MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

EXPERIMENT No. 01.

AIM: To design and verify experimentally the theoretical closed loop voltage gain using 741 Op-Amp for the following: (a). Inverting Amplifier. (b). Non inverting amplifier. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. Item required Multimeters/ammeter Bread board and Power supply Function generator CRO

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Resistors, Op-Amp IC 741, Connecting wires and CRO probes. THEORY: Inverting Amplifier: This is perhaps the most widely used of all the op-amp circuits. The circuit is shown in Fig. The output voltage V0 is fed back to the inverting input terminal through the Rf-R1 network where Rf is the feedback resistor. Input signal Vi (ac or dc) is applied to the inverting input terminal through R1 and non-inverting input terminal of op-amp is ground. For simplicity, assume an ideal op-amp. As Vd =0, node a is at ground potential and the current i1 through R1 is Vif ff ff f i1 = ff R1 Also since op-amp draws no current, all the current flowing through R1 must flow through Rf. The output voltage, Rff ff ff f Vo = @ i1 A Rf = @ ViA ff R1 Hence, the gain of the inverting amplifier (also referred as closed loop gain) is,

Vof Rff ff ff f ff f ACL = fff @ ff = ff Vi R1

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V1

0
15v

U3 3 +

V+

OS2 OUT

5 6 1 Vo

V4

2 R3 uA741

OS1

15v V2

0
Vi

R4

Fig. Inverting Amplifier

5.0V

input

0V

output

-5.0V 0s V1(V3)

1ms V(U3:OUT)

2ms

3ms

4ms

5ms Time

6ms

7ms

8ms

9ms

10ms

Fig. Input & Output waveforms

Non inverting Amplifier: If a signal (ac or dc) is applied to the non-inverting input terminal and feedback is given as shown in fig., the circuit amplifies without inverting the input signal. Such a circuit is called non-inverting amplifier. It may be noted that it is also a negative feedback system as output is being fed back to the inverting input terminal.

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

As the differential voltage Vd at the input terminal of op-amp is zero, the voltage at node a in fig. is Vi, same as the input voltage applied to non-inverting input terminal. Now Rf and R1 forms a potential divider. Hence R1 fffffff ffffff ffffff Vi = Vo B fffffff R1 + Rf As no current flows into the op-amp, Vof Rff Rff fff ff ff f ff ff f ff ff f = R1 + ff= 1 + ff so Vi R1 R1 Thus, for non-inverting amplifier the voltage gain, Vof Rff ff ff f ff ff f ACL = fff 1 + ff = Vi R1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V2

0
U1 3 + 7 15v OS2 OUT VV1 2 uA741 4 OS1 5 6 1 V+
0.5ms Time

15v V3

0 0
R1 Rf

Fig. Non Inverting Amplifier

4.0V

output

2.0V

input

0V

-2.0V

-4.0V 0s V(U1:OUT)

0.1ms V1(V1)

0.2ms

0.3ms

0.4ms

0.6ms

0.7ms

0.8ms

0.9ms

1.0ms

Fig. input & output Waveforms

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. Rig up the circuit on the breadboard. 2. Apply the given inputs and observe the output on CRO. 3. Calculate the amplitude & frequency of the output and draw it using graph paper. 4. Vary the values of resistors R1 & Rf to vary the gain and gain observe the output. 5. Calculate the gain for various values of R1 & Rf. 6. Plot the inputs and outputs waveforms for various inputs on the graph paper. OBSERVATIONS: Inverting Amplifier: S Resistors No. R1 Rf 1. 2. 3. Inverting Amplifier S Resistors No. R1 Rf 1. 2. 3. CALCULATIONS: Gain Calculation: Inverting Amplifier: Vof Rff ff ff f ff ff f ACL = fff 1 + ff = Vi R1 Non Inverting Amplifier Input Voltage Frequency Output Voltage Frequency Input Voltage Frequency Output Voltage Frequency

Vof Rff ff ff f ff f ACL = fff @ ff = ff Vi R1

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

CONCLUSION: The gain of the inverting and non inverting amplifier calculated practically and theoretically are asand the input & output waveforms are plotted on the graph paper.

REFERENCE: 1. Op Amps & Linear Integrated circuits by Ramakant Gayakwad, Chapter 3, pp90-98

QUESTIONS: Q.1 What are the various properties which differentiate an ideal Op-Amp from Practical Op-Amp? Q.2.What do you mean by an Operational Amplifier? Q.3 Why the pin no.1 & 5 N.C. for 741 IC? Q.4 If Rf =R1 in a non inverting configuration then the circuit will behave like?

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

EXPERIMENT No. 02
AIM : ( a) To demonstrate the operation of inverting amplifier using 741 Op-Amp as a summing amplifier. (b) To measure the slew rate of 741 Op-Amp IC. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. Item required Multimeters/ammeter Bread board and Power supply Function generator CRO

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Resistors, Op-Amp IC 741, Connecting wires and CRO probes. THEORY: Summing Amplifier: Op-amp may be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals. Such a circuit is called a Summing Amplifier. Inverting Summing Amplifier: A typical summing amplifier with three input voltages V1, V2 and V3, three input resistors R1, R2 and a feedback resistor Rf is shown in fig. The following analysis is carried out assuming that the op-amp is an ideal one, that is, AOL = and Ri = . Since the input bias current is assumed to be zero, there is no voltage drop across the resistor Rcomp and hence the non-inverting input terminal is at ground potential. The voltage at node a is zero as the noninverting input terminal is grounded. The nodal equation by KCL at node a is V1f V2f V3f Vof fff fff fff fff fff fff fff ff ff f f f f + ff+ ff+ ff= 0 R1 R2 R3 Rf OR Rff Rff Rff fff ff f fff ff f fff ff f Vo = @ fff V1 + fff V2 + + fff V3 A A A R1 R2 R3
f g

Thus, the output is an inverted, weighted sum of the inputs. In the special case, when R1 = R2 = R3 = Rf, we have Vo = @ V1 + V2 + V3
` a

In which case the output Vo is the inverted sum of the inputs signals. We may also set R1 = R2 = R3 = 3Rf In this case

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
f

V1ffffffffff fffffffffff fffffffffff f + V2 + V3 Vo = @ ffffffffffff 3 Thus, the output is the average of the input signals (inverted).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V1 15v

U3 3 R4 10k R1 +

0
OS2 OUT 5 6 1

V4

2 uA741 V1 R2

V+

OS1

15v V2

0
V2

Rf

R3

0
V3

Fig.Summing Amplifier
8.0V

output

4.0V input2 input1 input3 0V

-4.0V

-8.0V 0s V(U3:OUT)

0.1ms V2(R4)

V2(R5)

0.2ms V2(R1)

0.3ms V(U3:OUT)

V(R4:1)

0.4ms V(R5:1)

0.5ms Time

0.6ms

0.7ms

0.8ms

0.9ms

1.0ms

Fig. Input & Output waveforms

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Slew Rate:
The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage caused by a step input voltage and is usually specified in V/s. For example, a 1 V/s slew rate means that the output rises or falls by 1V in one microsecond. An ideal slew rate is infinite which means that op-amps output voltage should change instantaneously in response to input step voltage. Practical IC op-amps have specified slew rates from 0.1 V/s to well above 1000 V/s.

V2 15v

U1 3 +

V+

OS2

5 0 6 1

OUT V4 15v V3 V1 2 uA741 OS1

Fig. Voltage follower to measure slew rate

PROCEDURE: For Summing Amplifier: 1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the Fig.on the breadboard. 2. Apply the given inputs and observe the output on CRO. 3. Calculate the amplitude & frequency of the output and draw it using graph paper. 4. Vary the values of inputs to vary the gain and observe the output. 5. Calculate the gain for various values of inputs. 6. Plot the inputs and outputs waveforms for various inputs on the graph paper. For Slew Rate: 1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the Fig.on the breadboard. 2.Apply the sine input and increase the frequency until the output gets distorted. 3.Claculate the slew rate by using SR=(2fVm/106 ) V/s Where,Vm=Peak output amplitude in volts F=frequency in Hz. 4.Vary the inputs (square & triangular wave) and observe the frequency & amplitude to calculate the slew rate.

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Observation table:
For Summing Amplifier: S Resistors Input No. R1 Rf Voltage 1. 2. 3. V1 V2 Output Frequency F1 F2 Voltage Frequency

For Slew Rate: S Input No. Voltages 1. 2. 3. 4. V1 V2

Output Frequency F1 F2 Voltage Frequency

CALCULATIONS: Gain Calculation: Inverting Summing Amplifier: Rff Rff Rff fff fff ff f fff fff ff f fff fff ff f A V1 + A V2 + A V3 Vo = @ R1 R2 R3
f g f g

V1ffffffffff fffffffffff fffffffffff f + V2 + V3 Vo = @ ffffffffffff (under the condition R1=R2=R3=Rf) 3 Slew Rate: SR=(2fVm/106 ) V/s Where,Vm=Peak output amplitude in volts f=frequency in Hz. CONCLUSION: The gain of the summing amplifier calculated practically and theoretically are as,the input & output waveforms are plotted on the graph paper. The slew rate calculated value is

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

REFERENCE: 1. Op Amps & Linear Integrated circuits by Ramakant Gayakwad, Chapter 3, pp102-108

QUESTIONS: Q.1 What is slew rate? What will be the value of slew rate for ideal Op-Amp? Q.2.What do you mean by CMRR & PSRR? Q.3 What is the operating temperature of 741 IC for Military & Industrial Applications? Q.4 What are the different applications of summing amplifier? Q.5 What is the practical value of Slew Rate for 741 IC?

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

EXPERIMENT No. 03
AIM: Design an Op-Amp differentiator that will differentiate an input signal for sine wave using 741 Op-Amp for multiple inputs EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. Item required Multimeters/ammeter Bread board and Power supply Function generator CRO

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Resistors, Capacitors, Op-Amp IC 741, Connecting wires and CRO probes.

THEORY:

Differentiator:
One of the simplest of the op-amp circuits that contain capacitor is the Differentiating Amplifier, or Differentiator. As the name suggests, the circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation, that is, the output waveform is the derivative of input waveform. A differentiator circuit is shown in fig. The node N is at virtual ground potential i.e., Vn = 0. The current iC the capacitor is, iC = C1 d/dt (Vi - Vn) = C1 dVi/dt ---------------(1) The current if through the feedback resistor is Vo/Rf and there is no current into the opamp. Therefore, the nodal equation at node N is, C1( dVi/dt) + Vo/Vf = 0 From which we have Vo = - Rf C1 (dVi/dt )------------------(2) Thus the output voltage Vo is a constant (-RfC1) times the derivative of the input voltage Vi and the circuit is a differentiator. The sign indicates a 180o phase shift of the output waveform V0 with respect to the input signal. The phasor equivalent of Eq. (2) is, Vo(s) = - RfC1 s Vi(s) where Vo and Vi is the phasor representation of Vo and Vi. In steady state, put s = j. We may now write the magnitude of gain A of the differentiator as, A = Vo/Vi = - j Rf C1 = Rf C1 ----------------(3) From Eq. (3), one can draw the frequency response of the op-amp differentiator. Equation (3) may be rewritten as A = f / fa Where , fa = 1/2 Rf C1 f=operating frequency

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V2 15v

U1 3 +

0
OS2 5 6 1 Vo

V4
5ms Time

2 uA741

V+

7 OUT OS1 V3 R30

15v

R2

C1 Vi

Fig. Differentiator

10V

5V

input

0V

output

-5V

-10V 0s V(U1:OUT)

1ms V1(V4)

2ms

3ms

4ms

6ms

7ms

8ms

9ms

10ms

Fig. Input & Output waveforms

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the Fig.on the breadboard. 2. Apply the given inputs and observe the output on CRO. 3. Calculate the amplitude & frequency of the output. 4. Vary the inputs to and observe the output. 5. Plot the inputs and outputs waveforms for various inputs on the graph paper. OBSERVATION TABLE: S.No 1. 2. 3. Inputs voltage frequency Outputs Voltage

Frequency

CALCULATION: Calculate the output for the input using, Vo = - Rf C1 (dVi/dt ) CONCLUSION: The out put and input waveforms of the differentiated outputs with the various inputs are plotted on the graph paper.

REFERENCE: 1. Op Amps & Linear Integrated circuits by Ramakant Gayakwad, Chapter 6, 250-255

QUESTIONS: Q.1 What is the difference between a practical differentiator and ideal differentiator? Q.2.Give any application of differentiator. Q.3 The frequency at which the gain is 0 dB is given by.. Q.4 What is the condition for which the input signal will be differentiated properly?

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

EXPERIMENT No. 04
AIM: Design an Integrator to demonstrate the operation of an integrator using 741 Op- Amp for multiple inputs. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. Item required Multimeters/ammeter Bread board and Power supply Function generator CRO

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Resistors, Capacitors, Op-Amp IC 741, Connecting wires and CRO probes.

THEORY: Integrator: If we interchange the resistor and capacito of the differentiator, we have the circuit of an integrator. The nodal equation at node N is, Vi/R + Cf.dVo/dt = 0 or, (dVo/dt )= - (1/R1Cf.)Vi Integrating both sides, we get,
Z dVo = @
0 t

R1Cf

1 fffff fffff fffff ffffZ

0

Vi dt

Vo t = @

` a

R1Cf

gt ffff Z f1ff ffff ffff f ff f

0

Vi t dt + Vo 0

` a

` a

Where Vo (0) is the initial output voltage. The circuit, thus provides an output voltage which is proportional to the time integral of the input and R1Cf is the time constant of the integrator. It may be noted that there is a negative sign in the output voltage, and therefore, this integrator is also known as an inverting integrator. A simple low pass RC circuit can also work as an integrator when time constant is very large. This requires very large values of R & C. The components R & C cannot be made infinitely large because of practical limitations.

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V2 5v RA

8 2 4 5 6 C 7 VCC

X1

GND

TRIGGER RESET OUTPUT CONTROL THRESHOLD DISCHARGE 555D 1

Rl

RB

C3

Fig. Astable Multivibrator

6.0V

output 4.0V

Vc 2.0V

0V

-2.0V 0s V(N05114)

0.2ms V(X1:OUTPUT)

0.4ms

0.6ms Time

0.8ms

1.0ms

1.2ms

1.4ms

Fig.Output waveform

PROCEDURE: 1.Connect the circuit as shown in the Fig.on the breadboard. 2.Observe and sketch the capacitor voltage waveform (pin-6) and output waveform (pin3. Measure the frequency and duty cycle of the output waveform. 4.Plot the output on the graph paper.

MEWAR UNIVERSITY CHITTORGARH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

OBSERVATION TABLE: S.NO. RA RB TON TOFF

CALCULATIONS: For the given duty cycle calculate the value of RA & RB using the formula, Toff = 0.69 RB.C Ton = 0.69 RA.C T =Ton+ Toff = 0.69 (RA + RB ).C Or, f = 1.45 / (RA + RB).C and duty cycle D = RB / RA + RB

CONCLUSION: The output waveforms are plotted on the graph paper and the duty cycle calculated theoretical & practical are as .. REFERENCE: 1. Op Amps & Linear Integrated circuits by Ramakant Gayakwad, Chapter 9, pp-418424 QUESTIONS: Q.1 Explain the function of reset in 555 timer IC. Q.2.What are the other modes of operation of timer? Q.3Discuss some applications of timer in astable mode. Q.4Define duty cycle Q.5 How is an astable multivibrator connected into a pulse position modulator?