PRACTICE TEST 2 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) causes the release of thyroid hormone (TH) from thyroid gland

cells. Starting with contact between a molecule of TSH and a thyroid gland cell, describe the steps that happen inside the cell that result in TH being released from the cell. If you are not sure of a particular mechanism you may describe one you are familiar with that could work to help produce the hormone product. 2 The corpus luteum is retained in an active form due to the presence of what hormone? 1. Luteinizing hormone (LH). 2. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). 3. Estrogen. 4. Progesterone. 5. Human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (HCG). 3 The process of signal transduction usually begins 1. when the hormone is released from the gland into the blood. 2. after the target cell divides. 3. when the signal molecule changes the receptor in some way. 4. when ATP is used to power a chemical reaction. 4. The response of a particular cell to a specific chemical signal depends on its particular collection of 1. proteins needed to carry out the response. 2. receptor proteins. 3. relay proteins. 4. 1 and 2. 5. all of the above. 5 Fertilization of human eggs takes place most often in the 1. vagina. 2. ovary. 3. uterus. 4. oviduct (fallopian tube). 5. vas deferens. 6 Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely 1. terrestrial. 2. marine. 3. amphibian. 4. found in freshwater streams or lakes. 8 Receptor molecules for chemical signals would NOT likely be found 1. in the nucleus of target cells.

2. in the interstitial fluid surrounding target cells. 3. in the cytoplasm of target cells. 4. in the cell membrane of target cells. 9. Which of the following endocrine structures is not controlled by a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary? 1. Pancreatic islet of Langerhans. 2. Adrenal cortex. 3. Ovaries. 4. Testes. 10. If the release of LH (luteinizing hormone) were inhibited in a human female, which of the following events would not occur? 1. Release of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from the pituitary. 2. Maturation of a primary follicle and oocyte. 3. Ovulation of a second oocyte. 4. Release of GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone). 5. Production of estrogen by follicle cells. 11 In the early development of an amphibian (frog) embryo, an important organizer is the 1. neural tube. 2. notochord. 3. archenteron roof. 4. dorsal lip of the blastopore. 5. dorsal ectoderm. 12 In the human ear, why do different hair cells respond to different frequencies of sound? 1. Waves of pressure move through the fluid in the cochlea. 2. Hair cells are sandwiched between membranes. 3. Receptors in the stereocilia of each hair cell are different; each receptor protein responds to a certain range of frequencies. 4. Because the basilar membrane varies in thickness, it vibrates in certain places in response to certain frequencies. 13 The archenteron of a developing frog eventually develops into which structure? 1. Reproductive organs. 2. The blastocoel. 3. Heart and lungs. 4. Digestive tract. 5. Brain and spinal cord. 14. Which structure in bird and mammalian embryos functions like the blastopore of frog embryos? 1. Neural plate.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Neural crest. Primitive streak. Archenteron. Notochord.

15. If an amphibian zygote is manipulated so that the first cleavage plane does NOT divide the gray crescent, what is the expected fate of the two daughter cells? 1. The daughter cell with the entire gray crescent will die. 2. Both cells will develop normally. 3. Both daughter cells will develop abnormally. 4. Only the daughter cell with the gray crescent will develop normally. 16 Which of the following is a correct statement about a resting neuron? 1. It is releasing lots of acetylcholine. 2. The plasma membrane is very leaky to Na+. 3. The plasma membrane is equally permeable to Na+ and K+. 4. The membrane potential is more negative than the threshold potential. 17 The evolutionarily oldest part of the human brain is the 1. cerebellum 2. brainstem. 3. frontal lobe of the cerebrum. 4. parietal lobe of the cerebrum. 18. Which of the following mammalian sensory receptor cells connects directly to the central nervous system? 1. Olfactory cells of the nose (smell). 2. Hair cells of the vestibular system. 3. Nociceptor (pain) cells of the skin. 4. Baroreceptors (pressure sensors) located in arteries. 19 Where in the body are proprioceptors located? 1. Hair follicles of the skin. 2. Internal organs such as the intestines and pancreas. 3. Muscles and joints. 4. Bones. 5. The hypothalamus. Which of the following is an example of hermaphroditism? 1. A solitary termite splitting its body into two equal parts. 2. A worm undergoing sexual reproduction by fertilizing itself. 3. Male hermit crabs externally fertilizing eggs. 4. Hydra that occasionally develop either testes or ovaries.

During the process of converting a diploid spermatogonium cell (a stem cell) to a spermatocyte (sperm) the number of copies of the gene whose expression forms a protein found later at the tip of the sperm cell changes from: 1. 2 to 4. 2. 4 to 2. 3. 4 to 1. 4. 2 to 1. An organism that lacks neural integration centers A) cannot receive stimuli. B) will not have a nervous system. C) will not be able to interpret stimuli. D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons. E) both A and D Action potentials are normally carried in one direction from the axon hillock initial segment to the axon terminals. By using an electronic probe, you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold. What do you expect? A) No action potential will be initiated. B) An action potential will be initiated and proceed in the normal direction toward the axon terminal. C) An action potential will be initiated and proceed back toward the axon hillock. D) Two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock. E) An action potential will be initiated, but it will die out before it reaches the axon terminal.
How are neurons structurally adapted to chemically transmit impulses to neighboring neurons? 1. Axon terminals contain neurotransmitter substances within synaptic vesicles. 2. They have numerous nodes of Ranvier. 3. They have numerous dendrites. 4. They have Schwann cells that surround axons. A man is admitted to the hospital suffering from an abnormally low body temperature, a loss of appetite, and extreme thirst. A brain scan shows a tumor located in the 1. hypothalamus 2. cerebellum. 3. brain stem. 4. spinal cord. What is the source of the hormones that, when suddenly absent, are directly responsible for the onset of menstruation? 1. Hypothalamus. 2. Pituitary. 3. Corpus luteum. 4. Graafian follicle.

What is the site of testosterone production in humans? 1. Prostate gland. 2. Pituitary gland. 3. Seminiferous tubules. 4. Leydig cells in the testis. What is the function of the acrosome of human spermatocytes? 1. To create a hole in the egg plasma membrane. 2. To propel the sperm on its trip along the oviduct. 3. To recognize whether the egg is a human egg or not. 4. To release enzymes that digest a coating of the egg. After ovulation in mammals the empty follicle: 1. Quickly degenerates. 2. Changes into the corpus luteum and releases hormones. 3. Becomes the site of implantation. 4. Can be recycled to produce more eggs.

Where is the hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) synthesized? 1. The hypothalamus. 2. The anterior pituitary. 3. The corpus luteum. 4. In cells of an implanted embryo. There is a large increase in the concentration of LH and FSH in the blood of human females just before ovulation. What causes this surge of hormones to occur? 1. The mature oocyte signals follicle cells to increase production of the two hormones. 2. Increased estrogen levels cause increased release of GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) at the pituitary gland. 3. The corpus luteum releases large amounts of progesterone. 4. The onset of menstruation signals FSH and LH production. How does changing electric charge on the two sides of a nerve cell plasma membrane during depolarization cause voltage-gated ion channel proteins to change shape? 1. The sodium pump induces channel protein shape change. 2. Na+ ions that enter the cell bind to the channel proteins. 3. When K+ ions leave the cell they lose binding to the channel protein. 4. There is a change in attraction between charges in the protein and charges on either side of the membrane. What causes K+ ions to leave nerve cells during the falling phase of the action potential? 1. The Na+/K+ - ATPase actively transports Na+ into and K+ out of the cell. 2. The chemical concentration of K+ is much higher inside nerve cells than outside. 3. The high concentration of chloride ions (Cl-) outside the cell attracts K+ ions. 4. The extra positive charge after Na+ enters the cell forces K+ out.

20 What is the essential function of the sensory neurons that transmit information from receptor cells towards the brain? 1. They amplify the signal, usually by generating action potentials. 2. They decide whether the signal is auditory, olfactory, pain, etc. and send it to the appropriate location within the brain. 3. They contain the receptors which respond to the sensory inputs. 4. They are cross-connected to other sensory systems so as to integrate all sensory inputs to a particular part of the body.