The Circulatory System

Circulatory system= Heart + Vessels+ blood. Blood Composition Average adult has about 5 liters. Blood is made up of Two major components 1. Plasma or the liquid part (water + dissolved solutes). - (Goes at the top). 2. Cellular part, formed from the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. - (Goes to the bottom). Diagram of blood cells

Red Blood Cells (RBC (s) They are also called ERYTHROCYTES. Biconcave discs. Do not have a nucleus and cannot reproduce. RBC (s) has hemoglobin; they transport oxygen. Hemoglobin (Hb) The hemoglobin (Hb) molecule consists of four proteins. There is one atom of iron at the center Oxygen has a great affinity to hemoglobin. 4 oxygen bind to each hemoglobin to form the oxyhemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin goes from the lungs to the cells and releases the oxygen to the cells.

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 RBCs are also involved in the transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the cells to the lungs. 95% of the carbon dioxide produced in the cells are removed by RBC (s) The body must produce about 2.5 million new RBCs every second. RBCs are produced in the bone marrow of certain bones. Worn out RBCs are destroyed in the liver White Blood Cells

WBCs are also called Leukocytes. They have nuclei and do not contain Hb. Two major types of leukocytes: The granulocytes and the agranulocytes

W B C ( s ) L e u k o c y t e s

G r a n l o c y t e s A g r a n u l o c y t e s Agranulocytes include two utypes of leukocytes: H a v e n u t l 1. Lymphocytes m e r o u s g r a n u l eH s a iv n e t fh e e w i r o c r y n o o p g a r sa mn u l e s

2. Monocytes Granulocytes include three types of leukocytes. 1. Neutrophils. 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils.

White Blood Cell Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Function Phagocytosis; important in inflammation. Phagocytosis; important in allergic reactions. Synthesize and store histamine (a substance released during inflammation). Increases blood flow to the area of infection. Composition of blood plasma Phagocytosis. Component Immune response. Produce antibodies. Water Percent ~92

Monocytes Lymphocytes

Platelets Proteins 68 Platelets are also known Thrombocytes. Salts 0.8 Play an important role in blood clotting Lipids 0.6 They prevent blood loss. Plasma Plasma is the straw-colored Glucose (blood sugar) 0.1 liquid in which the blood cells are suspended. Plasma transports materials needed by cells and materials that must be removed from cells. For example: hormones, urea, and other wastes. Two important proteins found in plasma: 1. Albumins: Important in maintaining osmotic pressure. 2. Fibrinogen: Important in blood clotting.

:e Human Heart
The heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity. Its function is to receive and pump blood. The human heart is made up of 4 chambers Two upper chambers called the atria; Left atrium and right atrium. Atria receive blood. Two lower chambers called the ventricles; Left ventricle and right ventricle. Ventricles pump blood. Two types of blood are moving in the body at the same time: Oxygenated blood: is the blood rich in oxygen and poor in carbon dioxide.

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 Deoxygenated blood: is the blood poor in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide. Deoxygenated blood needs to be oxygenated in the lungs. Blood Circulation: Blood circulation is divided into two smaller circulations: 1. Pulmonary circulation 2. Systemic circulation. Pulmonary Circulation Step 1: Deoxygenated blood leaves the right side of the heart and goes to the lungs. Step 2: In the lungs Blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. Step 3: Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart. Pulmonary Circuit: Heart ---- Lungs---Heart Pulmonary circuit oxygenates the blood. The systemic circulation Oxygenated blood leaves the left side of the heart and goes to the cells. Cells pick up oxygen from blood and gives carbon dioxide to blood. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart. The deoxygenated blood is pumped again to the lungs. Left side of heart ----- Cells---- Right side of the heart Blood Vessels Three major types of blood vessels: 1. Arteries 2. Veins. 3. Capillaries

The full circulation diagram

Full circulation Detailed view Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium by the superior vena cava(returning blood from the parts of the body above the heart) and inferior vena cava(returning blood from the parts of the body below the heart) Vena cava are the two largest veins that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium Veins-Function The function of veins is to return blood to the heart. The superior and inferior vena cava return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Valves Valves regulate blood flow through the heart. Valves prevent the backflow of blood; They allow blood to move in only one direction. Four valves are present: 5

1. Tricuspid valve: found between the RA and RV. Lets deoxygenated blood move from RA to RV. 2. Bicuspid or mitral valve: found between the LA and LV. Lets oxygenated blood move from LA to LV. 3. Pulmonary valve: found at the base of the pulmonary artery prevents the backflow of the deoxygenated blood going from the right ventricle to the lungs. 4. Aortic valve: found at the base of the aorta. It opens to let oxygenated blood move from the left ventricle to the aorta (the main artery of the body). The septum The septum is a partition that separates the left and right sides of the heart to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The interatrial septum separates the two atria. The interventricular septum separates the two ventricles. The right atrium(RA) contracts The tricuspid valve opens. Deoxygenated blood moves to the right ventricle. Right ventricle fills in with deoxygenated blood. Right ventricle contracts. Tricuspid valve closes and the pulmonary valve opens to let deoxygenated blood moves into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Arteries-Function Arteries take away blood from the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the Lungs In lungs, deoxygenated blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen (deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated) and is ready to return from the lungs to the left atrium. The pulmonary veins return the OXYGENATED blood to the Left Atrium (LA). When the LA fills in with oxygenated blood, it contracts. The contraction pushes oxygenated blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle (LV) When the LV fills in with oxygenated blood, it contracts. The contraction closes the mitral valve to prevent a backflow of blood to the LA. 6

 The aortic valve opens to let oxygenated blood flows to the aorta. Aorta is the largest artery in the body and it delivers oxygenated blood to all the cells of the body. Aorta branches into smaller vessels called arteries. Each artery branches into smaller vessels called arterioles. Each arteriole further branches into even smaller vessels called capillaries to cover all the cells of the organ. Oxygenated blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste to become deoxygenated blood. The deoxygenated blood is collected by the venules. Venules enlarge to form veins. Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava (the largest two veins in the body) return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. Left and right ventricles The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle (Has more cardiac muscles) because the left ventricle should contract more strongly to push blood for a longer distance. Arteries and veins (comparison) Artery Vein

Always carry blood Always return blood away from the heart. to the heart. Thicker than a vein to Thinner than an stand more pressure. artery. Does not have a valve. VEIN Has a valve.

ARTERY

Coronary circulation The heart muscles need oxygen to survive. Oxygen is supplied to the heart by the coronary circulation.

 The aorta branches into smaller arteries called the coronary arteries to supply oxygen to heart muscles. The cardiac Cycle The cardiac cycle has two components: o A contraction phase called systole during which blood is ejected from the heart. o A relaxation phase called diastole during which the chambers of the heart are filled with blood. o Cardiac cycle = Systole + Diastole

Movement of valves during Cardiac cycle During diastole: The tricuspid and mitral valves open to let the left and right ventricles filled with blood (blood is moving from atria to ventricles). The aortic and pulmonary valves close to prevent backflow of blood to the ventricles. During systole: The pulmonary and aortic valves are opened to let blood move out of the heart (Blood is pumped). The tricuspid and mitral valves close to prevent backflow of blood to the left and right atria. Blood Pressure Blood pressure (BP) is the force that blood exerts on the arterial walls. o Systolic pressure: is the maximum pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the normal value is 120 mm Hg o Diastolic pressure: is the remaining pressure on the walls of the vessels when the heart relaxes, the normal value is 80 mm Hg. Variation of BP with distance As the distance from the heart increases, BP decreases.

Conduction system of the heart The heart generates its own electrical activity (heat beat). 8

 The conduction system is responsible for initiating the heartbeat and maintaining the perfect rhythm of the heart. The conduction system is made up of two nodes and a bundle Sinoatrial node (SA node): Specialized type of muscle tissues found in the right atrium. Initiates (starts) the heartbeat. It is known as the pacemaker. The current generates by the SA node causes the walls of the atria to contract pushing blood to the two ventricles. The Atrioventricular node (AV node): Found in the interatrial septum. The AV node delays the spreading of the electric current to the ventricles to give time to the ventricles to fill in with blood. The AV node sends the excitation wave to a bundle of muscle fibers called bundle of His. Bundle of His divides into right and left branches to go to both the right and left ventricles. The electricity causes the ventricles to contract and push blood out from the heart to the lungs and the rest of the body. Electrocardiogram (ECG) The electrical activity of the heart can be recorded. The record is called electrocardiogram (ECG) Components of a normal ECG The normal ECG shows five waves or deflections that represents the electrical changes in the heart: P wave: represents atrial depolarization. QRS wave: represents ventricular depolarization. T wave: represents ventricular repolarization. Depolarization = contraction Repolarization = relaxation The wave showing the relaxation of the atria is not shown because it is masked by the QRS wave. The Lymphatic system 9

 Lymphatic system = Lymph (fluid) + Lymph vessels + Lymph organs and nodes. Lymph is a clear, watery fluid that surrounds body cells and moves in lymph vessels throughout the whole body. Lymph and blood are two different fluids, but there is a close relationship between the two. How is lymph formed? Lymph originates from blood. At the capillary level, some of the blood fluid escapes from these tiny vessels and surrounds the cells. This fluid that surrounds the cells is called the interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid contains very useful substances that need to return to the blood stream. The lymph capillaries collect the interstitial fluid. When the interstitial fluid enters the lymph capillaries on its way back to the blood stream, this fluid is called the lymph. On its way back to the blood stream, lymph passes in the lymph vessels, goes through the lymph nodes and then joins the blood stream in the neck area. Differences between blood and lymph Blood Contains: RBC, WBC and Platelets Plasma of blood has more proteins. Blood is red Lymph Contains only WBC The liquid part of lymph has less protein than plasma. Lymph is clear (colorless)

Location and function of the lymph nodes and lymph organs

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 Lymph nodes occur in groups, mainly in the cervical (4), axillary (5), pelvic, abdominal and thoracic cavities. Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes and pour them in the lymph (lymphocytes play an important role in immunity). Lymph nodes contain macrophages to remove foreign materials (act as filters). The spleen and the thymus are lymphatic organs, Involved in defense. Structure of a lymph node

Functions of the lymphatic system 1. Returns important substances to the blood. 2. Lymphatic system is involved in defending the body (make the immune system); Lymphocytes and monocytes originating in the lymph nodes and lymphatic organs such as the spleen and the thymus protect the body by phagocytosis and antibodies production.

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