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MAJ. CHARLES A. COLTMAN, JR., Mc, USAF* AND NANCY J. ROWE, B.SC.t
J OHNSTON and Hagan’ were the first investi- sary. All-aluminum electrodes were used to avoid
contamination of the skin with iron, which was
gators to point out that in most studies of
present in small amounts in the brass electrodes used
iron metabolism up to 1949 no consideration
previously. Cellulose sponges for sweat collection
had been given to the loss of iron in perspira-
are unsatisfactory for study of iron content because
tion. Since that time periodic studies have
they adsorb some of the iron from standard solutions
been carried out in which the significance of the passed through them. Therefore, ve used plastic
iron composition of sweat was investigated. foam sponge$ which, after careful studs-, were found
Variations in the method and site of collection to have no effect on the iron content of the solutions.
and the technic of iron analysis (Table i) have All materials which contacted the skin during
University College of Medicine. Present address: Dc- ‘eloped by Scarlata and Moore4 for use with the
partment of Medicine, Wilford Hall, USAF Hospital, Beckman Spinco Ultramicro Analytical System. In
Aerospace Medical Division (AFSC), Lackland Air the present study, a Beckman Model DU spectro-
Force Base, Texas; t Clmemist, Ohio Department of photometer equipped with a microadapter assembly
Healthi amid Graduate Student, Department of Physi- and 0. 1 ml. absorption cells was used for colorimetry.
ology, Ohio State University. The iron content of sweat was determined ron-
This work was supported by Grant AM 04653-03 GM
tinely on 20!) lambda sample volumes, as used by
from the National Institutes of Health.
The contents of this paper reflect the views of the Scott Industrial Foam (Urethane), ‘/ inch thick
authors and are not to be construed as a statement of with 80 pores per lineal inch, niade to our specifications
official Air Force policy. by Merryweather Foam Latex Company, Akron, Ohio.
TABLE I
Studies of Iron Concentration in Sweat
Iron
Study Source
Cell-Rich Sweat Cell-Free Sweat
Hussain et al.’3 1.61 mg./L. (161) 0.44 mg./L. (44) Upper extremity
Moore’2 0.4-1.5 mg./L. (40-iSO) 0.346 mg./ml. (34.6)f Forearm
Hussain, Patwardhan” 1.15 mg./L. (115) 0.34 mg./L. (34) Upper extremity
Apte, \‘ankatachalam’5 330-622 pg./L. (33.0-62.2) 190-250 mg./L. ( 19-25) Upper extremity
Prasad et al.’6 120 ± 36 jzg.% 46 ± 11 g.% Upper extremity
Coltman, Rowe . . . 17.2 ± 7.8 g.% Forearm
I Figures in parentheses are those obtained by converting original values to micrograms per cent.
facturer was 107 .sg. per cent, and the value actually
obtained in a series of ten analyses was 105 zg. per I). P., 21, 51 0.75 12 154 15.1 43
J. p.. 23, 51 0.65 20 109 13.8 41
cent with a standard deviation of 2 tg. per cent. J. M., 24, 51* 0.35 17 100 14.0 42
J. H., 24, 51 0.55 17 139 16.0 49
J. 1)., 24, Si 0.65 23 109 15.8 48
RESULTS
E. S., 24, 51 0.45 29 109 14.0 39
P. SI., 25, 51 0.45 11 92 16.2 48
The results obtained in analysis of sweat J. B. . 25, 51 0.40 19 93 15.1 42.5
J. 1). , 27, 51 0.85 21 147 14.7 42
from twenty-eight normal adults are given in J. Mc., 45, M 0.45 27 132 14.0 42
Table II. In nineteen subjects the iron content J. w. , 63, M 0.45 2 100 15.5 48
G. 51. , 22, 51 0.50 37 127 13.8 40
of sweat was determined separately on samples C. G., 23, Si 0.50 14 100 14.0 40
S. B., 34, 51 0.45 14 153 14.9 42
from both arms. In seven subjects it was A. D., 23, Ft 0.35 20 101 13.7 40
necessary to poo1 equal amounts from each J. H., 23, F 0.45 18 136 13.8 40.5
S. S., 24, Ft 0.35 12 130 14.7 42
arm to obtain enough for analysis. In one F. H. 26, F
, 0.40 101 I :i .8 40.5
C. 1)., 27, Ft 0.30 11 72 12.8 37
woman the sweat obtained from one arm was 51. M., 34, F 0.40 25 137 13.2 42
H. 1). , 35, F 0.55 13 93 12.7 41
negligible but the sample from the other was B. I)., 39, Ft 0.25 7 13.6
94 41
adequate. Sweat was collected from only one M.G.,41,F 0.30 4 131 13.2 36
C. M. , 47, F 0.45 20 84 12.5 41
arm in one man becausc or a Iamlure in tne ion- L. P. , 58, Ft 0.35 25 152 14.7 40.5
S. I)., 21, Ft 0.35 18 101 13.8 41
tophoresis equipment. With these exceptions, 0. K., 31, F* 0.30 25 87 13.9 42
G. 51., 45. F 0.35 15 70 13.8 38
the values for the iron content of sweat listed
in Table II represent averages of the two sam-
1 Sweat collected from one arm only.
ples. In all subjects the iron composition of t Sweat pooled for analysis.
272 Coltman and Rowe
the microcytic anemia o certain areas of thermal sweat varied from 0.63 to 1 .8 mg. pe
India. They found that the sweat might con- L. of sweat, vith a mean value of 1 15 per L.
.
tam from 0.3 to 6 jig. per ml. iron, and that of sweat. These values are somevhat lower
under conditions of maximum sweating (up to than those reported by Mitchell and Hamilton,5
10 L. per day) this might be an important Adams et al.7 and Foy and Kondi,’4 but if the
source of iron loss. Because the quantity of higher values are assumed to be representative
iron present is related to the cell content of for Indians, as much as 13 mug. of iron can be
sweat, desquamation and regeneration rates in- lost per day under conditions of maximal sweat-
fluence iron loss. Foy and Kondi’#{176} empha- ing. Hussain et al.’3 considered cutaneous
sized the confusion generated because some iron loss one of the possible contributory factors
workers have estimated the iron content of in the genesis of iron deficiency anemia in the
cell-free sweat after filtration or centrifugation tropics.
and others have used sweat containing epithe- Recently, Apte and Vankatachalamn’5 studied
hal cells. Hussain and Patwardhan” ana- healthy male volunteer subjects between the
lyzed the cell-free sweat of seventeen female ages of twenty-one and forty and found that
subjects suffering from niicrocytic hypochromic the iron content of their ‘ ‘ cell-rich’ ‘ sweat was
anemia and found no iron ; furthermore, the greater thami that of their “cell-free” sweat, but
this parameter during disturbances of iron dermal loss of iron. Proc. Soc. Exper. Bio. &
Med., 74:46, 1950.
metabolism.
8. JOHNSTON, F. A. , MCMILLAN, T. J. and EVANS,
E. R. Perspiration as a factor influencing the re-
SUMMARY
quirement for calcium and iron. J. Nutrition,
A simple, rapid method for the collection and 42:285, 1950.
analysis of the iron content of sweat is de- 9. DUBACH, R. , MOORE, C. V. and CALLENDER, S.
Studies in iron transportation and metabolism.
scribed. A review of the literature reveals that
Ix. The excretion of iron as measured by the iso-
there is considerable variation in the iron con-
tope technique. J. Lab. & C/in. Med., 45: 599,
tent of sweat when iron lost in both exfoliation 1955.
of epidermis and sweating is considered. There 10. Foy, H. and K0NDI, A. Nutritional and intestinal
is reasonable agreement on the iron content of factors and iron
losses in the genesis of tropical
anemias. Lancet, 1 : 423, 1956.
blood plasma or serum. C/in. chim. acta, 2: 214, during growth, pregnancy and lactation. J.
1957. Trop. Med., 60: 105, 1957.
4. SCARLATA, R. W. and MOORE, E. W. A micro- 15. APTE, S. V. and \‘ANKATACHALAM, P. S. Factors
method for the determination of serum iron and influencing dermal loss of iron in human volun-
serum iron-binding capacity. C/in. Chem., 8: teers. Indian J. M. Res., 50: 817, 1962.
360, 1962. 16. PRASAD, A. S., SCHULERT, A. R., SANSTEAD, H. H.,
5. MITCHELL, H. H. and HAMILTON, T. S. The der- MIALE, A. and FARID, Z. Zinc, iron, and nitro-
ma! excretion under controlled environmental gen content of sweat in normal and deficient
conditions of nitrogen amid minerals in human subjects. J. Lab. & s/in. Med., 62: 84, 1963.