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UNIT NUMBER
12.4
INTEGRATION 4
(Integration by substitution in general)
by
A.J.Hobson
For this Unit, substitutions other than linear ones will be given in the problems to be solved.
EXAMPLES
Solution
To be precise, we shall assume for simplicity that u is the acute angle for which x =
a sin u. In effect, we shall be making the substitution u = sin−1 xa using the principal
√
value of the inverse function; we can certainly do this because the expression a2 − x2
requires that −a < x < a.
dx
If x = a sin u, then du = a cos u, so that the integral becomes
Z
a cos u
√ du.
a2 − a2 sin2 u
But, from trigonometric identities,
q
a2 − a2 sin2 u ≡ a cos u,
both sides being positive when u is an acute angle.
We are thus left with Z
x
1du = u + C = sin−1 + C.
a
1
1
2. Use the substitution u = x
to determine the indefinite integral
Z
dx
z= √ .
x 1 + x2
Solution
Converting the substitution to the form
1
x= ,
u
we have
dx 1
= − 2.
du u
Hence, Z
1 1
z= q .− du
1
1+ 1 u2
u u2
That is, Z
1 √
z= −√ = − ln(u + u2 + 1) + C.
u2 + 1
Returning to the original variable, x, we have
s
1 1
z = − ln + + 1 + C.
x x2
Note:
This example is somewhat harder than would be expected under examination condi-
tions.
The method of integration by substitution provides two useful results applicable to a wide
range of problems. They are as follows:
(a)
Z
[f (x)]n+1
[f (x)]n f 0 (x)dx = +C
n+1
provided n 6= −1.
(b)
Z
f 0 (x)
dx = ln f (x) + C.
f (x)
2
These two results are readily established by means of the substitution
u = f (x).
In both cases du
dx
= f 0 (x) and hence dx
du
= 1
f 0 (x)
. This converts the integrals, respectively, into
(a)
Z
un+1
un du = +C
n+1
and (b) Z
1
du = ln u + C.
u
EXAMPLES
Solution
In this example we can consider sin x to be f (x) and cos x to be f 0 (x).
Thus, by quoting result (a), we obtain
#π
sin4 x
π
"
Z
3
3
9
sin3 x. cos xdx = = ,
0 4 0
64
√
using sin π3 = 2
3
.
2. Integrate the function
2x + 1
x2 + x − 11
with respect to x.
Solution
Here, we can identify x2 + x − 11 with f (x) and 2x + 1 with f 0 (x).
Thus, by quoting result (b), we obtain
Z
2x + 1
dx = ln(x2 + x − 11) + C.
x2 + x − 11
3
12.4.3 EXERCISES
sin7 x. cos x;
(b)
cos5 x. sin x;
(c)
4x − 3
;
2x2 − 3x + 13
(d)
cot x.
1.
2 5 3
(x + 3) 2 − 2(x + 3) 2 + C.
5
2.
5
1 2 1 3
3
(x − 1) 2 = 24 2 ' 39.192
3 1 3
4
3. (a)
sin8 x
+ C;
8
(b)
cos6 x
− + C;
6
(c)
ln(2x2 − 3x + 13) + C;
(d)
ln sin x + C.