CALCULATION OF LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION OF A TRANSFORMER STATION IN STATIONARY STATE

Hidajet Salkic1, Vlado Madzarevic2, Alija Muharemovic3, Nerdina Mehinovi4

PE Elektroprivreda BiH, ED Tuzla, Rudarska 38, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, h.salkic@elektroprivreda.ba 2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Tuzla, Franjevacka 2, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, vlado.madzarevic@untz.ba 3 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, alija.muharemovic@etf.unsa.ba 4 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Tuzla, Franjevacka 2, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, nerdina.mehinovic@untz.ba
1

Abstract
This paper describes one way of assessment of exposure level to electromagnetic fields of secondary electronic equipment or personal in or close to high-voltage facilities. Assessment about fulfilling criteria regarding allowable values of magnetic flux, according regulations, was gained by numerical calculation and experimental measurement, considering geometrical configuration of high-voltage facility elements. Correct identification of electromagnetic disturbances transmission lines has for a result optimal geometrical disposition of electronic equipment inside a high-voltage facility. Comparing a calculation results and results of experimental measuring on particular example of high-voltage facility, can lead to a conclusion that expensive measuring can be avoided, through standardization of mathematical model and numerical calculation of low-frequency magnetic field distribution even in conditions of the most complex geometry. Having in mind a number of locations where interaction between high-voltage facility and electronic equipment and personnel exists, a clear intention of author, for reducing expenses of recording interaction level, is visible.

Preface
Power production systems, transmission and distribution of electrical energy systems, as unavoidable parts of modern life, are becoming more and more complex so standards, that regulate their operation, are more demanding. Along with growing demands for transmission of electrical energy an interest for phenomena of electromagnetic compatibility in high-voltage facilities grows, especially in transformer stations as systems that are containing primary high-voltage equipment and secondary electronic equipment (equipment for surveillance, control, protection, measuring etc.). Aspect of interference calculation between primary power equipment of electrical high-voltage facilities that is usually a basic source of electromagnetic disturbances, and secondary low-voltage systems or humans, on which functionality and health a presence of disturbances influence in transient and stationary conditions will be a subject of this paper. In order to ensure valid and reliable functioning of secondary systems or to preserve a human health, it is necessary to identify and quantify potential causes as well as transmission lines of disturbances, and to determine measures needed to be conducted in order to reduce the influence of disturbances on functionality and security of secondary systems elements, on border level of electromagnetic field allowed by regulations. Calculation and experimental measuring of low-frequency electromagnetic field (Extra Low Frequency) ELF in stationary regime of transformer station, placed in urban areas, are obligatory for purposes of defining a level of electric and magnetic field in locations where electronic equipment is placed and where humans are stationed temporarily or permanently. Magnetic field in some point of space inside a transformer station is rotating vector which head illustrates ellipse for one period of a

current in conductors of primary current circuit. Elliptic polarization is formed cause of voltage and current phase shift in phases of multi-phase system. Depending of geometry and currents in conductors, elliptic polarization can vary from liner to circular. Same consideration applies for electric field. Generally, all three orthogonal components of field need to be measured and resulting field need to be calculated.

Mathematical model of calculation of low-frequency magnetic field of transformer station

Calculation of magnetic flux density distribution in and around a transformer station can be carried out by a procedure based on usage of: a) relation for magnetic flux density of flat finite length streamline (a line current), b) law of superposition.

a) Element of flat streamline with length d l = e dl shown on Figure 1., creates in arbitrary point of space T magnetic flux density, that is by Biot-Savart law equal to:

i d l r dB= 4 r3

(1)

It is necessary to emphasize that there is a rotation symmetry which causes a determination of magnetic flux density in cylindrical coordination system. According to Figure 1., after integrating through a whole length of finite streamline, it follows:

B = d B = i
1

i cos d 4r
2 1

(2)

Finally, for a magnetic flux density of a flat finite length streamline, it can be written:

B = i

i (sin 2 sin 1 ) 4r

(3)

b) Magnetic flux density in each space point can be calculated also by superposition of contribution of each near wire through which a current flows. Each near wire can be approximated by appropriate number of flat streamline segments. A number of segments for wire discretization mainly depend of its geometry. A space position of segments, their currents and phase angles are representing the input data for calculation of magnetic flux density in desirable points of space.
r

Figure 1. Flat finite length streamline

Knowing cosines of angles can lead to determining of each component of magnetic flux density in time domain. Total amount of magnetic flux density vectors, created by currents of n segments, is gained by addition of contributions of all segments:

n n n B(t ) = Bx ,i (t ) + B y ,i (t ) + Bz ,i (t ) i =1 i =1 i=1 Where: Bx ,i (t ), B y ,i (t ), Bz ,i (t ) - are components of magnetic flux density from i segment.
For presentation of the magnetic field, effective value of magnetic flux density is used.

(4)

Bef =

1T 2 2 2 (Bx (t ) + B y (t ) + Bz (t ) ) T0
Modeling of transformer station elements

(5)

Calculation of low-frequency magnetic field strength is conducted by utilization of computer software EFC-400LF, comprised of units: data entry and presentation of calculation results, numerical calculation of magnetic field, linking of units through input and output files (Figure 3.).
- DATA ENTRY - DATA LOADING - DATA PRESENTATION OUTPUT FILE INPUT FILE NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Figure 3. Communication of calculation units

Calculation results of stationary sinus variant low-frequency magnetic fields are used for analyses of permanent exposure of human body. On these frequencies electromagnetic field in vicinity of transformer stations is quasi-static. It possesses conservative component of electric field caused by charges and vertiginous component of electromagnetic field caused by currents. Complex geometry of transformer station elements demands three-dimensional calculation. Calculation of electric and magnetic fields in points far from sources (charge or current) is performed by thin-wire approximation and by representing the wires with one-dimensional lines with neglecting the insulators, cause their influence on the electric field is of local character. While calculating the conservative electric field, wires on known potentials are used. In calculation earth is considered as wire on zero potential, and its influence is modeled by mirroring technique. Also, in calculation, vertiginous components of electromagnetic field are modeled as linear isotropic half-space in free space with knowledge of currents in wires. For each conductor following parameters are specified: start coordinates (segment origin) - Xp,Yp,Zp, end coordinates (segment tail) - Xk,Yk,Zk, line or phase voltage - Ul, Uf (depending from setting in dialogue Options-Technical-Power T.L.) current, phase angle, frequency, conductor geometry: conductor shape, conductor radius, conductor length, distance between conductors, conductor height, specific electrical resistance, permeability...

Software package EFC-400LF allows representation of medium-voltage and low-voltage switchgear blocks as well as power transformers by boxes connected with cable links which form constructive unit of transformer station. Application of computer software EFC-400LF for calculation of magnetic fields is shown on the example of standard compact transformer station 10(20)/0,4 kV, 630 kVA. Associated mediumvoltage distribution block is modeled with current load of I 'm =36,4 A along with nominal voltage of
' transformer secondary side of 0,4 kV and maximum current load of I 'm =909 A. Load of 909 A is rare, but calculations are conducted for worst possible scenario, for security reasons. It comes out that maximum current load of low-voltage transformer side is equally distributed on 4 terminals by 227 A. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional display of facility disposition in software EFC-400LF is given on Figure 4., having in mind that a difference between a model and a reality depends on a subdivision of conductors on finite number of segments. For particular example conductors in facility were discretized on 635 segments of a resolution dx=dy=dz=0,1m. EFC-400LF is capable of solving a set of differential equations for matrix with 16000x16000 elements (Method: LU-decomposition or conjunction gradient). Each conductor can be approximated with 16000 segments. For our example a matrix with 261x261 elements is used, which gives a values of electric and magnetic field in 68121 points. These points present a flat plain of total surface of 169m2, with resolution of (division) dx=dy=dz=0,05m and matrix that has 261x101 elements, apropos 26361 points of total surface of 65m2. For simulation of visual display of gained magnetic flux density results, programs Runal.B in software package Matlab is written as well as sub-program Crtajgraf.B for opening, loading and displaying a file with results of magnetic flux calculations. Calculation of magnetic field distribution is conducted with following: In XY plain of a transformer station in intervals 5m x 8m and 5m y 8m on height z=2,75m above ground level. It is a surface on distance of 0,2m from roof plate of a transformer station, In XZ plain of a transformer station in intervals 5m x 8m and 0 z 5m on surface shifted for y=-0,2m, i.e. 0,2m from longitudinal south side of a transformer station, and for y=2,1m from longitudinal north side of a transformer station, In YZ plain of a transformer station in intervals 5m y 8m and 0 z 5m on surface shifted for x=-0,2m (apropos 0,2m from wing east side of a transformer station), apropos for x=3,1m from wing west side of a transformer station.

Figure 4. 3D and 2D display of facility disposition in software EFC-400LF

According to standards for protection from electromagnetic field in domain of occupational exposure and domain of increased sensitivity, limitation values of electromagnetic fields have to be carefully observed in area 5,0m from the source for transformer station and in area 1,0m from the source for cables. Since the distribution transformer stations are closed electrical facilities and therefore the space accessible to humans is limited by walls, metal fences and screens, the strength of electric field strives to zero and therefore the aim is on maintaining the limitation value of magnetic flux density. Results of magnetic flux density distribution can be given with two-dimensional and three-dimensional presentation (Figures 5.,6.,7.,8. and 9.). From Figure 5. it can be seen that values of magnetic flux density on height of 2,75m above ground surface or 0,2m above upper edge of a transformer station, in intervals of 5m x 8m and 5m y 8m , are in range from 0,414T to 18,111T. On a distance of 0,2m from south longitudinal side of a transformer station (y=-0,2m) Figure 6., for observed XZ plain ( 5m x 8m , 0 z 5m ), value of magnetic flux density is in range from 14,051T to 10,686T for z=0,50-1,75m, opposite from low-voltage switchgear block. Opposite from medium-voltage distribution switchgear block value is 8,111T, apropos from 10,095T to 12,539T for z=1,00-1,50m opposite from power transformer. The largest values of electrical field are in range from 0,180kV/m to 0,186kV/m for z=1,50-1,75m opposite from power transformer. On a distance of 0,2m from longitudinal north side of a transformer station (y=2,10m) Figure 7., for observed XZ plain ( 5m x 8m , 0 z 5m ), value of magnetic flux density is in range from 101,102T to 145,202T for z=1,00m opposite from low-voltage distribution switchgear block, from 51,521T to 80,082T for z=1,00-1,75m opposite from medium-voltage distribution switchgear block, apropos from 35,197T to 74,145T opposite from power transformer. On a distance of 0,2m from wing west side of a transformer station (x=-0,2m) Figure 8., for observed YZ plain ( 5m y 8m , 0 z 5m ), value of magnetic flux density is in range from 96,238T to 131,326T for z=0,2-0,5m, opposite from low-voltage switchgear block, while at increase z=1,001,75m falls down to 54,843T. On a distance of 0,2m from wing east side of a transformer station (x=3,10m) Figure 9., for observed YZ plain ( 5m y 8m , 0 z 5m ), value of magnetic flux density is in range from 40,194T to 68,846T for z=0,2-1,0m, opposite from medium-voltage distribution switchgear block and connecting medium-voltage distribution network cables, while at increase z=1,00-2,00m toward buses falls down to 27,954T. Calculated values of magnetic flux density outside a transformer station are not satisfying referent values of directives ICNIRP, European union recommendation 1999/519/EC and European union directive 2004/40/EC about a protection from electromagnetic field in domain of increased sensitivity (Bmax=100T), at certain points on distances of 0,2m and less from low-voltage distribution switchgear block, so an optimization of low-voltage distribution switchgear block operation is necessary. Covering a low-voltage block with metal plates of aluminum, thickness of 3mm (Figure 10.), allows safe labor of personnel. At that case, for calculation on distance of 0,2m from wing west side of a transformer station (x=-0,20m), for observed YZ plain ( 5m y 8m , 0 z 5m ), value of magnetic flux density is in range from 20T to 35T for z=0,2-0,5m opposite from low-voltage distribution switchgear block, while at increase z=1,00-1,75m falls down to 14T. Calculated values of magnetic flux density at all others points outside a transformer station satisfy border values for occupational exposure domain (Bmax=500 T) and are lower than maximum allowable values for increased sensitivity domain (Bmax=100 T).

Figure 5. Continual distribution of magnetic flux density at XY plain (z=2,75m)

Figure 6. Continual distribution of magnetic flux density at XZ plain (y=-0,20m)

Figure 7. Continual distribution of magnetic flux density at XZ plain (y=2,10m)

Figure 8. Continual distribution of magnetic flux density at YZ plain (x=-0,20m)

Figure 9. Continual distribution of magnetic flux density at YZ plain (x=3,10m)

Figure 10. Continual distribution of magnetic flux density at YZ pain (x=-0,2m), with covering of low-voltage switchgear block

Conclusion
Original scientific contribution of conducted research represents determination of three-dimension (3D) distribution of low-frequency magnetic field, apropos interactive operation of high-voltage units and equipment of the transformer station in conditions of its complex geometry as well as the influence of electromagnetic field in domain of occupational exposure or increased sensitivity domain. Obtained

three-dimensional (3D) mathematical models are representing very complex functional dependence of electric field distribution, as a base for objectified physical measurements in order to create optimal versions for solving electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in existing and new power facilities. From the economic point of view, such way of calculation can reduce the requirements for expensive experimental measurements and substation reparations, indicating that complex theoretical researches are resulting in appropriate constructive solutions. Introduced mathematical models, calculations, measuring and three-dimensional visual distribution of magnetic field, are representing the real assumption for researching of interaction between electromagnetic fields and human body on macroscopic and static level, revealing optimization criteria in aim to create a new technological solutions and methods for designing. The research results are important from scientific point of view, as well as, a possibility for practical implementation.
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