Jason Abdian English 3 Annotated Bibliography Brundage, James A. Review of A History of Crusades. Speculum. 1st ed. Vol. 67.

221-24. Medieval Academy of America. Web. The conventional view of the results of the Crusades holds that their impact on the Near East was by and large ephemeral." Muslim historians simply treated the crusades as a war in which the Islam became triumphant. This view is overly simple and requires modification. Burr, George Lincoln. "The American Historical Review." The Year 1000 and the Antecedents of the Crusades. 3rd ed. Vol. 6. New York: University of Chicago, 1901. 429-39. Web. There was a panic in Christian hearts as their existence neared the year 1000. They believed they would see the end of the world. "As the first thousand years of our calendar drew to an end, in every land of Europe the people expected with certainty the destruction of the world. Some squandered their substance in riotous living, others bestowed it for the salvation of their souls on churches and convents, bewailing multitudes lay by day and by night about the altars, many looked with terror, yet most with a secret hope, for the conflagration of the earth and the falling of the heavens. Charanis, Peter. "Church History." Aims of the Medieval Crusades and How They Were Viewed by Byzantium. 2nd ed. Vol. 21. Cambridge UP. 123-34. Cambridge University Press. Web.

During this period the western Christians conquered and lost the Holy Lands. It is difficult to find the exact reasons or causes of the Crusades. There are no books which can absolutely specify them. The Crusades were a holy war with the objective of liberating the Holy Land. "Crusades." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 26 May 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_crusades>. The Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire, both followers of the Catholic Church presumably, waged wars for the recapturing of the Holy lands. The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts, some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Jackson, Peter. "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies." The Crusades of 123941 and Their Aftermath. 1st ed. Vol. 50. 32-60. Cambridge University Press. Web. The period of the crusades of Theobald of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall is a critical one in the history of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. As a result of truces made by the crusaders with neighboring Muslim princes the kingdom came to embrace, albeit briefly, an area more extensive than it had covered at any time since the losses inflicted by Saladin following his victory at Hattin in 1187. Lamonte, John L. The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades. 2nd ed. Vol. 22. Cambridge: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1947. 145-61. Medieval Academy of America. Web. As the title says, this source speaks about the many Lords of Caesarea and their family tree while the Crusades were going on. John, 'The Young Lord of Caesarea, interacted with the Pope Gregory IX during his reign over the empire.

Munro, Dana C. The Popes and the Crusades. 5th ed. Vol. 55. American Philosophical Society, 1916. American Philosophical Society. Web. The First Crusade was the work of Pope Urban II., whose wonderful speech at the Council of Clermont led thousands to take the cross. From that time the Popes always felt that the crusades were peculiarly their task and under their inspiration, even if some of the expeditions, like the one against Constantinople, escaped from their direction. For they believed that the crusades were God's work and that they were His agents. The Popes called proclaimed that it was a duty for the soldiers to fight in the Crusades or else they would be excommunicated. It is theorized that the Popes acted this way in order to bring the Greek Church under Roman control. Munro, Dana Carleton. The Western Attitude toward Islam during the Period of the Crusades. 3rd ed. Vol. 6. Cambridge, MA: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1931. 329-43. Medieval Academy of America. Web. At the time preceding the first Crusades, western Europeans did not know much about Muslim history or religion. For the most part, Muslims and Christians were in proper and positive relations. A passage from Bernard the Wise has often been quoted, 'The Christians and pagans have there such peace between them, that if I should go a journey, and in the journey my camel or ass which carries my baggage should die, and I should leave everything there without a guard, and go to the next town to get another, on my return I should find all my property untouched. The Crusades began as Pope Gregory VII announced 'the project of an armed expedition against the enemies of God.'

Spinka, Matthew. "Latin Church of the Early Crusades." Church History. 2nd ed. Vol. 8. 113-31. Cambridge University Press. Web. Count Raymond de St.-Gilles opposed Bohemund's retention of Antioch on the ground that "We swore to the Emperor upon the Cross of the Lord and the crown of thorns, and upon many other sacred objects, that we would not retain without his will any city or fortress of all that belonged to his Empire. Tyerman, Christopher. The Invention of the Crusades. 437th ed. Vol. 110. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1998. 553-77. Web. Guibert of Nogent, in a famous phrase, described the First Crusade as a new path of salvation which allowed laymen to earn redemption without changing their status and becoming monks. It was seen as an offering from God to prove ones devotion and sincerity. It is also suggested that this is the time of the Churchs acceptance of militarism.