13 19 19 21 23 23 29 32 35 35 36 37 38

Electric Power 1. 2. History, Ownership and Organization Government Policy Location and Capacity of Chief Plants Industrial and Domestic Consumption Statistics Current Characteristics Electrical Development since Japanese Occupation

3.
4.

5.
6. B. II.

Gas Plants, Water

Works

and Sewage Disposal

DOCKS, A. B. C.

HARBORS,

BASES,

AND AIDS TO SHIPPING

D.
E. F. G. H.

Saigon-Cholon Haiphong Hongay 1 Campha Port Redon Port Wallut Tourane Camranh Bay

I. Benthuy
J. K.
L. M. N.

39

Quinhon Nhatrang
Riem Bay Pnom Penh Chaudoc

4040 40
40. 41

III.
TABLES

HUBLIC fI

ILINGS., PARKS AND MIONiT h ENS

42

1. 2. 3.

4.
5.
6.

Consumption of Electrical Energy by Political Subdivisions Consumption of Electrical Energy by Principal Cities Uses of Electrical Current Average Consumer and Per Capita Consumption Price of Electric Energy Sold to the Public Government-owned Drydocks of Saigon

15 15 16 17 18 28

ii

ii-

MPS
Power Plants

and

Portse,

facing

Port of Saigon Haiphong

Coal Ports of LLUSJThRIONS

Tonkin
3,4 6,7

Central Plant at Hanoi high-tension Power Lines

CHARTS

Tonkin Electric Generating Plants Powers Lines in the Tonkin Delta

ApPiiNDICE

9
10'

A.

Part One, Power of Electric Generators Part Two, Production of Electrical Energy

43
45-.49

44

B.. Current Characteristics

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ULF

OF
TONK/N

*Pl.iku

GU 0 S /

POWER PLANTS AND PORTS

FRENCH I NDO-CHINA

_~_ CI

1.I. EECTIITY, GAS, WARA

SEWAGE

A.

Electric Power

1.

History, Ownershp and Organization:

The first electric project

in French Indochina was initiated at Haiphong when Messrs. Hermenier and Plante contracted on Aril 12, 1892to furnish power to that city. The

contract exempted the Government from responsibility for all accidents caused by electricity. ing the
The Government was obviously. desirous of encourag-

project

but appears to have been dubious of its

success.

Only a

small part of Haiphong was covered by the original project, i.

e., chiefly

the streets which had canals and were the main thoroughfares in that pre-

motor age. .Ourrent was supplied only from twilight to dawn in winter, but
throughout the 24-hours during the hot season. On December 6 of that year (1892) the same company undertook to light a portion of Hanoi. first it

The plant was built close to the Petit Lac

and-at
The

lighted only that exclusive residential area.

Both projects were

successful and the Government lent its encouragement to expansion. following survey is
Tonkin" by P.

a free translation of an article "L':]Electrification du

Drouin, appearing in the :Buletin

Economique

de lIndochine,

in 1938: "The setup of the new installations reauired a larger capital investment than was believed necessary by the pioneers, and the company of Herxenier and Plante was recognized as a joint stock company. under the name of 'Societe Indochinoise d.Electricitel which took over operations and properties by. Government decree of January 15, 1903. "While electrical distribution in Hanoi and Haiphong was being developed rapidly, the electric lighting of other centers of Tonkin was undertaken only with some delay by the Societe Indochinoise dlectricite, by the

-2Government, and in some cases by local enterprise. "Prior to the war of 1914-18 the feasibility of trying to supply electricity to urban centers had been demonstrated, but it still seemed premature and risky to install a network of high-tension lines, particularly as there were insufficient highways to facilitate maintenance of such a network. "After the war investigations were made concerning the supply of electricity to new centers, and the first transmission line for public distribution was that from Hanoi to Ha Dong which was opened in 1923 with three-phase current of 34 cycles and 3300 volts. The frequency was de-

termined by the necessity of conforming to that of the radio electric center at Bach-Mai which at that time was using high-frequency alternators. In 1924-1926 work was started on the construction of high-tension lines from Haiphong to Kienan and Doson, the electrification of Namdinh and the setting up of electric systems by the local governments of Haiduong, Yenbay and Laokay. The center of Quang-Yen was hooked to the neighboring center

of the Societe Miniere et Metallurgique. Since then it seemed desirable to electrify the entire delta and not to confine distribution to a few privileged centers. By contract of November 24, 1930, the Societe Indo-

chinoise d'Electricite undertook to electrify, according to a well defined program, every town in the Tonkin Delta by means of high-tension power lines, while setting up at Hanoi a modern central plant capable of filling all requirements. (See pictures on following pages).

"Thus the Tonkin Delta is supplied by a large network, while certain centers in Upper Tonkin have been electri.ied by the Government by means

'

'

j RH ^X

'

CENTRALE

DE

HANOI

Vu e prise du cote de la Salle des Machines.

'1

&

CEN TRA LE DE HANOI

Vue prise du cote de la manutention mecanique des combustibles.

-5of small local power plants when it was not feasible to connect them with the main system. We can therefore say that Tonkin now is pro-

vided with a well-developed system of energy distribution. "A special automatic regulation apparatus permits the maintenance of constant tension on the lines outside Upper Tonkin, and boosting transformers are provided with commutators automatically operated by service motors ( servo-moteurs') '.as the needs require.
Radio electric

connections on short ,wave lengths have now been established to assure all means necessary for exploitation with maximum security and speed. (See pictures of power lines on following pages). "In addition to the accomplishments of the Societe Indochinoise d t ~lectricite which serves a great majority of electrified centers we must not neglect the effort which has been made by the administration as well as by private enterprise to electrify the principal centers of the distant provinces (districts). stallations of We have already mentioned the inWe must add the station

Yenbay,

LaoLay and Qytang-Yen.

of Chapa (used in the summer only)

and

Lai-Chau, Bac-Iaen, Ha Giang and served

Hoa-Binh

which are served by Government plants, while Langson is

by the Societe d'Charbonnages du Tonkin and Moncay, and Canbang by other private enterprises.

Akn effort has been made to standardize the types of current and
all centers listed on Chart No. 1 (See pages 9 and 10) are served by three-phase, alternating current, 120/208 volts, 50 cycles with the exception of Laokay' and Hoa-hi. "Electrical energy is mostly used for lighting, ventilation and

I
Traversee du Fleuve, Rouge A Tin-D& sur pyl~nes de

Ii

6o mttres.

'I

Liane de Bac-Ninh

--

Sectionneur aerien.

domestic purposes.
ktin to

It has not yet been sufficiently developed in Ton-

serve as large

and

intensive a market as in

France.

We 'may men-

tion among the most widely used appliances those which lessen the severity of the colonial climate and, in particular, electric fans. In

the area served by the Societe Indochinoise d'Electricite the number of fans is more than 26,500, of which 16,800 are the ceiling type.

The

use of household refrigerators in'creased from about 500 at the beginning of 1937 to 829 in 1938, "Moreover it is thought that when air-conditioning eauipment is

available at a reasonable price it will find a demand, and will provide the much desired amelioration of conditions of life in the hot, humid
climate. ......... Finally, the industrial utilization of electricity

while not comparable to ,that in sections of the Metropole are not inconsiderable and appear to be increasing. "Conclusions: In view of the progress made in its electrification

Tokrin has at present a distributing center of greater capacity than is required and this will permit the installation of extensions and provide for an important increase in electrical consumption. legislation Favorable

has.

permitted the decrease of the price of electricity to

a moderate rate, particularly in Hanoi and. Haiohong where low-tension rates are smaller than in most cities of France, Algiers and the other French colonies. "Finally, the development of electrical resources provid.es an imrop ean and native populations

portant element of comfo rt to x

while providing the means of supplying new industries in: the fAiture. U

TOflKiM CEflTRE/ ELECTRiriE/

4

,,

CAPT~ nio
TCHEOu CHA PA

D;E 01WOEN PHlU

0
SON LA

06

*
CAT 84

t= -

4=-* 4

44

LEGENDE *Centare C/ecr'fid pa.. /a S.LE Centre. elecfif/ea par I 4dminsraf/ef Ccntre. a/eclr;f,.5 par O'iverJes enirepr4CCs prve

o o

Centres non /cife

TAN'-DAO THAI-NIGUYEN

/IIhEMA ELECTRIQUE ET CAPA&CiTE(

A
PHU-THO
FAUX /0K ViWne-YEN

PeTRAfl/PORT

Co6sne dsmergence
PoI

atLitM

Pu

hEEI

Pu

DELTA wu

lOflKif

PflUC-YEfl
W/ETfi

CALRTE
1000 KW
~~-Lo

ri2 2

PHU-LANfG-THLJOMG
THi-CAU
-

PONPAGE PHU-XA CENTRALE HANOi D- CAU

AWA~~~iBARAG
AC DAYCAPoeTN N

GiA-LAM
AEAOPOPT DE GIA-LAN

DOrIG-rR;EU EA HAIDUON 1.F. C..

500

KWI

AVIA77oIf BACH-HAl HU(1G -YEN

LEGEMDEJ
Cenkrokes
V

Poste

e~/voteur 6600/30ooo"

LuonG-CO

P/tU-LY
1000 KW

4000(W
r l Jit Dill CJMEnTI

Poste de coupure et de fronsforrotonI

Al
A

Posted obaMsaeur6 450oo/66o0/208 -120' foates abodsseurs 3 0ooo/ 6 6 0 2 8 -ao2100W IIPostes o6 ,seurs 30000/208- ,20'

iHH-GIAMlG

HA/PHOYG

A-

BiHH

NAMf-DIII

CENTRALE 1.i. E.

LACK -TRAY-.I 400KW

__

Poster abaL 6eurs 6600/208- 120o" Li~nes de 45000 vo/ts

L; 3 nes de
---------------

1000KW
M**~o

60000 vo/s Gore AJL

A (I. i

A-THA/-BitH
F JE N -A l lG M

rn
\
A

O e

Gnd /IerI WRea~denc. Pao~odan

Ccbles .Soulerroins de 66oo vo/fs

a'~~ 3ec/;ner de cours deou Troversees

Tibunol tf.A.c.o.T.0. CoI@nnjre

DO-ION

.FA.. E..j_. 1.0.C.O.N. A...

\.&

Bolte

11

2.

Government Policy:

From the foregoing description it is

evi-.

dent that the Government

of Indochina and the various local adinistrathe development of electrical

into enterprise the production

tions have played a leading role in

sources, tribution but that they entered directly

re-__

and dis -

of energy only

when private

was not available. a

It

is evident that private companies have been regulated probably in

manner similar to the regulations 3. Location any?

in

Western countries. Plants: Chart No. 1 shows the

Capcity of Che

location of. the various electric on the Opposite page,

generating plants, in

while Chart No, 2 the Tonkin Delta.

describes the power lines

The only other largeecale electrical development is that of Cochinchina, the country1 s largest generating plant being located on the boundary

between Cholon and Saigon. Indochinoise, telegraph latter the company and to

This plant belongs which suuplies

to L'nergie Electrique the tramweys and d'l lectricite. The

power to

company,

the Compa nie des Eaux et lines

company has a network of

covering Saigon, It also

Cholon and such of

suburbs as Bienhoa and T1rdaumot,

has a medium-sized plant

its

own, but appears to receive most of its

Indochinoise. A third company,

energy from L'."nergie

Societie Coloniale dlclairage

Electrique

et d{Energie, long, Sadec,

has Diesel generating plants with which it and Travinh.

supplies Vinh-

It has a medium-sized Diesel generator at distributed to

Cantho,

from which power is

Soc

Tran g,

Bac-Lieu,

Long-

xuyen and Chaudoc. Cochinchina is Jacques,

The fourth of the large companies operating in lectri-que d'Indochine, which supplies Cap St.

the Union

Mytho and Ben Tre.

12 -

In

Cambodia the Compagnie des Eaux et Electriclte

dlndochine,

which plays a leading role in

the Saigon metropolitan area, has a Diesel Siem Reap, Angkor, Battambang, and

station at Pnom Penh while Zaxpot,

Kratie are supplied by gas or Diesel plants of the Union Electrique

d' Indo chine.

The Comagnie des Eaux et Electricite d*Indochine operates a

Diesel-powered generator at the Hill Station at Dalat.

The Societe

Indochinoise Pour Le8 Eaux et l'Electricite gas or Diesel-engine generators at Nhatrang, Hue, Qangtri, Samson,

en Annam has independent Qjinhon, P'aifoo, Tourane,

Dlonghoi and Thanh Hoa.

The Union Electrique is served by a Gov-

d'Indochine supplies Phanthiet, erment plant.

while Banmetiniot

Appendix A -

"Power Plants in

Prench Indochina," 'is

taken from a
The map

consular report and summarizes the situation as of mid-1939. at the front of this in the table. It will be noted that two chief plants in section locates the cities

and. towns mentioned

the Tonkin Delta pro-

ducing electricity Haiphong. the entire

for sale to the public are those at Hanoi and the more important and carries the load for The Haiphong plant, however,

The former is

system most of the time. laid

operates while the Hanoi plant is reasons.

up for repairs or for other

Although

the Hongay power station off the Tonkin Coal Company, was

formerly believed to have had only four generators with a capacity of 1,250. kilowatts each, more recent information suggests the possiblift,

13

of a total capacity of 15,000 kilowatts.

In any case, American bombing

attacks appear to have destroyed the plant, or at least to have greatly reduced its scale of operations. The Haiphong commercial plant was reportedly of 5,500 kilowatts capacity, and is located about three miles from toun, of the river. It on the same side

is described as' having four boilers, three generators

of two different sizes, oil-cooled transformers and distribution boards. It used coal from, the nearby fields. The Haiphong cement plant had a

larger power plant, with two 5,000 kilowatt turbo-aiternataors and one of

2,200 kilowatt capacity.

It

supplied current for the works and also for

the nearby employee village. 4. Industrial and Domestic Consuntirtion Statistics: It is impos-

sible to list consumption statistics relating to the private industrial plants, such as those which belong to the coal and other mineral-producing companies, the cement factory at Haiphong, the match factory at

Vinh, etc. Table No. 1 shows consumption of electrical energy by politi'. cal subdivisions insofar as statistics are available. It must be mnder-.

stood, however, to relate almost entirely to companies serving the public. Table No. 2 gives a breakdown for the four chief cities, Table No. It

3 breaks down distribution according to chief uses by the public.

was thought that about 10,000,000 kilowatt hours of electric energy was used in 1937 for pumping water, nostly in comnection with agricultural products. Table No. 4 shows the number of consumers of electricity in It will

the .statles other than Cochinchina and in the four chief cities.

be noted that Saigon-Oholon consumed a large portion of the total enerf

6bJ4.

exceeding even the consumption of the whole of. Tonkin.

Some sample

rates'

in 193? are given in Table No. 5 (the piastre at that time was

valued at 40 cents).

Table No. 1 Consumption of Electrical Energy

by

Political Subdivisions All of LndoChina

(In 1,000 kilowatt hours) Year 1929

.anxam
3,145

Cambodia

Cochind china 24,831 28, 8 71 27,070

Laos 260 261

Tcnkin 11,704

1930
1931

3,623
3,932

4,469 4-,695

12,859
12,691 11,702 12,154

44,409
50,309

1.932 1933
1934

4,844
4,712 3,923 14,023 4,4144 4,786 5, 633

1935 1936 1937

3,723 3,590 3,760 4,052

4,270

26,293
24,209 23,261 25,020 27,257 31,094

314 341
370 413

48,825 46,74
44217 43,773 47,223 51,842

12,359
13,324 15,026 16,290

4,773

503 564

58,354

Table lb, 2 Consumption ofElcrical

Energ-b

Princip.al Cities

(In 1,000 kilowatt hours)

Year 1929 1930

1931 1932

Saigon. Cholon 21,172 25,155 23, 56L

Hanoi

Haiphong

Pnom n Penh
3,4{32

3 ,944
6,231 6,516

1933' 1934 1935 x.93 6 1937

22,9-5 20,967
20,305 21,8-95

4,091 3,658
3,254

3,640 3,634

6,4;21
6,,542

6,221 6, 537
7,203

23,569 26, 616

7,633

3,433 3, 702 3,519 3,674 4,146

3,676 3,050 3,098 3,415

3,704 4,350

Offam

Table No, 3

Uses of E1ectrica1 Ourrent, 1934 to 1937 (In thousands of kilowatt hours)

937 UseM
n,7lt Street lightin tota

1936

Amount
5 294

total.

u 49 91'

918
8,1 29,5

10,2
814 110 8 50,6

10,4

4,648

1016
81

Gerent buildings

Priatebuilding a f
Power 2/
'g

49746
79206

86 149950 149 239

159945

52a 6
, ,,,

4914 47,227
39078 551
100-00

48~2

3,35
2,

100,00

51p~842

100,00

439775

100.=0
I-J

Street railway systems ~

910
880

29784 811

3,227
495

I-

Raio

stations ~

I'

Includes energ

supplied gratis for lighting in

power stations

themselves and in their affiliates.

~/Includes energy used for domestic appliances and for industrial' purposes. mainly ice manufacturing, in the affiliates of the power companies. ~/Detail of Power"O above,

IT7

Table

No.

Aver ae Consumer and Per Capita Consumtion of E~lectrical Energy in 1937 Consumption for lighting (includeing street lighting) and household appliances. Total consumption thousand of KW. Hr. 2,730 3,055 13,025 370 10.067 29,247 Per capita onisumption kilowatt hours

Political Consumption per Subdivisions private consumer Lighting and fans (in kilo vatt hr.) Annam Cambodia Co chinchina Laos Tonkin Indochina Household ap-. pliance in IV. Hr.

Number of inhabitants (~thousands)

198 679 5,656 369 667 3,046 393 660 4,616 168 1,012 311 915 8.700 Average F1e1c 335 :748 23,030

0.48
1.00

2.82 0.37

1.27

Principal Cities
Saigon- Obol on Hanoi Haiphong Pnom Penh. 499 400 490 506 665 920 899 667
256

153 71 103

10,023 5,691.
2,213

39.1 37.2 31.2

22.7

2,339

T',ble No. 5
Price at Which L1ectric Zner~ was Sold. to the Pulcin (In ho.ndredths City Saigona-Oholon Hanoi

1937,
Household

of 'a piastre
and Panis 17 16
14

per kilowatt hour) Low Ten-

Lighting

sion Power 7
-

A~pliances 10 8.83
1012

8 -13

Haiphong
PnomnPenh
N di h212Tonkin Delta Towns

7.-11
7.-9

14.3

11

30
30

12-22

Ohapa Vint -Benteri Dalat Vientiane

27.2 25 28

9 12 15

12 14
-..

-19

5.
report,

Current

Cbaracteristics:

Appendix B from the 1939 consular Wash-

which serves as a basis of most information available in characteristics

ngtons sets forth 'the

of the current supplied by the It will be

different plants and also the ownership of each plant.

noted that the great majority of the plants are alternating current,

three-phase and 50. cycles,

but the majority are listed

some supplying current of 220 or 250 volts,

as 120/220 or 120/210, etc. Gas and Diesel

engines predominate although the more important plants are powered by steam. Information as to type of equipment section), (other than that given at financial

the beginning of this results 6.

standby and reserve plants,

and labor problems are not available.

Electrical

Development

since Japanese Occu ation: shortage in

Some reports since is

suggest the probability of an electricity the main plants were steam-operated,

Cochinchina It

burning coal from Tonkin.

thought that the current Japanese shipping shortage plus the overworked condition of the railway line made it quantity of coal, difficult to supply the required

Many decrees have reportedly been made requiring conand an official Japnese broadcast on April 4,

servation of electricity, 1943 stated that: "....economy in

the consumption of electric power is The citizens in

being strictly

practiced in the Saigon Area. cooperating in

general are closely

economizing on electric

consumption by realizing

the existing situation. been considerably waste electricity late

The number of shops open at night has

reduced and the number of french people who by spending their time drinking and making merry curtailed.

into the night has been drastically

20 -

Another indication of the shortege of electricity area is the reported considerable increase in price.

in

the Saigon

Some Diesel plants not

have reportedly been converted to producer gas but information is available as to the extent of this Tfhere is electric practice or its

degree of success.

some information to suggest either the construction of new plants by the Japanese or the extensive repair of existing equipment imported from Japan.

plants with' the aid of electrical

w 21

3.

Gas Plants,
So far

"Water

Works and Sewage Disposal Indochina which

as is

known there are no gas plants in although a few electric

supply the public, for fuel.

plants use "producer gas"

Medical authorities consider the water supply of most Indochinese cities unsuitable for drinking without boiling. which was supplied from a Settling basins, river in

An exception was
through a

Haiphong,

nearby hills

12-mile pipeline. equipment

slow sand filters water.

and chlorinating in the harbor could

combined to supply excellent It

Ships

be supplied from a number of wells.

was high in

iron and bicarbo-

nate of lime but had no sulphates or phosphates.

filtered Penh, after the removal of iron. In other cities

It

was aerated and

such as Pnom station of

river water was fully treated before use. and there as in

The hill

Dalat had a good water supply,

several other cities the

Institute Pasteuxr maintained a water-testing service which has received high praise

There is

a complete absence of detailed information regarding One authority states that there are no However, Americans who have been in ordinary plumb-

sewage disposal facilities.

modern sewage disposal plants.

Indochina
ing facilities

as late as 1942 report the presence of all in

the leading hotels and other public buildings of In many urban areas of Indochina, as in

Saigon, Hanoi and Haiphong. Oriental cities generally,

the, usual night soil removal As in

service is the product

maintained by coolies

with carts and boats.

China,

has a widespread use as fertilizer.

The absence of data. from villages

22_-

and nural areas suggests the absence also of any system of sewage disposal---with a corresponding menace to health.

23 -

II.

]J0CS. HARBORS

BASES

AN"D AIPS TO SIPPI.

Nearly all Indochina's ocean.-borne traffic passes across the docks of Saigon, Haiphong and the coal-*shipping ports in the Hongay region.

These ports had modern docks and equipment at the outbreak of war, with the necessary buoys, lights and lighthouses, and the following description is offered of the facilities in the leading ports and several of the minor ports. Some minor anchorages have been omitted,

A.

Sago QChoion.

Situated on the west bank of the Saigon River, 53 miles from the sea, at 100 46'

N,1060

42' B, this outstanding port has a docking area

which stretches along the river for estimated at 336,000.

'34 miles.

Population in 1940 was

Saigon is the center of rail, road, air and canal

traffic, and some governmental functions have reportedly been transferred thence from Hanoi. The commercial port, extending to about the middle of the Saigon waterfront, includes a number of canals, the most famous being the Arroyo Ohinois. The Canal de Derivation and the Canal de Doublement have been

dug in recent years, to supplement the Arroyo Chinois, and they are able to take vessels of greater draft. The river channel has a minimum of 191 feet in depth at low water. It is 492 feet wide at the narrowest place, and vessels up to 30 feet The maximum length,

draft have visited Saigon.

from

the standpoint of

turning, is estimated as 656 feet.

There are two. turning points---one

opposite the entrance to the Arroyo Ciinois and the other above the naval port, which borders the commercial port on the north. Tidal

1I I6 42'

4-

OR T

OF

S A IGON
From a French chart of 1933 Ca* wdra1 JLL. to 46' e4 2N.
1g.O641139.lE. (SW.spire) 1,
SSOUNDINGS IN FATHOMS

Natural) Scale 1:25,000

VARITION... 1NCRKASIN..,....

1.%0,C(g935)

I ANNUALLY

6
8

6,1

"..6

~ ~ 41
.,.6
1

8A M

S
Nautala Mile

.......... .31

25

currents sweep the river free of mud without the necessity of dredg-

ing.
The chief docks arc the euai d'Yser or the Xhanh Hoi Wharves,

on the right bank of the river, a short distance below the Arroyc
Chinois. 26J feet. They are 3386 feet long, with a depth alongside of 17 to The apron width is 115 feet. There are six electric trave.

ling cranes of l tons capacity, pius a mobile four-ton crane steamoperated. There are ample rail connections. Capacity is estimated at Most in-

85,000 tons per mnensem, on the basis of an eight hour day. coming cargo passed over these wharves.

Observers believe the Japan..

ese unloaded much more cargo than this during the height of their occupation operations, but of course they did not limit their activities by an eight hour day-. There were eleven one-story steel-framed

warehouses, situated about 115 feet from the wharfside, prior to the war. ft. Each one was 270 by 135 feet, gross area being 400,000 square

Refrigeration facilities were available-, It is believed that

thatched warehouses are now available, in addition to the permanent

ones.

Next in importance is

the wharf of the Messageries It is

aritimes,

leading wrench steamship line.

situated between the .rroyo 1411 feet 'long, with an to 32 feet

Chinois and the Khanh Hoi Wharves.

It is

apron width of 160 feet, and the water alongside is 29 deep. It

apparently was used more as a passenger station than for

freight, as it appears to have had only hand trucks, instead of traveling cranes such as its larger neighbor possessed. It had rail

-26-

connections and its capacity, on the basis of an eight hour day was estimated at was electrically 35,000 tons per mensem,.

Lice

all the other wharves it.

lighted and had power connections.

It

had considerable

warehouse space, but details are not available. The Canton Wharf and the Charner Wharf were close to the main part of Saigon, " i -i being north of the Arroyo Chinois. iliers" Some maps show them as They

e Myers de

and "Quafi do l'Argonne," respectively.

are of much less importance than the Khanh wharves, ings. and are rather on the order of first

Hoi

and Messageries Maritime. class river steamer land=.-. 35

The Canton wharf is reported as being 135 feet long, with a It had a

foot apron and 22 feet of water alongside. onc- 1 ton hand--operated derrick.

railway track and

Capacity was estimated at 3,500 tons The Charner Wharf is 215 feet

per mensem, long with a

on the basis mentioned above.

35 foot apron and 17.22, foot depths alongside.

Capacity was

said to be 3,000 tons per mensem. There were minor wharves above the naval port, the river, wise the left and a number of ferry on the right bank of Likeof

landings near the Charner Wharf,

bank of the river was lined with minor wharves,

many

them belonging to rice mills and other private establishments. ing coal bunkering station was on the left Arroyo Chinois, bankr,

A lead-

about a mile above the There were

(i. e, opposite the naval arsenal).

ware-m

houses at many of these minor wharves,

and the ?4ssageries lluviales,

leading river steamship line, had several warehouses at its terminal on the left bank..

The Compagnie do Commerce et de Navigation d.'xtreme

Orient had 4 warehouses about 1700 feet below the Canal de Derivation

-- :P:'*~

rai

27

with a gross floor area of about 60,000 sq. ft.

and Texas oil companies had minor storage facilities in

The oStandard, Shell below Saigon, and

tank farms at
the port.

a1be,

There were numerous minor

warehouses along the c

s, occupies

The

naval port, with its arsenal,

most

of the area between

the Arroyo de lVAvalanche, at Statue of Genouilly, ducing electricity. shop, foundry,

the north of the business d1strict and. the for fuel and promachine

It had a steam plant, using oil

About 3,000 workers were employed in its

boiler, shop,

forge shop, It

structural shop and boat and vessels

woodworking shop.

could accomodate

up

to 10,00 tons draft.

The Port Authority operated a 50-ton floating crane, while the

-naval arsenal had a 70 ton floating crane. Both the Forges Ateliers at

hantiers d'Indochine and the ?essageries Pluviales had marine repair

facilities. The ,former had its chief works in the Khanh Hot area, and

built barges and minor naval craft. forgings and castings.

Its machine shops could carry out

The Societe de Constructions de Levallois-Perret

had a machine shop on the . Arroyo Chinois at which steel

constructed,

barges could be

and Andre Grillet reportedly had a shop for ship repair but

its

exact

location or specifications

are not known,

which were

The Port Administrative Council had 114 steel lighters leased to a private firm.

Their capacities were 50 to 150 tons, with

a grand total of about 15,000 tons,

handle cargo,

The

port's 600 junks, which helped

Water,

had

an estimated total

capacity of 60,000 tons.

barges were. numerous.

Two floating pumps had P capaity

of 600 cubic

meters each and were driven by oil engines,

-'28There were several Shipping, Volume 2, governmen

small

floating dry docks.

Lloyds Register of

19 337,

gives the following particulars for the

.owned drydocke of Saigon,

Table No
hoe

21r Drydock o Saitmon

Bw a
Lftin '

Type

~L~glpr~48Pow
Dry 493

1'"

62' 6"

30'
12'
---

Sall dry fr
gunboats Floating
Slips 1,3,4 Slip 2
fj Presumably

223' 1"
164' 108'

25' 6"
-----. --

350 tons
18 tons 40 tons
10".

19?'
108'

2"2/ 8"

-- _

2" each,

Lengths of cradle---32'

Saigon has numerous mooring buoys, the total mooring and berthing space being adequate for 40 to 50 large vessels. the largest having a horsepower of 300. Jacques There were six tugs,

Signal stations at

'ap St.
It is

and Ehabe

communicated with approaching ships.

The foregoing information related to the premvew period.

almost certainly inadequate as . description of the present situation. The

Japanese

are believed to be storing at least 400,000 tons of rice There is conclusive evidence

in end around the Saigon-Cholon area.

that they are building numerous new warehouses in this area.

News-

papers published in french Indochina late in 1943 reported the corns mencement of the contraction of an important auxiliary port at Nbabe between Saigon and the sea, It will be noted that there are-numerous

29

petroleum storage tanks at Nhabe already. Lazaret to Pointe di

xtending from Pointe dui

Yeu

Rouge---a distance of about eight kilometers,

the port is to be on both sides of the Rach Doi River, and a canal is reportedly to be dug which will connect that river with Cholon.
lower part of the harbor
is

The

to consist of oil storage depots in expan-

sion of the Texaco, Standard and Shell facilities already there,

The

northern part of the harbor will contain docks and warehouses for the rice and rubber for export as well as the cement, coal and phosphates to be imported from Tonk~in.
The swamp land in the vicinity is reportedly being reclaimed and

the road to Saigon is being improved.

ph~on .
Located at 20

52' N, 106

41'

E,on

the southern bank of the Cua

Cam, a mouth of the

is

Thai

Binh in the northern Tonkin Delta, Haiphong

It has edequate connections

about 16 miles from the Gulf of Tonkin.

by inland waterway with the chief towns of the delta, and is the terminus of the Haiphong-Kunming (now Haiphong.Laokay) Railway.

It

also has

excellent highway connections with Hanoi and the other leading towns of Tonkin. The port is about 4 miles long and about 800 feet in width.

The main entrance to the port is through the Kuo Nam Trieu, a mouth of the Song Bach Dang, then through the Maritime Canal, about a mile long with a bottom width of 131 feet to the Cua Cam about 4 miles below the city. The Maritime Canal has a minimum depth of 25& feet,

but bars in other parts of the route are only 18 to 20 feet below the surface, even when dredging

is

kep

up .

Dredging ordinarily stops during

i0640'
53'

41'

53'

Luo

ilnl~n

ft Oa3JeK6amoZlGpt ms4

C)~~~~A
t. 344 2did'~ep 4}' 4 4 IFdMorn L I4 'c 2G 44 2 31 #;:. buy 21
.

FR

5$52W~
,&.

Asa1

24

I .... L orn 2j
* .

2; G
. .. r

It3 "
5i f .

... 6

2 ....

31'

22\

33 I

31

'

oga

o.5

31 30

the

soutiwest

G nsoom o

Nuercous
sntrance,,
is a

buoys
pil.ot

markedt the
were

northeastern

side

of the Kuo Nazi Trieu

i station, where there

and
t

taken

on at te Hn i
in

li

use

Tbre is good ancorage

in the river

this region, but the Prench

prohiUbited anchorag

and the ca

e1, There were 10 berths

at mooring buoys on the left bank of the

Cm , opposite Haiphong, naval anchorage

ip-1

tw

of thens (co

pay

t re)

having been at te

stream, Tba Commercial wharf occupied

bcrt
at the docks. about 2,980 of the 3500-odd

feet of

Its

widths were 30 to 56 feet,

and it was con'-

nected with the q~uay by 14 bridges, each about 50 feet long and 25 feet

wide,
The Transit Wharf, downstream from the Commercial Wharf, was made

of

reinforced concrete,

425 feet long by 26 feet wide, being connected

with the quay by 3 footbridges 64 feet long and used by large ships.
to 26 feet.

20 feet wide,

It

was

Depths alongide

e the main berths varied from 16

The Hospital Wharf, above the Commercial Wharf, is.T-shaped,,

measures 150 feet (one report says 100 feet) by 26 feet, and was used
by small ships.
Depth alongside is 15 feet, A network of meterugua The

railway lines connects the docks wigththe numerous warehouses.

four chief transit square feet

s heds are said to have a floor space of 64,500,

Total covered warehouse space is estimated at 60,000 square

meters,

There are more than 40 acres of-open storage platform for ores,

metals, etc,
Haiphong is the chief shipping center for practically all ores pro-

32

duced in the country except coal. (or was) on the main wharf. capacity each.

An electric crane lifting 20 tons is

Six smaller electric cranes have l1 tons

In addition, several steam and handsoperated cranes lift

On the basis of an 8-hour day the port's

from one to five tons each.

capacity was said to have been 94,900 tons monthly.

Bombing attacks

have almost certainly lowered this capacity considerably.

The

Societe Anonyme des Constructions Mecaniques owns two steel

floating docks, described as 54 feet wide and 9 feet deep, one being 200 feet long and the other 108 feet. Their lifting capacities are, listed They

by Lloyd's Register of Shipping as 1800 and 700 tons respectively. can be coupled together.

The Societe des Ateliers Maritimes has a float-

ing dry dock over 300 feet long by 38 feet wide, lifting 2,000 tons. Both companies were fitted to perform repair jobs on the largest steamers calling at the port, and the Societe d'Oxygene et Acetylene d'ixtreme Orients formerly did welding and furnished welding supplies. Miscellaneous equipment of the port included: 4 30 7 3 3 4 2 2 4 floa.ting dredges lighters of 100-200 tons capacity each steam lighters with 7,000 to 9,000 cubic feet capacity water barges dump barges with 3,500 to 7,000 cubic feet capacity coal barges barges for lifting anchors launches tugs.

G.

Ho. _ .
Indochina's chief coal shipping'port is situated a. few miles east

of Haiphong, along the northern shore of the picturesque Bais d'Along, at the eastern side of the Cua Iac entrance to Hongay Bay. Its longi-

- 33 -

tude is 107 04' E, and its latitude 20 57' N. The Tonkin Coal Company owns the pier, which is 262 feet long and 23 feet wide. Its two quays are 230 and 262 feet in length, respectfeet, capable of taking steamers

ively, with a depth alongside of 24

up to six or seven thousand tons. A seawall protects the port from the southwest monsoon. The pier and quays are connected with the

coal mining area by a company-owned railroad. Hongay is connected by highway with the chief towns of Tonkin. The channels of approach are 15 feet in minimum depth, except for a bar with a minimum depth of 12 feet, according to one report, but another report states that dredging has maintained a minimum depth of 16 feet. There are numerous buoys and lights.

North of Hongay on the same bay is Port Courbet, which is reportedly being developed into a first-class port by the Japanese, in view of the difficulty of making use of Haiphong under war conditions. Port

Courbet is approached by an entrance 400 yards wide with depths of 6 to 11 fathoms. In the pre-war period Port Courbet had two mooring buoys

and two aircraft mooring buoys.

Hongay had a 60-ton floating crane and seven traveling electric gantry cranes, each of six or seven tons capacity. in large open areas. Coal was stored

There were two marine railways, a repair shop Divers were avail-

with forges, plus foundries and fitting shops.

able, and also lighterage. .

was estimated at 17,000 tons

monthly on the basis of an 8-hour day.

slow

34

COAL.
Stripea

PORTS

OF

WCNKIN

G1.1W

suum

Siz

10,," 10 m

A0 i

"w*it isi 16J

(e

Xll 0 13 iS 18 3 14 13 g1m 13 is .38 g

'mj

16

16

g
s m

14 is as

,j/

8 m t 8 9
16 14 16

All

1L6 n.m

14 .. b

14

s15

17

14
8 11 iS S16 26 a.m4'n 156

16

IS

a. ab

17

I.

12

14

loomm-

- 35 -

D. CamNa.
A few miles east of Hongay, opposite the important island of Kebao is the kport of Campha, the second most important coal shipping port,

located at 21 2'N, 107 22' E., at the entrance to the Tienyen Channel. The best coal mines are about 5 miles southwest at Campha AMines, and small vessels can also call there. Rail lines lead from the docks to

the surrounding coal mining areas, and according to one report they connect with the Hongay system which the Japanese propose to connect with the Haiphong-Laokay line at Haiduong. with the rest of Tonkin. The coaling wharf is 985 feet long, for the Western Shores of the China Sea", alongside is according to "Sailing Directions 1937 edition. The wharf is The depth approached There are highway connections

given as a minimum of 26 feet.

by a 27 foot channel via Laperouse Pass and Casque Pass to the Soane Channel. Anchorage is adequate for vessels not over 165 feet in length,

but strong currents make anchorage inadvisable. There are four large cranes each able to load 125 tons of coal per hour, plus electric bridge cranes, traveling on special tracks, parallel

to the two railway lines which circle the wharf area, one-way traffic is the rule.

and upon which

In addition there is a steam revolving

self-propelled crane of one-half ton capacity. Electric current is wires. Water is piped from Hongay via steel lattice high-tension not considered drinkable

piped to the wharf, but is

without boiling. E. Port Redon. The third in importance among the coal-shipping ports is left bank of the Song Bach Dang, a on the

4.ti

almost due north of

36

Haiphong, at 200 59' rieu,

,1060 It

46' 3, is

The entrance is through the Kua Ham

as for Haiphong.

the shipping point for the Dong Trieu Coal

Company,

which produced about 22 percent. of the country's coal, against There are railway connec11.8 miles north, and

seventy percent for the Tonkin Coal Company.

tions with the Clotilde Louise Mines of Uong :31, also with nearby Helene and Francoise mines,

Vessels of 21 foot draft can reach Port Redon at all vessels of 26 to 28 foot draft

times, and

during high water, the shallowest water from that to HaiThere are numer-

between the Maritime Canal (where the route separates phong) and Port Redon being 60 to 12 feet at ous beacons and buoys to facilitate

low water.

navigation.

Information supplied by the U. 8.

Bureau of Mines from a 1933 report

that:

of the Association des Mines du Tonkin is

"There are six bins with a maximwn capacity of 200 tons each along both sides of the wharf which is 48 meters long. These boats are generally loaded by turning over cars onto inclined plate. on which the breakage of the, coal is believed to be not too great. For the anthracite of the French grade which breaks up badly into fines, the loading is accomplished by using baskets. Coal of ordinary grade can be loaded to the extent of 1500 tons per day or 1000 tons for French grade. At Port Redon there is astockyard which can accommodate 200,000 tons. The Port also has four movable screens which can treat each ten tons of coal per hour. It also

has a crusher.

The water for the port is

brought in

15 tank cars'

of 15 tons capacity each day."

1. Port Wallut.
Port Wallut, at 210 i2'B, 1070 34'

is

on 'the northwest side of the export

Kebao Island, near Campha,

and was engaged in

of

coal for

the Tonkin Coal Company.

berthing space, it

There is

a stone-faced quay with 197 feet of

A railway line connects

depth alongside being 26 feet. It is believed that

with nearby mines.

there was a traveling gantry

37

crane of unknown capacity.

The coal company had

two

divers

and a work-

shop for ordinary ship repairs.

Capacity vas said to have been 6,000

tons a month, working 8 hours a day.

The only other port to engage regularly in foreign trade was Tourane on the Annam coast a little north of the mid-point between Haiphong and Saigon, Its importance, compared to that of its two chief rivals, was It. location is 160 04' N, 1080 13'

very slight,

E,on
,

the west bank is on the main

of the Tourane River, as it rail and highway lines. Anchorage is

empties into Tourano 3

It

The channel is dredged and protected by a dike.

sufficient for 100 vessels.

There are several sall

T- head

wharves for handling cargoes from lighters, but no docking facilities for large vessels. There is an unconfirmed report of the building of new

docks at Tourane since the outbreak

of

war.

The following Associated 1944 suggests that there are

Press dispatch dated Chungking, February

27,

new developments of military significance at Tourane: "At Tourance Mitchells demolished five warehouses tand four' railroad buildings, damaged docks and sank a 1000 ton vessel and a launch." The same report which mentioned the building of docks also mentioned the construction of terminal rail facilities, and it is believed that Tourane The

is a port of transhiptent for goods between Tonkin and Cochinchina.

suggestion has
Hoa

been made that such goods travel by small boat to Thanh

and then by rail,past the most dangerous part of the coast to Tour-

ane whence the water several lighters of

journey

is resumed.

In the pre-war period there w. _

45

to 100 tons capacity and small tugs for towing Three cranes of 1* to

them, according to "Sailing Directions."

tons

38

capacity were available,

Monthly capacity of the port was estimated

at 3,000 tons monthly, on the basis of an eight hour day. capacity is much

Clearly the

greater

now If

the

aforementioned reports of

now

deve-

lopments are correct

. aLranh av
3angi is
(or

was) the

only port of
It is

any

importance on the shore

of this excellent 1090 08'1 spur on the

it

nat

1 arbor,

situated at 110
A

54'

and

western

shore of the bay.

in

short branch railway

connected

with Nga Ba on the

line, while the Mandarin

foi--.passed

Route-the chief highway between Saigon and

throu

the town.
ing field.

It

was provided with a telegraph station

and a

small lend-

The

outer part of th

harbor measures about six by two and onee.

half miles, with is about

depths

of 11 to 20 fathoms, while - the iunner

se with

harbor

jby 2~ miles in

depths
only

of five or six

fathoms,

The anchorage

is safe at all times,

and

iaring typhoons is the

aterh Tmain

pier is in the inner harbor at the eastern entrance of It is 600 feet long, connected. by a 2400 foot causeThist cause i130 feet wide,

the

Bangoi River,

way with the mainland,

Prew-war condi'

tion of the pier was very poor, a few

It had a traveling bridge

crane and

storage

sheds, but no repair facilities and no harbor craft,

Two minor piers

were

just south of 3aisam point, about

200 yards

apart

at

the

northeastern end of the harbor, 'while another minor pier was just

south of Pagoda Point

in

the eastern

part

of the inner harbor,

-39

There was a small diesel plant for

Lake, not far fresh water,

the

supply of power.

Qabo

away, had natural storage for 508,300,000 gallons of

but tbere are no reports of waterworks,

Th. foregoing sketch is probably badly out of date, for there

have been

nmay rumors

of the construction of concrete barracks, under-a.

ground fuel storage tanks, retaining walls, and a great submarine base. Confirmation is Jacking, and in an can be published at this time. case little additional information

Pre-war capacity of the port was estion the basis of an 8-hour day.

mated

at 11,000 tons monthly,

benthuy is located three miles to the east of

l21 miles from the Gulf of Tonkin at 180 391

Vinh

on the Song [a, It is

N, 1050

42' 3.

connected with Yinh by a branch railway line on which are the chief

re-

pair shops of the country and y a highway spur which meets the Mandarin Rout, at Vinh, The harbor, is
the

estuary of the Song [a, the bar being dredged

12 feet according to others.

only to 8 feet (low water) according to some, Chennel was marked by buoys. on the Haiphong-Saigon run.

Coastal steamers made fortnightly stops, There were six wharves, depths being only

6* to 10 feet, only the largest having railway tracks nearby, and it not known if they extended onto the pier itself,

is

Anchorage was possible

Electric

off the west side of Hon Nieu Island, in

fathoms of water.

power came from the 3,450 kw. genrating plant of the match factory, between 3enthuy and inh, There was a small, 42-barrel oil storage tank Information re-

at Yinh, and coal was available at the railway shops..

40 -

garding warehouses and hoisting facilities is not available.

j

~uibaa

quinhon,
nnanam, at 130 way lines. traffic.

(also spelled Kwinhon) is on the middle east coast of

46'1 ,

1090 14' Z, and is on the main rail and high-

In 1932 it reportedly had 40,000 tons of water-borneMessageries Maritime. vessels made weekly calls. There is It

a narrow entrance to the harbor, but it

is well marked with buoys.

is only an anchorage, as the minimm depth of water alongside the 300foot wharf is only six feet. Another report gives depths of 19 feet

and three feet beside the two small wharves. nects the wharf with the mainland.

A milemlong causeway con-

Adequate lighterage was available.

On the vest side of Nhatrang was located at 12 15' N, 109

ay, mouth of the Song Ka,

Nhatrang

12' 3. It had no docking facilities for

large vessels, but a small pier handled. cargo from vessels with a draft of eight feet or leos.

L1 ~ie~ 3.ea
Practically all ocean traffic of southern Indochina passes through Saigon, but Rion Bay, at 100 30' N, 1030 36' 1, on an arm of the Gulf of Thailand, provides a fair anchorage, and has a wharf with 50 foot berthing space beside water of 24 foot depth. accessible to sampans only. Two other wharves are

It has highway connections with Pnom Penh.

It is a fishing port, and there are

many

reefs and shoals nearby.

Pnom Penh, capital of Cambodia, is a very important center for inland

41

navigation, and as such is described in the Civil Affairs handbook on transportation.

Located.

at 110 35' N, 1040 551 3, at the junction of

the -Toni Sap, Mekong and Bassao Rivers, .about 170 miles from the ocean. Ocean-going vessels can ascend the river and anchor in mid-istream where they are served by two floating metal landing stages. There are ample Pontoon landing

quays and embankments for the use of small vessels.

stages accommodate small vessels.

The chief stage is 120 feet by 60

feet in size.: There are loading cranes, but the source of power and the capacity are not known.

N.

C audoc.
-Located at 100 43' N, 1050 0?' 3, Chaudoc is at the junction of the

Bassac and Chaudoc Rivers.

It has highway connection with Pnom Penh, So far as is nown only the usual river-

besides telephone and telegraph,

front landing stages are available.

I~c<,

Via:

-42III. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. PARKS AND MOIUMENTS.

MAany

fine government buildings have been erected by the French at In many cases these buildings are surrounded Statues of former

Hanoi, Saigon and Pnom Penh.

by broad boulevards-and handsomely landscaped parks.

governors and other French officials and heroes abound in the parks of the chief cities, perhaps the most conspicuous being the statue of igault de

Gtehoullly

at the midst of the Saigon waterfront.

There are few monuments to national Annamese or Cambodian heroes, but the royal palaces at Hue, Pnom Penh and Luang Prabang command great respect from the people. The pagodas of the Buddhist part of the country are

venerated, and any appearance of desecration would be a potential-cause of rioting. Among the Annamese, graveyards take the place of pagodas as is desirable to treat ancestral

the primary objects of veneration, and it graves with respect.

43

APPENDIX A

-PART

ONEh

Poer ofElectric Generators at temd. of 1937 Poe (Kilowatts) Tbani Hon Samson do i-xun Benthuy 220 39 7 3 ,450 59 11 35 604 342 141 39 9 236 44 10 296 6 144 422 8 5,1 Total ambodi Pnomn Penh Battamibanig Xampot Siemreap Korngpong-Clam Takeo Soairieng Kompong Thorn K ratio Stuxng Treng Bokor. Kompong Chbnang Total 2,132 140 300 144 280 72 128 55 66 38 42 77 3,474 Haiphong Lengeon Moncay Laokay Caobang Hoa Binh Yens-bay Saigon-bCholon M~ytho Bentre Baria Cap Saint Jacques Cantho Travinh Sadec Thhlong Rachgia Gocong Ration Total Vientiane Lu~ang Prabang Savannakhet Total Plats P-q (Kilowatts) 26,800 325 125 76 150 1,600 120 16? 200 460 48 30, 103 140 70 38 38 286

Hatinh
Dong.hoi Quan-tri Hue Tourane Iai foo Quang-ngai Thua Quinhon Tu~y.4oa Song- cau

.Nkaatrang

Pheinrang Phan Thiet Dalat Kontuni

P

lu 1,000
5,500 188 64 50 77 25 80 60 26 46 20
22

Baxe thud t

Chapa
Bac-kan
Ha

Giang

Lai Chia. Tuyen Quang Quansg-yen Total

21,190

Total French Indoa. China 61,263

APP3NDIZ A *"PART. TWO Productin

of

B1ectr oa1 &ierv

in13 Production in thousands of

loaths

Production in thousands of kilowatt hrs

Thanh Boa Samson Hoi.ziian Benthuy Hatinh Doug-hoi Quang-tri Hue Tourane Queng .ngaj Thuxa Quinhon Thy-hoa Song-can Nhatrang Phanrang Phan Thiet Dalat Kontum Pleiku Banme thuo t Total Cabda Pnom Penh Battambang Kampot Siernreap Kompong -Charn Takeo Soairieng Kompong Thomn Kratie Stung Treng Bokor Korapong Chhnang Total
7e~ifoo

231 18'
3 1,745

98 23 40, 1,628 519 124 93 16 333 98 10

294

Saigon-Cholon M~ytho Bentre Baria Cap Saint Jacques Cantho Travinh Sadec Vinhiong
flach-gia

34,444

522 232 111 242 2,559 204 170

225

Gocong
Ratien

308 45 Total 39 ,092 523 110 94 814 20,183 524 262 i11 54 120 19 62
44

20 197 604 15 17 6,284 5,371 374 284 114 224 85 87 75 12 58 55

6,942

Vientiane Luang Prabang Savannakhot Pakee Total

Haiphong Languon M~oncay Laokay Caobang Boa Binh Ten-bay Chapa Bacmkan Ha Gianig .Lai Chan Tuyen Qu ng Quang-yen Total Total, French IndoChina

43 41 .17 60

74,739

45

rF+a

APPENDIX B Current Characteristics The characteristics of the current suapplied by French Indochina, power plants, and the prime movers of the plants are as follows Operator, of Plant ANNA Banmethuot Cua-Lo Municipality AC AC PhCycles 50 50

Place

Voltage 220

2Tvpe of Plant Hydro Bulk

3 3.

Soc.

Indochinoise Forestiere et des Alumettes Compagnie des Eaux et Electricite de l'Indochine Government Soc. Indochinoise pour lee Eaux et l'Elec. en Annam Government Hue Soc. Indochinoise pour lee Eaux et l'Elec. en Annam Government Doc. Indochinoise pour les. Eaux et en Annam

120/208

Dalat

AC

50

120/210

Diesel

Dong-hoi, Faifoo

DC DC,

to
-

is
-

110 220

Bulk & Local Steam & Gas

Engine DC AC
-

Ha-tinh
Hue

110

Semi-Diesel

50 120/200

Steam, Gas Eng. & Diesel

Bulk

Kontum Nhatrang

an
AC

110

50

120/200

V~ec
Phan Thiet Phan-rang Pleiku Quang- lgai Quang-tri

Diesel & Gas Engine & Diese: Diesel & Gas Engine
Bulk & Local Bulk

Union Electriqie

AC

3
-

50

120/200
110 110

dIndochine
Government Government Government
Societe Indochinoise AC
-

g
-

50 50

120/208

Semi-Diesel Diesel

120/200

pour lee Eaux et l'Elec. en Annam

46

Operator
Place of

Plant

me ass
DC

.Ph-

Cy0e0
Volag .Ty

"(continued) ANNAM

of-Plant

Soc. Indochinoise
pour

le s Eaux et
it

220 Diesel & Steam

l' Ele c. en Annam

Samson
Song-cau
n

DC

Government Soc, Indochinoise pour Les Eaux et l'Elec. en Annam

Ii

DC AC

220 Semi-Diesel 110 Bulk & Local 50 120 /200 Steam & Gas Engine 220 Steam, ~-Gas Eng. Diesel
50

Thank Hoa

Tourane

Ea

DC

AC Tuy-hoa Vinh-Benthuy Battambang Boor Kaxflpot Kompong-Chamn Kompong-Thom

ii it

&

Government
-

110 Semi-Diesel 120/200 120/208 Steam 220 Gas Engine 120/208 & Diesel
-Steam

Soc. Forestiere et des Alumettes Union Electrique d'Indochine. Local Government Cie de Sud Indochinoise
UAC'

50

50

AC

50 50

110/190 Gas Engine & Diesel

.110/190 Diesel

3
ii

DO
I

220 Gas Eng. & .Semi-Diesel

-Bulk

Kratie Pnom Penhl

Union El.etrique

DC

110 Steam 50 220 Steam & Diesel

d' Indochine Cie des Eaux et Elsc. de 1'Indochine Ci. du Sud Indochinoise

AC

Siem ReapAngkor

AC

50

110/190 Diesel

47 -

Operator of~ Plant (continued) ANNAM oairieng Takeo COCHINCHINABac-lieu Soc. Colonial d'Eclairage et d' Energie Baria Baixau Ci.. du Sud Indochinoise AC AC

Ph- "CySass Iles

Volta~ae

Type

of Plant

3 3 3

50
50' 50.

110/190 110/190 120/210

Diesel Diesel. Bulk

AC .

Union Electrique
d'Indochine Soc. Coloniale Eclairage et d 'Energie, Union Ele ctrique d'Indochine Cie des Eaux et d Ele ctricte Sioc. Colonials Eclairage et d 'Energis
Union

AC AC

3. 3

50 ,115/200 50 120/210

Gas Engine Bulk

Bentre Bien-Hoa Cantho

110/220

Gas Engine Bulk Diesel

AC AC

3 3

50 50

120/210 120/210

Cap- St. Jacques Chaudoc

Electriqus
AC

220 3 50 120/210

Gas Engine Bulk

d'Indochine Soc.. Colonials Eclairage et. d' rgie 'ne

Giadinh La ithieu

Cie des E ux et
d'Ele ctric its

AC AC

3 '3

50 50

120/210 120/210

Bulk Bulk

Soc

Coloniale

Eclairage et d'Energie Longs'Xuysn Soc. Colo iiale Eclairago et d'Energie

Union

AC

50

120/210

Bulk

Mytho

Electrique

Myto

110/220

Gas Engine

E,.

Place (continued) Sadec

C peratcr of 'Plant

Phe ase

Gycles

Voltageo

Type. of Plant

Soo.

Coloniale

DC

110/220

Diesel

Eclairage et d'Energie Saigon Soctr~ ang Travinh n Cie des Eaux et Soc. Coloniale Eclairage d'Energie AC
3

120/210 120/240

Steam & Bulk

3
-

50ib 120/210 Bulk

Soc.

1AC**
..

Colonials

110/220

Diesel

Eclairage et d 'Energie Thudauznot Thudue Vinh-Long Soc . Coloniale

Eclairage et Cie des Eaux

et

AC

50--50
-

120/210

Bulk Bulk
Diesel

d 'Electric ite AC

120/210
110/220

d 'Energie

Ft.

KQUANG-TCHEOU-WAN
Bayard Soc. Indochinoise
120/208 50 3 d'letrcieAC

Diesel Bulk

Tche,-Kam LAOS Vientiane TONKIN Bac-Ninh & Dapcau Caobang

AC

50

120/208
100

Local Government
Soc. Indochinoise d'Electric ite Soc. Indochinoise d 'Electric ite Government
AC AC

3
3 on

50
50

120/210

Gas Engine Bulk Hydro

'120/210
250

a"

Hamadong

Soc. Indochinoise d 'Electric ite

AC

50

120/14' Bulk

* *

***

Power plant at Cholc n and Bulk Supp~ly from l'Energie Indochine, Business Section Residential Section

Electriqu.

Olt -

49

Place (continued) Tonkin Ha Giang Hai-duong Haiphong Hanoi Hung-yen Langson Laokay Moncay Namndinh Ninh-'binh Pho-to

Operator
of' Plant

PhT~ase

Cyals Voltae Typ of Plant

Government Soc. indochinoise d' Electricite

AC AC DC AC AC

50 50 50 50 50 50

120 120/210 220/%4 120/208 120/208 120/208 120

Diesel Gas Engine. & Bulk Steam Steam Bulk Diesel Gas Engine Diesel Gas. Engine Bulk Bulk Bulk Gas Engine Bulk Gas Engine Gas Engine

Soc.* Indochinoise Cie dtElectricite de Langson Government Private Soc. Indochinoise d' Ele ctricite
U
It

AC AC AC AC AC

50 12 0/210 50 50 50 120 120/210 120/208

A C
11

AC

50 120/208 50 50 50 120/208 120/210 120/208

Phue -yen Phu-lang-thuong Phu-1y Son-tay Tam-dao Thai-binh Thai-nguyen Tyenswuang Vietri Vinh-yen Yen-bay Government
1r

1z AC

11 AC
DC
if

DC

AC
AC AC

3 3 3 3

50 50 50 50

120/208 12 0/2 08 12 0/210

Bulk Bulk Steam Bulk

AC

120/208

AC

50 120/210

GsEgn

Gas Engine

-50

B IBLIOGRAPH

American

Consulate,

Saion: development and

Numerous reports on electrical

Port facilities.

Annuaire Statistique do l'Indochine,

1936-37

Association des Iines do Tonkin (report for 1933). Bulletin Economique do 1'Indochine (bi-monthly).

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce Files of the Far Eastern Unit Files of the Trnsportation Unit Foreign Commerce Yearbook (annual) Preliminary Survey of the Economy of French Indochina, June 2, 1943 (confidential) Far Eastern Review. Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (Daily Report). Interviews with former residents of-French Indochina Lloyds Register of Shipping, Volume 2, 1937. United States Hvdrograrhic Office-r--Sailing Directions Western Shores of the China Sea, 1937. United States Tariff Commission for the

Industry in French Indochina, November, 1943. (Confidential)

1910M