Genetics Revision Sheet

IDENTIFY PARTS OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS: Cell wall, Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plants also have Chloroplasts and a rigid Cell wall DEFINITIONS BIOLOGICAL AND GENETICS TERMS Genetics: biological study of inheritance Inheritance: passing of characteristics from parents to offspring Cell: basic building block of all living things Nucleus: centre part of a cell that controls its behaviour and development and contains all genetic information Chromosomes: extremely long molecules of DNA. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each normal cells. Different types of organisms have different numbers of chromosomes Gene: short section of a chromosome that controls a particular characteristic VARIATION CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS Continuous variation: characteristics are shown of a range, eg. Height, foot size, intelligence, handspan Discontinuous variation: characteristic is either present or absent eg. Tongue rolling, blood type, attached earlobes, Analysing continuous variation data, creating histograms and interpreting results TYPES OF CELL DIVISION AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Chromosomes can only be seen during cell division when they coil up, duplicate and the separate to form two new cells. Mitosis: the process of duplicating cells for growth, repair and normal bodily functions. Mother and daughter cells have the same numbers of chromosomes Meiosis: the process of generating sex cells called gametes. Daughter cells have half the numbers of chromosomes as mother cells. Eg. Normal human cells have 46 chromosomes, human gametes have 23 chromosomes. Gametes are only produced in the ovaries and testes. Fertilisation: fusion of sperm and egg, creating an embryo with 46 chromosomes, at which point mitosis will then occur. TYPES OF INHERITANCE Each characteristics is controlled by two genes, one from each parent These genes are represented by letters, the letter combination is called the genotype and the resulting characteristics is called the phenotype. Eg. Black fish B, red fish b (see table) Distinguish between the different types of inheritance and give examples Complete dominant and recessive genes, eg. The gene for tall

pea plants is dominant over dwarf pea plant, which is recessive. Incomplete blend of characteristics, eg. Yellow and blue budgies give green offspring, black roosters and white chickens give grey offspring. Codominance both characteristics are present but not blended. Eg. Red bull and white cow give red and white offspring, blood type PUNNET SQUARES Creating punnet squares and interpreting information from them Listing genotypes and phenotypes Using appropriate symbols for complete, incomplete and codominance. GENDER Explain how gender is determine by the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans XX girl XY boy, the Y chromosome is smaller than the X Analysing sex-linked diseases and how they are passed on eg. Colour blindness and blood clotting. DNA, MUTATION The DNA molecule is a double helix made up of lengths of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules, the rungs of the molecule are made up of pairs of bases (A with T and C with G) A triplet of bases sequence for a particular amino acid. Information is transferred from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell via RNA RNA travels to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell where protein manufacture takes place. A sequence of amino acids produces a particular protein (these include tissue, hormones, enzymes) A mutation is where an error occurs in the replication of the DNA molecule. This can be caused by harmful chemicals (eg cigarette smoke) or harmful radiation (eg, UV, X-ray, nuclear) Errors in the DNA molecule cause errors in the creation of proteins therefore problems with the way the body functions. Genotype BB Bb bb Phenotype Black Black Red