Unit 6 Business and Pleasure

Capital cities of Countries

Country Capital City Continent

Austria Vienna Europe

Belgium Brussels Europe
Denmark Copenhagen Europe
England London Europe
Germany Berlin Europe
Italy Rome Italy
Egypt Cairo Africa
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Africa
Iran Teheran Asia
Indonesia Jakarta Asia
Kuwait Kuwait City Asia
Israel Jerusalem Asia
Philippines Manila Asia
Singapore Singapore Asia
Mexico Mexico City North America
Cuba Havana North America
Panama Panama City North America
Argentina Buenos Aires South America
Venezuela Caracas South America
New Zealand Wellington Australia
Australia Canberra Australia
Tonga Nuku’alofa Australia
 The Present Continuous Tense (The Present Progressive Tense)

The Present Continuous is :

am / is / are + doing / eating / running / writing etc.
am / is / are = helping verbs
doing / eating / running = the main verbs

am / is / are + -ing = something is happening now

I’m working
She’s wearing a hat.
They’re playing football.
I’m watching television.

Part___________________________Now____________________________Future

Spelling of –ing

END OF VERB -ING FORM

Rule 1: A consonant + -e drop the –e and add –ing
smile smiling
write writing
Rule 2: One Vowel + one consonant double the consonant and add –ing
sit sitting
run running
Rule 3: Two vowels + one consonant add –ing; do not double the consonant
read reading
rain raining
Rule 4: Two consonants add –ing: do not double the consonant
stand standing
push pushing

Exercises
Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs:

build cook go have stand stay swim work

1. Please be quiet. I’m working.

2. ‘Where’s John?’ ‘He’s in the kitchen. He ____________________.’
3. ‘You __________________ on m foot.’ ‘Oh, I’m sorry.’
4. Look! Somebody ___________________ in the river.
5. We’re here on holiday. We _____________________ at the Central Hotel.
6. ‘Where’s Ann?’ ‘She ____________________ a shower.’
7. They _________________ a new theatre in the city center at the moment.
8. I __________________ now. Goodbye.
 The Present Continuous : Question

QUESTION SHORT ANSWER + (LONG ANSWER)

Be + Subject + -ing
(a) Is Mary sleeping Yes, she is. (She’s sleeping.)
No, she’s not. (She’s not sleeping.)
No, she isn’t. (She isn’t sleeping.)
(b) Are you watching TV? Yes, I am. (I’m watching TV.)
No, I’m not. (I’m not watching TV.)
Q-Word + Be + Subject + -ing
(c) Where is Mary sleeping? On the sofa. (She’s sleeping on the sofa.)
Why are you watching TV? Because I like this program. (I’m
watching TV because I like this program.)

Exercises
Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order.
1. (working / Paul / today?) Is Paul working today?
2. (what / doing / the children?) What are the children doing?
3. (you / listening / to me) ______________________________________
4. (where / going / your friends?) ______________________________________
5. (your parents / television / watching?) __________________________________
6. (what / cooking / Ann?) ______________________________________
7. (why / you / looking / at me?) ______________________________________
8. (coming / the bus?) ______________________________________

Nonaction verbs not used in the Present Continuous

(a) I’m hungry right now. I want an apple. Some verbs are NOT used in the present continuous.
(Incorrect: I am wanting an apple.) They are called “nonaction verbs.” In (a): Want is a
nonaction verb. Want expresses a physical or
(b) I hear a siren. Do you hear it too? Emotional need, not an action. In (b): Hear is a
(Incorrect: I’m hearing a siren. Are you nonaction verb. Hear expresses a sensory
hearing it too?) experience, not an action.
Nonaction verbs
want hear understand
need see know
like smell believe
love taste think (meaning believe)
hate
 The Simple Present VS The Present Continuous

Statements: * The Simple Present expresses habits or usual

(a) I sit in class every day. activities, as in (a), (c), and (e).
(b) I am sitting in class right now. * The Present Continuous expresses actions
that are happening right now, while the speaker
(c) The teacher writes on the board on is speaking, as in (b), (d), and (f).
every day.
(d) The teacher is writing on the board
right now.
Questions: * The Simple Present uses do and does as
(e) Do you sit in class every day? helping verbs in question.
(f) Are you sitting in class right now? * The Present Continuous use am, is, and are
in questions.
(g) Does the teacher write on the board
every day?
(f) Is the teacher writing on the board
right now?
Negatives: * The Simple Present uses do and does as
(i) I don’t sit in class every day. helping verbs in negatives.
(j) I’m not sitting in class right now. * The Present Continuous uses am, is, and are
in negatives.
(k) The teacher doesn’t write on the board
every day.
(l) The teacher isn’t writing on the board
right now.

Shopping
Bad service
Look at what the customer says in the conversation and circle the correct form of
the verbs in italics.

Customer : Good morning.

Assistant : Yeah, What do you want.
Customer : I look for / I’m looking for a wetsuit.
Assistant : Well, you’re in the wrong shop.
Customer : But it says / it’s saying in the window that you sell wetsuits.
Assistant : Yeah, well that’s because the Manager’s an idiot.
Customer : Oh … I see. Well, do you sell / are you selling surfboards?
Assistant : No, of course not.
Customer : What? Do you joke? / Are you joking? This shop is Surfer’s
Paradise, right? And you’re telling me that you don’t sell /
aren’t selling surfboards.
Assistant Yeah.
Customer : I see, I’m seeing. Well, where can I buy a surfboard?
Assistant : I’ve no idea.
Customer : Right. Well, thank you very much. Goodbye.
Assistant : Yeah. And don’t come back.
 Better Services
Now the customer is in the same situation but he is talking to a more polite shop
assistant. Fill the gaps in the conversation above with these sentences.

Yes, I’m afraid that sign’s a mistake. Goodbye. Have a nice day.
No, I’m afraid we don’t I’m sorry, but we don’t sell wetsuits.
Why don’t you try the shop across the road? Hello. Can I help you?
Yes, I know it’s crazy, but we’re having problems with our supplier.

Customer : Good morning.

Assistant : ______________________________________________
Customer : I’m looking for a wetsuit.
Assistant : ______________________________________________
Customer : But it says in the window that you sell wetsuits.
Assistant : ______________________________________________
Customer : Oh … I see. Well, do you sell surfboards?
Assistant : ______________________________________________
Customer : What? Are you joking? This shop is Surfer’s Paradise, right?
And you’re telling me that you aren’t selling surfboards.
Assistant ______________________________________________
Customer : I see. Well, where can I buy a surfboard?
Assistant : ______________________________________________
Customer : Right. Well, thank you very much. Goodbye.
Assistant : ______________________________________________

Shopping Phrases
Assistant : Hi! Can I help you?
Customer : Hello. I’m looking for a wetsuit. Do you sell them?
Assistant : Of course we do. Hey, this is a surf shop!
Customer : Great!
Assistant : How about these?
Customer : Oh, yeah! I like this one … and this one. Can I try them on?
Assistant : Sure. The changing room’s just through there … So, what do
You think?
Customer : Great! Can I have this one, please?
Assistant : Sure. That one’s $150. Is that OK?
Customer : Yeah. Can I pay by credit card?
Assistant : No problem.
Customer : Oh … and can I have a receipt?
Assistant : Sure … Just sign there.


You want to check the size. _________________________________

You make your decision. _________________________________

You don’t have any cash. _________________________________

You want a record of the price. _________________________________

 Unit 7 Technology
The events in the history of business.
1. The first TV advert was on July 1, 1941.
2. The first phone call was on March 10, 1875.
3. The first passenger flight was on January 1, 1914.
4. The first tourist in space was in April 2001.
5. The first e-mail was in 1971.

Months
January July
February August
March September
April October
May November
June December

Dates
Us English (month before day) British English
3 / 10 / 1875 3 / 10 / 1875
the tenth of March eighteen seventy-five the third of October seventy-five

2 / 5 /2001 2 / 5 / 2001
the fifty of February two thousand and one the second of May two thousand and one

Past Simple Tense

Using be : Past time

Present Time Past Time

(a) I am in class today. (b) I was in class yesterday.
(b) Alice is at the library today. (d) Alice was at the library yesterday.
(c) My friends are at home today. (f) My friends were at home yesterday.
Simple Past tense of be I
Singular Plural she
I was we were he + was
you were (one person) you were (more than one person) it
she was they were
he was we
it was you + were
they

Past of be : Negative

(a) I was not in class yesterday. Negative contractions: was + not = wasn’t
(b) I wasn’t in class yesterday. Were + not = weren’t
(c) They were not at home last night. I we
(d) They weren’t at home last night. she + wasn’t you + weren’t
he they
it
 Exercise Study the time expressions. Then complete the sentences. Use wasn’t
or weren’t. Use a past time expressions.
Present Past
today yesterday
this morning yesterday morning
this afternoon yesterday afternoon
tonight last night
this week last week
1. Ken is here today, but ______________________________________
2. I’m at home tonight, but ____________________________________
3. Olga is bus today, but ______________________________________
4. We’re in class this morning, but ______________________________
5. Tom is at the library, but ____________________________________
6. It’s cold this week, but ______________________________________
7. Alex and Rita are at work this morning, but _____________________
8. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are at home tonight, but _____________________
9. You’re in class today, but ___________________________________
10. Dr. Ruckman is in her office this afternoon, but __________________

Past of Be : Questions

Yes / No Questions Short Answer + (long answer)

(a) Were you in class yester day? Yes, I was. (I was in class yesterday.)
(be) + (subject) No, I wasn’t. (I wasn’t in class yesterday.)
(b) Was Carlos in home last night? Yes, he was. (He was at home last night.)
(be) + (subject) No, he wasn’t. (He wasn’t at home last night.)

Exercise Make questions and give short answers.

1. (you / at home / last night)
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
2. (Mr. Yamamoto / absent from class / yesterday)
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
3. (Alex and Sue / at home / last night)
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
4. (you / nervous / the first day of class)
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
5. (Ahmed / at the library / last night)
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
 The Simple Past Tense: Using –ed
Simple Present: (a) I walk to school every day. Verb + -ed = the simple past tense
Simple Past: (b) I walked to school yesterday.
I
Simple Present: (c) Ann walks to school every day. you
Simple Past: (d) Ann walked to school yesterday. she
he + walked (verb + -ed)
it
we
they

Exercise Complete the sentences. Use the words in the list; use the Simple
Present or the Simple Past.

ask rain wait

cook shave walk
dream smile watch
erase stay work

1. It often rains in the morning. It rained yesterday.

2. I __________________ to school every morning. I ___________________ to
school yesterday morning.
3. Sue often __________________ questions. She __________________ a question
in class yesterday.
4. I __________________ a movie on television last night. I usually _____________
TV in the evening because I want to improve m English.
5. Mike __________________ his own dinner yesterday evening. He
__________________ his own dinner every evening.
6. I usually __________________ home at bight because I have to study. I
__________________ home last night.
7. I have a job at the library. I __________________ at the library every evening. I
__________________ there yesterday evening.
8. When I am asleep, I often __________________. I __________________ about
my family last night.
 Past time words: yesterday, last, and ago

Yesterday Last Ago

(a) Bob was here … (b) Sue was here … (c) Tom was here …
yesterday. last night. five minutes ago.
yesterday morning. last week. two hours ago.
yesterday afternoon. last month. three days ago.
yesterday evening. last year. a (one) week ago.
six months ago.
last spring. a (one) year ago.
last summer.
last fall.
last winter.

last Monday.
last Tuesday.
last Wednesday.
etc.

Spelling of –ed verbs

End of verb -ed form

Rule 1: End of verb: A consonant + -e Add –d
smile smiled
erase erased
Rule 2: One vowel + one consonant Double the consonant, add –ed
stop stopped
rub rubbed
Rule 3: Two vowels + one consonant Add –ed; do not double the consonant
rain rained
need needed
Rule 4: Tow consonants Add –ed; do not double the consonant
count counted
help helped
Rule 5: Consonant + -y Change –y to –i, and –ed
study studied
carry carried
Rule 6: Vowel + -y Add –ed; do not change –y to –i
play played
enjoy enjoyed
 The Simple Past: irregular verbs
Some verbs do not have –ed forms. The past form is irregular.
Present Past
come – came (a) I come to class every day.
do – did (b) I come to class yesterday.
eat – ate
get – got (c) I do m homework every day.
go – went (d) I did m homework yesterday.
have – had
put – put (e) Ann eats breakfast ever morning.
see – saw (f) Ann ate breakfast yesterday morning.
sit – sat
sleep – slept
stand – stood
write – wrote

Exercise Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses.

Use Simple Present, Present conversation, or Simple Past. Pay attention
to spelling and pronunciation.
1. I (get) _________________ up at eight o’clock yesterday morning.
2. Mary (talk) _________________ to John on the phone last night.
3. Mary (talk) _________________ to John on the phone right now.
4. Mary (talk) _________________ to John on the phone every day.
5. Jim and I (eat) _________________ lunch at the cafeteria two hours ago.
6. We (eat) _________________ lunch at the cafeteria very day.
7. I (go) _________________ to bed earl last night.
8. M roommate (study) _________________ Spanish last year.
9. Sue (write) _________________ a letter to her parents yesterday.
10. Sue (write) _________________ a letter to her parents every week.

Computer words.
Four group of computer words.
1. Equipment : screen, modem, keyboard, mouse
2. The internet : web, data, surf, homepage, net
3. Problems : virus, crash
4. System : apply, windows