Today we deal with Frequency hopping implementation and timeslot bundling.

Then we step into BTS architecture

RF Architecture of Mobile Communication Basestations

HF-Architektur von Mobilfunk-Basisstationen

Dr. Georg Fischer, Bell Labs Research 22. May 2007

5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

Basics
FH only can only compensate Rayleigh fading=fast fading =frequency selective fading FH only helps with Rayleigh fading, but not with shadow fading (Macro-diversity helps with shadow fading) Non-equal channel conditions for different frequencies FH cross multiple frequencies provides averaging over fading Gain is called frequency diversity gain (Not really a gain, degradations due to slow speed are avoided) At least a jump of 1.2 MHz has to be done (> coherence bandwidth) to get de-correlated fading (10% remaining correlation)

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

FH in frequency and time domain

e im T

Fre qu en cy
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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

Interleaving
Radio blocks every 20 ms
(of course 7 timeslots by other users always in-between)

Packet data Interleaving over 4 radio bursts Voice Interleaving over 8 radio bursts

f1 f8 f3 f7 f2 f5 f4 f6

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

Benefits of FH and AH
General Every radio block is protected through redundancy With FH 8 different radio propagation channels are averaged in 1 radio block Frequency Diversity through Frequency Hopping (FH) Different fading at each frequency (overcomes frequency selective fading) Propagation conditions averaged Space/polarisation diversity through Antenna hopping (AH) Different fading at each antenna Interference diversity (only with FH, not with AH !!) Different Interference level at each frequency Interference is averaged

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

Minimum number of frequencies for FH

Considerations Number of frequencies for FH should match interleaving length! Packet data requires min 4 frequencies Voice requires min 8 frequencies Choice: random or cyclic FH At no time two carriers of a sector transmit on the same frequencies (would mean strong collision) Within sector FH sequences (FHS) by different transceivers are orthogonal

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

Fractional loading systems

Time Frequency

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5

FHS 1 FHS 2
(FHS=Frequency Hopping Sequence)

If number of Hopping frequencies is larger than number of TRXs than system is called a fractional loading system Fractional load = Number of TRXs doing FH / number of frequencies Above example 2 TRXs / 5 frequencies = 40% FH sequences for Transceiver 1 and 2 are orthogonal, no collisions

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

Implementation aspects
Baseband processing IQ-Mixer Power Amplifier Antenna High Isolation toggle switch
Switches

Bitstream

Synthesizer 1
Amp. On/off Amp. On/off

Synthesizer 2

Two Synthesizers needed as they cannot do FH quick enough (ping-pong operation, Synthesizers toggled, unused Synthesizer settles in the background) Guard period of 8.25 Symbols=8.25 x 3.69s= 30s too short for frequency jumps High isolation toggle switch realized through cascade of switches and switching on/off amplifiers
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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

Synthesizer - PLL (Phase Locked Loop)

Divider 13 MHz Phase/Frequency Comparator Fixed 200 kHz

Loop-Filter

VCO 900MHz

m=65

Controlled to 200 kHz

n
VCO=Voltage controlled oscillator Output frequency proportional to control voltage
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Programmable Divider

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

Synthesizer output frequency

f out = f ref

n f ref 13 MHz = n = n = 200 kHz n m m 65

m 65 65 65 65 65 ... 65 65

n 4676 4677 4678 4679 4680 ... 4798 4799

ARFCN 1 2 3 4 5 ... 123 124

f_UL/MHz 890,2 890,4 890,6 890,8 891,0 ... 914,6 914,8

f_DL/MHz 935,2 935,4 935,6 935,8 936 ... 959,6 959,8

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.3 Frequency hopping (FH)

VCO (Voltage controlled Oscillator)

VCO

U in
f out = k U in

f out

K = VCO Gain (VCO Steilheit) in MHz/V

Tunable Resonant Circuit

C L R C L

f out
R

U in

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.4 Power control (PC)

Mobiles at different distance to BTS transmit antenna

To serve MS2 the BTS can reduce its transmit power compared to MS1 Reduced BTS transmit power creates less interference power in the network Reduced MS transmit power improves talk time Reduced transmit power means less emission Power Control is an ECO feature ! My battery works longer and I get improved voice quality due to less Interference in the network

MS1 (far) MS2 (near)

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.4 Power control (PC)

Output power range for BTS

Downlink power control / BTS-TX 0 dB -12 dB Dynamic reduction max 30 dB Uplink power control / MS-TX -42 dB Power ramping between bursts, 40 dB -82 dB 17 dynamic power reduction steps saves battery life!!! General Each power reduction step is 2 dB Control range BTS 82 dB !!!
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Max BTS Transmit power static reduction max 12 dB

6 static power reduction steps to adjust cell size 15 dynamic power reduction steps to accommodate near/far mobiles Burst Ramping

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.5 Discontinuous transmission (DTX)

Speech activity statistics

Uplink: Downlink: Time
DTX Typical voice activity is 40% of the time During speech pauses transmitter doesnt need to be active and transmitting useless info For long speech pauses comfort noise is transmitted from time to time (background noise) Reduced BTS and MS power consumption (MS Battery life!) Less interference is created in the network more capacity

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

Exceptions for BCCH

Special rules apply to the BCCH (first carrier)

Is used for cell selection, the MS scans the whole band for GSM signals The BCCH has to run continuous power (=Be active on all 8 timeslots) Unused timeslots filled with dummy bursts No FH - mobile does a single scan and would miss a BCCH if the frequency would jump around No DTX - mobile wouldnt be able to measure receive power and select strongest cell, as received signal strength would depend on actual speech statistics No downlink PC - The MS selects the strongest cell, reduced power would lead to selection of wrong cell

Why is the BCCH so different?

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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.6 Timing Advance correction (TA)

Duplex operation in GSM

FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) For GSM at 900 MHz there is 45 MHz Frequency Duplex shift between uplink and downlink frequency Uplink always lower frequency

Uplink

Downlink f

TDD (Time Division Multiple Access) For GSM there is 3 timeslots Time duplex shift between uplink and downlink Uplink comes later than downlink

Downlink
0 1 2 3 0 4 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 5 6 7

Uplink t
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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.6 Timing Advance correction (TA)

Near / far mobiles

The MS is commanded to transmit earlier in order to compensate propagation delays Near MS Far MS Compensation 0...63 symbols (roughly 1/3 burst duration)

0 The BTS defines the TDMA frame structure for UL and DL

3 0

4 1

5 2 2

6 3

7 4

Downlink 5 6 7 Uplink
5 5

Timing advance correction

t
1 GSM Symbol =3.69 s maps to 1.1 km 63 symbols earlier means roughly 30 km cell radius (two way)
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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.7 Extended cell range (ECR)

Special situation at the coast

If TA cannot compensate propagation delay, two timeslots have to be reserved for an MS

Downlink
The BTS defines the TDMA structure for UL and DL 0 1 2 3 0 4 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 5 6 7

Uplink

Timing advance correction Max 1/3 burst duration

5 5

t
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5. Implementation aspects of GSM Features

5.8 Multislot

Increased data rate through timeslot bundling

MS transmit and TA MS transmit and TA

TX/RX switch

TX/RX switch

TX/RX switch

MS receive

MS receive

TX/RX switch

3 0

4 1

5 2

6 3

7 4

0 5

1 6

2 7

3 0

4 1

5 2

6 3

7 4

0 5

1 6

2 7

Downlink Uplink t

Highest multislot mode avoiding full duplex: 5 active slots e.g. 4 DL+1 UL (only semi-duplex) full duplex costly for MS as TX and RX would have to operate at the same time
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6. Architecture of a GSM BTS

6.1 Overview

Difference between BTS and MS with respect to FH

BTS Has to transmit and receive at the same time (full duplex) Transmit and receive frequency are not related at the same time (3 timeslots shift between TX and RX 2 toggling synthesizers needed=4 synthesizers in total MS Has either to transmit or to receive (semi duplex) A common single synthesizer can be used At least 1 timeslot pause to switch between TX and RX Enough time for synthesizer to settle either to transmit or receive frequency

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6. Architecture of a GSM BTS

6.1 Overview

Architecture of BTS for GSM to support FH

Antenna

Power amplifier

DAC

Duplexer

Toggling Synthesizers for TX and RX 4 Synthesizers

ADC

IQ-mixer Analog baseband filters

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Digital Baseband Processing

6. Architecture of a GSM BTS

6.1 Overview

Architecture of MS for GSM to support FH

Antenna

Power amplifier Single Synthesizer for TX and RX

DAC

1 Synthesizer TX/RX Switch ADC

IQ-mixer

Analog baseband filters

Digital Baseband processing

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6. Architecture of a GSM BTS

6.1 Overview

Architecture of MS for CDMA and UMTS (no FH)

Antenna

Power amplifier

DAC

Duplexer

Separate Synthesizers for TX and RX 2 Synthesizers

ADC

IQ-mixer Analog baseband filters

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Digital Baseband Processing

6. Architecture of a GSM BTS

6.1 Overview

Connectors of a BTS
Antennas: Typical 6 connectors (3 sectors x 2 antennas for diversity)

Abis: Connection to BSC

Power: Mostly -48V for indoor and 380V three phase for outdoor

Grounding: Protection for lightning and EMC shield

EMC=Electromagnetic coupling
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6. Architecture of a GSM BTS

6.1 Overview

Nomenclature for configurations

Omni 6 omni = 6 carriers are transmitted in all directions 12 omni = Twelve carriers are transmitted in all directions

Sectorised 3-3 = 2 sectors with 3 carriers per sector 2-2-2 = 3 sectors with 2 carriers per sector 4-4-4 = 3 sectors with 4 carriers per sector 8-8-8 = 3 sectors ... 2-2-2-2-2-2 = 6 sectors ...

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6. Architecture of a GSM BTS

6.1 Overview

Cabinet and rack partitioning Central Controller Abis-link connection 6x Transceiver Channel Coder/Decoder 3x Power supply Antenna coupling Equipment 4-4-4 Configuration 2 TXs linked to one antenna 6x Transceiver Channel Coder/Decoder 3x Power supply
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6. Architecture of a GSM BTS

6.1 Overview

Hierarchy of units

Indoor cabinet Radio Equipment Shelf TRX

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6. Architecture of a GSM BTS

6.1 Overview

Transceiver

TRX (open)

Power supply

TRX-D, digital

TRX (closed)

RF Power Amplifier

TRX-A, analog
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Thank you for your interest!

Home work ....

Habe ich das nicht schon immer gesagt?

29th May no lecture! (Dienstag nach Pfingsten) Next lecture: Tuesday 5th June 07, 11:50 Uhr, SR5.14 Excursion: Wednesday 4th July afternoon, 13:00-17:00

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