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CHAPTER

3
3.0 INTRODUCTION 3.1

THREE PHASE SYSTEM (3 )

This chapter is explaining about the three phase system. The learning outcome is student should be able to apply the principles of three phase systems, balanced load, star and delta types of connection to solve electrical circuit correctly. THREE PHASE SYSTEM (3 )

Three-phase system is a common method of alternating current electric power generation, transmission, and distribution. It is a type of poly phase system which has two or more voltage source with fixed phase angle difference. Three phase system is a system that has three source voltage of the same magnitude produced by the three separate coil conductor which space 120o apart as shown in Figure 3.1. Normally a three phase supply has three (3) live wire or phase conductor of Red phase (R), Yellow phase (Y) and Blue phase (B). North Pole

Y
120o B Oo

R
240o

R B Y

South Pole Figure 3.1 : Three Phase Conductor Coil The emf produced by each coils; RR coil, Em sin 0 = zero, YY coil, Em sin 1200 = 0.866Em volt and BB coil , Em sin 2400 equal = -0.866 Em volt.
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The coils were rotating at a constant speed to generate three emf waveform with same peak and frequency as in Figure 3.2.

Emf Em ER EY EB

360O 0O 120o 240o

Figure 3.2 : Waveform of 3 System

Equations for each waveforms ; Red Line Voltage, E R = E m sin . Yellow Line Voltage, Blue Line Voltage,

EY = Em sin( 120o )
EB = Em sin( 240 )
o

(3.1)

The above equations can be represent in a form phase as below ;

Em 0o 2 E EY = m 120 o 2 E E B = m 240 o 2 ER =
Where the value of ER's, EYs and EBs is a value of

(3.2)

Erms

( root mean square).

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3.2

DIFFERENT BETWEEN SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE SYSTEM Table 3.1: Difference Between Single Phase and Three Phase Systems

SYSTEM 1

SYSTEM 3

Definition: Definition: System with 2 cable connecting from source System with 3 live cabels from supply to load : to load: Life cable (L) and neutral cable (N). Red phase(R), Yellow phase (Y) and Blue phase (B).

Connection : Live

Connection: R Y

240V

beban B Neutral N

240V

415V

Waveform :
V

Waveform:
V R Y B 415V 360o 360

240V

0
0 180

120o

2400

Three phase system basically used in starting the 3phase machines, supply power to large factories and for transmission and distribution 3 phase voltage. The advantages of 3 phase over single phase systems are: i. More economical due to less construction and maintenance costs. The conductor used is smaller, thus the needs of copper can be reduced
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ii.

iii. iv. v.

vi.

Easy to install due to smaller and lighter cable used. Therefore the smaller structures supporters can be used and the distance between the supporters can be relatively long. The characteristics of 3phase equipment have a better operating starting due to its stable and fixed power. Electrical energy supplied is higher than single phase. Most large motors used for induction motor 3phase can stand alone without the additional equipment such as capacitors, centrifugal switches or other additional circuits The output Production and equipment quality of work for 3phase system is better than single phase because of the higher efficiency and power factor.

3.3

THREE PHASE LOAD CONNECTION The load for three phase may be joined together either in star or delta connection. The load in each phase is usually in balanced which means that the load/impedance at each phase are the same. There are 2 methods of load connection in three phase system: 1. Star or Wai connection 2. Delta connection

3.3.1 Star Connection Star Connection, also known as Wai (Y) connection. This type of connection has fourconductor wires where three for life line (Red(R), Yellow(Y) and Blue(B)) and one for neutral(N) line as shown in Figure 3.3.

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R (Red Line)

Load N (Neutral Line)

Load Y (Yellow Line)

Load

(Blue Line)

Figure 3.3: STAR Connection i. Voltage

Line voltage ( VL ) is the voltage measured between two life lines. While, the phase voltage ( VP ) is the voltage measured between the life line with the neutral line as shown in Figure 3.4.

R
VP = ERN

VL
N E

VL
VP = EBN
Y

VP = EYN

VL

Figure 3.4: Voltage in STAR connection

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ERN , EYN and EBN are called phase voltage ( VP ). Phase difference between phase voltages is equal to the 120. The mathematical relationship between the line voltage to phase voltage is as equation 3.3 below;

Line Voltage =

3 Phase Voltage
( 3.3 )

VL = 3 VP

ii.

Current

Line current ( I L ) is the current that flow in the line, while the phase currents ( I P ) are defined as current which flow in the phase.

I R = I L (Red line current) I PR = I P (Red phase current)

I N = I L (Neutral line current)

I PB = I P (Blue phase current) IY = I L (Yellow line current)

Y B

I PY = I P (Yellow phase current) I B = I L (Blue line current)

Figure 3.5 : Current in STAR connection

Refer to Figure 3.5 above, phase current ( I P ) which are I PR , I PY and I PB is equal to the line current ( I L ) which are I R , IY and I B . In the form of mathematical equations, the relationship between line currents and phase currents can be written as equation 3.4.

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Line current = Phase current

IL = IP
(3.4)

Example 3.1

Three uniform impedance each resistance 10 and inductance 0.019H, supply 415V, 50Hz. Calculate the line current, phase current, phase voltage and line voltage if the three Impedance connected in star.

Solution 3.1

(Supply voltage 3 = Line voltage) Line voltage , VL = 415 V V 415 Phase voltage , VP = L = = 239.6 V (star connection) 3 3 Impedance , Z P = R 2 + X L ............................... equation. 1 Where, X L = 2fL = 2 (50)(0.019) = 5.97 .
Z P = 10 2 + 5.97 2 = 11.65
2

Phase current, I P =

VP 239.6 = = 20.57 A Z p 11.65

(star connection)

Line current, I L = I P = 20.57 A

3.3.2 Delta Connection In the delta ( ) connection, there are only three (3) conductor wire-line, ie red red line(R), yellow line (Y) and the blue line (B). Point of AB, BC and AC are the points in the phase.

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Red line R

Load

Load

Yellow line Y B Blue line B

Load C

Figure 3.6: DELTA Connection

i.

Current

I R = IL
R

I1 = I P

I2 = I P

IY = I L
Y

I3 = I P
I B = IL

B Figure 3.7: Current in DELTA Connection

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From Figure 3.7 above, current I1 , I 2 and I 3 are the currents of each phase and known as phase current ( I P ). Meanwhile, I R , IY and I B are the current per line and known as line current ( I L ). Since the loads are in balance, the current flow through each phase and each line is the same as equation 3.5 and by 120 out of phase with each other.

I1 = I 2 = I 3 = I P I R = IY = I B = I L
(3.5)

In delta connection, the relationship between line currents and phase currents can be written in the form of mathematical expressions such as equation 3.6.

Line Current

3 Phase Current

IL =

3IP

(3.6)

ii.

Voltage

VL = VP

VL = VP
B

Figure 3.8: Voltage in DELTA Connection

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In the delta connection, the line voltage and phase voltage is the same for both measured between two (2) live wires and it can be expressed in equations 3.7 below.

Line Voltage

Phase Voltage (3.7)

P

VL = V

Example 3.2 Three uniform impedance each resistance 10 and inductance 0.019H, the supply 415V, 50Hz. Calculate the line current, phase current, phase voltage and line voltage if the three impedances connected in delta.

Solution 3.2 Line voltage , VL = 415 V Phase Voltage, VP = 415V Impedance , Z P = R 2 + X L

2

(Supply voltage 3 = Line voltage) (delta connection)

where, X L = 2fL = 2 (50)(0.019 ) = 5.97 .

Z P = 10 2 + 5.97 2 = 11.65

Phase current, I P =

VP 415 = = 35.9 A Z p 11.65

3 I P = 3 (35.9) = 62.18 A

Line current, I L =

(delta connection)

3.4

THREE PHASE POWER Three-phase power system is equal to the power that lies within the power of one-phase is the apparent power, the active or real power and reactive power .

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3.4.1 Apperent power Apparent power is a measure of alternating current power that is computed by multiplying the root-mean-square current by the root-mean-square voltage. The symbol for apparent power is S and the unit is volt-ampere (VA)

Apperent power in every phase :

S P = VP I P
Total apparent power in the system 3 :

(3.8)

S3 = 3xSP = 3VP I P
=

3VL I L

(3.9)

3.4.2 Real Power Real power also called the average power or active power. The symbol for real power is P and the unit is watt (W).

Real power per phase:

PP = VP I P cos
Total active power in three-phase system:

(3.10)

P3 = 3xPP
=

3VP I P cos
IL 3

From equation 3.7 for DELTA connection VL = VP and I P =

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P3 = 3VP I P
=

3V L x

IL x cos 3

3VL I L cos
(3.11)

P3 =

3VL I L cos

This is the same formula for the STAR connection.

3.4.3 Reactive Power

Reactive power is also called the power of imagination. The symbol for reactive power is R and the unit is volt-ampere reactive (VAR)

Reactive power per phase:

QP = VP I P sin
Total reactive power in three-phase system:

(3.12)

Q3 = 3 xQP
=

3VP I P

sin

(3.13)

From equation 3.7 for DELTA connection VL = VP and I P =

IL 3

Q3 = 3VP I P sin

3V L x

IL x cos 3

3VL I L sin

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Q3 = 3VL I L sin
This is also the same formula for the STAR connection.

(3.14)

3.4.4 Power Triangle diagram

All of three power described above can be illustrated using a triangle diagram as shown in Figure 3.9. This triangle is called power triangle.

S = VI Q

P
Figure 3.9: Power Triangle diagram

Example 3.3 Based on Example 3.2, calculate the total apparent power, active power and reactive power

Solution 3.3 i). ii). Total apparent power, S3 = Total active power, P3 = = 44695.1(

3VL I L =

3 (415)(62.18) = 44.7 kVA

Z

3VL I L cos = 3 (415)(62.18)( R )

10 ) = 38.4 kW 11.65
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iii).

Total reactive power , Q3 =

3V L I L sin = 3 (415)(62.18) sin 30.9o

= 22.9 kVAR

REFERENCE Bakshi, U.A and Godse, A.P, (2007) Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 1st Edition, Technical Publication Pune, India

PROBLEMS 1. Three balanced load with 10 resistance and 0.5H inductor, stars connected supplied with three phase 500v, 50Hz. Calculate: i. Line current ii. Apparent Power iii. Real Power (1.83 < -95.9 A, 1 589 VA, 102.2 W) Three impedances of 30 resistance and 50 inductance reactance supply with 415V, 50Hz. The impedances is connected in star connection. Calculate: i. Line voltage ii. Phase voltage iii. Phase current iv. Line current v. Power factor vi. Apparent Power (415< 0 V, 239.6< 0 V, 4.1 < -65.6 A, 4.1 < -65.6 A, 0.514, 2 947 VA) By referring to question 2, if the three impedances connected in delta. Calculate (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi). (415< 0 V, 415< 0 V, 7.11 < -65.6 A, 12.32 < -65.6 A, 0.514, 8 855 VA) Three balanced load, 10 inductance reactance and 12 resistance of impedance with star connected was supplied with 400V, 50Hz. Calculate: i. Line current ii. Power Factor iii. Apparent power in kVA iv. Real Power in kW (14.78 < -44.23 A, 0.768, 10.23 kVA, 8.05 kW)

2.

3.

4.

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5.

Calculate the values of (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) in question 4 for delta connection. (44.35 < -44.23 A, 0.768, 30.73 kVA, 23.59 kW) Three balanced load connected in delta with three-phase supply 415V, 50Hz. The line current is 15A and 0.8 lagging power factor, calculate: i. Phase current, phase voltage and line voltage ii. Power in watt (8.66 < 40.96 A, 415< 0 V, 415< 0 V, 8 625W) Three balanced load with 0.15H inductance and 15 resistance connected in delta, supply with three-phase 415V, 50Hz. Calculate: i. Line Voltage ii. Phase Current iii. Line Current iv. Power Factor v. Reactive power (415 < 0 V, 8.39 < 80.37 A, 14.54 < 80.37 A, 0.303, 10 451 VAR) Three balanced load resistance 15 , 0.8H inductor and 10F capacitors for each phase. If the supply voltage three-phase 415V, 50Hz is connected in a star. Calculate: i. Phase Current ii. Line Current iii. Power Factor iv. Real power (3.49 < -85.97 A, 3.49 < -85.97 A, 0.218, 546.8 W) Three balanced load connected in delta to a three-phase supply, using a total power of 5 kW 415V and take a line current of 12A, specify: i. power factor ii. Impedance of each load iii. Apparent power and reactive power iv. Real power if the loads are star connected. (0.579, 59.88 < 53.34 , 8 625 VA, 6 919 VAR, 5 000W) Three balanced load connected in delta to a three-phase 415V power supply using the power of 5750w and the line current of 10A. i. Draw the load connection ii. Calculate power factor iii. Calculate Impedance of each load (0.667, 71.92 < 53.54

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Three balanced load are connected in delta to a three-phase power supply 400V, 50Hz. The line current is 13A and 0.8 power factor leading. Calculate: i. phase current ii. Impedance iii. Inductance (7.5 < -40.96 A, 53.33 < 40.96 , 0.1 H)

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12.

Three balance loads with 12 resistance and 9 inductance reactance, connected in delta to three phase 440v supply. Calculate: i. Line current ii. Phase voltage iii. Power factor iv. kVA used v. kW used (29.33 < -40.96 A, 440 < 0 V, 0.8, 12.445 kVA, 9.956 kW) Calculate (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) in question 12 by using star connection. (16.93 < -40.96 A, 254 < 0 V, 0.8, 12.9 kVA, 10.32 kW)

13.

Three Phase System