E-FARMING

Introduction:
The conventional sources of energies are limited & are nonrenewable source. Looking at todays use of energy, these sources are not going to last for more than 30 years from now. What will the world do, after these sources are exhausted? The ultimate source of energy then will be non-conventional sources of energy. These sources are renewable type. As much as you use, it will always remain. Sun will never stop rising/ shinning. In the twenty-first century, consumption of energy has increased on account of technological progress and population explosion. Hence scientist began to express the fear that deposits of conventional fuels would be depleted in the near future The possibility of the exhaustion of the sources of fuels is known as the energy crises. The average solar energy radiated on earth is 1.36 kwh (kilowatt hour) per square meter. This energy is equal to the energy that can be obtained from 12 lakh crore tons of coal & is 20 times the amount of energy that can be obtained from the total coal deposits available on the earth. So our project is solar powered agricultural field which will harness the solar energy and will be use for agriculture purpose in a unique and innovative way.

Block Diagram:
The block diagram of the project is been divided into three sections: Water level controller, water pumping system & solar tracking and trapping system. RF transmitter to control tractor. RF receiver on tractor and solar trapping system. SECURITY purpose

Water Level controller, water pumping system & solar tracking and trapping system

The above diagram shows the block diagram of Water level controller, water pumping system & solar tracking and trapping system. Here the suns heat energy is converted into electricity through a solar panel. The electric power generated by solar is then given to lead acid battery through a lead acid charger. Thus the charge required by the motor and the other circuits are been supplied by the solar panel itself. Solar energy tracking system in our project will try to convert maximum solar energy into electrical by proper alignment of solar panel depending upon the sun position. Thus the tracking system will keep the solar panel perpendicularly aligned w.r.t sun so as to trap maximum sun energy. The sun positions is been determined by the photo sensors whose output is given to microcontroller. The microcontroller depending upon the sensor information will align the solar panel through a DC motor. Water tank will store the water which will be required for irrigation purpose. We need a controller which will automatically source the water if water level is down and will cut of the water supply is water is reached 100% level mark. The water will be sourced by a pump which will be running on solar generated electricity. The water level will be sensed by different electrodes placed in the water tank. These electrodes signal is given to microcontroller so as to sense the water level and then microcontroller will automatically control the level of the water. The water stored in tank can be then used for irrigation purpose. We can then use the water from tank through an electric valve which will be controlled by microcontroller. Farmer will just press the button to start use of water for irrigation purpose.

Introduction to Microcontrollers
Definition
An embedded microcontroller is a chip which has a computer processor with all its support functions (clock & reset), memory (both program and data), and I/O (including bus interface) built into the device. These built in functions minimize the need for external circuits and devices to be designed in the final application.

Types of Microcontroller
Creating applications for microcontrollers is completely different than any other development job in computing and electronics. In most other applications one probably have a number of subsystem and interfaces already available for his/her use. This is not the case with a microcontroller where one is responsible for Power distribution System clocking Interface design and wiring System programming Application programming Device programming Before selecting a particular device for an application, it s important to understand what the different options and features are and what they can mean with regard to developing application.

Embedded Microcontroller
When all the hardware required to run the application is provided on the chip, it is refer to as an Embedded Microcontroller. All that is typically required to operate the device is power, reset, and a clock. Digital I/O pins are provided to allow interfacing with external devices.

 External Memory Microcontroller

Sometimes, the program memory is insufficient for an application or, during debug; a separate ROM (or even RAM) would make the work easier. Some microcontrollers including the 8051 allow the connection of external memory.

An external memory microcontroller seems to primarily differ from a microprocessor in the areas of built-in-peripheral features. These features could include memory device selection (avoiding the need for external address decoders or DRAM address multiplexers), timers, interrupt controllers, DMA, and I/O devices like serial ports.

Microcontroller Memory Types

There are number of different types of control store (Program Memory) that are available in different versions and different manufacturers 8051s. There is a fairly simple convention that is used to identify what type of control store a device has.

The following is the list of conventions used for 8X51-

X value 0 3 7 9

Control Store Type None Mask ROM EPROM EEPROM/FLASH

The 89C51 microcontroller

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Phillipss high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed 5

in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Phillips AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two Software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next Hardware reset.

Features of 89C51
Following is the features of 89C51 microcontroller as per the datasheet given by Phillips Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Pin Diagram of 89C51:

Basic Reset Ckt.

Power On Reset Value.

Architecture of 89C51
Block Diagram

Brief Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Phillipss high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Phillips AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Pin Description
VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.

Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1

output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

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Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source Current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below: Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7

RXD (serial input port) TXD (serial output port) INT0 (external interrupt 0) INT1 (external interrupt 1) T0 (timer 0 external input) T1 (timer 1 external input) WR (external data memory write strobe) RD (external data memory read strobe)

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

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RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

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Memory Organization Program Memory The TEMIC C51 Microcontroller Family has separate address spaces for program Memory and Data Memory. The program memory can be up to 64 K bytes long. The lower 4 K for the 80C51 (8 K for the 80C52, 16 K for the 83 C154 and 32 K for the 83C154D) may reside on chip.

Data Memory The C51 Microcontroller Family can

address up to 64 K bytes of Data Memory to the chip. The MOVX instruction is used to access the external data memory (refer to the C51 instruction set, in this chapter, for detailed description of instructions). The 80C51 has 128 bytes of on-chipRAM (256 bytes in the 80C52, 83C154 and 83C154D) plus a number of Special Function Registers (SFR). The lower 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed either by direct addressing (MOV data addr). or by indirect addressing (MOV @Ri).

Internal Data Memory Organization Internal data memory is shown in Figure. The memory space is divided into three blocks, which are generally referred to as the Lower 128, the Upper 128, and SFR space.

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Internal data memory addresses are always 1 byte wide, which implies an address space of only 256 bytes. However, the addressing modes for internal RAM can in fact accommodate 384 bytes. Direct addresses higher than 7FH access one memory space, and indirect addresses higher than 7FH access a different memory space. Thus, Figure 7 shows the Upper 128 and SFR space occupying the same block of addresses, 80H through FFH, although they are physically separate entities.

Scratch Pad RAM Organization Figure shows how the lower 128 bytes of RAM are mapped. The lowest 32 bytes are grouped into 4 banks of 8 registers. Program

instructions call out these registers as R0 through R7. Two bits in the Program Status Word (PSW) select which register bank is in use. This architecture allows more efficient use of code space, since register instructions instructions addressing. are that shorter use than direct

The 128 Byte Memory The next 16 bytes above the register banks form a block of bit-addressable memory space. The microcontroller instruction set includes a wide selection of single-bit instructions, and these instructions can directly address the 128 bits in this area. These bit addresses are 00H through 7FH. All of the bytes in the Lower 128 can be accessed by either direct or indirect addressing. The Upper 128 (Figure 9) can only be accessed by indirect addressing. The Upper 128 bytes of RAM are only in the devices with 256 bytes of RAM.

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The SFR Figure gives a brief look at the Special Function Register (SFR) space. SFRs include Port latches, timers, peripheral controls, etc. These registers can only be accessed by direct addressing. In general, all Phillips microcontrollers have the same SFRs at the same addresses in SFR space as the AT89C51 and other compatible microcontrollers. However, upgrades to the AT89C51 have additional SFRs. Sixteen addresses in SFR space are both byte- and bitaddressable. The bitaddressable SFRs are those whose address ends in 000B. The bit addresses in this area are 80H through FFH.

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RF transmitter to control tractor.

The transmitter used here is to control the tractor from a distant place. The data send from the switches is in parallel form and the transmitter module accepts the data in serial form. The Encoder will convert the parallel data to serial data and data will be given to transmitter.

ENCODER IC HT12E/ HT12D

We are using IC HT12E & IC HT12D which is called as 2^12 series encoder IC which are having inbuilt synchronization coding technique. These ICs require only external resistor which is recommended by manufacturing company to match the baud rate. If other value resistor is used then there will be no valid communication between them.

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HT12E is having 4 bit data lines & 8 bit address lines. There is one control signal TE (transmissions enable) as this is active low signal. By making this pin low IC gets enabled & total 12 bits get converted into serial form, to make system wireless. We are using ASK (amplitude shift keying) modules which are easily available in market. ASK signal is having carrier or no carrier as per input logic level signal high or low. These modules are having carrier frequency of 315 MHz or 433 MHz having coverage area of 80 meters in open ground antenna. When transmitted signal comes within the range of receiver then it gets decoded, if address lines get matched then we get 4 bit data as output which is in latched condition & VT signal will go high and it will remain high till the code is present to the input side. VT pin goes high then program is written to read VT pin whenever it goes high number will be read by software. LEDs in series with current limiting resistors are connected on which we get visual indication of received data.

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SM TX 433 AM / ASK TRANSMITTER MODULE

KEY FEATURES
Frequency: 433.92 MHz 5 12V Single Supply Operational OOK / ASK Data Format Up to 9.6 kbps data rate 4 Pin compact size module + 5 dbm out put power ( 12V, Vcc ) SAW based architect Vertical / Horizontal mount Directly connect to microcontoller Low Power Consumption suitable for battery operated devices Direct plug and use No external components required

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 High performance SAW based Architecture with a maximum range of100 feet at 4800 bps data rate Interface directly to Encoders and Microcontrollers with ease Can be directly in your PCB Right Angle Pin ( Flat Out ) is the standard in these modules Can be used with Fixed Code and Rolling Code Encoders or direct with Microcontrollers.

RF receiver on tractor and solar trapping system.

The receiver module here will receive the wireless data send by the transmitter. The decoder will convert the serial data from module into parallel data. These parallel data is given to the motor driver to control the motor for navigation purpose and seed feeder. The circuit and the motors will be powered by the lead acid battery which inturns get charged by the solar panel mounted on the tractor.

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SM RX 433 RECEIVER MODULE

FEATURES
Miniature Size Wide Operating Range Low Power Consumption Improved Data Transmission No Alignment Required No External Components PIN Configuration and Size Wide Range of Application Analogue and Digital Output

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DECODER (HT12D)

General Description:

The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are paired with Holtek_s 212series of encoders (refer to the encoder/decoder cross reference table). For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen. The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 212series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 212series of decoders are capable of decoding information that consist of N bits of address and 12_N bits of data. Of this series, theHT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits, and HT12F is used to decode 12bits of address information. Features: _ Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V _ Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology _ Low standby current _ Capable of decoding 12 bits of information _ Pair with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders _ Binary address setting _ Received codes are checked 3 times _ Address/Data number combination _ HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data _ HT12F: 12 address bits only _ Built-in oscillator needs only 5% _ Valid transmission indicator _ Easy interface with an RF or transmission medium _ Minimal external components

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MOTORS
1. What is a motor ? An electrical machine that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy is called a motor. 2. Types of motors a. Geared motors : These are the motors that operate using gears.We generally use these motors for our level 1 robotics events.The advantage of these motors is that they are bidirectional.viz with these motors you can move your robot in both directions (forward and backward).
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b. Ungeared motors : These motors do not work with gears.The bidirectional rotation is not possible with these motors.Hence they are generally not preferred for level 1 robots. 3. Types of geared motors : Geared motors are available in different rpms (rotations per minute). 30,75,100,150,300,500,750 and 1000 rpms are the ones which are commonly available in the market.These motors are rated to withstand upto 12 volts and a current of 5amp. 4. Selection of motors : Remember that you may have to modify your car for different events according to the track details and the tasks at hand.This may even include replacing your motors with different rpm motors.So what are the guidelines while selecting a motor? To decide which rpm to use for your robot you need to know the principle of torque. TORQUE : Torque = power/w, where w=2*pi*n Using 500 rpm motors gives less torque.Due to this your robot may not be able to climb inclined slopes very easily above some angle of inclination.It may give you more speed but the power of the robot decreases.Hence selection of rpm is always a compromise between speed and torque.Generally for obstacle courses in level 1 robotic races, 300 rpm motors are used as they provide sufficient torque and speed. Motors having rpm lower than 300 rpm are generally not used for racing unless there are very high torque requirements.They are used for performing other tasks in events such as robowars.Tasks such as picking up heavy objects, using mechanisms like cranes,carriers and
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elevating heavy objects involve the use of such lower rpm motors. In drag races to obtain more speed, higher rpm motors should be used. 5. No. of motors : There is no restriction in the number of motors to be used for building a level 1 robot. 4,3 or even 2 motors can be used to build a robot.In case of 2 motors the two back wheels are generally attached to the 2 motors and front wheels are not attached to motors.In this case the motors used must be of superior quality and should be able to push the entire robot over the obstacle course.Such superior quality motors are also available but at a much higher cost than normal motors. The advantage of using 2 motors is that it makes your robot lighter. 6. Handling and precautions : The geared motors that you all will purchase are sturdy and reliable.But some precautions need to be taken when using them a. The motors are rated to withstand 12 volts.However they can be used at higher voltages upto 30 volts for a small duration of time (around 90 seconds) without damaging the motor.Running the motor for more time at high voltages will damage the motor. b. While testing the motors at any point of time during construction of the robot make sure that the positive and negative terminal of the motors are not shorted at any point.If this happens when the power supply is switched on, it may short circuit the motor,damage it and make it completely inoperational. c. Some of the tracks may have your robot passing through water.Hence your motors should be properly insulated.Water entering inside the motor will damage it and cause electrical problems.Hence insulate the parts of the motor which may allow water to seep
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inside.Teflon,Mseal or basic insulation tape can be used for insulation purpose. d. Geared motors that you use will have several plastic gears inside them. If any one gear cracks or breaks your motor will not function satisfactorily. So handle the motors with care.
Radio Frequency Identification

3.1. Introduction to RFID Although the foundation of the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology was laid by past generations, only recent advances opened an expanding application range to its practical implementation. RFID is only one of numerous technologies grouped under the term Automatic Identification (Auto ID), such as bar code, magnetic inks, optical character recognition, voice recognition, touch memory, smart cards, biometrics etc. Auto ID technologies are a new way of controlling information and material flow, especially suitable for large production networks. At the onset, the goal of our project was to design a prototype of an enlarged version of the RFID tracking system for identifying an object. After studying various techniques like GPS, walkie-talkie system, bar coding etc which is also techniques of identifying objects at the cost of huge capital investments, therefore we choose radio frequency identification, an emerging technology applied for tracking and communication.

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3.2. What is RFID? RFID is a radio frequency identification technology which facilitates a wireless communication and falls in an area of automatic identification which has quickly been gaining momentum in recent years and is now being seen as a radical means of enhancing data handling processes, complimentary in many ways to other capture technology such as bar coding. A range of devices and associated systems are available to satisfy an even broader range of application which will change the course of the industry in coming years. RFID comprises of three major components namely; 1. RFID tags. 2. RFID readers. 3. Host computer.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) means providing electronic identity to any object. Electronic information about an object is stored in RFID chip embedded or attached to an object. It can also be termed as RFID transponder or tag. The tag transmits the information to an RFID reader (or transceiver) within a suitable range. The reader then forwards the information to the host computer. The host computer carries out the necessary computation action as per the suitable application. The middleware (software for reading and writing tags) and the tag can be enhanced by data encryption for security-critical application at an extra cost, and anti-collision algorithms may be implemented for the tags if several of them are to be read simultaneously. The RFID tags mentioned above are further classified into three categories namely; active, passive and semi-passive tags. Out of these three different types of tags, active tags are selected for developing a

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prototype of i-Toll system. The reasons for using active tags are as explained below. Unlike passive RFID tags, active RFID tags have their own internal power source, which is used to power the integrated circuits and to broadcast the response signal to the reader. Communications from active tags to readers is typically much more reliable (i.e. fewer errors) than from passive tags due to the ability for active tags to conduct a "session" with a reader. Active tags, due to their on board power supply, also may transmit at higher power levels than passive tags, allowing them to be more robust in "RF challenged" environment with humidity and spray or with dampening targets (including humans/cattle, which contain mostly water), reflective targets from metal (shipping containers, vehicles), or at longer distances: Generating strong responses from weak reception is a sound approach to success. In turn, active tags are generally bigger, caused by battery volume, and more expensive to manufacture, caused by battery price. However, their potential shelf life is comparable, as self discharge of batteries competes with corrosion of aluminated printed circuits. Many active tags today have operational ranges of hundreds of meters, and a battery life of up to 10 years. Active tags may include larger memories than passive tags, and may include the ability to store additional information received from the reader. Special active RFID tags may include specialized sensors. For example, a temperature sensor can be used to record the temperature profile during the transportation and storage of perishable goods. Other sensor types used include humidity, shock/vibration, light, nuclear radiation, pressure and concentrations of gases like ethylene.

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3.3. Why RFID? In the field of Wireless communication, deployment of radio frequency identification (RFID) systems is rapidly growing and has the potential to affect many different industries and applications. It has the potential to make great economic impacts on many industries. While RFID is a relatively old technology, more recent advancements in chip manufacturing technology are making RFID practical for new applications and settings, particularly consumer item level tagging. These advancements have the potential to revolutionize various RFID applications such as supply-chain management, inventory control, and logistics. In terms of commercial applications, RFID systems may be considered an instance of a broader class of automatic identification (auto-ID) systems. Auto-ID systems essentially attach a name or identifier to a physical object by some means that may be automatically read. This identifier may be represented optically, electromagnetically, or even chemically. Perhaps the most successful and well-known auto-ID system is the Universal Product Code (UPC). The UPC is a one-dimensional, optical barcode encoding product and brand information. UPC labels can be found on most consumer products in the United States. Similar systems are deployed worldwide. However several weaknesses of optical barcodes are that they require line-of-sight and may be smudged or obscured by packaging. In most circumstances, optical barcodes still require some human manipulation to align a barcode label with a reader. Supermarket shoppers have certainly experienced a checker struggling to scan an optical barcode. Auto-ID systems that transmit data via RF signals, i.e. RFID, do not have the same performance limitations as optical systems. Data may be
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read without line-of-sight and without human or mechanical intervention. A key advantage in RF-based auto-ID systems is parallelism. Modern RFID systems may offer read rates of hundreds of items per second. Hence an RFID system is being used for an automatic identification and data collection application pertaining to toll roads in terms of tracking and charging.

Applications: The applications of these robot are: Mars exploration robot was autonomous solar powered robot. This principle can be used in day to day life in cars and automobiles. Apart from the robot solar tracking and tracing can be used in industries, for home use.

Advantages: No fuel required as the robot is battery powered. No external charging of battery is required as charging is done by the solar panel placed on the robot. The tracking trapping of solar energy can be used for home appliances.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES: Books
[1] RFID Handbook Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification by Klaus Finkenzeller, Wiley and Sons publications. [2] RFID Field Guide: Deploying Radio Frequency Identification Systems By Bhuptani Manish.

Recommended Reading
AIM, Inc. Shrouds of Time: The History of RFID. By Dr. Jeremy Landt Finkenzeller, Klaus . RFID Handbook1. Second Edition. Chichester, England : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2004. Sharma, Sanjay E. , Stephen A. Weis , and Daniel W. Engeals . RFID Systems and Security and Privacy Implications

Websites [1] Texas Instruments RFID support http://www.ti.com/tiris/default.htm [2] RFID Forum http://www.rfidtalk.com/ [3] Alldatasheet - Datasheet search site for Electronic Components http://www.alldatasheet.com/ [4] AT89S51 MCUs overview http://www.atmel.com/dyn/general/tech_doc.asp?doc_id=7190 [5] Voice module: APR9600 http://www.intec-group.co.uk/Datasheet/APR9600.PDF [6] Sirit Technologies http://www.sirit.com/default.asp?sectionID=2&action=open&pageID=78

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