Evaluation Of

Community Policing Forum Project

Implemented By CLEEN Foundation

By: Dr. Dung Pam Sha Department of Political Science University of Jos, Plateau State Nigeria

Table of Content
Glossary List of Tables Acknowledgements Executive Summary Chapter 1. Background and Methodology 2. Literature Review 3. Implementation of the Project 4. Impact of the Project 5. Competency and Motivational Level of Project Staff 6. Conclusion and Recommendations References Appendices -11 -15 -19 -25 -34 -36 -39 -40 -3 -4 -5 -6

Glossary
CLEEN FGD LGC LGA PCPF PPRD -Center for Law Enforcement and Education -Focus Group Discussion -Local Government Councils -Local Government Authority -Police Community Partnership Forum -Police Public Relations Department

List of Tables
Tables 1. Distribution of Questionnaires 2. Characteristics of Respondents 3. Aware of the Forum 4. Attitude of the Police 5. Feeling of Safety 6. Rate of crime Reduction 7. Types of Crime 8. Crime Control 9. Complaints by the Public 10. Reduction in Police Extortion on the Road 11. Reduction in Police Extortion on Bail 12. Police Collaboration with the Community 13. Community Assistance to the Police 14. Forms of Community Assistance 15. Competence and Motivation Level of Staff -13 -13 -25 -26 -27 -27 -28 -28 -29 -29 -29 -30 -32 -32 34

Acknowledgements
I am deeply indebted to Mr. Innocent Chukwuma, the Executive Director of the CLEEN Foundation for inviting me to participate in the evaluation of the Police Community Partnership Forum Project and also the numerous advices, and documents he provided for this exercise. I also thank Pastor Chijioke Odom, a Program Officer at the CLEEN Foundation, and the supervisor of the PCPF project, for traveling with me to remote locations where this project was implemented. I also thank Professor Etannibi E. O. Alemika for the robust comments he made on the draft and also for discussing other issues related to the work. In the same vein, I am indebted to the foot soldiers, Mr. Saviour Okon Akpan, the Organizing Secretary, PCPF Abak Local Government Council Area, Akwa Ibom State, Comrade Moshood Erubami, Coordinator PCPF Ibadan North East, LGC, and Comrade Mojeed Olalere, the Organizing Secretary, PCPF Ibadan North East, Oyo State. They facilitated access to the personalities we interviewed and the communities we had FGIs with. Others include the Chairman, and Organizing Secretary, respectively of the PCPF Ipokia LGC Ogun State, Prince Durosaro Shaeed and Mr Nurudeen Ojo. I am likewise indebted to all the members of the PCP Forum in all the local governments visited for their participation in the FGDs. The success of the evaluation exercise, particularly the data collection stage, depended on them Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to all the Police Officers who volunteered information on the operation of the PCPF in the local government councils visited.

Dr. Dung Pam Sha 2004

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction Between March 2001 and December 2003, CLEEN Foundation, formerly known as Centre for law Enforcement Education, implemented a pilot Project on community policing in Nigeria, titled Community Policing Forum project with support from the Ford Foundation and Open Society Institute for West Africa (OSIWA). The project was carried out in fourteen Local Government Areas (LGA), drawn from the six geographical zones in Nigeria. The objectives of the project where to: 1. Facilitate the building of police-community partnership as a democratic and consultative process, through the establishment of community-policing forums; 2. Encourage community support and involvement in crime prevention programmes by making communities stake holders in the policing process 3. Create community awareness about the role of the police in the society. This report presents an evaluation of the project in selected local councils in order to determine the strengths, weaknesses and lessons learned from the implementation of the project. The LGCs that have been evaluated are: 1. Abak Local Government, Akwa Ibom State 2. Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State 3. Ipokia Local Government, Ogun State Objectives The objectives of the evaluation are to: 1. Provide to the management of CLEEN Foundation a comprehensive assessment of the implementation and impact of the project in the three LGAs. 2. Provide the perceptions and expectations of the target constituency from the organisation and whether they were met; 3. Assess the competency and motivational level of the staff that implemented the project and their contributions in the outcome of the project. 4. Identify shortcomings of the project 5. Recommend steps that should be taken to address identified shortcomings in order to avoid them in the demonstration phase of the project. Methodology The methods used in the generation of data included the following: personal interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), the administration of questionnaires and personal observations. The respondents of this study included: a. Staff of the Police Community Partnership Forum especially the Chairman and the Coordinators.

b. The members of the community specially members of the Forum and other beneficiaries in the community. Gender considerations where given in the selection of the respondents in this category. c. Local government officials who participated in the activities of the Partnership Forum. d. Police officers especially the Divisional Police Officers or the representative. Combinations of quantitative and analytical methods were applied. Descriptive statistics, particularly percentages were derived from the interviews and questionnaires. Information from observations and the FGIs were analysed using themes generated from the objectives of the evaluation. Summary of Major Findings Implementation of the Project The Project was adequately implemented as stated in the approved project proposal and grant agreement: Police community partnership workshop was held in each of the three local government areas studied during the evaluation. Each of the workshops drew over 50 participants from the targeted audiences such as senior police officers, local government authorities, councillors, community leaders, traditional rulers, leaders of developments associations, and interests groups such as women organisations, labour unions and youth associations. In all the three LGAs, the Local Government Councils supported the project through contributions ranging from donating office spaces to the CPFs, generators, making sure its designated Officers attends Forums meetings regularly, to footing the bill for such office space. A set of office equipment, comprising desktop computer, printer, photo copier and Universal Power Service (UPS) Backup was donated to each of the three PCPF secretariats.

Assessment of the Impact of the Project In the three LGAs, we found evidence of involvement of all groups in the project. 63.3% of the population was aware of the project and supported it. Similarly, the Police were aware of the project, identified and participated in it in Abak and Ipokia LGAs. The membership of the Forum in all the LGCs cut across ethnic, religious, occupational and age lines. This diversity in addition to the unity of purpose is one of the strength of the Forum. The leadership of the Forum was drawn from the people based on the recommendation of communities. This is commendable because these successes recorded so far from the establishment of the Forums are dependent on strong and committed leadership. Leaders who had partisan political ambitions (card caring members of political parties) weakened the cohesion of the Forum than those with less or no political ambition. Moderate improvement (40%) in public perception of the police was reported in the areas such as their attitudes towards handling problems brought before them by members of the community and reduction in the demand for money by the police before bail is given to suspects. In all the LGAs, there were increased collaboration between the police and communities in the sphere of crime information generation, collective patrols and the resolution of communal problems.

Assessment of the Competency and Motivational Level of the Project Staff 7

The vision and mission of the project was well understood by the staff on the project Majority of the respondents reported that the Coordinators demonstrated deep commitment to the Project as they engaged in the mobilization and effective coordination of the Forum. The staff also reported that they were happy doing the job although they recommended the provision of transport allowances or vehicles to aid them in their work.

Expectations of the Target Constituency The expectations of the communities from the project included the creation of a safer community through reduction in crime, control of crime and the prevention of crime. 60% of the communities felt that the creation of the Project has improved their feeling of safety. 75% say that crime in their community has reduced. 89.8% reported that crime in there communities has been brought under control.

Identified Shortcomings of the Project The study reveals that the project experienced the following problems: High turnover of personnel in the Nigeria Police Force and the local government councils due to frequent transfers, which affected the smooth running of the project in the local governments. For instance each time a new Divisional Police Officer is posted to the LGAs, the project team would have to brief him and get him on board in order to ensure continued police participation in the activities of the forum. Lack of awareness of the project in some communities due to limited publicity, often by word of mouth. Some of the forum offices were located in remote areas that were not accessible to members of the communities. Lacks of funds for adequate maintenance of the office equipment, especially in LGAs were the commercialisation of the equipment did not generate enough funds for their maintenance. Process monitoring was not budgeted for and hence not taken very seriously in the implementation of the project. Implementation of the project in many local government areas in Nigeria stretched the capacity of the CLEEN Foundation and contributed to the limited monitoring of the project after the inauguration phase.

Recommendations Frequent turnover of Police and LGC Officers due to official transfers There should be a unit in the Police Force that is dedicated to community policing. Police Officers in such unit should be trained and retrained in community policing. Such training should include orientation training, basic academy training, police officer training, in-service training, specialized training in supervision, management, and technical fields, and distribution of current literature on community policing. The rules governing the constitution of the Forum should be reviewed to provide for two or more police officers, at any given time, to be attached or detailed to the Forum. This is to ensure awareness and continuity of the project in the event that one of them is transferred. There is need to organise more in-house workshops and training of police officers, to ensure that the police are properly educated on the value of partnering with the community.

Leadership of the Forum There is need to maintain the practice of employing educated, committed, young males or females as Chairman, Coordinator and Organizing Secretary. However, the person(s) should be resident in the community The person(s) should have a long tract record of commitment, honesty and transparency. A recommendation on such a persons personality should come from the community. The rules governing the constitution of the Forum should be reviewed to provide for a position of an Assistant Coordinator of the Forum. This is to ensure continuity and sustainability. In addition, there is need to have a position of Field Assistants who shall be volunteers from the community, to ease the job of the Coordinator. Written monthly reports should be prepared by the leadership of the Forum on the issues they have handled in collaboration with the police. This is to ensure that the police and the community are in constant contact as this improves their interface. Process monitoring should be budgeted for and taken seriously by CLEEN Foundation in the demonstration phase of the project as some of the problems highlighted above in some LGAs could have been nipped in the bud had their been adequate monitoring of the project. Personal visits by the Programme Officer(s) and constant communication with the leadership of the Forum should be encouraged.

Project/Office Location The office of the Forum should be sited in a location that is accessible to the beneficiaries. This will promote community identification with the project. The Project should be located in an urban or in communities that have witnessed high rate of crime and other communal problems. This will make its relevance felt. In acquiring an office space, consideration should be given to the function, which such an office space is to perform. Three or more rooms should be acquired, which will serve as a waiting/meeting room, the office hosting the clerical staff and the equipments and another for the Coordinator.

Insufficient funds to run the office LGC authorities should periodically assist the Forum financially. Spirited individuals in the communities should assist the Forum in both financial and material terms Members should make periodic contributions to the coffers of the Forum. The local staff should also be trained on fundraising skills Competency and Motivational Level of the Project Staff The allowances of the staff of the Forum should be reviewed upwards to take care of the tedious work they are engaged in. This will encourage them on the job and avoid a high turnover. There is need to provide transportation means (bicycles, motor-cycles or a vehicle) to ease movement of the Coordinator and the Organizing Secretary.

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Chapter One Background and Methodology Background Between March 2001 and December 2003, The CLEEN Foundation implemented a pilot project on community policing in Nigeria, titled Community Policing Forum project. The project was carried out in fourteen local government areas drawn from the six geographical zones in Nigeria. The Local councils were: 1. Alkaleri LGA of Bauchi State 2. Akpabuyo LGA of Cross River State 3. Ipokia LGA of Ogun State 4. Ibadan Northeast LGA of Oyo State 5. Abak LGA of Akwa Ibom State 6. Riyom LGA of Plateau State 7. Sabongari LGA of Kaduna State 8. Numann LGA of Adamawa State 9. Adavi LGA of Kogi State 10. Tarauni LGA of Kano State 11. Ahiazu Mbaise LGA, Imo State 12. Umuahia South LGA, Abia State 13. Udenu LGA, Enugu State 14. Onitsha North LGA, Anambra State The objectives of the project where to: 1. Facilitate the building of police-community partnership as a democratic and consultative process, through the establishment of community-policing forums; 2 Encourage community support and involvement in crime prevention programmes by making communities stake holders in the policing process 3 Create community awareness about the role of the police in the society. An external evaluation of the project was required so as to assess the implementation of the project, its impact and lessons learned, which would guide the CLEEN Foundation in the design and implementation of the demonstration phase of the project in Lagos State. Therefore, the need for an evaluation of the project in the following selected local councils: 1. Abak Local Government, Akwa Ibom State 2. Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State 3. Ipokia Local Government, Ogun State Objectives of the Evaluation The objectives of the evaluation are to: a. Provide to the management of CLEEN Foundation a comprehensive assessment of the implementation and impact of the project in the three LGAs. b. Provide the perceptions and expectations of the target constituency from the organisation and whether they were met;

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c. Assess the competency and motivational level of the staff that implemented the project and their contributions in the outcome of the project. d. Identify shortcomings of the project e. Recommend steps that should be taken to address identified shortcomings in order to avoid them in the demonstration phase of the project in Lagos. Methodology The instruments used in the generation of data include the following: personal interviews, focus group Discussions (FGDs), the administration of questionnaires and personal observations. The respondents to the study were: a. Staff of the Police Community Partnership Forum especially the Chairman and the Coordinators. b. Members of the community specially members of the Forum and other beneficiaries in the community. Gender considerations where given in the selection of the respondents in this category. c. Local government officials who participated in the activities of the Partnership Forum. d. Police officers especially the Divisional Police Officers or the representative. Focus Group Interviews In selecting the respondent who are beneficiaries of the project, gender and occupational were considered. In all the local governments, both men and women were represented in the discussions. In addition, occupational groups such as farmers, traders, teachers, civil servants and community-based organisations (CBOs) were represented. The number of respondents in each group varied from 7 to 10. In Abak, 10 respondents participated in the FGDs, 8 in Ibadan North East LGA, while 7 participated in the discussions in Ipokia. The discussions were adequately controlled in order to achieve quality. The controlled measures include making sure that no single respondents dominated the discussions. In the same vein, all respondents were given the opportunity to contribute to the discussions. There were situations where respondents were asked to make contributions to the issues under discussion. The duration of the FGIs ranged from 45minutes to one and half hours. The discussions were either held at the Forums office as in Abak Local Government Area, or at the Local Government Councils Conference Hall, as in Ipokia Local Government Area, or in the Chairman of the Forum, as in Ibadan North East Local Government Area. I observed that these locations did not influence the quality of the data generated. The respondents views and opinions were captured on tape using recorders, while I wrote down the silent points that were made. The recorded responses were later transcribed. It is crucial to mention that we used language interpreters in Ibadan North East and in Ipokia Local Government Areas because some of the respondents expressed themselves in Yoruba. Administration of questionnaires The questionnaires used in the study were administered to people who resided in the community. We wanted to know whether or not they were aware of the existence of the Police Community Partnership Project and if they aware, whether or not they could evaluate its impact. Twenty (20) questionnaires were distributed and completed in each of the local government areas as shown on the table below.

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Table 1 Distribution of Questionnaires LGA Abak

Ipokia

Ibadan

Total

Abak LGA Ipokia LGA Ibadan North

20 20 20 20 20 20

20 20 20 60

33.3 33.3 33.3 100.0

The table below shows the characteristics of the respondents. In all the three LGAs, 61.7% of the respondents were male, while 38% were female. More of the respondents (41.7%) are within the 25-35 years age bracket. 51.7% and 48.3% of the respondents were single and married respectively.
Table 2 - Characteristics of Respondents

LGA Gender Male Female Age Group 25-34 35-44 45-54 55 and above Marital Status Single Married Divorced Separated Widowed Education Literate in Local Lang. Secondary Diploma/NCE PG Diploma University Degree PG Degree Occupation Unemployed Farmer Self-employed Government Employee Business man/woman Pensioner Religion Christianity Islam Traditional

Abak (no.) 14 6 8 9 3 0 9 11 0 0 0 1 1 7 4 5 2 2 8 2 4 3 1 14 6 0

Ipokia (no.) 11 9 9 4 6 1 12 8 0 0 0 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 5 6 3 2 1 10 10 0

Ibadan (no.) 12 8 8 5 7 0 10 10 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 7 3 1 7 3 7 2 0 11 9 0

Total Number 37 23 25 18 16 1 31 29 0 0 0 4 7 13 11 16 9 6 20 11 14 7 2 35 25 0

% 61.7 38.3 41.7 30.0 26.7 1.7 51.7 48.3 0 0 0 6.7 11.7 21.7 18.3 26.7 15.0 10.0 33.3 18.3 23.3 11.7 3.3 58.3 41.7 0

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The questionnaires were administered to both genders and occupational groups. Occupational groups such as farmers, traders, teachers, civil servants and businessmen and women were interviewed. The table above also shows the diversity of the respondents interviewed. Farmers constitute 33.3%, followed by government workers with 23.3%, self-employed 19.3% and lowest are the pensioners constituting 3.3% of the respondents The questionnaire contained both closed and open-ended questions. The questionnaire had questions on comprehensive assessment of the implementation and impact of the project in the LGAs. There are also questions on assessment of the competency and motivational level of the staff that implemented the project and their contributions in the outcome of the project. There are questions on perceptions and expectations of the target constituency from the project and whether they were met, questions on identifying shortcomings of the project and questions on recommendations about steps that should be taken to address identified shortcomings in order to avoid them in the demonstration phase of the project in Lagos. Personal interviews The respondents interviewed were the Chairmen and Organising Secretary of the PCPF in each LGA, the representatives of the LGCs who participated in the activities of the Forum and the Divisional Police Officers in the area in which the project was located. There questions were opened-ended and were design to solicit respondents views on the implementation and impact of the project in their LGAs, questions on the motivational level of the staff that implemented the project and their contributions in the outcome of the project and questions on perceptions and expectations of the target constituency from the project and whether they were met. There were also questions on identifying shortcomings of the project and questions that requested the respondents to recommend steps that should be taken to address identified shortcomings in order to avoid them in the demonstration phase of the project in Lagos. Observations Personal observations were also made of various issues, offices and operations etc.

Chapter Two Literature Review

To properly comprehend the evaluation, it is crucial to start by discussing the concepts used and the theoretical perspectives currently existing on community policing. The term Police community partnership is sometime confused with police public relations. They are not the same. The later is a byeproduct of the former. The police public relations are concerned with changing the perceptions of both the public and the police of one another towards improving the relations between them in the process of policing the community. Police community partnership or what has often been referred to as community policing is a philosophy of policing where the police officer patrols and work in a community on a permanent basis from a centralise location, but in pro-active partnership with community members in problem identification and resolution. For the purpose of this study we will adopt the conceptual definition of community policing as put forward by Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux. They defined community policing as: a philosophy and an organisational strategy that promotes a new partnership between people and their police. It is based on the premise that both the police and the community must work together to identify, prioritise, and solve contemporary problems such as crime, drugs, fear of crime, social and physical disorder, and overall 14

neighbourhood decay, with the goal of improving the overall quality of life in the area (1994:2). This definition re-emphasises the point about police community partnership being a conscious organisational strategy of forging a working relationship between the police and the community in problem identification, problem prioritisation and problem solving in the community. Oakley (2001:4) believes that partnership is about valuing each other, sharing and about equal power. He contend that partnership is more than merely obtaining consent or undertaking consultation with the communities, but it is something which follows from the recognition that to provide public service effectively involves not only valuing and respecting all sections of that public, but working together with them on an equal basis to achieve that goal. It also involves respect for the police from the public, and involves a commitment on the part of the public, too, to work together in a common cause. Secondly, he argues that partnerships involves sharing which include simple agreement to cooperate according to some agreed protocol but without any shared responsibility for each others results. It may also involve joint action with fully shared responsibility for the work undertaken as well as for the results. Partnerships must be by arrangements, which are entered into freely and on an equal basis by the partners involved. (Oakley (2001:4) The philosophy of the police community partnership is founded on the believe that present problems and challenges posed by society demands the police render comprehensive policing, proactive and reactive, by eliciting the participation of the community directly as partners in the process of identifying, prioritising and solving provisions the numerous problems in the community. The communitys input is required into the policing process. It also requires that both the police and the community have some liberty to creatively explore newer ways of addressing problems confronting their neighbourhoods. Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux (1994:3) Some of the principles of police community partnership include: First, it demands that everyone in the police department must investigate ways to translate the philosophy of power sharing into practice. In addition, the police department must also create and develop a new breed of line officers that act as a direct link between the police and the people in the community. Furthermore, the role of the police officers require that they establish continuous, contact with the law-abiding people in the community, so that together they can explore creative new solutions to local concerns. Community policing expands from the traditional reactive role of the police to proactive roles. It also stresses new ways of protecting and enhancing the lives of those who are most vulnerable in society such as juveniles, the elderly, minorities, the poor, the disables the homeless etc. Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux (1994:4-5) The Police Community Partnership cannot record any success without the efforts of the following groups: the police department, the community itself, the elected civic officials, the businesses community, nongovernmental organisations and the media. The literature on police community partnership is rich and varied. For the purpose of this study we will broadly classify the practice based on the experiences of the advanced democracies and the ones in developing countries or transitional democracies. In advance democracies police community partnership has been necessitated by problems confronting society and these problems are managed if the public is involved. Here the police are well motivated and its morale is high. In transitional democracies especially in Africa, the State is weak as seen in its poor capacity to provide for the functioning of critical agencies of the state. Police morale is low. The problems, which weak states generate, including organised crimes cannot be handled by the police alone. (Bayart, Ellis, Hibou, 1999; Forrest, 1998 etc)

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In Europe and the USA the spurt in violent crime in 1950s inaugurated new forms of thinking towards determining new strategies to ensure political and social order in society. There was an urgent desire to forge new partnership between the police and community and also the need for modern resource management strategies to guarantee the efficiency of police. Incidents of police brutality created additional pressure to develop new institutional responses. This then led to the emergence of a new community policing model, which aimed at 1. Establishing close relationship with the community by maintaining on going consultation with all the public 2. Mobilizing the community in preventive actions 3. Focusing on proactive problem solving and prevention rather than on reactive and overaggressive policing 4. Recognizing that police organizations should reorient to this new approach. The merits of this model lie in the idea that involving community will result in strengthening of accountability mechanisms. Not only police as an institution but each policeman becomes accountable to the public. Secondly, the ongoing consultation between police and public establishes and increases the communication, which directly results in more quality information. Thirdly, public can lodge complaints providing an immediate and direct means of assessing policing efforts. The need for police community partnership has arisen as a result of diverse changes in the economic, social and political environment. These changes produce problems, which the police and the public will collaborate in order to prevent or reduce their occurrence. Kumar (2003) expresses the transformation going on in India, which are also observed in other developing countries. He notes that: Far reaching changes are taking place in our society. Some of these changes are rapid growth in the absolute size of the urban population, increase spatial mobility with faster means of communication and transport, the weakening of joint family and village ties, the growth of an anchored population in urban areas, the loss of legitimacy of the feudal norms on which village society was based and the growing loss of consensus in social and political values. In a society, which is undergoing such changes, tensions are bound to rise between religious communities, between castes and sub-castes of the same community, between management and labor, between urban areas and rural areas, etc. In this situation, crime and disorder increase and affect all segments of society. For dealing with this complex situation of crime and disorder we have a criminal justice system, which is slow, understaffed and clogged with heavy backlogs. Under these circumstances, the police cannot control crime without the active goodwill and cooperation of the people. Kumar (2003: 2) These changes are also visible in many transitional societies such as Nigeria. In Nigeria what has increase the demand for police community partnership is the Increase in violent crime, disorder and fear of crime, triggered by the recent political, economic and social transformations in the country. These changes are as a result of the demobilization or dismantling of the repressive security apparatuses used by previous authoritarian regimes in controlling crime and the unequal socioeconomic opportunities brought about by economic liberalization programs (CLEEN 2004). Another related factor is the political liberalization of the Nigerian polity. The last four years of transitional democracy have witnessed a resurgence of violent crime and disorder that security now tops the list of scarce commodities in many homes.

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The response of the Nigerian State to this situation has come in the form of increased law enforcement capacity (more personnel, logistics and welfare to the public service police). We have also witnessed the upsurge in the quantum of non-state actors such as private security firms and vigilante groups, all responding to the situation of insecurity and instability. (CLEEN, 2004) These strategies have not substantially addressed the security problems in the nation. This then calls for a well-planned policing strategy that networks both state and non-state resources in responding to the safety and security needs of the people.

Evaluative Models Programme evaluation is usually carried out to assess the credibility of the process of implementation of the project and also the impact of programmes so as to rectify problems that are associated with the implementation or to provide relevant information, and lessons for subsequent designing and implementation of similar projects. Theoretically, an evaluation can be conducted using a number of steps. The first step is to enquire on the need for the programme. The evaluator asked questions that are related to the social conditions of the target population, their characteristics and needs are examined. The second step is to interrogate the conceptualisation and design of the programme (or intervention) required in addressing the situation and the needs identified. Questions are asked to provide an adequate understand about the clarity of focus and purpose of the programme, the programme activities and how they are related to the intended outcomes and impacts. Wildschut, 2003:10) The third step investigates processes leading to the implementation of the programme. Many factors impact on the process of implementation and service delivery and these include the effectiveness of the management and administrative systems; the knowledge, skills and experience of staff; the quality, appropriateness and capacity of the infrastructure; and the availability of adequate resources Wildschut 2003:11) The fourth step examines the impact of the programme. Engaging in this requires that the evaluator asked questions about what changes have been achieved as a result of the implementation of the programme and how can the programme be sustained to avoid dependency. The evaluator identifies both intended and unintended impacts of the programme. Wildschut, 2003:11) The third and the fourth steps have been used in this study i.e. the steps taken to assess the processes leading to the implementation of the programme and secondly, the impact of the programme. The decision to use these steps has been guided by the terms of reference of the study. This has also informed the methodology employed, the respondents and the questions we asked the respondents.

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Chapter Three Implementation of the Project

Introduction One of the cardinal objectives of the study is to provide to the management of CLEEN Foundation a comprehensive assessment of the implementation of the project in the three LGAs, Abak, Ibadan North East and Ipokia. The Project was implemented in the following phases: advocacy visits to the three local government councils, holding of police-community partnership workshops in the three local government councils; and inauguration of community policing forum in three local government councils. The records show that advocacy visits were carried in the three local government areas studied. The visits were made in order to explain the purpose of the project and solicit the collaboration of these communities in the implementation of the project. The communities responded positively and committed themselves to supporting the project in writing. This set the stage for the next phase of the project, which were the workshops to sensitise the stakeholders. The Police-Community Partnership Workshops were held and police partnership forums were established in the following locations: 1. Ipokia LGA of Ogun State (April 24-25 2002). 2. Ibadan Northeast LGA of Oyo State (July 23-24 2002). 3. Abak LGA of Akwa Ibom State (Aug 21-22 2002). The workshops on building police-community partnership were organized to sell the idea of the CPF to community, identify basic community problems with the police, which the CPF should address, and answer operational and practical questions as to who calls the CPF, structure, co-ordination and funding. There were lead presentations on Handling of Complaints against the Police, Crime Prevention strategies at the local government and fostering better police-community Partnership in the Local government. After the police-community partnership workshop, what then followed was the reading of the guidelines for the Forums operations, clarifications made and the document was adopted for use. This was followed by the inauguration of the Executive Management Committee of the Forum At the inauguration of each of the forums, the following items were donated for the office of the forum One set of Desk Top Computers One HP LaserJet Printer 1100 Universal Power Service Back Up One Sharp Top Photocopier (Model SF 2414). The implementation of the Project Project location: The Abak Local Government Area is a semi-urban areas and the office is local outside the premises of the Local Government Council. We observed that this location has served as strength of the Forum because the community perceives the project as theirs, related frequently and identify with it. The members of the community report different problems to the office. The location of the partnership project in the Ipokia Local Government Area is adequate because it is at the border between Nigeria and Republic of Benin and usually border communities experience the

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prevalence of high crime rates. However, Ipokia community is a semi-rural area, which doesnt experience heavy economic activity, and the police report the virtual absence of big crimes in the area. The Idiroko community, which hosts the border and security offices, has high level business activities and has witnessed high crime rates such as arm robbery, smuggling in the past etc. The location of the Forums office at Ipokia should have been in Idiroko. These are communities separated by a distance of about 32 kilometers. So the location has been a major set back of the project as already seen. Many of the respondents at the FGDs agreed with this respondent who said:
locating this kind of building in this environment (Ipokia LGA) is not good enough. This place is extremely rural for this project. The centre should have been Idiroko. I think Idiroko is an area whereby the target population for the project is. For instance, crime rate here (Ipokia) is low. There at the direct border point (Idiroko), the crime rate there is higher than here. I dont have the record. If you look at the place too, it has people from all walks of life, the commercial activity there is large.

The Ibadan North East LGC is an urban area. The office of the Forum is located inside the Local Government Secretariat. This was the contribution of the local government council authorities towards the project. Though the office is functional, it is made to compete with other commercial enterprises in rendering secretarial services. The location has one disadvantaged and that is, it is removed from the community. Leadership of the Forum: In Abak LGA, the Forum has a functional leadership, which meets every month to discuss and take decisions on critical security and community problems and needs. The coordinator plays mobilizing and coordinating roles of the Forum and he has done exceptionally well. The vision and mission of the project were well comprehended by the leadership of the Forum. There is a high level of cohesion within the leadership of the Forum. We observed that the Coordinator, who is young and full of energy in addition to his emotional attachment to his responsibilities, single-handedly performs mobilization roles and serves as a link between the community and the police. This can be precarious because the absence of the Coordinator can ruin the Forum. There is need for an office of an Assistant Coordinator. In addition, there is need to structure the Forum to allow the Coordinator have Field Assistants in strategic wards in the town who will report to him. The merit of the recommendation is that, in situations where the Coordinator is not positively disposed to continue with his appointment, the activities of the Forum will be adversely affected. In Ipokia LGA the leadership of the Forum was duly constituted, but not enough considerations were given in the selection. First, the Coordinator resides in Idiroko, 32 kilometers away from Ipokia and so this makes the constant monitoring of the operations of the Forum impossible. Secondly, as a mobilization officer, staying far from the project location does not augur well for the smooth implementation of the project. Thirdly, there is the problem of frequent transfers of both Police Officers and the LGC officers on the project. A respondent said that he was aware of the project and gave his assessment of the problems facing the Forum in following narration:
We have held meeting only once since I joined the organization. Most of the committee members are civil servants except me, the Chairman and Treasurer. All the rest have been transferred to different LGCs within Ogun State. So we cant hold executive meetings. Sometimes our people do think that there is no financial benefit attached to the project and so do not turn up for meetings of the Forum. For example today I have to go to Kabiyesis palace

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to serve him the invitation letter and impress on him to attend the meeting personally. It is difficult getting people.

We observe that the vision and the mission of the project are not well understood by the leadership of the Forum and our conclusion is based on the fact that they perceive the Forum in purely business terms, where revenue is generated from secretarial services. The crucial component of the project is the forging of partnership between the police and the community is completely not given attention. In Ibadan North East LGA, the Chairman and the Coordinator of the Forum are very active in the mobilization and coordination of the Forum activities. They are well aware of the mission of the project and they identify with it. These are individuals with varied experiences in community mobilization for development and different struggles for the defense of rights. We discovered that the former Chairman of the Forum was a strong member of a political party Alliance for Democracy (AD) and opponents saw the Forum as an outfit of the party. The AD lost elections to the position of the chairman of the local council. The new leadership of the Council continued to perceive the Forum as an AD outfit. There was therefore a lull in the Forums activities until the new Chairman took over operations. Office Space: The office of the Forum, in Abak LGA, which doubles as Secretariat has two rooms. One of the offices is used by the Coordinator and the other by the two officers, the office assistant and the police officer attached to the Forum. From observation, this structure is inadequate taking into consideration the kind of activities that take place there. The later office is used for secretarial work (computer work, photocopying) and also as a waiting room. The increasing recognition of the value of the Forum by the community and the police has increased the volume of people that report to the office. The capacity of the office is far lower than the volume of people that visit. There is need for physical expansion of the Forums office or efforts should be made to acquire a new location to enable the Forum to cope with the volume of its operations. In Ipokia LGA, the current office space is located outside the premises of the Ipokia Local Government Council. The Forum is operated from a single office paid for by the Local Government Council. The office is inadequate as it can only take office equipment and the two secretarial staff of the Forum. It is therefore not conducive for the kind of mobilization work the Forum is expected to do. In Ibadan LGA, a single room serves as the secretariat of the Forum. It is just enough to host the equipment and the Office Assistant and that is why it is only used as a business center. The limited space makes it extremely difficult for the Coordinator and the Chairman to operate from such an office, and therefore not conducive for the kind of work the Forum is envisaged to handle. Equipment: In Abak LGA, CLEEN Foundation had provided one set of computer, printer, photocopier and a generator as part of the plan to make effective, the project. At the time of the evaluation the equipment were all in a functional state. Due to hard work and responsiveness of the leadership of the Forum on the need to be self-sufficient, they had acquired an additional set of computer. In Ipokia LGA, CLEEN Foundation donated a set of computer, a printer a copier and a generator. At the time of the visit to the Forums office all the equipment were in various stages of disrepair. The local government officer who represents the council on the Forum blamed the problem of the equipment on

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erratic electricity supply and incompetent staff to handle them. It was even suggested that the equipment are insufficient to handle the volume of work that may be given to the office. A respondent who have been following developments of the Project in the LGA has this to say: much I know about computer, personal computers are different from business computers. Lets forget about the packages of a computer, the strength of a computer goes a long way in determining what the computer can be used for. Now the type of computer that was supplied here cannot be used for commercial activities. Therefore the computer breaks down in the attempt to attain the goals of goal of the project. I have assessed the generator; its capacity is not okay. The generator is strong but the capacity is not suitable for that place (Forums office) In Ibadan North East LGA, the equipment used in the office is in a functional state. The Forum has not added any new equipment and this may make their work difficult in the future especially if the location and office space is sorted out. The increase in volume of secretarial work cannot be handled with this equipment. The Forum should be encouraged to regularly service these equipments so as to offer regular secretarial assistance to the police and members of the community. They should also be encouraged to plan for the acquisition of additional equipment to meet the increasing demands of the community and the police. Communication: In Abak LGA, the success story of the Forum is attributed partly due to the free-flowing communication between the leadership of the Forum and the community. This is because of the periodic convening of meetings to discuss and articulate positions on security and other problems of the community. In addition we found out that has also been open and regular communication between the leadership of the Forum and the police. Equally important, is the regular communication between the leadership of the Forum, particularly, the Coordinator and the CLEEN Foundation office/Programme Officers in Lagos. The Forums Coordinator solicited for advice on problems and clarification of issues from the Lagos office. This helped the Lagos Office to closely monitor the implementation of the project. In Ipokia LGA, another problem that the project confronted was the absence of the effective communication at different levels. There was a big communication gap between the leadership of the Forum and the community. This was vividly demonstrated during the FGD as participants showed total lack of understanding of the vision and the mission of the Partnership programme. The factors such as the absence of an understanding of the vision of the project and the location of the project mentioned above may have been responsible for the huge gap with the benefiting communities. We discovered that there was huge communication gap between the leadership of the Forum and the police. There was no attempt to established contact with the police throughout after the first set of the police officers that participated in the initial stages of the programme were transferred to other locations outside the LGC/State. The Forum had problems partly due to the ineffectiveness of the Coordinator of the Forum. It is also clear that the there was a big gap between the leadership of the Forum and the CLEEN Programme Officers in Lagos. For if the communication channel was clear, CLEEN programme officers would have identified the problems at the initial stages. At the time of visit to Ibadan North East LGA, the Forum wasnt so effective in its meetings with the members of the community. Communication between the leadership of the Forum and the community

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was weak. This is explains why few many community members who attended the FGDs demonstrated limited understanding of the goals of the project. However, we discovered that there was a strong relationship between the leadership of the Forum and the police. The police expressed appreciation to CLEEN and the Forum for implementing such a project because of its value to the community in attempting the smoothing the relation between the police and the community and subsequently, in reducing the rate of crime in the community. Level of Local Government Council Involvement: We observed that in Abak LGA, the contribution of the Local Government Council who is a stakeholder in the community and in the Forum is only in the area of making sure that its designated Officer attends Forums meetings regularly. There was no financial contribution to the Forum by the LG Authorities, although the officials are confident that in no distant future, the Local Council will be committed financially because the value of the project in assisting the local council in resolving security problems that would have been costing them much to solve and also by trying to create a crime free community. The LGC officer provided the feeling of the LGA in the following statement: We in the LGC use to render assistance to the police based on our financial capability. And apart from the monetary assistance, the other cooperation that helps the police to succeed is still the material assistance that weve been giving to police and that is why police have virtually succeeded in the place. In Ipokia LGA, the commitment of the Local Government Council is seen in the donation of an office space to the Forum. The new political leadership of the Local Government Council promised to assist the Forum, if his office is fully briefed of the Forums activities. In Ibadan North East LGA, the commitment of the Local Government authorities is in two areas. First, is the provision of the office space that hosts the secretariat of the Forum? The second is the detailing of a senior staff to represent the local government council at the meetings of the Forum. The new management in the Local Council identifies with the project and is like to maintain this interest.

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Chapter Four Impact of the Project

Introduction This evaluation exercise is expected to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the impact of the Police Community Partnership Forum project in Abak, Ibadan North East and Ipokia LGAs. The discussion below have attempted to provide some explanation on the level of the impact of the project Level of community Involvement in the Project Table 3 below shows that on the whole, there is high level of awareness of the project. 63% of the respondents agree that they are aware of the project and participate in it. However, the interviews and FGDs conducted confirmed the variations of responses of the communities about their extent of participation in the project and this can also be seen from the table below. For instance, when the respondents were asked whether they were aware of the project and therefore participated in it, the response from Abak shows that the community was aware of the existence and importance of the Police Community Partnership project. We observed that the community identified with the Forum through regular visits to the office to lay complaints about security problems and also engage the secretarial services, which the office offered. In an interview with the representative of Abak LGC on the extent of awareness and participation of the community in the Project, he said: Yes, they come out fully because we normally discuss what actually touches the lives of the people such as the security of this community. You see, when you handle security matters, many people are likely to become interested. This is what the Forum does. Members of the public provide the Forum with some tip-off so that it can share with the police.
Table 3 - Awareness of the Existence of the Forum and Participation

Do Community members participate in forum? Yes No

Abak (%) 95 5

Ipokia (%) 5 95

Ibadan (%) 90 10

Total No. % 38 63.3 22 36.7

In Ipokia the leadership of the Forum showed little understanding of the project and this adversely affected the understanding and participation of the community in the Partnership project. Only 5% of the respondents are aware of the project and participated in it. At Ibadan North LGC the leadership of the Forum showed deep understanding of the project, however, the community has limited understanding of the vision and mission of the project. The community is sometimes not sure of the difference between the Police Community Partnership project and the Police Public Relations Committee. A factor that would have provided additional awareness of the project is the existence of the Forums Secretariat and the services it renders. We noticed that the Forum did not attract the community to engage its secretarial services because the cost incurred in obtaining such services was as high as those charged by commercial secretarial services within and outside the Local Government Secretariat. The community preferred making use of the services of the commercial secretarial centers nearest to them. Another problem that affected awareness of the project and participation in it is the conflict within the leadership of the Forum. Composition of the Forum: At Abak, The membership of the Forum cuts across ethnic, religious, occupational and age lines. This diversity and the unity of purpose is a factor that has added to the strength to the Forum. The democratic 23

character of Forum is seen in the convening of regular meetings, the freedom of expression both police and members of the community have during such meetings. At Ipokia the Forum from it inception, had people from diverse backgrounds such as gender, ethnic, religious, occupational and age. This would have been the strength of the Forum if the Forum were functional. The frequent transfers of members of the Forum who are Police and the Local Government Council Officers have been a perennial problem. This affected continuity and the general working of the Forum. In Ibadan, there is diversity in the composition of the Forum as gender, ethnic, religious, occupational and age were taken into consideration. The membership of the Forum from the Police and the local Government council has been a problem as representative from these agencies are subject to periodic transfers. This affects continuity and the general working of the Forum. Public Perception of the Police: The respondents were asked whether the attitude of the police to their work has changed with the implementation of the project. The table below shows that 60% of the respondents at Abak agreed that the attitude of the police to work was changing, 15% of the respondents from Ipokia agreed and 45% from Ibadan North also agreed. The overall picture shows that only 40% of the respondents agreed that the Police were changing their attitude to work, while 60% disagree. Table 4 - Attitude of the Police towards their Work Has the attitude of the police towards their work changed Abak Ipokia positively? % % Yes 60 15 No 40 85 Total Ibadan % 45 55 No. 24 36 % 40 60

In Abak, the respondents report that there is an improvement in the attitude of the police as presented in the following narration: The public impression of the police is positively changing from the fear of the police. people are gradually becoming freer with the police. In fact when the police have problems in handling a matter concerning the community, they seek the intervention of the Forum. However, their attitude has not yet changed hundred percentage. The officials of the Forum in Ibadan North East also expressed the same sentiment: Since we established the project in the North East of Oyo State, its activities have created substantial understanding between the Police and the community. The sour relationship that existed between the two (the Police and community) and giving the fact that the Police have lost a lot of steam in terms of the relationship with the community and the community has also lost confidence in the Police in the area of crime control and prevention. So the establishment of the forum is gradually setting the stage for cementing good relationship between the two. Today the relationship is beginning to be cordial. To that extent to answer your question directly, the community participate in Police community partnership forum because of the understanding that the Project is beneficial to them and could also do a lot in crime control, because crime is not a friend of anybody.

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Table 5 explains that the sampled communities seemed to be comfortable with the level of safety since the inception of the Project. 60% of the total respondents agreed that their communities feel safer then before. The deviation from this general feeling is the Ipokia LGA whose respondents (65%) say they do not feel safer.
Table 5 Feeling Of Safety since Inception of Project

Do you feel safer in your community now than before? Yes No

Abak % 85 25

Ipokia % 35 65

Ibadan % 60 40

Total % No. 36 24 % 60 40

A respondent from Abak says this about the feeling of safety: We feel safer since the introduction of the Partnership Forum because both the community and the Police are working together to combat crime. However, we will not say we are absolutely secure. the police need to be equipped properly particularly, the provision of both vehicle and ammunition in order to combat crime. It is not the issue of going with batons, for you to be able to succeed or going with only one vehicle because like Abak it is only one 504 Saloon that is being used.
Table 6 - Rate of Crime Reduction since Inception of Project

How would you rate crime reduction since the Inception of the forum? Yes Fair

Total Abak % 90 10 Ipokia % 80 20 Ibadan % 80 20 No. 45 15 % 75.0 25.0

The communities report that some crimes have reduced since the inception if the Project as can be seen on table 7 below. 86% of the respondents reported that the crime that has reduced significantly is stealing. 80% say house/store burglary, 61.7% say rape, 45% reported car theft, while 25% reported arm robbery.
Table 7 - Types of Crimes That Have Reduced In the Community

Total Types of crimes that have reduced in the community Armed robbery Stealing or theft House and Store burglary Car Theft Rape Murder Ethnic conflicts Religious conflicts Abak 6 17 16 10 12 2 7 7 Ipokia Ibadan 5 18 18 9 11 4 6 7 4 17 14 8 14 6 3 5 No. 15 52 48 27 37 12 16 19 % Of 60 25.0 86.7 80.0 45.0 61.7 20.0 26.7 31.7

When asked whether crime control measures adopted in their LGAs have been effective, majority of the respondents (89.8%) as shown in Table 8 below said yes.

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Table 8 - Crime Control in the Community

How effective is crime control in your community? Yes No

Total Abak % 100 0 Ipokia % 75 25 Ibadan % 95 5 No 54 6 % 89.8 10.0

In Ibadan North East for instance, the Coordinator affirm what the figures above says when he stated that: Before now, the community relied on ethnic militia for crime control, reduction and detection. The community had confidence in them they know they will not undermine security in their community. But now, with the creation of the Forum, the function of crime detection, control, management and information gathering is gradually becoming a responsibility of the Forum. But when I say crime has reduced, it depends on what crimes I am talking about. This local government has a prevalence of shop burglary, gang robbery at night which Police patrol, vigilante group has assisted in reducing drastically. Table below seeks to find out whether or not the Police have improved their attitude towards attending to complaints brought before it by the community. 71.7% of the respondents agree that there is improvement in the attitude of the Police toward attending to the complaints of the public, 28.3% says that the handling of cases by the Police has not improved.

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Table 9 - Attending to complaints by the Public

Police improvement in attending to complains Yes No

Total Abak % 85 15 Ipokia % 45 55 Ibadan % 85 15 No 43 17 % 71.7 28.3

We also tried to find out from the public whether the police have changed its practice of collecting bribes from commercial vehicle drivers. Table 10 shows that 38.3% of the respondents said that there has been some change in this practice, while 61.7% believes that the practice of illegal collection still persists.
Table 10 - Collection of Bribery from Commercial Vehicle Drivers

Total Reduction in police extortion Yes No Abak % 25 45 Ipokia % 35 65 Ibadan % 25 75 No. 23 37 % 38.3 61.7

Table 11 shows public perception of the Policemen as people who collects money before granting bail to suspects. The general picture that emerges from the three LGAs is that the practice of extorting money from the public has reduced. However, there are variations in perception from the sampled LGAs. 95% of the respondents in Abak LGA say the Police have stopped collecting money from suspects as precondition for bail. 5% still believes that the Police still engage in such practices. The PCPF in the LGA had embarked on a campaign against the collection of money for bail and this has increased the level of consciousness of the public not to give money before bail. 55% of the respondents in Ipokia LGA believe that the practice has reduced. 45% believes that the practice persists. A similar response can be seen from Ibadan North East.
Table 11 - Extortion of Money for Bail

Reduction in extortion of money for bail Yes No

Total Abak % 95 5 Ipokia % 55 45 Ibadan % 80 20 No 46 14 % 76.5 23.3

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Level of Police Participation in the Project Aware of the Project: At Abak, members of the Police Force demonstrated awareness of the project, it vision and its mission in the community. They identified with it and indeed have benefited from it in a variety of ways. First, they made use of the forums equipment, which have eased their work. The Forum has also eased their work of detecting crime and also problems, which are communal in nature. At Ipokia it was noted earlier that the after the first set of Police Officers who participated in the formation of the Forum were transferred from the Local Government Council, the leadership of the Forum never established relationship with the new set of Police Officers. At Ibadan, the police in the local government are aware of the existence of the Partnership Forum, share it vision and mission and identifies with it. They express the view that in situation where funds to the police Force are longer forthcoming, there is need for communities to participate in policing their environment. They attended all the meetings that were convene by the leadership of the Forum.

Police Perception of the Public: We wanted to know whether the project had changed police perception of the public. The table below shows that 70% of the respondents agree that the police consult the community when major decisions affecting the community are to be taken. At Ibadan, 75% of the respondents also agree that the police consult the community. 45% of the respondents at Ipokia say the Police do not consult the community.
Table 12 Police Collaboration with the Community

Do the Police consult the Community members when important decisions affecting the community are taken? All the time Sometimes Rarely Not at all

Total Abak % 30 40 20 10 Ipokia % 5 40 20 35 Ibadan % 30 45 10 15 % 21.6 41.6 16.6 20.0

No. 13 25 10 12 Note: The % that agree is obtained by adding the responses all the time, and sometime

At Abak, the formation of the Forum is seen by the Police as one way of making easier the work of the police as members of the community are involve in a variety of ways in policing their society. The police officer is increasingly seeing the Forum and the community as partners in achieving a secure society particularly in volunteering information to the police about crime and solving community problems such as land disputes. This is how a respondent describes the collaboration between the police and the community:
If there is a particular issue the police are handling, which concerns the community, they will contact us for discussion, and can be tabled at the meeting. If the DPO is chanced to attend, he will give his own ideas on how the matter should be handled in the interest of both the police and the community. If we disagree, which sometimes happens, we create avenues of reaching an amicable resolution.

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However there are still situations where the Police still feel that some sections of the public should not be involved in informal policing of the community because they use this involvement to perpetrate crime. They insist on establishing control on them. There is need for the Police to second two officers who should be liaising with the Forum so that the structural link between the Forum and the Police will not diminish or suffer in the event of a transfer of such a Police Officer. There is also the need for the Police to organize more enlightenment talks for its officers on public relations in order to re-orient their attitude and behavior towards the public. This will help them improve the partnership with the community. At Ipokia, we found out that the attitude of the Police towards the public is yet to change. At the time of the visit, the Divisional Police Officer inform me that he and his men found out the community was not security conscious despite the precarious nature of their community being a border town. The Officer then organised them to form neighbourhood watch teams to prevent crime. He believes that Police partnership with the community had great potentials of preventing crime in the area and in solving community problems such family quarrels and land disputes. At Ibadan, though the figures from the interviews show that there is a significant change in perception, our discussion with one of the senior police officer shows that the perception of the public by the police hasnt changed particularly when the police still see the vigilantes as groups that commits both violent and non-violent crimes, illegal possession of firearms, engage in assassination plots, collaborate with criminals. However, the existence of the Forum has created a platform for understanding and for the obliteration of long held prejudices. The police are increasing realizing the value of forming synergies with the community in policing the society. The official of the Forum on his part has this to say: Initially they (people) were skeptical, given the history of the Police who turned persons who volunteered information to the accused. But because the concept of Community partnership policing is new, both to the Police and community it is certainly going to improve perceptions. It used to be a cat and mouse play, but when the Police found that it was profitable for them to engage members of the civil society in the community to get information, they now adjusted and changed their orientation, to the people. The community and Police gradually trust each other. d. Cooperation between Leadership of the Forum and the Police We wanted to find out whether the project had increase the level of cooperation between the leadership of the Forum and the Police. First we wanted to find out whether the community provide assistance to the Police and the forms of this assistance. From the table below, 85% of the respondents in Abak agree that their community provides the police with assistance, 70% by respondents in Ibadan while only 10% by respondents from Ipokia. In Ipokia the Coordinator explains what he thinks are the problems of collaboration: There is no contact between the police and the officials of the Forum because there is no proximity. I am very sorry to say that they are very greedy. People have fears to be their friends because you come to them for assistance; such a visit turns to another thing else. I do not fear them, but the people we call for meetings say they cannot waste their time holding meetings with Police. They prefer going to where they will find their daily bread.

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We feel that the coordinator is trying to cover up his ineptitude as a leader of the project as we have noted above.
Table 13 - Community Assistance to the Police

Do community members provide assistance to members of the police? Yes No

Total Abak % 85 25 Ipokia % 10 90 Ibadan % 70 30 No 33 27 % 55 45

The most important form of assistance communities give to the police as shown on the table below include information gathering (98.3%), arrest and hand over of suspects and night patrols in the community (95%) respectively, detection, apprehension and prosecution of offenders (50%).
Table 14- Forms of Community Assistance to the Police

What areas does the community provide assistance? Information gathering Information Detection, apprehension and prosecution of offenders Arrest and hand over of suspect to the police Night patrol in the community by vigilante

Total Abak 20 9 18 19 Ipokia Ibadan 19 8 19 18 20 13 20 20 No 59 30 57 57 % 98.3 50.0 95.0 95.0

From my observation At Abak LGA, there is deep understanding between the officers of the Forum and the Police. The police posted one of its officers to the Forums office to process their documents. The offices of the police were wide open for the leadership of the Forum. A respondent from the Abak community has this to say about the form of cooperation between the police and the community: The members of the community participate in the project by giving information to the officials of the Forum and also to the police. We are doing well in this respect because we instructed that those who have vital information and for fear of the fact that information may leaked or their identities are revealed, they encouraged to write the authentic information without their name drop it in the forums office which the forum will then dispatch it. The community work hand-in hand with the Police in the provision of crime information to the police. The community also accepts the role of the police intervention in crime detection and control. There is also collaboration with police in solving community problems such as land disputes, family problems etc. Sometimes the police hand over such problems to the Forum for intervention and resolution. There is need for officials of the Forum to embark on conscious enlightenment programme to sensitize the community about their responsibility to the police. They may use acceptable medium such as town criers or talk shows during community meetings. The police Officer should be invited to address the community on the need to improve the level of understanding between the community and the Police.

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At Ipokia LGA, whatever cooperation currently existing between the police and the community in the Local Government Area cannot be attributed to the existence of the Forum. The Forum completely failed in forging this partnership despite the need for it. At Ibadan, we noted that the level of perception influenced the level of cooperation between the police and the community. This means negative perception would have reduced the cooperation between the police and the community. In this respect, the police in Ibadan North East do not for instance, accept and allow politically motivated vigilante groups to operate because they believe that politicians used them to inflict violence on innocent members of the community and cause instability. The police however accepted and supported the existence of registered informal police organizations such as the Neighborhood Watch groups. The police also relay on the Forum for crime information. The collaboration between the police and the community is seen in the way the police relay on the Forum for the resolution of community problems (land disputes). It therefore important to state that in Ibadan, there is remarkable understanding between the Forum and the Police in the implementation of the project. Both realise the value and potentials of each in policing the community in order to ensure a secure and crime free society. The Forum limited assistance for police work and the police is also quick in intervening in security matters that affect the community. They also shared relevant security information so as to prevent and detect crime in the community.

Chapter Five Competency and Motivational Level of the Project Staff

Introduction The evaluation study was also expected to assess the competency and motivational level of the staff that implemented the project and their contributions in the outcome of the project. We therefore sought the views of the respondents and the staff on the issues. The views that emerged were missed. While majority of the respondents gave the project staff high marks, others rated them poor (table 15). The highest rating for the staff came from Ibadan Northeast LGA were 70% of the respondents said they did their best, while only 20% thought so in Ipokia LGA.
Table 15 - Competencies and Motivational Level of the Project Staff

Did staff of the project give their best to it? Yes No

Total Abak % 60 40 Ipokia % 20 80 Ibadan % 70 30 No 30 30 % 50 50

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We observed that, the vision and mission of the project is well understood by the staff on the project particularly the Coordinator in Abak LGA. The Coordinator showed deep commitment to the Project as he was engaged in the mobilization and general coordination of the Forum. This is what a respondent said about the staff of the Forum:
I feel that anybody working as a staff of the Forum should be honest, and polite and patient. It should be someone who is prepared at anytime to listen to people and solve their problem. The present Coordinator has these attributes. He sometimes drops what-ever he is handling just to intervene in a matter on behalf of a member of the community. Because of the rapport with the police and the mutual respect for one another, the police usually understand when he intervenes or plead on behalf of his member.

They are happy doing the job because they are in constant contact with the community. The Coordinator of the Project has this to say in this regard: I am very happy doing the job though it is dangerous. I am not ashamed to die if Ive not won up to thirty percent victory for the human race. Although we are not paid salary, we work well and ensure that the staffs are properly motivated. Another respondent made suggestion on how the productivity of the staff can be improved thus:
I think the staff should be enlightened through workshop and seminars to broaden their knowledge. Because the first thing is that if the people working there do not have a wider knowledge, they can not implement the project well. They cannot discuss and convince the people. The next problem is adequate funds to facilitate official work. Another problem is that of mobility. The coordinator spends on a daily basis, money on motorcycle transportation. Sometimes he hires motor cycles to enable him fulfil errands.

In Ipokia LGA, the staff, particularly the Coordinator, does not understand the mission of the project and also showed no deep commitment to the Project, as he did not mobilize and generally coordinate the Forum. Little attempt was made to forge the synergy between the police and the community this was at the inception of the Project. In addition, weak leadership led to low-level patronage of the Forum by both the police and the community and this accounted for the low morale of staff in the LGA. A respondent has this to say about the staff of the Project in Ipokia LGA:
I expect that training of staff should precede the establishment of the project. The type of staff that we have there can only be sent on errands. Though the staff has practical knowledge of the computer, that is not enough for the Forums office to achieve its goals. He cannot interview people; he cannot give any orientation to people. As regards the interest of the Forum, he cannot move about as a public relations officer of that centre. He cannot organize a workshop or seminar .He cannot write, meet the press whether print or electronic. He is not qualified practically and academically. So if a staff had been recruited and trained, it would have been smooth operation towards attaining the goal if CLEEN.

In Ibadan North East LGA, the staff of the Forum understood the vision and mission of the project. Both showed deep commitment to the Project as they were engaged in the mobilization and general coordination of the Forum. They are happy doing the job because they are in constant contact with the community. The Organizing Secretary of the Forum says this about his work:
I am very much happy. If I have to consider the money I am paid (five thousand naira) as stipend, which sometimes I redeploy to the work, I will not go on. We call it (work in the Forum) service to humanity. I tell other staff that we should not be tired because by the time we get the community as a whole into the PCP, then things will change for better and we will be a happy people.

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We also pose the question during interviews: What can be done to enhance the quality of staff of the forum? The responses range from: i. Send the staff to attend relevant training on security and human rights ii. Increased remuneration of staff iii. Increased funding of the programme iv. Making available a project vehicle or motorcycle for the staff.

Chapter six Conclusion and recommendations

Conclusion The Project was adequately implemented as proposed in the approved project document and reasonably achieved its objectives: The establishment of the Partnership Forums in the LGCs indeed set the stage for the building of policecommunity partnership as a democratic and consultative process studied LGAs, which should be built upon by all the stakeholders for it to materialise. One should, however, hasten to add that the full realisation of police-community partnership as a democratic and consultative process both in the LGAs and in Nigeria as a whole seriously depend on factors and variables that are external to the project. The experience has demonstrated remarkable community support and involvement in crime prevention and reduction programmes by making the community stake holders in the policing process in two of the three LGCs studied. It has to large extent also created community awareness about the role of the police in the society. In terms of attitudinal change, it can be said that the establishment of the CPPF Introduced a gradual change in the psyche of the people towards the police; assisted in gradual reduction in crime rate; enhanced increased security consciousness among the people and generally helped in conflict resolution. However, the high turnover of personnel in the police and the local government councils due to frequent transfers affected the smooth running of the project as each time a new police chief or local government administrator was Divisional posted to the LGAs, it stall the progress of the project until they were properly briefed and brought on board. Similarly, the implementation of the project in many local government areas in Nigeria at about the same time stretched the capacity of the CLEEN Foundation and created monitoring challenges to the organisation after the inauguration phase of the project. Furthermore, the impact of lack of provision of funds in the project for process monitoring, publicity and for maintenance of office equipment donated to the PCPFs was visible during the evaluation study. Recommendations

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Frequent turnover of Police and LGC Officers due to official transfers There should be a unit in the Police Force that is dedicated to community policing. Police Officers in such unit should be trained and retrained in community policing. Such training should include orientation training, basic academy training, police officer training, in-service training, specialized training in supervision, management, and technical fields, and distribution of current literature on community policing. The rules governing the constitution of the Forum should be reviewed to provide for two or more police officers, at any given time, to be attached or detailed to the Forum. This is to ensure awareness and continuity of the project in the event that one of them is transferred. There is need to organise more in-house workshops and training of police officers, to ensure that the police are properly educated on the value of partnering with the community. Leadership of the Forum There is need to maintain the practice of employing educated, committed, young males or females as Chairman, Coordinator and Organizing Secretary. However, the person(s) should be resident in the community The person(s) should have a long tract record of commitment, honesty and transparency. A recommendation on such a persons personality should come from the community. The rules governing the constitution of the Forum should be reviewed to provide for a position of an Assistant Coordinator of the Forum. This is to ensure continuity and sustainability. In addition, there is need to have a position of Field Assistants who shall be volunteers from the community, to ease the job of the Coordinator. Written monthly reports should be prepared by the leadership of the Forum on the issues they have handled in collaboration with the police. This is to ensure that the police and the community are in constant contact as this improves their interface. Process monitoring should be budgeted for and taken seriously by CLEEN Foundation in the demonstration phase of the project as some of the problems highlighted above in some LGAs could have been nipped in the bud had their been adequate monitoring of the project. Personal visits by the Programme Officer(s) and constant communication with the leadership of the Forum should be encouraged.

Project/Office Location The office of the Forum should be sited in a location that is accessible to the beneficiaries. This will promote community identification with the project. The Project should be located in an urban or in communities that have witnessed high rate of crime and other communal problems. This will make its relevance felt. In acquiring an office space, consideration should be given to the function, which such an office space is to perform. Three or more rooms should be acquired, which will serve as a waiting/meeting room, the office hosting the clerical staff and the equipments and another for the Coordinator.

Insufficient funds to run the office LGC authorities should periodically assist the Forum financially. Spirited individuals in the communities should assist the Forum in both financial and material terms

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Members should make periodic contributions to the coffers of the Forum. The local staff should also be trained on fundraising skills

Competency and Motivational Level of the Project Staff The allowances of the staff of the Forum should be reviewed upwards to take care of the tedious work they are engaged in. This will encourage them on the job and avoid a high turnover. There is need to provide transportation means (bicycles, motor-cycles or a vehicle) to ease movement of the Coordinator and the Organizing Secretary.

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References
Bayart, J., Ellis, S., Hibou, B. From Kleptocracy to the Felonious State? Bayart, J., Ellis, S., Hibou, B. The Criminalization of the State in Africa, James Currey Oxford and Indiana University Press, 1999 Forrest, Joshua, B. State Inversion and Non-State Politics, Villalon, L. A. and Huxtable, P. A. (eds) The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration, USA and London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998 Kumar, Pramod (2003) Institutionalising CPRCs an Experiment in Community Policing Punjab (India), India: Institute for Development and Communication. Lovig, Justine H. and Skogan, Wesley G. (1995) Community Organization Study, The Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium, Institute For Policy Research, Northwestern University Mohan, Pullela Murali (N.D) Community Policing Initiatives In Madhya Pradesh: A Performance Study (Issue Based), Svp National Police Academy Hyderabad Oakley, Robin (2001) Building Police-Community Partnerships: UK and European Experience, Paper presented at a conference on the theme, Policing

Partnerships in a Multicultural Australia: Achievements and Challenges organized by the Australian Institute of Criminology 25-26 October
Skogan, Wesley G. (1996) Evaluating Problem Solving Policing: The Chicago Experience, This Paper Was Presented At A Workshop And International Conference On Problem Solving Policing As Crime Prevention. Stockholm, September Skogan, Wesley G., et.al (2002) Taking Stock: Community Policing in Chicago, Institute for Policy Research Northwestern University, July Trojanowicz, Robert and Bucqueroux, Bonnie (1994) Community Policing: How To Get Started, Cincinnati, Anderson Publishing Co. Wildschut, Adle (2004) Final Report: An Evaluation of Legal Defence and Assistance Project (LEDAP) 1999 2003 For The Swedish NGO Foundation for Human Rights

Appendices

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I TERMS OF REFERENCE Evaluation of Community Policing Forum Project Implemented by the CLEEN Foundation June 15 July 15, 2004
Background Between March 2001 and December 2003, The CLEEN Foundation implemented a pilot project on community policing in Nigeria, titled Community Policing Forum project. The project was carried out in fourteen local government areas drawn from the six geographical zones in Nigeria. The Local councils were: 1. Alkaleri LGA of Bauchi State 2. Akpabuyo LGA of Cross River State 3. Ipokia LGA of Ogun State 4. Ibadan Northeast LGA of Oyo State 5. Abak LGA of Akwa Ibom State 6. Riyom LGA of Plateau State 7. Sabongari LGA of Kaduna State 8. Numann LGA of Adamawa State 9. Adavi LGA of Kogi State 10. Tarauni LGA of Kano State 11. Ahiazu Mbaise LGA, Imo State 12. Umuahia South LGA, Abia State 13. Udenu LGA, Enugu State 14. Onitsha North LGA, Anambra State The objectives of the project where to: 1. Facilitate the building of police-community partnership as a democratic and consultative process, through the establishment of community-policing forums; 2 Encourage community support and involvement in crime prevention programmes by making communities stake holders in the policing process 3 Create community awareness about the role of the police in the society. Throughout the implementation period of the project it received rave reviews in the media. An internal evaluation carried out by the CLEEN Foundation, involving project partners also rated it as a successful project. Find attached the report of the evaluation. However, the project has not been independently evaluated to gauge its impact as well as lessons learned in its implementation, which would guide the CLEEN Foundation in the design and implementation of the demonstration phase of the project in Lagos State. Therefore, the need for an evaluation of the project in selected local councils, namely: 1 Ipokia Local Government, Ogun State

37

2 Abak Local Government, Akwa Ibom State 3 Ibadan North Local Government, Oyo State Objectives of Evaluation The objectives of the evaluation are to: 1. Provide to the management of CLEEN Foundation a comprehensive assessment of the implementation and impact of the project in the three LGAs. 2. Assess the competency and motivational level of the staff that implemented the project and their contributions in the outcome of the project. 3. Provide the perceptions and expectations of the target constituency from the organisation and whether they were met; 4. Identify shortcomings of the project 5. Recommend steps that should be taken to address identified short comings in order to avoid them in the demonstration phase of the project in Lagos. Methodology The evaluation shall employ a variety of research methodologies including interviews with staff, clients and targeted beneficiaries and knowledgeable outsiders; administration of questionnaires and personal observations of research team. DELIVERABLE MATERIALS The following deliverable materials are expected from the research: A comprehensive listing of proposed core questions for the in-depth interviews by June 20. Weekly written updates (1 page only) of the status of the research. A detailed table of contents of the final report by April July 10, 2004. A good draft report by July 15, 2004

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Appendix II Questionnaire for Police Officers The Centre for Law Enforcement Education (CLEEN) Foundation Lagos is conducting an evaluation study of the Community Policing Project in Nigeria. The project is to facilitate the building of policecommunity partnership as a democratic and consultative process; through the establishment of community-policing forums. The aim of the evaluation is to provide the management of the Foundation a comprehensive assessment of the implementation and impact of the project. And to recommend steps that should be taken to address identified shortcomings in subsequent projects. We will therefore appreciate your cooperation in responding to the following questions. Your answers will be treated as confidential. Therefore you are not required to write your name and personal address. Thank you. Instructions: Please tick the answer that best represents your opinion on the question asked. 1. State 01 Akwa Ibom 02 Ogun 03 Oyo 2. Local Government Area 01 Abak Local Government 02 Ipokia Local Government Areas 01 Ibadan North Local Government Area 3. Sex 01 Male 02 Female 4. Age 01 02 03 04 05 5. Religion 01 02 03 04 5 - 24 5 34 35 44 45 54 55 and above Christianity Islam Traditional Other (specify)

6. Marital Status 01 Single 02 Married 03 Divorced 04 Separated 05 Widowed

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Assessment of the Community Police Forum 7. Do the Police participate in the community police project? 01 Yes 02 No 8. If yes, in what are the forms of this participation? (tick as many as it applies) 01 information gathering only 02 detection, investigation, apprehension and prosecution of Offenders 03 taking over of suspects arrested by community policing associations 04 training of community policing associations 05 join night patrols with members of the community 06 crime prevention (stop and search at road blocks or check points 07 crowd or riot control 08 Others (specify)____________________________________________ 9. From the above, what activities does the Forum mostly engaged in?------------------10. How many times are meetings of the Forum held? 01 weekly 02 twice a month 03 monthly 04 any time 05 none 11. Do your members attend such meetings? 01 yes 02 no 12. In your opinion, would you say members of the community effectively contribute to discussions during such meeting? 01 Yes 02 No 13. If yes, what kind of issues do they talk about? 01 ______________________________________________________ 02 ______________________________________________________ 03 ______________________________________________________ 04 ______________________________________________________ 05 ______________________________________________________ If they do not contribute to discussions, explain why 01 ______________________________________________________ 02 ______________________________________________________ 03 ______________________________________________________ 04 ______________________________________________________ 05 ______________________________________________________

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14. Do the Police consult the community when important decisions affecting them are to be taken? 01 Yes 02 No 15. Do members of the community consult the officials of the Forum when they have problems? 01 Yes 02 No 16. If yes, describe any case(s) that the Forum has handled since it was formed 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 _________________________________________________________ 17. What qualities do you think people who work in the Forum have? 01 02 03 04 05 _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

18.In your opinion, do you think staff working with the Forum posses these qualities? 01 02 01 02 03 04 05 yes no _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

19. What must be done to enhance the quality of the staff working with the Forum?

20. In your opinion, what successes has the Forum recorded in achieving its objectives since inception? 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 _________________________________________________________

21. What is responsible for this sucess? 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 _________________________________________________________

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22. What problems have the Forum faced in its activities since inception? 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 _________________________________________________________ 23. What efforts have been made by members of the Forum to eliminate these problems 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 _________________________________________________________ Assessment Of Impact Of The Project (Police Perception And Participation) 24. In your opinion, do you think the community has fully accepted your role in crime prevention and control in their neighbourhood? 01 Yes 02 No If yes, why?.. If no, explain why?.. 25. Are you satisfied with the outcome of the role the vigilantes play now in your community? 01 02 Yes No

If yes, why?..
If no, why?

26. Would the Police in future cooperate with informal policing groups in your day-to-day efforts in crime prevention and control?

01 02

Yes No

If yes, explain why If no, explain why..

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27. How would you describe the relationship between the police and informal policing groups in your area? 01 02 Cordial Not cordial

If cordial, why? 01 ___________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 ________________________________________________________ 05 _______________________________________________________ If not cordial why? 01 02 03 04 05 _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

28. Does the police recognise and accept the need for the community to assist it in the performance of its duties? 01 02 Yes No

29. What area(s) do you think the community can make their contributions? 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 ________________________________________________________ 30. In your opinion, is the partnership between the police and the community in the local security and safety sector is suceeding in your community? 01 Yes 02 No 31. If yes, explain what areas would you say success has been recorded. 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 ________________________________________________________

32. In your opinion, should the partnership continue?

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01 02

Yes No

33. If yes, what areas should be improved upon? 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 ________________________________________________________ 34. What are your future expectations of the project? 01 02 03 04 05 _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

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Appendix III

Interview Schedule - Discussion With Staff On The Project The Centre for Law Enforcement Education (CLEEN) Foundation Lagos is conducting an evaluation study of the Community Policing Project in Nigeria. The project is to facilitate the building of policecommunity partnership as a democratic and consultative process; through the establishment of community-policing forums. The aim of the evaluation is to provide the management of the Foundation a comprehensive assessment of the implementation and impact of the project. And to recommend steps that should be taken to address identified shortcomings in subsequent projects. We will therefore appreciate your cooperation in responding to the following questions. Your answers will be treated as confidential. However, you are at liberty to identify yourself by name. 1. (a) Do members of your community participate in the community police project? (b) If yes, in what are the forms of this participation? 2. (a) How many times are meetings of the Forum held in a month? (b) Do members of the community attend such meetings? (c) In your opinion, would you say members of the community air their views on issues discussed? 3. (a) Do members of the Police Force consult the community when important decisions affecting the community are to be taken? (b) Do members of the community consult the officials of the Forum when they have problems? (c) If yes, describe any case(s) that the Forum has handled since it formed.. was

4. (a) In your opinion, what successes has the Forum made in achieving its objectives since inception? (b)What is responsible for this sucess? 5. (a) What problems have the Forum faced in its operations since inception? 6. Are you happy with the contributions you are making towards your community by participating in the project? 7. What problems do you as staff on the project encounter in the performance of your duty? 8. What in opinion should be available or done to make your job easier? 9. What are your future expectations of the project?

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Appendix IV Focus Group Discussion With Target Beneficiaries (CBO, Business Community, Youths, Women) The Centre for Law Enforcement Education (CLEEN) Foundation Lagos is conducting an evaluation study of the Community Policing Project in Nigeria. The project is to facilitate the building of policecommunity partnership as a democratic and consultative process; through the establishment of community-policing forums. The aim of the evaluation is to provide the management of the Foundation a comprehensive assessment of the implementation and impact of the project. And to recommend steps that should be taken to address identified shortcomings in subsequent projects. We will therefore appreciate your cooperation in responding to the following questions. Your answers will be treated as confidential. However, you are at liberty to identify yourself by name. _____________________________________________________________________ 1. (a) Do members of your community participate in the community police project? (b) If yes, in what are the forms of this participation? 2. (a) How many times are meetings of the Forum held in a month? (b) Do members of the community attend such meetings? (c) In your opinion, would you say members of the community air their views on issues discussed? 3. (a) Do members of the Police Force consult the community when important decisions affecting the community are to be taken? (b) Do members of the community consult the officials of the Forum when they have problems? (c) If yes, describe any case(s) that the Forum has handled since it formed.. was

4. (a) In your opinion, what successes has the Forum made in achieving its objectives since inception? (b)What is responsible for this sucess? 5. (a) What problems have the Forum faced in its activities since inception?

Assessment Of The Impact Of The Project (Community Perception And Participation) 6. (a) Since the formation of the Forum how would rate the crime reduction in your neighbourhood? (b) Since the formation of the Forum how would rate crime control in your neighbourhood? 7. Do members of the community take their complaints to the police Station? (b) If yes, why? (b) If no, why? 8. (a) In your opinion, do members of your community provide assistance to members of the Police Force? (b) In what areas does the community provide this assistance? 9. In your opinion, have the attitude of the police towards their work in your neigbourhood has positively change?

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(If yes, explain why................. If no, explain why................ 10. Do the police personnel at work in the local community feel that their is a difference in their daytoday activities in terms of cooperation of the people? If no, explain why? 11. Do you feel safer in your neighbourhood than before? If yes, explain why. If no, expalin why. 12.(a) What kind of crimes are no more prevalent in your comunity? (b) What kind of crimes are still prevalent in your comunity? 13. What are your future expectations of the project?

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Appendix V

Questionnaires to be completed by Target Community

The Centre for Law Enforcement Education (CLEEN) Foundation Lagos is conducting an evaluation study of the Community Policing Project in Nigeria. The project is to facilitate the building of policecommunity partnership as a democratic and consultative process; through the establishment of community-policing forums. The aim of the evaluation is to provide the management of the Foundation a comprehensive assessment of the implementation and impact of the project. And to recommend steps that should be taken to address identified shortcomings in subsequent projects. We will therefore appreciate your cooperation in responding to the following questions. Your answers will be treated as confidential. Therefore you are not required to write your name and personal address. Thank you. Instructions: Please tick the answer that best represents your opinion on the question asked. 1. State 01 02 03 2. Sex 02 03 3. Age 01 02 03 04 05 4. Religion 01 02 03 04 15 - 24 25 34 35 44 45 54 55 and above Christianity Islam Traditional Other (specify) Male Female Akwa Ibom Ogun Oyo

5. Marital Status 01 Single 02 Married 03 Divorced 04 Separated 05 Widowed

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6. Occupation 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 7. Education 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Unemployed Farmer Self-employed (petty trader, artisan) Government employee Private sector employee Businessman/woman Politician Retired/pensioner Other (specify) Literate in local language or religious citation Primary Secondary Diploma/NCE Postgraduate Diploma University Degree Postgraduate Degree

Assessment of the administration of the Police-Community partnership through communitypolicing forums 8. Do members of your community participate in the community police project? 01 Yes 02 No 9. If yes, in what are the forms of this participation? 01 02 03 04 05 06 _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

10. How many times are meetings of the Forum held? 01 weekly 02 twice a month 03 monthly 04 any time 05 none 11. Do members of the community attend such meetings? 01 yes 02 no 12. In your opinion, would you say members of the community are allowed to air their views on issues discussed?

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01 02 03 04

all the time sometime rarely not at all

13. Do members of the Police Force consult the community when important decisions affecting the community are to be taken? 01 all the time 02 sometime 03 rarely 04 not at all 14. Do members of the community consult the officials of the Forum when they have problems? 01 all the time 02 sometime 03 rarely 04 not at all 15. If all the time, describe any case(s) that the Forum has handled since it was formed 01. _________________________________________________________ 02. _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 _________________________________________________________ Assessment Of The Competence Of Staff 16.In your opinion, do you think the staff on the project are giving their best time to the project? 01 02 yes no

If no, why dont they give their time for the success of the Project? 17. What do you think will be required for these staff to improve on their work? 01 02 03 04 05 _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

18. In your opinion, what successes has the Forum made in achieving its objectives since inception? 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 _________________________________________________________ 19. What is responsible for this sucess? 01 _________________________________________________________ 50

02 03 04 05 .

_________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

20. What problems have the Forum faced in its activities since inception? 01 _________________________________________________________ 02 _________________________________________________________ 03 _________________________________________________________ 04 _________________________________________________________ 05 _________________________________________________________ Assessment Of The Impact Of The Project (Community Perception And Participation) 21. Since the formation of the Forum how would rate crime reduction in your neighbourhood? 01 excellent 02 good 03 fair 04 poor 21. If excellent or good, what kind of crimes have reduced in your comunity? (tick as many as applicable) 01 Armed robbery 02 Stealing or theft 03 House and store burglary 04 Car theft 05 Rape 06 Murder 07 Ethnic conflicts 08 Religious conflicts 09 Others (specify)____________________________________________ 22. Since the formation of the Forum how would you describe the effectiveness of crime control in your neighbourhood? 01 excellent 02 good 03 fair 04 poor 23. What kind of crimes are have been controlled in your comunity? 01 Armed robbery 02 Stealing or theft 03 House and store burglary 04 Car theft 05 Rape 06 Murder 07 Ethnic conflicts 08 Religious conflicts 09 Others (specify)____________________________________________

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24. Do members of the community take their complaints to the Police Station? 01 Yes 02 No 25. Please rate the performance of the police since inception of the forum Attitudes of the Excellent Good fair Police 01 reduction in exaggeration of evidence in court 02 reduction in the use of unnecessary violence 03 improvement in management of public demonstration and processions 04 reduction of brutality to members of the public 05 improvement in attending to complaints 06 improvement in the handling of firearms 07 improvement in discipline 08 reduction in the collection of bribery from commercial vehicle drivers, suspects and the public 09 reduction in the use of physical violence during investigation 10 absence of collaboration with criminals 11 reduction in the conversion of property seized from suspect to personal use 12 reduction in negligence of duty 52 poor

13 reduction in the extortion of money before granting bail to suspects 26. In your opinion, do members of your community provide assistance to members of the Police Force? 01 Yes 02 No 27. In what areas does the community provide this assistance? (tick as many as it applies) 01 information gathering only 02 detection, investigation, apprehension and prosecution of offenders 03 arrests and hand over of suspects to police 04 night patrols in the community 05 crime prevention (stop and search at road blocks or check points 06 crowd or riot control 07 Others (specify)____________________________________________ 28. In your opinion, have the attitude of the police towards their work in your neigbourhood has positively change? 01 Yes 02 No If yes, explain why................. If no, explain why................ 29. Do the police personnel at work in the local community feel that their is a difference in their daytoday activities in terms of cooperation of the people? 01 Yes 02 No If no, explain why. 30. Do you feel safer in your neighbourhood than before? 01 Yes 02 No If yes, explain why. If no, expalin why. 31.What are your future expectations of the project? __________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

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