Compound interest You can calculate compound interest mentally Question Find the compound interest on Rs 2500 @ 12%

P.A. for two years This method is very useful if time is in 2 units First we add rates Let it be A Multiply rates and divide by 100 Let it be B Add A and B It is our compound interest rate percentage for two percentage

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 years .Take

12 + 12 +

( 12+ 12 )

= 24 + 1.44 = 25.44

100

Find 25.44 % of 2500 and that is compound interest 625 + 11 =636 ( Again consult lesson no1 9 for fast percentage calculations) Rs 636 is our compound interest

Successive Discount
Question Find the selling price of a saree after two successive discounts of 20 % .If the price of that saree is Rs800 Conventional Method 800 x 20 = 160 800- 160 = 640 100

640 x 20 = 128 100

640 -128 = 512 = Rs288

Total discount is 800 -512

Effective Discount is

= 288 x 100 800 = 36 %

You can calculate it mentally .How ? Step1 Here first we calculate effective discount . Add both discounts Let it is A Step2 Multiply both discount and divide by 100 .Let it be B Step3 Subtract B from A ( 20 + 20 ) - ( .That is our effective discount )

20 x 20 100 40 - 4 = 36 %

Now find 36%of Rs 800 = 320 - 32 =288 Lesson no 19 &20 How? For fast percentage calculations see

Selling price 800 - 288 = Rs 512 Question If a trader gives 20 % retailer margin and 3 % cash discount , find the total effective discount? 20 + 3 23 - .6 20 x 3 100 = 22. 4 %

Remainder
Question Find remainder if following expression is divided by 7 19 X 20 X 22 X 23 X 24 Conventional method is multiplying all numbers then divided by 7 . It takes lot of time , you can do this question mentally .How? First we divide individually all numbers by 7 and take all remainders as a first step . Now multiply all remainders and again divide by 7 and take required

remainder . That is our answer 19 X 20 X 22 X 23 X 24 5X 6X 1X 2 X 3 = 180 ( Multiplications of remainders)

180/7 = 25 + remainder 5 We make it more easy Take two remainders multiplication and divide it by 7 ,again take others three remainders multiplication and divide it by 7 (5 X 6) X ( 1 X 2 X 3) = 2 X 6 ( Multiplications of remainders)

= 12/ 7 = 1+ remainder 5

Long Multiplication reduced to one-line shortcut

The Sanskrit sutra "Urdhva Tiryagbhyam", meaning "Vertically and Crosswise", gives a general technique for reducing long multiplication to a single-line shortcut. It works like this. To multiply two numbers (of two or more digits), split each number into two parts. If the first number is a1 + b1 and the second number is a2 + b2, then the product of the two numbers is:

(a1 x a2) + (a1 x b2 + b1 x a2) + (b1 x b2)

The solution comprises three parts (as shown by the boxes and arrows above): the head, the middle, and the tail. 1. The digits on the right are multiplied vertically to get the tail part: b1 x b2 (excess carried over)

2. All digits are multipled crosswise and added together to get the middle part: a1 x b2 + b1 x a2 (excess carried over) 3. The digits on the left are multiplied vertically to get the head part: a1 x a2 Here is a simple example to illustrate this technique.

23 x 41 = 943

The steps are: 1. 3 x 1 = 3 2. 2 x 1 + 3 x 4 = 14, put down 4 and carry over 1 3. 2 x 4 = 8, plus the 1 carried over, is 9 The speed gain using this technique (over the conventional method of multi-line long multiplication) becomes more apparent when handling larger numbers. Here is another example involving excess carryover at each stage.

108 x 64 = 6912

The steps are: 1. 8 x 4 = 32, put down 2 and carry over 3 2. 10 x 4 + 8 x 6 = 88, plus the 3 carried over, is 91; put down 1 and carry over 9 3. 10 x 6 = 60, plus the 9 carried over, is 69

Long Division reduced to one-line shortcut

The Sanskrit sutras offer several techniques for division. Some of them work spectacularly to reduce to a single line certain cases of division that may take dozens of lines of calculation in the conventional method of long division taught in schools. While there are special techniques reserved for special cases, we highlight here a general-purpose long division technique that will work for both small and large numbers. It is basically applying in reverse the Urdhva Tiryagbhyam (Vertically and Crosswise) principle used to simplify multiplication. Such is the power and elegance of this technique that we can easily take a large number and make short work of it by any divisor of two or more digits. Take for example, 716769 54. Yes, you too CAN work it out manually -- and in one line -- without having to reach for the calculator! You will instead rely on the calculator inside your head and theDhvajanka sutra, meaning "on top of the flag". The trick is to reduce the divisor to a mentally manageable value by putting its other digits "on top of the flag". In this example, the divisor will be reduced to 5 (instead of 54) by pushing the 4 up the flagpost, as shown below. Corresponding to the number of digits flagged on top (in this case, one), the rightmost part of the number to be divided is split to mark the placeholder of the decimal point or the remainder portion.

Now observe carefully as we walk through the steps of this example:

716769 54 = 13273.5

1. 7 5 = 1 remainder 2. Put the quotient 1, the first digit of the solution, in the first box of the bottom row and carry over the remainder 2 2. The product of the flagged number (4) and the previous quotient (1) must be subtracted from the next number (21) before the division can proceed. 21 - 4 x 1 = 17 17 5 = 3 remainder 2. Put down the 3 and carry over the 2 3. Again subtract the product of the flagged number (4) and the previous quotient (3), 26 - 4 x 3 = 14 14 5 = 2 remainder 4. Put down the 2 and carry over the 4 4. 47 - 4 x 2 = 39 39 5 = 7 remainder 4. Put down the 7 and carry over the 4 5. 46 - 4 x 7 = 18 18 5 = 3 remainder 3. Put down the 3 and carry over the 3 6. 39 - 4 x 3 = 27. Since the decimal point is reached here, 27 is the raw remainder. If decimal places are required, the division can proceed as before, filling the original number with zeros after the decimal point 27 5 = 5 remainder 2. Put down the 5 (after the decimal point) and carry over the 2

7. 20 - 4 x 5 = 0. There is nothing left to divide, so this cleanly completes the division While this example is easily solved, there are finer details in the application of technique that will be highlighted in subsequent examples later.

Squaring
First, a nifty shortcut! The square of a number ending in 5 is almost a no-brainer. If n is the number formed by the preceding digit/s (before the 5), get the product of n and n+1. Then just append 25 (i.e. 5 x 5) to this product. For example, 752:

7 x 8 = 56; therefore solution is 5625. Another example, 1152:

11 x 12 = 132; therefore solution is 13225 For other cases of squaring, the same shortcut techniques used in multiplication may be utilised. Especially the general-purpose Urdhva Tiryagbhyam (Vertically and Crosswise) formula. To get the square of a number (of two or more digits), simplify by splitting it into at least two parts, a and b. Thus (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

The solution comprises three parts, neatly fitting the three boxes shown above. Just adjust for excess carry over. 1. the head: a2 2. the middle: crosswise multiplication and doubling a x b x 2 3. the tail: b2 Here is a simple example to illustrate this technique. 232 = 529

The steps are: 1. tail: 32 = 9, put it down in the rightmost box 2. middle: 2 x 3 x 2 = 12, put down the 2 in the middle box and carry over the 1 3. head: 22 = 4, plus the 1 carried over, is 5 in the left box

Another example. 1082 = 11664

The steps are: 1. tail: 82 = 64, put down the 4 and carry over the 6 2. middle: 10 x 8 x 2 = 160, plus the 6 carried over, is 166; put down the 6 and carry over the 16 3. head: 10 x 10 = 100, plus the 16 carried over, is 116 The same technique can be expanded upon to handle the squaring of bigger numbers too

Cubing
Extrapolating on the principles used for squaring, to get the cube of a number (of two or more digits), simplify by splitting the number into two parts, a and b. Thus (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

The solution comprises four parts, neatly fitting the four boxes shown above. Just adjust for excess carry over. 1. 2. 3. 4. a3 a2 x b x 3 b2 x a x 3 b3

A simple example to illustrate this technique. 233 = 12167

The steps are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 33 32 22 23 = 27, put down the 7 in the rightmost box and carry over the 2 x 2 x 3 = 54, plus the 2 carried over is 56, put down the 6 and carry over the 5 x 3 x 3 = 36, plus the 5 carried over is 41, put down the 1 and carry over the 4 = 8, plus the 4 carried over, is 12 in the leftmost box

Another example. 1083 = 1259712

The steps are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 83 = 512, put down the 2 in the rightmost box and carry over the 51 82 x 10 x 3 = 1920, plus the 51 carried over is 1971, put down the 1 and carry over the 197 102 x 8 x 3 = 2400, plus the 197 carried over is 2597, put down the 7 and carry over the 259 103 = 1000, plus the 259 carried over, is 1259 in the leftmost box

That's a million-dollar figure worked out manually!

To the fourth power

Extrapolating on the principles used for cubing, to get the fourth power of a number (of two or more digits), simplify by splitting the number into two parts, a and b. Thus (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4

The solution comprises five parts, neatly fitting the five boxes shown above. Just adjust for excess carry over. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a4 a3 x b x 4 a2 x b2 x 6 b3 x a x 4 b4

A simple example to illustrate this technique. 234 = 279841

The steps are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 34 33 22 23 24 = 81, put down the 1 in the rightmost box and carry over the 8 x 2 x 4 = 216, plus the 8 carried over is 224, put down the 4 and carry over the 22 x 32 x 6 = 216, plus the 22 carried over is 238, put down the 8 and carry over the 23 x 3 x 4 = 96, plus the 23 carried over is 119, put down the 9 and carry over the 11 = 16, plus the 11 carried over, is 27 in the leftmost box

Another example. 1084 = 136048896

The steps are: 1. 84 = 4096, put down the 6 in the rightmost box and carry over the 409 2. 83 x 10 x 4 = 20480, plus the 409 carried over is 20889, put down the 9 and carry over the 2088 3. 102 x 82 x 6 = 38400, plus the 2088 carried over is 40488, put down the 8 and carry over the 4048 4. 103 x 8 x 4 = 32000, plus the 4048 carried over is 36048, put down the 8 and carry over the 3604 5. 104 = 10000, plus the 3604 carried over, is 13604 in the leftmost box That's a hundred million-dollar figure worked out manually!