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40.000

( 1990)

35.000
30.000
25.000

20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0

16
1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990 2000 2006

1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

5.336
5.650
5.911
6.209
6.421
6.421
7.152
7.424
7.662
8.013
8.433
8.725
9.136
9.534
10.225
10.760
11.347
11.769
12.417
13.102
13.766
14.336
15.018
16.015
16.388
16.638
17.450
18.157
18.955
19.633
20.030
20.423
20.648
21.236
22.204
22.970
23.782
24.694
25.753
26.576
27.134
27.494
28.077
28.694
29.698
30.942
31.990
33.242
33.803
34.997
36.688
37.739
39.021
40.804
42.915
44.925
47.258

100
106
111
116
120
128
134
139
144
150
158
164
171
179
192
202
213
221
233
246
258
269
281
300
307
312
327
340
355
368
375
383
387
398
416
430
446
463
483
498
509
515
526
538
557
580
600
623
634
656
688
707
731
765
804
842
886

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. 1990

5,89
4,63
5,04
3,42
6,37
4,70
3,81
3,21
4,58
5,23
3,47
4,71
4,35
7,25
5,24
5,45
3,72
5,50
5,52
5,07
4,14
4,76
6,64
2,33
1,53
4,88
4,05
4,40
3,58
2,02
1,96
1,11
2,84
4,56
3,45
3,54
3,83
4,29
3,20
2,10
1,33
2,12
2,19
3,50
4,19
3,39
3,91
1,69
3,53
4,83
2,86
3,40
4,57
5,17
4,68
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178,
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1937
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1944 90 , , .
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19
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1973-80

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Siemens, ABB,
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Dongfang Electric Group , Doosan
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Huaneng Group , . Siemens,
,

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38% .
15 50%
,
.

.

2005.
.
10 MW () 400
4.000 MW (4 GW)
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215
(GWh), 1/100
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,

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, 225 MW.
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2.
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www.power-technology.com [].

11

.1 2010

90
GWh, 145 .
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Siemens 42.000

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19 ,

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4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -

10 -
11 -
12 -
13

3
12
10
2
11
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13

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100 MW.


600 MW 1.000 MW.
Hitachi Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi
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Dongfang Electric Group.
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Lotta Comunista, . 475, 2010

1980-2008
2.500
2.000

1.500

1.000
500
0

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

,
2000

2008

2005

2008


1980-2008
2000-2008

1980

1990

2.229.245
678.511
122.929
1.093.831

2.552.806
1.124.129
247.864
1.338.789

2.459.539
1.239.407
403.408
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2.567.566
2.829.515
637.522
1.203.605

15,2
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418,6
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4,4
128,3
58,0
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5.263.588

5.046.723

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75,5

43,4

: United States Energy Information Administration

14

.1 2010

:


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of India
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16

.1 2010

UNORGANIZED
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Lotta Comunista, . 481, 2010


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