A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the

path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired. The gate faces can form a wedge shape or they can be parallel. Typical gate valves should never be used for regulating flow, unless they are specifically designed for that purpose. On opening the gate valve, the flow path is enlarged in a highly nonlinear manner with respect to percent of opening. This means that flow rate does not change evenly with stem travel. Also, a partially open gate disk tends to vibrate from the fluid flow. Most of the flow change occurs near shutoff with a relatively high fluid velocity causing disk and seat wear and eventual leakage if used to regulate flow. Typical gate valves are designed to be fully opened or closed.[1] When fully open, the typical gate valve has no obstruction in the flow path, resulting in very low friction loss.[2] Gate valves are characterised as having either a rising or a nonrising stem. Rising stems provide a visual indication of valve position because the stem is attached to the gate such that the gate and stem rise and lower together as the valve is operated. Nonrising stem valves may have a pointer threaded onto the upper end of the stem to indicate valve position, since the gate travels up or down the stem on the threads without raising or lowering the stem. Nonrising stems are used underground or where vertical space is limited. Bonnets provide leakproof closure for the valve body. Gate valves may have a screw-in, union, or bolted bonnet. Screw-in bonnet is the simplest, offering a durable, pressure-tight seal. Union bonnet is suitable for applications requiring frequent inspection and cleaning. It also gives the body added strength. Bolted bonnet is used for larger valves and higher pressure applications. Another type of bonnet construction in a gate valve is pressure seal bonnet. This construction is adopted for valves for high pressure service, typically in excess of 15 MPa (2250 psi). The unique feature about the pressure seal bonnet is that the body - bonnet joints seals improves as the internal pressure in the valve increases, compared to other constructions where the increase in internal pressure tends to create leaks in the body-bonnet joint. Gate valves may have flanged ends which are drilled according to pipeline compatible flange dimensional standards. Gate valves are typically constructed from cast iron, ductile iron, cast carbon steel, gun metal, stainless steel, alloy steels, and forged steels. of the gate valve corresponds with the theoretical values. As the openings becomes smaller, the equivalent lengths increases INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS The experiment was started by measuring the length of the pipe to be examined and getting its physical characteristics from references at hand. The pump was operated after adjusting the valve correctly and the gate valve was fully opened. The amount of water was measured during its one minute operation. The manometer was read too. This trial was done in three-fourths, one-half, and one-forth openings using the same procedure to compare its equivalent length. Note was taken on turning the valve properly. School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Mapua Institute of Technology Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1 CONCLUSION The equivalent lengths of the valve increases with smaller openings. The functions of the pipe fittings is an important factor in designing piping sytems. Head Loss The head loss in a pipe circuit falls into two categories: a) that due to viscous resistance extending throughout the total length of the circuit b) that due to localized affects such as valves, sudden changes in area of flow and bends. The overall head loss is a combination of both these categories. Because of the mutual interference that exists between neighboring components in a complex circuit, the total head loss may differ from that estimated from the losses due to the individual components considered in isolation. To obtain better and accurate results, it is recommended the following: a. The temperature of the water must be measured inside the pipes. b. Replication of data per flowrate and per open would also have been beneficial in the data analysis and would have provided further feedback on the accuracy and precision of our results. c. Make sure to obtain the correct diameter and length of the pipe. d. Always re-zero the mercury manometer before operating the fluid flow apparatus and its desired flowrates. e. Always check that the pipes connected to the manometer is free from residue or any fouling factors to allow accurate manometer reading. f. It is best to place the mercury manometer in a stable table. g. Change the flow rate of water slowly to avoid pressure swings in the apparatus. h. make sure there is no leakage anywhere in the connection

As the velocity increases, headloss also increases.. Friction losses are very dependent upon the viscosity of the liquid and the amount of turbulence in the flow. Head loss is unavoidable in real fluids. It is present because of: the friction between the fluid and the walls of the pipe; the friction between adjacent fluid particles as they move relative to one another; and the turbulence caused whenever the flow is redirected or affected in any way by such components as piping entrances and exits, pumps, valves, flow reducers, and fittings.