Unit 1.1 Molecules Unit 1.

1 Molecules
Biology Department
Watford Girls Grammar School
ntroduction
For each of the following you should be
able to:
Describe the properties
Know the general formulae & structure
Understand the role in animals & plants
waler
Caroorydrales
L|p|ds
Prole|rs
Nuc|e|c ac|ds
Water
Water is a polar molecule
t forms weak hydrogen bonds
t remains a liquid over a wide
temperature range
Water molecules stick to one another =
cohesion (surface tension)
Water molecules stick to other
substances = adhesion (capillarity)

Water
t has a high specific heat capacity so
water can maintain a reasonably
constant temperature (homeostasis)
t has a high latent heat of vaporisation
so animals use water to cool
themselves
t is less dense as a solid (ice).
. and ice is a poor conductor
Water is a good solvent
arbohydrates
ontain the elements arbon
Hydrogen & Oxygen
There are 3 types:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosacharides
(H
2
O)
n
f n=3, triose (glyceraldehyde)
f n=5, pentose (fructose, ribose)
f n=6, hexose (glucose, galactose)
Monosaccharides are used for
Energy
Building blocks

C C
C
C
C
C
somerism
They can exist as isomers:
- & . glucose

-
.
Disaccharides
Formed from two monosaccharides
Joined by a glycosidic bond
A condensation reaction:
glucose + glucose maltose
glucose + galactose lactose
glucose + fructose sucrose
ondensation reaction

C C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
C
C
C

ondensation reaction

C C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
C
C
C

ondensation reaction

C C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
C
C
C

ondensation reaction

C C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
C
C
C

d|saccrar|de
1,1 g|ycos|d|c oord
1 1
Polysaccharides
Polymers formed from many
monosaccharides
Three important examples:
Starch
Glycogen
ellulose
Starch
nsoluble store of glucose in plants
formed from two glucose polymers:
Amylose
-glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds
Spiral structure
Amylopectin
-glucose
1,4 and some 1,6
glycosidic bonds
Branched structure
Glycogen
nsoluble compact
store of glucose in
animals
-glucose units
1,4 and 1,6
glycosidic bonds
Branched structure
ellulose
Structural polysaccharide
in plants
.glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds
Hbonds link adjacent
chains

ipids
Made up of , H and O
an exist as fats, oils and waxes
They are insoluble in water
They are a good source of energy
(38kJ/g)
They are poor conductors of heat
Most fats & oils are triglycerides
Triglycerides
Formed by esterification.
.a condensation reaction between 3
fatty acids and glycerol:
|ycero|

C
C

Fatty acids
arboxyl group (OOH)
attached to a long nonpolar
hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic):

saluraled lally ac|d (ro douo|e oords)

C

C C
C C

po|yursaluraled lally ac|d

C

roroursaluraled lally ac|d

Esterification

C
C

|ycero|
Fally ac|d
Esterification

C
C

|ycero|
Fally ac|d
Esterification

C
C

|ycero|
Fally ac|d
Esterification

C
C

sler oord
Waler
Esterification
This happens three times to form a
triglyceride:
g|ycero|
lally ac|ds
Phospholipids
One fatty acid can be replaced
by a polar phosphate group:
g|ycero|
ydroproo|c lally ac|ds
rydropr|||c
prosprale
Functions of lipids
Protection of vital organs
To prevent evaporation in plants &
animals
To insulate the body
They form the myelin sheath around
some neurones
As a water source (respiration of lipids)
As a component of cell membranes
Proteins
Made from H O N & sometimes S
ong chains of amino acids
Properties determined by the aa
sequence
Amino acids

N C

#
=20 aa
Glycine R=H
Alanine R=H
3
ar|re
carooxy|
Peptide bonding

N C

N C

#
Peptide bonding

N C

N C

#
Peptide bonding

N C

N C

#
Peptide bonding
C

N C

N C

#
Waler
Pepl|de oord
cordersal|or reacl|or
Peptide bonding
C

N C

N C

#
d|pepl|de
Primary structure
The sequence of aa is know as the
primary structure
The aa chain is a polypeptide
Secondary structure
Hbonding forms between the OOH
and the NH
2
of adjacent aa
This results in the chains folding:
Secondary structure
-re||x .p|ealed sreel
Tertiary structure
Bonding between Rgroups
gives rise to a 3D shape
Hbonds =O HN
onic bonds NH
3
OO
Disulphide bridge
H
2
SSH
2

allecled oy lerp & p

allecled oy p
allecled oy reduc|rg agerls
"uaternary structure
Some proteins have
more than one
polypeptide chain
Each chain is held
together in a precise
structure
eg Haemoglobin
Types of proteins
Fibrous proteins
e.g. collagen
nsoluble
structural
Globular proteins
e.g.enzymes
Soluble
3D shape
Functions of proteins
Enzymes
Transport
Movement
ell recognition
hannels
Structure
Hormones
Protection
Amylase
Haemoglobin
Actin & myosin
Antigens
Membrane proteins
ollagen & keratin
nsulin
Antibodies
Nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
Made up of nucleotides:
prosprale
perlose sugar
oase
Nucleotides
2 types of base:
Pyrimidines
ytosine
Thymine T
Purines
Adenine A
Guanine G
omplimentary base pairing
Adenine will only bind with Thymine
ytosine will only bind with Guanine
% C
DNA structure
ruc|eol|de
Cordersal|or
po|yrer|sal|or ol lre
deoxyr|oose ruc|eol|des
Replication
During cell division the DNA must
replicate
The DNA double helix unwinds
The exposed bases bind to free floating
nucleotides in the nucleoplasm
DNA polymerase binds the
complimentary nucleotides
Replication is
semiconservative
The genetic code
The sequence of nucleotide bases
forms a code
Each 'code word' has three letter a
triplet code
Each codon codes for a specific amino
acid e.g:
GGG = proline
GG = glycine
ATG = tyrosine
AT = stop (no amino acid)
Protein synthesis
The DNA codes for
proteins
A copy of DNA
(mRNA) is made in
the nucleus
(transcription)
The mRNA is used
to make a protein
(translation) in the
cytoplasm
Transcription
The DNA polymerase
unwinds the DNA
Free nucleotides join
onto complimentary
bases
RNA polymerase links
adjacent nucleotides
The completed mRNA
moves out of the
nucleus
Transcription
Amino acid activation
transferRNA:
tRNA binds onto a
specific amino acid
Translation
mRNA binds to a ribosome
tRNA carries an amino acid to the
ribosome
Translation
A second tRNA brings another aa
The two aa's bind
The process repeats
Translation
A polypeptide chain forms
Eventually a stop codon is reached
The Human Genome Project
A multinational project aimed at sequencing
the entire human genome
Visit the Human Genome Web site:
www.ornl.gov/hgmis/project/about.html
www.sanger.ac.uk
Acknowledgements
Animated cell models used by kind
permission of The Virtual ell website:
Feel free to use this presentation for
educational nonprofit making purposes.
"uiz
1. Which of the following is not an
important property of water
a) ts polar nature
b) ts low specific heat capacity
c) ts high latent heat of vaporisation
d) ts low density in solid form
"uiz
2. The general formula for a
monosaccharide is:
a) (H
2
O)
n
b) (HO)
n
c) (H
2
O)
n
d)
n
H
2
O
n
"uiz
3. Sucrose is made up of
a) glucose + fructose
b) glucose + galactose
c) glucose + glucose
d) galactose + fructose
"uiz
4. Amylopectin is made up of:
a) -1,4 glycosidic bonds
b) -1,4 & .1,4 glycosidic bonds
c) .1,4 & 1,6 glycosidic bonds
d) -1,4 & 1,6 glycosidic bonds
"uiz
5. Formation of a triglyceride does
NOT involve:
a) A condensation reaction
b) Esterification
c) Polymerisation
d) A reaction between 3 fatty acids &
glycerol
"uiz
6. The general formula of a saturated
fatty acid is:
a)
n
H
2n
O
2
b)
n
(H
2
O)
n
c) (H
2
O)
n
d) (H
2
)
n
O
"uiz
7. Which of the following is not
responsible for a proteins tertiary
structure
a) ionic bonding
b) covalent bonding
c) hydrogen bonding
d) disulphide bonding
"uiz
8. Which of these is not an amino
acid:
a) alanine
b) cysteine
c) glycine
d) cytosine
"uiz
9. Which process involves tRNA:
a) transciption
b) translation
c) DNA replication
d) gene mutation
"uiz
10. The formation of RNA does not
involve:
a) ribose sugar
b) thymine
c) removal of water
d) phosphate
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That's right water has a high specific
heat capacity
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That's right, cytosine is an organic base
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That's right, in RNA thymine is replaced
with uracil
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