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STUDENT NAME
EDDIE CHANG JEE TED JEREMY MELVIN AMBOI THIAN JUN YI
ID.
12595 12884
The domestic wastewater treatment process can generally be summarized by the above figure. Five basic steps to a complete wastewater treatment process include a preliminary treatment, three core treatment processes and a solids processing phase.
Preliminary treatment
- the first stage of the wastewater treatment process - screens and removes larger inorganic material such as paper and plastics - removes particles such as grit and slit which are abrasive to plant equipment - wastewater is passed through a sedimentation tank - solid particles of organic material are removed from the suspension by gravity settling - resultant sludge is concentrated and pumped away
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
- wastewater enters an aeration tank where oxygen is provided to promote the growth of microorganisms - these microorganisms consume organic pollutants and nutrients in the wastewater to grow and reproduce - wastewater is then passed through a secondary sedimentation tank where the biomass settles under gravity and is concentrated as sludge - the sludge can be recycled to the inlet of the aeration tank - wastewater is disinfected using chlorine to reduce pathogens and other microorganisms - treatment of biodegradable sludge with anaerobic bacteria, which do not need oxygen for growth - the methane gas produced in this process is used to heat the digesting sludge, and sometimes also used to generate electricity - water is removed from the digested sludge through centrifugation or solar evaporation in lagoons - the remaining bio-solids are then sent to landfills, incinerated or used as fertilizers
Tertiary treatment
Solids processing
One of the many instruments used in the domestic wastewater treatment process is the butterfly valve.
Essentially, a butterfly valve is made up of a body, a seat, a stem, a disc and an actuator. The disc is positioned in the center of the valve, and a rod passes through the disc and connects to an actuator n the outside of the valve. By rotating the actuator, the disc is turned either parallel or perpendicular to the flow of fluid. There are generally three main types of butterfly valve:
Inflatable Seated
- inflatable seated butterfly valve uses an inflatable bladder to create a seal around the disc - once the disc is closed, the bladder will inflate pneumatically, enabling less torque being required to move the disc
Double Offset
- double offset butterfly valve is ideal for applications involving high temperatures and high pressures - it can withstand temperature up to 1200F and pressure up to 1440 psig
Triple Offset
- triple offset butterfly valve is often used in refinery and offshore applications - it can withstand extreme conditions and is fire safe
Advantages 1. Lightweight, relatively small and has simple structure which is quick-acting 2. Economic sold at cheaper price, has lower cost of installation and maintenance 3. Has high capacity for larger flow rate and lower pressure drop 4. Has replaceable seat, hence the valve seat does not require grinding, lapping or machine work 5. Resilient seat is held in place by mechanical means no need for bonding or cementing
Disadvantages 1. Not a good throttling valve as it creates turbulence once it is opened 2. Usually has to be either fully shut or fully open 3. The normal operating pressure ranges tend to be low or medium 4. High torque is required to control the valve 5. Precise flow control is difficult to achieve 6. Cavitation may occur if flow rate of the fluid passing through the valve is slow
- 150-psi to 740-psi cold working pressure - 25F to 450F - Can be built in any sizes, depending on the requirement to fit a piping system
The butterfly valve belongs to a family of valves called the quarter-turn valves, whereby it only rotates 90 or less. The metal disc, which is commonly known as the butterfly, can be controlled by a handle which is connected to a rod the metal disc is attached to. By turning the handle by a quarter, the disc is turned so that it completely blocks of the passageway, hence closing the valve. When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn in the opposite direction so that it allows an almost unrestricted passage of the fluid. The valve may also be opened incrementally to throttle flow.
Different kinds of butterfly valves have different working principles to adapt to different pressures and usage. For example, the inflatable seated butterfly valve, which uses the flexibility of rubber, has the lowest pressure rating. The high performance butterfly valve (e.g. the triple offset butterfly valve) features a slight offset in the way the disc is positioned, which increases the valves sealing ability and decreases its tendency to wear.
The diameter of the actuator ranges from a few inches to a couple of meters while the torque requirements to run the actuator is around 10 Nm and up to 100 00 Nm. In more modern equipment, electrical actuators are used compared to pneumatic actuators for conditions such as large valve diameter and high torque requirement.
The advantage of this actuator is purely due to its mechanical build that only requires a small rotation to open the valve, thus reducing amount of force and time needed. Due to the type of working environment in the wastewater industry, time is an essence to everyone since domestic waste comes in a large and frequent amount.
Thermocouple is a device that contains a junction between two different metals that produces voltage based on temperature difference. Thermocouple is chosen as compared to other temperature measuring devices because it is commonly available and cheap. The working principle of a thermocouple is based on metals having different thermal resistance, thus generating voltage. This is also known as thermoelectric effect or the Seebeck effect. Finally, we can obtain the temperature of the metal by measuring the voltage of the metal being heated.
Instrument pH Controller
Gas Detector
Odor Controller
Oxygen Controller
Mechanism Consists of acid discharging device to releases acid upon activation to adjust the level of pH in the wastewater Consists of a Wheatstone Bridge transducer (by working principle of gas detection through heat) that senses these gases and signals it to the alarm system Releases nitrate oxygen into the wastewater stream, causing microorganism to work on dissolving and removing hydrogen sulphide from the wastewater Consists of an oxygen sensor to sense the level of oxygen concentration
Detect harmful gases that might accumulate in the plant i.e. methane
Eliminates odor
Optical Sensor
Pressure Sensor
Has lens that emits lasers to measure the wavelength of the specified solid. Through spectrophotometric process, one is able to obtain the concentration through the acquired wavelength Has pressure indicator and detector to gather how much pressure is exerted onto the device
Controls the oxygen concentration in a reactor (to be supplied to microorganism for aerobic respiration to degrade organic matter) Measure solid concentration
References
SA Water. (2004, Feb). Retrieved 2011, from http://www.sawater.com.au/SAWater/Education/OurWastewaterSystems/Wastewater+Treat ment+Process.htm Abdullah, J. (n.d.). Biotek. Retrieved 2011, from http://www.biotek.gov.my/nbs2010/program/oral/ind/abstract/day2/Jaafar%20Abdullah%20SI RIM.pdf RegulatoryStaff. (n.d.). Retrieved 2011, from http://www.regulatorystaff.sc.gov/orscontent.asp?pageid=654 Remy Valve. (n.d.). Retrieved 2011, from RMPV.com: http://www.rmpv.com/en_web/pro_valve/butterfly-valve.html TPUB.com. (n.d.). Retrieved 2011, from http://www.tpub.com/fireman/69.htm Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved 2011, from Butterfly Valve, Valve Actuator, Sewage Sludge System, Thermocouple: http://www.wikipedia.org/