Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
from new york, and is a candidate for the democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential
election. she is married to bill clinton, the 42nd president of the united states, and was the
first lady of the united states from 1993 to 2001.
a native of illinois, hillary rodham initially attracted national attention in 1969 when she
became the first student to speak at commencement exercises for wellesley college. she
began her career as a lawyer in the 1970s after graduating from yale law school, moving
to arkansas and marrying bill clinton in 1975; she was named the first female partner at
rose law firm in 1979 and was named one of the hundred most influential lawyers in
america in 1988 and 1991. she served as the first lady of arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and
1983 to 1992, and was active in a number of organizations concerned with the welfare of
children.
as first lady of the united states, she took a more prominent position in policy matters
than many before her. her major initiative, the clinton health care plan, failed to gain
approval by the u.s. congress in 1994, but she was successful in other areas, such as
establishing the children's health insurance program in 1997. in 1996 she became the first
first lady to be subpoenaed to testify before a federal grand jury, as a consequence of the
whitewater scandal; however she was never charged with any wrongdoing in this or
several other investigations during the clinton administration. the state of her marriage to
bill clinton was the subject of considerable public discussion following the events of the
lewinsky scandal in 1998.
moving to new york, hillary rodham clinton was elected to the united states senate in
2000, becoming the first first lady elected to public office and the first woman elected
senator from new york. she was re-elected by a wide margin in 2006, and has consistently
been the front-runner in polls for the 2008 democratic nomination for president.
hillary[1] diane rodham was born at edgewater hospital in chicago, illinois,[2] and was
raised in a united methodist family[3] first in chicago, and then, from when hillary was
three years of age, in suburban park ridge, illinois.[4] her father, hugh ellsworth rodham,
was a son of welsh and english immigrants[5] and operated a small but successful business
in the textile industry.[6] her mother, dorothy emma howell rodham, of english, scottish,
french canadian, welsh, and possibly native american descent,[7] was a homemaker.[4] she
has two younger brothers, hugh and tony.
as a child, hillary rodham was involved in many activities at church and at her public
school in park ridge. she participated in a variety of sports and earned awards as a
brownie and girl scout.[8] she attended maine east high school, where she had participated
in student council, the debating team and the national honor society. for her senior year
she was redistricted to maine south high school,[9] where she was a national merit
finalist.[9] raised in a politically conservative family,[10] she volunteered for republican
candidate barry goldwater in the united states presidential election of 1964.[11] her parents
encouraged her to pursue the career of her choice.[12]
after graduating from high school in 1965, rodham enrolled in wellesley college where
she majored in political science.[13] she became active in politics and served as president
of the wellesley young republicans organization during her freshman year.[14][15] however,
due to her evolving views regarding the american civil rights movement and the vietnam
war, she subsequently stepped down from that position.[14] in her junior year, rodham was
affected by the death of civil rights leader martin luther king jr., whom she had met in
person in 1962,[8] and became a supporter of the anti-war presidential nomination
campaign of democrat eugene mccarthy.[16] in that same year she was elected president of
the wellesley college government.[17] she attended the "wellesley in washington" summer
program at the urging of professor alan schechter, for whom she would write a senior
thesis about the tactics of radical community organizer saul alinsky (that, years later
while she was first lady, was suppressed at the request of the white house and became the
subject of mystery[18]). in 1969, rodham graduated with departmental honors in political
science. stemming from the demands of some students,[19] she became the first student in
wellesley college history to deliver their commencement address.[20] according to reports
by the associated press, her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven minutes.[21]
she was featured in an article published in life magazine, due to the response to a part of
her speech that criticized senator edward brooke, who had spoken before her at the
commencement.[8] that summer, she worked her way across alaska, washing dishes in
mount mckinley national park and sliming salmon in a fish processing factory in valdez
(which shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions there).[22]
rodham then entered yale law school, where she served on the board of editors of the yale
review of law and social action.[23] during her second year, she volunteered at the yale
child study center, learning about new research on early childhood brain development.
she also took on cases of child abuse at yale-new haven hospital, and worked at the city
legal services to provide free advice for the poor. in the summer of 1970, she was
awarded a grant to work at the children's defense fund in cambridge, massachusetts. in
the late spring of 1971, she began dating bill clinton, who was also a law student at yale.
that summer, she traveled to washington to work on senator walter mondale's
subcommittee on migrant workers, researching migrant problems in housing, sanitation,
health and education. the following summer, rodham campaigned in the western states for
1972 democratic presidential candidate george mcgovern[24] and interned on child custody
cases at the oakland law firm of treuhaft, walker and burnstein.[25] she received a juris
doctor degree from yale in 1973.[8] she began a year of post-graduate study on children
and medicine at the yale child study center.[26] her first scholarly paper, "children under
the law", was published in the harvard educational review in late 1973[27] and became
frequently cited in the field.
traditional duties
clinton initiated and was founding chair of the save america's treasures program, a
national effort that matched federal funds to private donations for the purpose of
preserving and restoring historic items and sites,[96]which included the flag that inspired
the star spangled banner and the first ladies historic site in canton, ohio.[26] she was head
of the white house millennium council,[97] and initiated the millennium project with
monthly lectures that discuss futures studies, one of which became the first live
simultaneous webcast from the white house. clinton also created the first sculpture
garden, which displayed large contemporary american works of art loaned from museums
in the jacqueline kennedy garden.[98]
in the white house, clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary american artisans,
such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms. she oversaw the
restoration of the blue room on the state floor, and the redecoration of the treaty room
into the presidential study on the second floor. clinton hosted many large-scale events at
the white house, such as a st. patrick's day reception, a state dinner for visiting chinese
dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public
schools, a new year's eve celebration at the turn of the twenty-first century, and a state
dinner honoring the bicentennial of the white house in november of 2000.
second term
clinton opposed the iraq war troop surge of 2007 and supported a february 2007 non-
binding senate resolution against it, which failed to gain cloture.[153] in march 2007 she
voted in favor of a war spending bill that required president bush to begin withdrawing
troops from iraq within a certain deadline; it passed almost completely along party
lines[154] but was subsequently vetoed by president bush. in may 2007 a compromise war
funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks
for the iraqi government passed the senate by a vote of 80-14 and would be signed by
bush; clinton was one of the 14 that voted against it.[155]
in march 2007, in response to the dismissal of u.s. attorneys controversy, clinton called
on attorney general alberto gonzales to resign,[156] and launched an internet campaign to
gain petition signatures towards this end.[157]
in may and june 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive
immigration reform bill known as the secure borders, economic opportunity and
immigration reform act of 2007, clinton twice voted against amendments that would have
derailed the bill, thus moving forward the bill's chance of passage.[158][159][160] subsequently
she voted in favor of a cloture motion to bring the bill to a vote, which failed.[161] when
the bill was again brought forward, she continued to vote in favor of cloture motions to
consider it.[162]
in may 2007, following the supreme court's decision in ledbetter v. goodyear tire &
rubber co. to narrowly interpret the time period in which equal pay discrimination
complaints must be filed, clinton vowed to introduce legislation to statutorially expand
this timeframe.[163]
political positions
main article: political positions of hillary rodham clinton
in terms of public perception of her views, in a gallup poll conducted during may 2005,
54% of respondents considered senator clinton a liberal, 30% considered her a moderate,
and 9% considered her a conservative.[180]
in 2004, the national journal's study of roll-call votes assigned clinton a rating of 30 in
the political spectrum, relative to the current senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal
and a rating of 100 being most conservative.[181] the 2006 almanac of american politics
rated her, with most liberal = 100, most conservative = 0, according to a three-
dimensional spectrum: economic = 63, social = 82, foreign = 58. average = 68.[182]
another analysis by three political scientists found her as likely being the sixth-to-eighth-
most liberal senator.[183]
hillary clinton received an "a" on the drum major institute's 2005 congressional scorecard
on middle-class issues.[184]
controversies
further information: list of hillary rodham clinton controversies
hillary clinton has been involved in various controversies, notably official enquiries into
her business dealings in arkansas that have been summarized above. she has also been
involved in controversies arising from the administration of her husband, in addition to
controversial public statements that attracted media attention, including but not limited to
those described above.
electoral history
new york united states senate election, 2000
3,747,31
democratic hillary rodham clinton 55.3
0
2,915,73
republican rick lazio 43.0
0
1,392,18
republican john spencer 31.0 -12.0
9