Nguyn Cng Phng g y g g

Electric Circuit Theory Electric Circuit Theory

The Laplace Transform
Contents
1. Basic Elements Of Electrical Circuits
2. Basic Laws
3. Electrical Circuit Analysis
4. Circuit Theorems
5. Active Circuits
6. Capacitor And Inductor
7. First Order Circuits
8 S d O d Ci it 8. Second Order Circuits
9. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
10. AC Power Analysis
11 Three phase Circuits 11. Three-phase Circuits
12. Magnetically Coupled Circuits
13. Frequency Response
14. The Laplace Transform 14. The Laplace Transform
15. Two-port Networks
The Laplace Transform
2
The Laplace Transform
f(t) = 0
(integrodifferential)
i(t), v(t), Circuit
Laplace Transform Inverse Transform Laplace Transform Inverse Transform
F(s) = 0
(algebraic)
I(s), V(s),
The Laplace Transform
3
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
4
Definition
( ) f t
t 0
| |
0
( ) ( ) ( )
st
F s L f t f t e dt

= =
}
s j o e = +
0
( )
t
f t e dt
o

<
}
| |
1
1
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
j
st
j
f t L F s F s e ds
j
o
o
t
+

= =
}
The Laplace Transform
5
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
6
Two Important Singularity Functions (1)
( ) u t
1
0 0
( )
1 0
t
u t
t
<

=

>

t 0
1 0 t >

( ) u t a
1
0 t a <

t 0
1
a
0
( )
1
t a
u t a
t a
<

=

>

The Laplace Transform

7
Two Important Singularity Functions (2)
Ex. 1
Determine the Laplace transform for the waveform?
( ) u t
1
0
( ) ( )
st
F s u t e dt

=
}
t 0
0
}
0
1
st
e dt

=
}
0
1
st
e
s

=
1
s
=
The Laplace Transform
8
Two Important Singularity Functions (3)
Ex. 2
Determine the Laplace transform for the waveform?
0
( ) ( )
st
F s u t a e dt

=
}
( ) u t a
1
0
}
0
0 1
a
st
a
dt e dt

= +
} }
t 0
a
1
st
a
e
s

=
as
e
s

=
The Laplace Transform
9
Two Important Singularity Functions (4)
Ex. 3
Determine the Laplace transform for the waveform?
1
0
( ) [ ( ) ( )]
st
F s u t u t a e dt

=
}
t 0
1
a
0
}
0
1
( )
st
u t e dt
s

=
}
( ) u t
1
0
( )
st
st
e
u t a e dt
s

=
}
t 0
1 1
( )
as as
e e
F s

= =
t
( ) u t a
0
The Laplace Transform
10
( )
s s s
1
a
Two Important Singularity Functions (5)
( ) t o
( ) 0 0 t t o = =
t 0
( ) 0 0
( ) 1 0
t t
t dt
c
c
o
o c

=
= >
}
( ) t a o
( ) 0 t a t a o = =
t 0
a
( )
( ) 1 0
a
a
t a dt
c
c
o c
+

= >
}
2 1 2
( )
( ) ( )
t f a t a t
f t t a dt o
< <

=

}
The Laplace Transform
11
1
1 2
( ) ( )
0 ,
t
f t t a dt
a t a t
o

< >

}
Two Important Singularity Functions (6)
Ex. 4
Determine the Laplace transform of an impulse function?
0
( ) ( )
st
F s t a e dt o

=
}
2
1
1 2
1 2
( )
( ) ( )
0 ,
t
t
f a t a t
f t t a dt
a t a t
o
< <

=

< >

}
( )
as
F s e

=
1
1 2
0 , a t a t < >

The Laplace Transform

12
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
13
Transform Pairs (1)
Ex. 1
Find the Laplace transform of f(t) = t?
0
( )
st
F s te dt

=
}
1
Let & &
st st st
u t dv e dt du dt v e dt e

= = = = =
}
s
}

2
0
0
0
1
( ) 0
st st
st
t e e
F s e dt
s s s s

= + = =
}
The Laplace Transform
14
Transform Pairs (2)
Ex. 2
Find the Laplace transform of f(t) =cost?
0
( ) cos
st
F s te dt e

=
}
0
2
j t j t
st
e e
e dt
e e

+
=
}
( ) ( ) s j t s j t e e + ( ) ( )
0
2
s j t s j t
e e
dt
e e +

+
=
}
1 1 1 | | 1 1 1
2 s j s j e e
| |
= +
|
+
\ .
s
The Laplace Transform
15
2 2
s
s e
=
+
Transform Pairs (3)
f(t)
( ) t o ( ) u t
1
at
e

1
t
1
at
te

1
sinat cosat
F(s)
1
1
s
1
s a +
2
1
s
2
1
( ) s a +
2 2
a
s a +
2 2
s
s a +
The Laplace Transform
16
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
17
Properties of the Transform (1)
Property f(t) F(s)
( ) Af ( ) AF
1. Magnitude scaling
2. Addition/subtraction
3 Time scaling
( ) Af t ( ) AF s
1 2
( ) ( ) f t f t
1 2
( ) ( ) F s F s
( ) f at
1 s
F
| |
|
3. Time scaling
4. Time shifting
5 F hif i
( ) f at
F
a a
|
\ .
( ) ( ), 0 f t a u t a a >
( )
as
e F s

( )
at
f ( ) F
( ) ( ), 0 f t u t a a >
[ ( )]
as
e L f t a

+
5. Frequency shifting
6. Differentiation
7. Multiplication by t
( )
at
e f t

( ) F s a +
( ) /
n n
d f t dt
1 2 1 1
( ) (0) (0) ... (0)
n n n o n
s F s s f s f s f


( )
n
t f t
( 1) ( ) /
n n n
d F s ds
8. Division by t
9. Integration
( ) ( )
( ) / f t t ( )
s
F d

}
0
( )
t
f d
}
( ) / F s s
The Laplace Transform
18
10. Convolution
1 2 1 2
0
( ) * ( ) ( ) ( )
t
f t f t f f t d =
} 1 2
( ) ( ) F s F s
Properties of the Transform (2)
Ex. 1
Find the Laplace transform of
10
( ) 5 cos 20 ?
t
f t e t

= +
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f t f t F s F s
10
( ) [5] [ ] [cos 20 ]
t
F s L L e L t

= +
( ) ( ) Af t AF s
[5] 5 [1] L L =
1
5
[5] L
s
=
1
[1] L
s
=
s
10
1
[ ]
10
t
L e
s

=
+10 s +
2 2 2
[cos 20 ]
20 400
s s
L t
s s
= =
+ +
3
The Laplace Transform
19
3
2 2
5 1 5 2400 4000
( )
10 400 ( 10)( 400)
s s s
F s
s s s s s s
+ +
= + =
+ + + +
Properties of the Transform (3)
Ex. 2
Find the Laplace transform of the waveform?
5
t 0
1 2 3
5
( ) 5 ( 1) 5 ( 2) f t u t u t =
t 0
1 2 3
2
2
5
( ) 5 5 ( )
s s
s s
e e
F s e e


= =
5
( ) 5 5 ( ) F s e e
s s s

The Laplace Transform

20
t 0
1 2 3
Properties of the Transform (4)
Ex. 3
Find the Laplace transform of the waveform?
5
t 0
1 2 3
( ) ( 5 10)[ ( 1) ( 2)] f t t u t u t = +
5 ( 1) 10 ( 1) tu t u t = + +
5
5 ( 2) 10 ( 2) tu t u t +
5 ( 1) 5( 1 1) ( 1) tu t t u t = +
5( 1) ( 1) 5 ( 1) t u t u t =
t 0
5
1 2 3
5( 1) ( 1) 5 ( 1) t u t u t =
5 ( 2) 5( 2 2) ( 2) tu t t u t = +
5( 2) ( 2) 10 ( 2) t u t u t = +
1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 5( 1) ( 1) 5 ( 1)
10 ( 1)
5( 2) ( 2) 10 ( 2)
f t t u t u t
u t
= +
+
t 0
1 2 3
The Laplace Transform
21
5( 2) ( 2) 10 ( 2)
10 ( 2)
t u t u t
u t
+ +

Properties of the Transform (5)
Ex. 3
Find the Laplace transform of the waveform?
5
t 0
1 2 3
( ) ( 5 10)[ ( 1) ( 2)] f t t u t u t = +
5( 1) ( 1) 5 ( 1) t u t u t = +
5
10 ( 1)
5( 2) ( 2) 10 ( 2)
10 ( 2)
u t
t u t u t
t
+
+ +
t 0
5
1 2 3
10 ( 2) u t
5( 1) ( 1) 5 ( 1)
5( 2) ( 2)
t u t u t
t u t
= + +
+
1
5( 2) ( 2) t u t +
2
2 2
5
( ) 5 5
s s
s
e e
F s e
s s s

= + +
The Laplace Transform
22
t 0
1 2 3
2
5
(1 )
s
s
e
s e
s

=
Properties of the Transform (6)
Ex. 4
Find the Laplace transform of the waveform?
5
t 0
1 2 3
The Laplace Transform
23
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
24
The Laplace Transform
f(t) = 0
(integrodifferential)
i(t), v(t), Circuit
Laplace Transform Inverse Transform Laplace Transform Inverse Transform
F(s) = 0
(algebraic)
I(s), V(s),
The Laplace Transform
25
Inverse Transform (1)
1
1 1 0
( ) ...
( )
m m
m m
P s a s a s a s a
F s

+ + + +
= =
1
1 1 0
( )
( ) ...
n n
n n
F s
Q s b s b s b s b

= =
+ + + +
1 2
Simple poles : ( )
n
K K K
F s + + +
1 2
1 2
Simple poles : ( ) ...
n
n
F s
s p s p s p
= + + +
+ + +
1
( )
Complex- conjugate poles : ( )
( )( )( )
P s
F s
Q j j | |
=
+ + +
1
*
1 1
( )( )( )
...
Q s s j s j
K K
s j s j
o | o |
o | o |
+ + +
= + +
+ + +
1
1 1
( )
Multiple poles : ( )
( )( )
n
P s
F s
Q s s p
K K K
=
+
The Laplace Transform
26
11 12 1
2
1 1
... ...
( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
K K K
s p s p s p
= + + + +
+ + +
Inverse Transform (2)
( ) P s K K K
1 2
1 2
( )
Simple poles : ( ) ...
( )
n
n
P s K K K
F s
Q s s p s p s p
= = + + +
+ + +
( )
( ) 0 ... 0 0 ... 0
( )
i
i i
s p
P s
s p K
Q s
=
+ = + + + + + +
1
i
p t
i
i
K
L K e
s p

(
=
(
+
i
s p +

1 2
1 2
( ) ...
n
p t p t p t
f t K e K e K e

= + + +
The Laplace Transform
27
1 2
( ) ...
n
f t K e K e K e + + +
Inverse Transform (3)
Ex. 1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
2
25 300 640
( )
( )( )
s s
F s
+ +
= p ( )
( 4)( 8) s s s + +
1 2 3
( )
( ) ; ( ) 0 ... 0 0 ... 0
4 8 ( )
i i
K K K P s
F s s p K
s s s Q s
= + + + = + + + + + +
+ + 4 8 ( )
i
s p
s s s Q s
=
+ +
2 2
25 300 640 25 300 640 640
( ) 20
s s s s
K sF s s
+ + + +
= = = = =
1
0
0 0
( ) 20
( 4)( 8) ( 4)( 8) 4 8
s
s s
K sF s s
s s s s s
=
= =
= = = = =
+ + + +
2 2
25 300 640 25 300 640 s s s s + + + +
2
4
4 4
2
25 300 640 25 300 640
( 4) ( ) ( 4)
( 4)( 8) ( 8)
25( 4) 300( 4) 640
10
s
s s
s s s s
K s F s s
s s s s s
=
= =
+ + + +
= + = + = =
+ + +
+ +
= =
The Laplace Transform
28
10
( 4)( 4 8)
= =
+
Inverse Transform (4)
Ex. 1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
2
25 300 640
( )
( )( )
s s
F s
+ +
= p ( )
( 4)( 8) s s s + +
1 2 3
( )
( ) ; ( ) 0 ... 0 0 ... 0
4 8 ( )
i i
K K K P s
F s s p K
s s s Q s
= + + + = + + + + + +
+ +
1 2
20; 10 K K = =
2 2
25 300 640 25 300 640
( 8) ( ) ( 8)
s s s s
K s F s s
+ + + +
+ +
4 8 ( )
i
s p
s s s Q s
=
+ +
3
8
8 8
2
( 8) ( ) ( 8)
( 4)( 8) ( 4)
25( 8) 300( 8) 640
5
s
s s
K s F s s
s s s s s
=
= =
= + = + = =
+ + +
+ +
= =
( 8)( 8 4) +
20 10 5
( ) F s = +
4 8
( ) 20 10 5
t t
f t e e

+
The Laplace Transform
29
( )
4 8
F s
s s s
= +
+ +
( ) 20 10 5 f t e e = +
Inverse Transform (5)
Ex. 2
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
100( 6)
( )
( )( )
s
F s
+
= p ( )
( 1)( 3) s s + +
The Laplace Transform
30
Inverse Transform (6)
*
1 1 1
( )
Complex- conjugate poles : ( ) ...
P s K K
F s = = + +
1
p j g p ( )
( )( )( ) Q s s j s j s j s j o | o | o | o | + + + + + +
1 1
( )
( )
( )
P s
s j K K
Q s
o | + = = u
( )
s j
Q s
o | = +
*
1 1
K K = u
K K u
j j
K e K e
u u
u

1
( )
K
F s =
1
K
s j
u
o |
+
+
1 1
... ...
j j
K e K e
s j s j s j
u
o | o | o |

+ = + +
+ + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
( ) ... ...
j j t j j t t j t j t
f t K e e K e e K e e e
u o | u o | o | u | u + + +
( = + + = + +

1 1 1
( ) f

cos sin
j
e j
|
| | = +
| |
1
( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) ...
t
f t K e t j t t j t
o
| u | u | u | u

= + + + + + +
The Laplace Transform
31
| |
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f j j | | | |
1
2 cos( ) ...
t
K e t
o
| u

= + +
Inverse Transform (7)
Ex. 3
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
2
2
4 76
( )
( )( )
s s
F s
+
= p
2
( )
( 2)( 6 25) s s s + + +
1 2 3
( )
3 4 3 4 2
K K K
F s
s j s j s
= + +
+ + + +
1 1
( )
( ) ; ( ) 2 cos( ) ...
( )
t
s j
P s
K s j f t K e t
Q s
o
o |
o | | u

= +
= + = + +
3 4 3 4 2 s j s j s + + + +
( )
s j
Q
o | = +
2 2
3
2 2
2
2
4 76 4 76
( 2) 8
( 2)( 6 25) 6 25
s
s
s s s s
K s
s s s s s
=
=
| | + +
= + = =
|
+ + + + +
\ .
2
2
s
s
=
=
\ .
2
1
2
3 4
4 76
( 3 4) 6 8 10
( 2)( 6 25)
s j
s s
K s j j
s s s
= +
+
= + = =
+ + +
o
53.1
The Laplace Transform
32
3 s j
3 o 2 3 o 2
( ) 2 10 cos(4 53.1 ) 8 20 cos(4 53.1 ) 8
t t t t
f t e t e e t e

= =
Inverse Transform (8)
Ex. 4
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
2
5( 2)
( )
( 4 )
s
F s
+
= p
2
( )
( 4 5) s s s + +
The Laplace Transform
33
Inverse Transform (9)
1 11 12 1
2
( )
Multiple poles : ( ) ... ...
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
n n
P s K K K
F s
Q s s p s p s p s p
= = + + + +
+ + + +
1 1 1 1
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Q s s p s p s p s p + + + +
1
1 1
( ) ( )
n
n
s p
s p F s K
=
+ =
1
1 1 1
[( ) ( )]
n
n
s p
d
s p F s K
ds

=
+ =
2
1 1 2
2
[( ) ( )] (2!)
n
n
s p
d
s p F s K
ds

+ =
1
s p =
1 1
1
[( ) ( )]
( )!
n j
n
j
n j
d
K s p F s
n j ds

= +
The Laplace Transform
34
1
( )!
j
s p
n j ds
=

Inverse Transform (10)

Ex. 5
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
2
2
10 34 27
( )
( 3)
s s
F s
+ +
= p
2
( )
( 3) s s +
11 12 2
1 1
2
1
( ) ; [( ) ( )]
3 ( 3) ( )!
n j
n
j
n j
K K K d
F s K s p F s
s s s n j ds

= + + = +
+ +
2 2
2 2
12
2
3
3 3
10 34 27 10 34 27
( 3) ( ) ( 3) 5
( 3)
s
s s s s
K s F s s
s s s
=
+ + + +
= + = + = =
+
1
3 ( 3) ( )!
s p
s s s n j ds
=
+ +
3 3
( )
s s = =
2
2
11
3
3
10 34 27
[( 3) ( )]
s
s
d d s s
K s F s
ds ds s
=
=
| | + +
= + = =
|
\ .
2
2
3
(20 34) (10 34 27)
7
s
s s s s
s
=
+ + +
= =
2
10 34 27 + +
The Laplace Transform
35
2
2
2
0
0
10 34 27
( ) 3
( 3)
s
s
s s
K sF s s
s s
=
=
+ +
= = =
+
Inverse Transform (11)
Ex. 5
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
2
2
10 34 27
( )
( 3)
s s
F s
+ +
= p
2
( )
( 3) s s +
11 12 2
1 1
2
1
( ) ; [( ) ( )]
3 ( 3) ( )!
n j
n
j
n j
K K K d
F s K s p F s
s s s n j ds

= + + = +
+ +
11 12 2
7; 5; 3 K K K = = =
1
3 ( 3) ( )!
s p
s s s n j ds
=
+ +
2
7 5 3
( ) F s = +
11 12 2
; ;
2
( )
3 ( 3)
s
s s s

+ +
3 3
( ) 7 5 3
t t
f t e te

= +
The Laplace Transform
36
( ) 7 5 3 f t e te = +
Inverse Transform (12)
Ex. 6
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
2
5( 3)
( )
( 1)( 2)
s
F s
+
= p
2
( )
( 1)( 2) s s + +
The Laplace Transform
37
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
38
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems (1)
Initial value theorem: lim ( ) lim ( ) f t sF s
0
Initial value theorem: lim ( ) lim ( )
t s
f t sF s

=
0
Final value theorem: lim ( ) lim ( )
t s
f t sF s

=
The Laplace Transform
39
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems (2)
Ex.
Find the initial and final values of
2
5( 1)
( )
( 2 2)
s
F s
+
=
2
( )
( 2 2) s s s + +
2
5( 1)
(0) lim ( ) lim 0
2 2
s s
s
f sF s
s s

+
= = =
+ + 2 2
s s
s s

+ +
2
0 0
5( 1)
( ) lim ( ) lim 2.5
2 2
s s
s
f sF s
s s

+
= = =
+ +
The Laplace Transform
40
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
41
Ex.
Find the current i(t)?
t = 0
+
200O
100mH
Method 1
Laplace Circuit Solutions (1)

100mH
1V
( ) i t
1
L R
di
v v e L Ri
dt
+ = + =
0
n
di
L Ri
t
i K
o
0
t t
LK RK
o o
0 L R o +
0
n
n
L Ri
dt
+ =
t
n
i Ke
o
= 0
t t
LK e RKe
o o
o + =
0 L R o + =
3
200
2000
100 10
R
L
o

= = =

2000t
n
i Ke

=
1
0.005A
200
f
e
i
R
= = =
2000
0.005
t
f n
i i i Ke

= + = +
2000 0
(0) 0.005 0.005 0 0.005 i Ke K K

= + = + = =
The Laplace Transform
42
2000
( ) 0.005(1 ) A
t
i t e

=
Laplace Circuit Solutions (2)
f(t) = 0
(integrodifferential)
i(t), v(t), Circuit
Laplace Transform Inverse Transform Laplace Transform Inverse Transform
F(s) = 0
(algebraic)
I(s), V(s),
The Laplace Transform
43
Laplace Circuit Solutions (3)
Ex.
Find the current i(t)?
t = 0
+
200O
100mH
Method 2

100mH
1V
( ) i t
0.1 200 1
L R
di
v v e i
dt
+ = + =
di di
( (
0.1 200 [1] 0.1 [200 ]
di di
L i L L L i
dt dt
( (
+ = = +
( (

1
[1] L =
s
[200 ] 200 ( ) L i I s =
1 2 1 1
( )
( ) (0) (0) (0)
n
n n n o n
d f t
s F s s f s f s f

( ) (0) (0) ... (0)
n
s F s s f s f s f
dt

0.1 0.1[ ( ) (0)] 0.1 ( )
di
L sI s i sI s
dt
(
= =
(

The Laplace Transform
44
dt

1
0.1 ( ) 200 ( ) sI s I s
s
+ =
Laplace Circuit Solutions (4)
Ex.
Find the current i(t)?
t = 0
+
200O
100mH
Method 2

100mH
1V
( ) i t
0.1 200 1
L R
di
v v e i
dt
+ = + =
1
0 1 ( ) 200 ( ) I I 0.1 ( ) 200 ( ) sI s I s
s
+ =
1 2
1 10
( )
(0 1 200) ( 2000) 2000
K K
I s
s s s s s s
= = = +
+ + + (0.1 200) ( 2000) 2000 s s s s s s + + +
1
0
10
0.005
2000
s
K
s
=
= =
+
0 s
0 005 0 005
2
2000
10
0.005
s
K
s
=
= =
The Laplace Transform
45
0.005 0.005
( )
2000
I s
s s
=
+
2000
( ) 0.005(1 ) A
t
i t e

=
f(t) = 0
(integrodifferential)
i(t), v(t), Circuit
Laplace Transform Inverse Transform Circuit Element Models Laplace Transform Inverse Transform Circuit Element Models
F(s) = 0
(algebraic)
I(s), V(s),
Circuit
in s-domain
The Laplace Transform
46
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
47
Circuit Element Models (1)
( ) i t ( ) I s
R ( ) v t
( ) i t
+
R ( ) V s
( ) I s
+
( )

( )

v Ri =
( ) ( ) Af t AF s
( ) ( ) V s RI s =
The Laplace Transform
48
Circuit Element Models (2)
( ) i t ( ) I s
L
( ) v t
+
sL
( ) V s
+
( ) v t

(0) i
( ) V s

(0) Li
di di
v L
dt
=
( )
[ ( ) (0)]
df t
A A sF s f
( ) [ ( ) (0)]
( ) (0)
V s L sI s i
sLI s Li
=
=
The Laplace Transform
49
[ ( ) (0)] A A sF s f
dt
( ) (0) sLI s Li =
Circuit Element Models (3)
( ) i t ( ) I s
C
( ) v t
+
1
sC
( ) V s
+
( ) v t

( ) V s

+
(0) v
s
0
1
( ) (0)
t
v i x dx v
C
= +
}
C
0
( )
( )
t
F s
f d
s

}
1 (0)
( ) ( )
v
V s I s
sC s
= +
(0) v
The Laplace Transform
50
(0)
(0)
v
v
s

Circuit Element Models (4)

(0) (0) Li Mi +
2 2 1
(0) (0) L i Mi +
L L
+ M
( ) v t
+
( ) v t
L L
+
sM
( ) V s
+
( ) V s
+

1 1 2
(0) (0) Li Mi +
2 2 1
(0) (0) L i Mi +
1
(0) i
2
(0) i
( ) i t
1
L
2
L

( ) i t
2
( ) v t

1
( ) v t
( ) I s
1
sL
2
sL

( ) I s
2
( ) V s

1
( ) V s
1 2
( ) ( )
( )
di t di t
v t L M = + ( ) ( ) (0) ( ) (0) V s sL I s Li sMI s Mi = +
1
( ) i t
2
( ) i t
1
( ) I s
2
( ) I s
1 1
( ) v t L M
dt dt
= +
1 1 1 1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) (0) ( ) (0) V s sL I s Li sMI s Mi = +
2 1
( ) ( )
( )
di t di t
v t L M = + ( ) ( ) (0) ( ) (0) V s sL I s L i sMI s Mi = +
The Laplace Transform
51
2 2
( ) v t L M
dt dt
= +
2 2 2 2 2 1 1
( ) ( ) (0) ( ) (0) V s sL I s L i sMI s Mi = +
Circuit Element Models (5)
( ) i t ( ) I s
R ( ) v t
( )
+
R ( ) V s
( )
+

( ) i t ( ) I s
L
( ) i t
+
sL
( ) I s
+
( ) v t
(0) i
( ) V s
+

(0) Li
The Laplace Transform
52

Circuit Element Models (6)
( ) i t ( ) I s
C
( ) v t
+
1
sC
( ) V s
+


+
(0) v
s
+ M + +
sM
+ +

1 1 2
(0) (0) Li Mi +
2 2 1
(0) (0) L i Mi +
1
L
2
L
+

2
( ) v t
+

1
( ) v t
1
sL
2
sL
+

s
2
( ) V s
+

1
( ) V s
The Laplace Transform
53
1
( ) i t
2
( ) i t
1
( ) I s
2
( ) I s
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
54
Analysis Techniques (1)
1 2
KVL/KCL: ( ) ( ) ... ( ) 0
n
x t x t x t + + + =
1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
n
1 2
KVL/KCL: ( ) ( ) ... ( ) 0
n
X s X s X s + + + =
i(t), v(t), Circuit
Inverse Transform Circuit Element Models
DC circuit analysis techniques
(KVL KCL nodal analysis
Circuit
(KVL, KCL, nodal analysis,
mesh analysis, source
transformation, superposition,
Thevenin/Norton equivalent, )
The Laplace Transform
55
I(s), V(s),
Circuit
in s-domain
Analysis Techniques (2)
Ex. 1
Find the current i(t)?
t = 0
+
200O
100mH

100mH
1V
( ) i t
200
(0) 0 i =
1
200 ( ) 0.1 ( ) 0.1 (0) 200 ( ) 0.1 ( ) I s sI s i I s sI s
s
+ = = +
+

200
0.1s
s
1 2
1 10
( )
(0.1 200) ( 2000) 2000
K K
I s
s s s s s s
= = = +
+ + +
1
s
( ) I s
+

0.1 (0) i
1
0
10
0.005
2000
s
K
s
=
= =
+
0 005 0 005
2
2000
10
0.005
s
K
s
=
= =
2000
The Laplace Transform
56
0.005 0.005
( )
2000
I s
s s
=
+
2000
( ) 0.005(1 ) A
t
i t e

=
Analysis Techniques (3)
t 0
Ex. 1
Find the current i(t)?
t = 0
+
200O
100mH
2000
( ) 0.005(1 ) A
t
i t e

=
1. Solve for initial capacitor
voltages & inductor currents
2. Draw an s-domain circuit
Inverse Transform

1V
( ) i t
3. Use one of DC circuit
analysis techniques to solve
for voltages or/and currents
in s-domain
(0) 0 i =
Inverse Transform
Circuit Element Models
200
in s domain
4. Find the inverse Laplace
transform to convert them
back to the time domain
+

0.1s
1
0.1 (0) 0 i =
1
200 ( ) 0.1 ( ) I s sI s
s
+ =
10
( )
( 2000)
I s
s s
=
+
The Laplace Transform
57
s
( ) I s
+

0.1 (0) 0 i
s ( 2000) s s +
Analysis Techniques (4)
Ex. 2
Find the voltage v(t)?
t = 0
10kO
+
4
6
4
1
10
1 5
25 10
( ) // ( )
1
2
10
s
V s R J s
sC s

(

= =
(
+

+
(0) 0 v =
2
5 A
t
e

25 F

v
+
6
10
25 10 s

10k
5
A
2 s +

+
( ) V s
4
1 2
4 10
( 2)( 4) 2 4
K K
s s s s

= = +
+ + + +
1. Solve for initial capacitor voltages &
i d t t
6
1
25 10 s

( 2)( 4) 2 4 s s s s + + + +
4
4
1
2
4 10
2 10
4
s
K
s
=

= =
+
inductor currents
2. Draw an s-domain circuit
3. Use one of DC circuit analysis
techniques to solve for voltages or/and
currents in s-domain

4
4
2
4
4 10
2 10
2
s
K
s
=

= =
+
The Laplace Transform
58
currents in s-domain
4. Find the inverse Laplace transform to
convert them back to the time domain

4 2 4
( ) 2 10 ( ) V
t t
v t e e

=
0
Analysis Techniques (5)
Ex. 3
Find the current i(t)?
( ) i t
+
( ) I s
+
+
4O
0 t =
8O
+
12
8
(0) 1A
8
i = = L
( ) v t
+
(0) i
sL
( ) V s
+
+

2H
8V
( ) i t

12V
12
2
( )
2 4
s
I s
s
+
=
+

(0) Li
+

4
2
2
( ) I s
+

12
1. Solve for initial capacitor voltages &
i d t t

1 2
6
( 2) 2
s K K
s s s s
+
= = +
+ +
2s
( ) I s
12
s
inductor currents
2. Draw an s-domain circuit
3. Use one of DC circuit analysis
techniques to solve for voltages or/and
currents in s-domain

1
0
6
3
2
s
s
K
s
=
+
= =
+
6
2
( ) 3 2 A
t
i t e

=
The Laplace Transform
59
currents in s-domain
4. Find the inverse Laplace transform to
convert them back to the time domain

2
2
6
2
s
s
K
s
=
+
= =
0
Analysis Techniques (6)
Ex. 4
Find the voltage v(t)?
+
4O
0 t =
8O
+
+
( ) i t
+
1
( ) I s
+
12 8
1
( )
s s
V s

(0) 8 V v =

2F
8V
( ) v t

12V

C
( ) v t
+
sC
( ) V s
+
+
( )
1
2
4
2
s s
V s
s
s
=
+
1 2
0.5 K K

+
4
1
8
s
( ) V
+

12
+


(0) v
s
1. Solve for initial capacitor voltages &
i d t t

1 2
0.5
( 0.125) 0.125
K K
s s s s
= = +
+ +
1
0.5
4 K = =
2s
( ) V s
12
s

inductor currents
2. Draw an s-domain circuit
3. Use one of DC circuit analysis
techniques to solve for voltages or/and
currents in s-domain

1
0
0.125
s
s
=
+
2
0 125
0.5
4 K
s
= =
The Laplace Transform
60
currents in s-domain
4. Find the inverse Laplace transform to
convert them back to the time domain

0.125 s
s
=
0.125
( ) 4(1 ) V
t
v t e

=
Analysis Techniques (7)
Ex. 5
Write the mesh equations in the s-domain?
1
C
1
R
2
R
2
L
+

1
( ) e t
2
( ) e t
3
L
C
3
(0) i
2
(0) i

+
+
1
(0) v
(0) v
L
( ) v t
( ) i t
+
sL
( ) V s
( ) I s
+
(0) Li
3
C

3
(0) v
1
R
2
R
2
sL
1
(0) v
s
+
( ) v t

(0) i
( ) V s

+
(0) Li
+

1
1
sC
3
sL
2 2
(0) L i
+

( ) i t ( ) I s
1
( ) E s
2
( ) E s
3 3
(0) L i
3
(0) v
+

C
( ) v t
+
1
sC
( ) V s
+
+
(0) v
The Laplace Transform
61
3
1
sC
s

+
s
Analysis Techniques (8)
Ex. 5
Write the mesh equations in the s-domain?
1
C
1
R
2
R
2
L
+

1
( ) e t
2
( ) e t
3
L
C
3
(0) i
2
(0) i

+
+
1
(0) v
(0) v
1
1
1
: ( )
1
A
A R I s
sC
| |
+ +
|
\ .
| |
3
C

3
(0) v
3
3
1 3
1
[ ( ) ( )]
(0) (0)
( ) (0)
A B
sL I s I s
sC
v v
E s L i
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
= +
1
R
2
R
2
sL
1
(0) v
s
+ 1 3 3
( ) (0) E s L i
s s
= +
+

1
1
sC
3
sL
2 2
(0) L i
+

( )
2 2
: ( )
B
B R sL I s + +
( )
A
I s
( )
B
I s
1
( ) E s
2
( ) E s
3 3
(0) L i
3
(0) v
+

3
3
1
[ ( ) ( )]
(0)
B A
sL I s I s
sC
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
The Laplace Transform
62
3
1
sC
s

3
3 3 2 2 2
(0)
(0) (0) ( )
v
L i L i E s
s
=
Analysis Techniques (9)
Ex. 6
Write the node equations in the s-domain?
+

2
C
2
(0) v

1
L
1
(0) i
2
(0) i
2
L
3
(0) v
3
C
+
1
( ) j t 1
R
3
R
3
3
( ) j t
The Laplace Transform
63
Analysis Techniques (10)
Ex. 7
Solve for v(t) ?
8O
1F
(0) 0; (0) 0;
L C
i v = =
+
1H
2O
1F
+

( ) v t
15
( )
5 ( )
: 0
1
2
a
a
V s
V s
s
a
s s

+ =
+

5 ( ) A u t
15 ( ) V u t

s
2
3 2
10 35 15
( )
2
a
s s
V s
s s s
+ +
=
+ +
8
s
1
s
a
2 s s s + +
2
3 2
( ) 10 35 15
( ) 2 2
1
2 2 1
2
a
V s s s s
V s
s s s s
+ +
= =
+ + +
+

5
s
15
s
2
+

( ) V s
2 2 1
2
s s s s
s
+ + +
+
11 12
10( 3) s K K +
= = +
The Laplace Transform
64
s
2 2
( 1) 1 ( 1) s s s
+
+ + +
Analysis Techniques (11)
Solve for v(t) ?
8
1
a
Method 1
Ex. 7
+
5
15
s
2
s
+

( ) V s
11 12
2 2
10( 3)
( )
( 1) 1 ( 1)
s K K
V s
s s s
+
= = +
+ + +
2
12
2
1
1
10( 3)
( 1) 10( 3) 20
( 1)
s
s
s
K s s
s
=
=
+
= + = + =
+

s
s

( )
2
11
2
1
1
10( 3)
( 1) 10 3 10
( 1)
s
s
d s d
K s s
ds s ds
=
=
( +
= + = + =
(
+

1 s
2
10 20
( ) ( ) 10(2 1) V
1 ( 1)
t
V s v t t e

= + = +
+ +
The Laplace Transform
65
2
1 ( 1) s s + +
Analysis Techniques (12)
Solve for v(t) ?
8
1
a
Method 2
Ex. 7
+
5
15
s
2
s
+

( ) V s
( )
A
I s
Suppose the current source flows via the inductor.
5 1 15
( ) 2 ( )
A A
s I s I s
s s s
( | |
+ + =
|
(
\ .

s
s

2
3
( ) 5
( 1)
A
s
I s
s
+
=
+
2
3
( ) 10
( 1)
s
V s
s
+
=
+
The Laplace Transform
66
( 1) s +
Analysis Techniques (13)
Solve for v(t) ?
8
1
a
Method 3
Ex. 7
1
2
| |
|
+
5
15
s
2
s
+

( ) V s
5
2
1
2
5 10( 0.5)
( )
1
( 1)
2
ab
s
s
s
s
V s
s s
s
s
| |
+
|
+
\ .
= =
+
+ +

s
s

s
5
10( 0.5) 2 10
( )
s s
V s
+
= =
8
s
1
s
a
5
2 2
( )
1
( 1) ( 1)
2
s
V s
s s
s
= =
+ +
+
5
s
2
+

5 ( )
s
V s
The Laplace Transform
67
s
b
Analysis Techniques (14)
Solve for v(t) ?
8
1
a
Method 3
Ex. 7
15
+
5
15
s
2
s
+

( ) V s
15
2
15
15
( )
1
( 1)
2
C
s
s
I s
s
s
s
= =
+
+ +

s
s

15
8
s
1
s
a
15
2
15
( ) 2
( 1)
s
V s
s
=
+
+

15
s
2
+

15 ( )
s
V s
The Laplace Transform
68
Analysis Techniques (15)
Solve for v(t) ?
8
1
a
Method 3
Ex. 7
+
5
15
s
2
s
+

( ) V s 8
s
1
s
a

s
s

5
2
10
( )
( 1)
s
s
V s
s
=
+
5
s
2
+

5 ( )
s
V s
s
b
a
15 15 ( ) ( ) ( )
s s
V s V s V s = +
15
2
15
( ) 2
( 1)
V s =
+
8
s
2
1
s
+
15 ( ) V s
2 2
10 30
( 1) ( 1)
10( 3)
s
s s
s
= +
+ +
+
The Laplace Transform
69
2
( 1)
s
s +
+

15
s
2

15 ( )
s
V s
2
( )
( 1) s
=
+
Analysis Techniques (16)
Solve for v(t) ?
8
1
a
Method 4
Ex. 7
+
5
15
s
2
s
+

( ) V s
( ) Z s s =

s
s

2
5 15 3
( ) 5
s
E s s
s s s
+
| |
= + =
|
\ .
( ) Z s
1
s
2
3
5
3
( ) 5
1
( 1)
2
s
s
s
I s
s
s
+
+
= =
+
+ +
+

( ) E s
( )
2
+

( ) V s
s
2 2
3 3
( ) 2 5 10
( 1) ( 1)
s s
V s
s s
+ +
= =
+ +
The Laplace Transform
70
( 1) ( 1) s s + +
Analysis Techniques (17)
Solve for v(t) ?
8
1
a
Method 5
Ex. 7
+
5
15
s
2
s
+

( ) V s
8
s
1
s
a
1
s
s

( ) Z
( )
eq
Z s
1
( )
eq
Z s s
s
= +
+
( )
eq
E s
( )
eq
Z s
2
+

( ) V s
8
1
+
a

( )
eq
+
8
s
1
s
( )
eq
E s
5 15
( )
eq
E s s
s s
=
3
( ) 5
s
E
+
( )
( ) 2
2 ( )
eq
E s
V s
Z s
=
+
The Laplace Transform
71
+

5
s
15
s

( ) 5
eq
E s
s
=
2
2 ( )
3
10
( 1)
eq
Z s
s
s
+
+
=
+
0.5
x
v
Analysis Techniques (18)
Ex. 8
Solve for i(t) ?
2 ( ) A u t
x
2O
2O
1 2 ( ) A u t
x
v
+

2O
2O
2O
1
1
F
6
i
(0) 0; (0) 0
C L
v i = =
| |
6
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( 2) ( ) 0
x A c A
V s I s I s s I s
s
| |
+ + + + =
|
\ .
1H
( ) 0 5 ( ) I s V s =
s
\ .
| |
6
( ) 2 ( ) 0.5 ( ) ( 2) ( ) 0
x A x A
V s I s V s s I s
s
| |
+ + + + =
|
\ .
( ) 0.5 ( )
c x
I s V s
2 4
( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
x A A
V s I s I s
s s
(
= =
(

4 6 4
( | | (
2
( )
x
V s
+
2
2
2
6
s
( ) I s
( )
A
I s
4 6 4
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 0.5 2 ( )
( 2) ( ) 0
A A A
A
I s I s I s
s s s
s I s

( | | (
+ + +
`
|
( (
\ .
)
+ + =
The Laplace Transform
72
2
s

s
( )
A
8 12
( ) ( )
( 2)( 6)
A
s
I s I s
s s s
+
= =
+ +
0.5
x
v
Analysis Techniques (19)
Ex. 8
Solve for i(t) ?
2 ( ) A u t
x
2O
2O
1 2 ( ) A u t
x
v
+

2O
2O
2O
1
1
F
6
i
1 2 3
8 12
( )
( 2)( 6) 2 6
s K K K
I s
s s s s s s
+
= = + +
+ + + +
1H
( ) 0 5 ( ) I s V s =
1
0
8 12
1
( 2)( 6)
s
s
K
s s
=
+
= =
+ +
8 12
( ) 0.5 ( )
c x
I s V s
2
2
8 12
0.5
( 6)
s
s
K
s s
=
+
= =
+
8 12
2
( )
x
V s
+
2
2
2
6
s
( ) I s
3
6
8 12
1.5
( 2)
s
s
K
s s
=
+
= =
+
2 6
( ) 1 0 5 1 5 A
t t
The Laplace Transform
73
2
s

s
2 6
( ) 1 0.5 1.5 A
t t
i t e e

= +
Analysis Techniques (20)
Ex. 9
Find the current i(t)?
0 t =
2
2
15
2
16 5 s
+
+
8
(0) 1A
8
i = =
+

4O
2H
8V
( ) i t
8O
+

5sin3 V t
2
2
16.5
9
( )
2 4 ( 2)( 9)
s
s
I s
s s s
+
+
= =
+ + +
*
1 2 2
K K K
= + +
5sin3 V t
2 3 3 s s j s j
+ +
+ +
2
1
2
16.5
1.58
9
s
K
s
+
= =
+
+

4
2s
2
( ) I s
+

15
2
9
s
s
=
+
2
2
3
16.5
0.35
( 2)( 3)
s j
s
K
s s j
=
+
= =
+ +
o
146.3
2s
( )
2
9 s +
The Laplace Transform
74
3 s j =
2 o
( ) 1.58 0.70cos(3 146.3 ) A
t
i t e t

= +
Analysis Techniques (21)
i(t), v(t), Circuit
Inverse Transform Circuit Element Models
DC circuit analysis techniques
(KVL, KCL, nodal analysis,
h l i
I(s) V(s)
Circuit
mesh analysis, source
transformation, superposition,
Thevenin/Norton equivalent, )
I(s), V(s),
in s-domain
The Laplace Transform
75
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
76
Convolution Integral (1)
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
f t f t f t f t f d f f t d = = =
} }
2
( ) f t
t 0
1
( ) f t
t 0
1
( ) f
1
( ) f
1
( ) f t
2
( ) f t
( ) f
The Laplace Transform
77

0

0
1
( ) f
2
( ) f
Convolution Integral (2)
Ex. 1
Find the convolution of the two signal?
1
1
( ) f t
t 0
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f t
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
f t f t f t f t f d f f t d = = =
} }
t 0
2
( ) f t
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f
1
1
( ) f t
2
2
( ) f
1

0
1 2 3 4

0
1 2 3 4
1
( ) f t
1 2
0 1: 1; 0 t f f < < = =
The Laplace Transform
78
1 2
( ) * ( ) 0 f t f t =
Convolution Integral (3)
Ex. 1
Find the convolution of the two signal?
1
1
( ) f t
t 0
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f t
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
f t f t f t f t f d f f t d = = =
} }
t 0
2
( ) f t
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f
1
1
( ) f t

0
1 2 3 4
1 2
0 1: ( ) * ( ) 0 t f t f t < < =
1 2
1 2 : 1; 2 t f f < < = =
The Laplace Transform
79
1 2 1 2
1
1 1
( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 2 2( 1)
t t
t
f t f t f t f d d t

=
= = = =
} }
Convolution Integral (4)
Ex. 1
Find the convolution of the two signal?
1
1
( ) f t
t 0
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f t
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
f t f t f t f t f d f f t d = = =
} }
t 0
2
( ) f t
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f
1
1
( ) f t

0
1 2 3 4
1 2
0 1: ( ) * ( ) 0 t f t f t < < =
1 2
1 2 : ( ) * ( ) 2( 1) t f t f t t < < =
1 2
2 3: 1; 2 t f f < < = =
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) f f
The Laplace Transform
80
1 2 1 2
1
1 1
( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 2 2
t t
t
t
t t
f t f t f t f d d


=

= = = =
} }
Convolution Integral (5)
Ex. 1
Find the convolution of the two signal?
1
1
( ) f t
t 0
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f t
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
f t f t f t f t f d f f t d = = =
} }
t 0
2
( ) f t
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f
1
1
( ) f t

0
1 2 3 4
1 2
0 1: ( ) * ( ) 0 t f t f t < < =
1 2
1 2 : ( ) * ( ) 2( 1) t f t f t t < < =
1 2
3 4 : 1; 2 t f f < < = =
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) f f
1 2
2 3: ( ) * ( ) 2 t f t f t < < =
The Laplace Transform
81
3 3
3
1 2 1 2
1
1 1
( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 2 8 2
t
t t
f t f t f t f d d t

=

= = = =
} }
Convolution Integral (6)
Ex. 1
Find the convolution of the two signal?
1
1
( ) f t
t 0
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f t
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
f t f t f t f t f d f f t d = = =
} }
t 0
2
( ) f t
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f
1
1
( ) f t

0
1 2 3 4
1 2
0 1: ( ) * ( ) 0 t f t f t < < =
1 2
1 2 : ( ) * ( ) 2( 1) t f t f t t < < =
1 2
4 : 1; 0 t f f > = =
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) f f
1 2
2 3: ( ) * ( ) 2 t f t f t < < =
1 2
3 4 : ( ) * ( ) 8 2 t f t f t t < < =
The Laplace Transform
82
1 2
( ) * ( ) 0 f t f t =
Convolution Integral (7)
Ex. 1
Find the convolution of the two signal?
1
1
( ) f t
t 0
1 2 3 4
2
2
( ) f t
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
f t f t f t f t f d f f t d = = =
} }
t 0
2
( ) f t
1 2 3 4 1 2
0 1: ( ) * ( ) 0 t f t f t < < =
1 2
1 2 : ( ) * ( ) 2( 1) t f t f t t < < =
1 2
2 3: ( ) * ( ) 2 t f t f t < < =
3 4 ( ) * ( ) 8 2 f f
2
1 2
( ) * ( ) f t f t
1 2
4 : ( ) * ( ) 0 t f t f t > =
1 2
3 4 : ( ) * ( ) 8 2 t f t f t t < < =
t 0
1 2 3 4
The Laplace Transform
83
t 0
1 2 3 4
Convolution Integral (8)
Ex. 2
Find the convolution of the two signal?
1
( ) w t
t 0
1 2 3 4
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
f t f t f t f t f d f f t d = = =
} }
2
2
t
Method 1
t 0
2
t
e
1 2 3 4
2
2e

( ) w t
Method 1
t 0
1 2 3 4
t t =
}
t 0
1 2 3 4
2
( )
0 0
0 2 : ( ) 2 1 2 2(1 )
t t
t t t
t f t e d e e

=

=
< < = = =
}
2 2
( ) 2 t t t

=
}
t 0
1 2 3 4
The Laplace Transform
84
2 2
( ) 2
0 0
2 : ( ) 2 1 2 2( 1)
t t t
t f t e d e e e

=
> = = =
}
Convolution Integral (9)
Ex. 2
Find the convolution of the two signal?
1
( ) w t
t 0
1 2 3 4
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t
f t f t f t f t f d f f t d = = =
} }
2
2
t
Method 2
t 0
2
t
e
1 2 3 4
2
2
t
e

( ) w
Method 2
t 0
1 2 3 4
t t =
}
t 0
1 2 3 4
2
0 0
0 2 : ( ) 1 2 2 2(1 )
t t
t
t f t e d e e

=

=
< < = = =
}
2
t t
t

=
}
t 0
1 2 3 4
The Laplace Transform
85
2
2 2
2 : ( ) 1 2 2 2( 1)
t t
t
t t
t f t e d e e e

=
> = = =
}
Convolution Integral (10)
Property f(t) F(s)
( ) Af ( ) AF
1. Magnitude scaling
2. Addition/subtraction
3 Time scaling
( ) Af t ( ) AF s
1 2
( ) ( ) f t f t
1 2
( ) ( ) F s F s
( ) f at
1 s
F
| |
|
3. Time scaling
4. Time shifting
5 F hif i
( ) f at
F
a a
|
\ .
( ) ( ), 0 f t a u t a a >
( )
as
e F s

( )
at
f ( ) F
( ) ( ), 0 f t u t a a >
[ ( )]
as
e L f t a

+
5. Frequency shifting
6. Differentiation
7. Multiplication by t
( )
at
e f t

( ) F s a +
( ) /
n n
d f t dt
1 2 1 1
( ) (0) (0) ... (0)
n n n o n
s F s s f s f s f


( )
n
t f t
( 1) ( ) /
n n n
d F s ds
8. Division by t
9. Integration
( ) ( )
( ) / f t t ( )
s
F d

}
0
( )
t
f d
}
( ) / F s s
The Laplace Transform
86
10. Convolution
1 2 1 2
0
( ) * ( ) ( ) ( )
t
f t f t f f t d =
} 1 2
( ) ( ) F s F s
Convolution Integral (11)
Ex. 3
Find v
o
(t)?
+

+
1O
i
v
5
t

( )
i
v t
1O
0.2F
( )
o
v t
t 0
i
5
t
e

1 2 3 4
1
t 0
1 2 3 4
1
( ) 5 5 5
0.2
( ) ( )
1
( ) 1 5 1
1
0.2
C
o i
C
Z s
s
V s V s
R Z s s s s
s
= = =
+ + + +
+
0.2s
Method 1:
5
( ) ( ) 6.25( ) V
t t
o o
V s v t e e

=
Method 2: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * ( )
o i o i
V s H s V s v t h t v t = =
5
5
( ) ( ) 5
5
t
H s h t e
s

= =
+
5( ) 5 4 5 4
( ) ( ) ( ) 5 5 25 6 25
t t t
t
t t t
v t h t v d e e d e d e



=
+ +
} } }
The Laplace Transform
87
( )
0
0 0 0
5
( ) ( ) ( ) 5 5 25 6.25
6.25( ) V
o i
t t
v t h t v d e e d e d e
e e

=

= = = =
=
} } }
The Laplace Transform
Definition
Two Important Singularity Functions
Transform Pairs
Properties of the Transform
Inverse Transform
Initial-Value & Final-Value Theorems
Laplace Circuit Solutions
Circuit Element Models Circuit Element Models
Analysis Techniques
Convolution Integral Convolution Integral
Transfer Function
The Laplace Transform
88
Transfer Function (1)
( )
in
I s
( )
out
I s
+
( )
in
V s
+
( )
out
V s ( ) H s

( )
( )
Out s
H s = ( )
( )
H s
In s
=
If ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) in t t In s H s Out s o = = =
The Laplace Transform
89
Transfer Function (2)
Linear
b d
+ +
( ) ( ) t
Ex. 1
Find the transfer function h(t) of the filter?
bandpass
filter

( )
i
v t ( )
o
v t
( ) 10 ( )
i
v t u t =
10
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o i
V s H s V s H s
s
= =
s
1
( ) ( )
10
o
H s sV s =
10
1 ( )
( )
o
dv t
h t =
The Laplace Transform
90
( )
10
h t
dt

Transfer Function (3)

Ex. 2
Find the transfer function H(s)?
+

++

( )
i
v t
1O
0.2F
( )
o
v t
1
( ) 5
0.2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
C
i i i i
Z s
s
V s V s V s V s H s V s = = = = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
( ) 5
1
0.2
o i i i i
C
V s V s V s V s H s V s
R Z s s
s
+ +
+
( ) 5
( )
( ) 5
o
i
V s
H s
V s s
= =
+
The Laplace Transform
91
Transfer Function (4)
A circuit is stable if : lim ( ) finite
x
h t

=
je
1 2
( )
( )
( )( )...( )
n
N s
H s
s p s p s p
=
+ + +
1 2 n
1 2
1 2
( ) ( ... ) ( )
n
p t p t p t
h t k e k e k e u t

= + + +
o
1 2
( ) ( ... ) ( )
n
h t k e k e k e u t + + +
Acircuit is stable when all the poles of its transfer function H(s)
The Laplace Transform
92
A circuit is stable when all the poles of its transfer function H(s)
lie in the left half of the s-plane
Transfer Function (5)
Ex. 3
An active filter has the transfer function
( )
k
H s =
An active filter has the transfer function
2
( )
(4 ) 1
H s
s k s + +
For what values of k is the filter stable?
i i i bl h ll h l f i f
je
A circuit is stable when all the poles of its transfer
function H(s) lie in the left half of the s-plane
2
1,2
(4 ) (4 ) 4
2
k k
p

=
oo
4 0 k >
k
The Laplace Transform
93
4 k <
Transfer Function (6)
Ex. 4
+

+
Given the transfer function
5
( ) H s =
+

( )
i
v t
1O
C
( )
o
v t
1
Given the transfer function ( )
5
H s
s +
Find C?
1
( ) 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
( ) 1
1
C
o i i i
C
Z s
sC
V s V s V s V s
R Z s Cs
sC
= = =
+ +
+
+

+
( ) V
1
sC
( ) 1 5
( )
( ) 1 5 5
o
V s
H s
V s Cs Cs
= = =
+ +

( )
i
V s
1
1
sC
( )
o
V s
( ) 1 5 5
i
V s Cs Cs + +
5 1 C =
The Laplace Transform
94
0.2F C =