INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH INN 700 AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

RESEARCH TOPIC

Name Student Number Course Principal Supervisor Associate Supervisor Semester Email Mobile

Stevanus Wisnu Wijaya 7697929 IF 49 (Doctor of Philosophy) Dr. Jason Watson Prof. Christine Bruce 1(2011) stevanus.wijaya@student.qut. edu.au 0426436224

Table of contents

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................3 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................4 REFERENCE 1............................................................................................................................4 REFERENCE 2.......................................................................................................................5 REFERENCE 3.......................................................................................................................5 REFERENCE 4.......................................................................................................................6 REFERENCE 5.......................................................................................................................6 REFERENCE 6.......................................................................................................................7 REFERENCE 7.......................................................................................................................8 REFERENCE 8.......................................................................................................................8 REFERENCE 9.......................................................................................................................9 REFERENCE 10.....................................................................................................................9 REFERENCE 11...................................................................................................................10 REFERENCE 12...................................................................................................................11 REFERENCE 13...................................................................................................................11 REFERENCE 14...................................................................................................................12 REFERENCE 15...................................................................................................................12 REFERENCE 16...................................................................................................................13 REFERENCE 17...................................................................................................................14 REFERENCE 18...................................................................................................................14 REFERENCE 19...................................................................................................................15 REFERENCE 20...................................................................................................................15 REFERENCE 21...................................................................................................................16 REFERENCE 22...................................................................................................................17 REFERENCE 23...................................................................................................................17 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ..........................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
This annotated bibliography aims to present entry point of literature review in the area of empowerment, online social media and Indonesia migrant workers. In each article reviewed, this document presents three sections. The first is summary of the paper. The second is evaluation which aimed to examine the quality of the paper. Finally, reflection presents the contribution of each paper reviewed into my research topic. The research aims to explore the use and social impact of online social media, particularly online communities, among Indonesia migrant workers who stay in many countries. There are ongoing debates among scholars who argue that online communities have special relevancy for migrants (Komito, 2010). Not only as the technology is easy to access and popular for everyone, but also this emerging technology offers way to stay connected with migrants home families, their communities and other parties. Even interact with each others in online communities which means share information, discuss interest topics and create new knowledge also develop social network become common activities in online communities. On the other side, online communities as a sharing habitat can be viewed as empowerment tool for the users. Actually, the technology can be used to access appropriate information needed by the users (Tina, Kathryn, & Gary, 2006). Thus, it can be said that interaction and knowledge exchange among users in online communities potentially impact into personal empowerment and community empowerment of the users such as migrant workers. Then, the research addresses with the following questions: 1. How do pattern of adoption of online communities among Indonesia migrant workers? 2. To what extent do online communities enable empowerment process and outcome among Indonesia migrant workers? Therefore, this document is organized into several sections. After introduction, the annotated bibliography explores the following themes: 1. Empowerment theory and concept 2. Online social media including online communities 3. Indonesia migrant workers. The above themes is not separate each other but there is intersection between themes which can be seen at the remaining part of this annotated bibliography.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE 1.
Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: a social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 1-25. Summary
The author presents theoretical foundation about empowering people as citizen that emphasize on the important of people as complete human beings, the need to create symbolic sense, attention to paradox and dialectical process. The paper presents clearly in defining the concept of parodox, empowerment and prevention concept. In detail, the author argues that paradox should be viewed as important part of human life. Thus, social scientists should be aware to the issue when developing empowerment action. Moreover, the distinction between empowerment concept and prevention clearly discuss by the author. Beside that, the author also discuss deeply about the relationship between empowerment ideology and social network phenomenon. The author argues that the phenomenon is useful for the empowerment process As an Psychologist, Julian Rapapport presents conceptual framework of social empowerment in depth and clear. Even, the discussion is very understandable. Although the paper is a quite long paper and published in 1981 and but the discussion is still relevant with the actual issue of empowerment. It can be seen at the end of paper, the author present the important roles of social network regarding with empowerment process. Futhermore, the argument is relevant with social network in the internet which can be seen as an actual issue. As my research will definitely need to be built upon a clear understanding of the term of empowerment, it can be concluded that the paper contributes to provide basic concept of empowerment, particularly in defining the term of empowerment. Although the author not yet discuss the issue of empowerment through online communities but the discussion directly contribute to clear definition and model of empowerment which relevant with online communities issue.

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REFERENCE 2
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice. [Article]. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471-482. doi: 10.5465/amr.1988.4306983 Summary
The paper presents model of empowerment process from psychological and management perspective. In addition, analytical treatment of the constructs has been discussed deeply by the authors. The constructs relates power and empowerment as an interconnected term. The authors propose process of empowerment proposed which is consist of 5 stage. The paper define the process of empowerment and propose the model of process. The authors do not only discuss conceptual definition but also propose guiding model in empowerment process. The paper is recommended to obtain knowledge aboutempowerment process from psychological and management perspective. The paper indirectly contribute to define empowerment in my research. The combination perspective, both from psycological and management, give foundation in describe the term of empowerment in particular empowerment process.

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REFERENCE 3
Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An "Interpretive" Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation. [Article]. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666-681. doi: 10.5465/amr.1990.4310926 Summary
The paper presents empowerment concept with focus on cognitive element. In this paper, the authors argue that empowerment has close relationship with intrinsic motivation. Thus, the authors identify four task cognitions which connected with workers empowerment including sense of impact, competence, meaningfulness and choice. Then the propose model has been analyzed by using interpretive approach. The result shows that the model can be used to describe cognitive process among workers. Furthermore, the process has closely related with workers interpretive style and global believe. The paper looks quite good in presenting the definition of empowerment. Even logical thinking of the authors in presenting the paper looks strong. On the other words, the paper contextualize the definition of empowerment in logical way. Even, the paper also cite (Conger & Kanungo, 1988) which present empowerment process. The paper contribute into my research indirectly. Actually, this paper give insight on how to define empowerment in specific context. In addition, logical way used in the paper will influence how empowerment define in my research. Furthermore,

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REFERENCE 4
Maton, K. I., & Salem, D. A. (1995). Organizational characteristics of empowering community settings: A multiple case study approach. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 631-631-656. Summary present analysis of empowerment in different level with . The discussion is focusing on community setting empowerment. But both of the papers have in common related with the need to contextualize empowerment. On the other words, the authors emphasize that definition of empowerment influenced by context and setting. In this paper, the author discusses deeply the process and outcome of empowerment as result of 4-5 years behavioral observation in 2 organizations including mutual help organizations and educational program for African American students. The result reveals that organizational characteristics such as belief system, role structure, support system and leadership, close relationship with empowerment process. The author emphasize that it could be personal bias in emphasizing the discussion. Further research need to explore deeper than the existing research through investigate the empowerment process in much more case studies.
This paper present deeper understanding about the implementation of empowerment concept in community setting. In detail, the authors describe how organizational characteristics influence the empowering process. I think that the discussion help the reader to reach better understanding about community empowerment. They discuss each case study deeply, even contrasting each organizational characteristic in different case study. On the other side, although there are multiple case study, but the third organization difference from the first and second. Thus, I think implementing general characteristic into different model of organization will be generate bias. Such the first and second organization are related with religious organization, but the third is non religious organization. From my point of view, the discussion contribute to build understanding of empowerment concept in community setting. This concept is relevant with the objective of my research. In addition, that the paper derives the concept of empowerment from (Rapapport, 1981) and (Zimmerman, 1995) whose concept of empowerment adopt in my research.

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REFERENCE 5
Kroeker, C. J. (1995). Individual, organizational, and societal empowerment: A study of the processes in a Nicaraguan agricultural cooperative. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 749-749-764. Summary
The paper discuss empowerment process and goal using developing

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country context. In detail, the paper present completely empowerment analysis including personal, organizational, and societal level in an Agricultural Cooperative in Nicaragua. Data gathering method adopt 7 months participants observation which focus on perspective of participants, internal program functioning, relation to local and national organizations. Then, the result reveals that sense making and informal consiousness give positive impact to the empowerment process and goal. Whereas, fears speaking and reluctance to face conflict impede the process. Although, the paper was written by a non academics author which work for an international organization but the author organize and present the paper very well.Organization of the paper starts with a complete abstract, clear introduction, theoritical framework, method, discussion and finnaly a logical conclusion. However, generalization of the result is presented in poor argumentation. From my point of view, to generalize the result, multiple case study is needed. On the other words, a single case study in this paper does not satisfy generalization. Actually, the paper has close relation ship with concept of empowerment developed by (Rapapport, 1981) and (Perkins & Zimmerman, 1995). Furthermore, this paper present empowerment in developing country context which is relevant with my case study. Although the paper does not touch empowerment in online community context, but the theoritical foundation including personal, organizational and societal empowerment contribute to the theoritical backgorund of my research.

REFERENCE 6
Fawcett, S. B., Paine-Andrews, A., Francisco, V. T., & Schultz, J. A. (1995). Using empowerment theory in collaborative partnerships for community health and development. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 677-677-697 Summary discuss about the impact of collaborative process in community setting into process and outcome of empowerment. The term of collaborative process means share neighborhoods, workplace and experiences among people live in a community. To describe interaction between personal and his surrounding environment, the authors develop an interactive model which describes a cycle including planning stage, action, change, outcome, adaptation and institutionalization. Then, the authors present important activities which has close relationship to facilitate the process of community empowerment. The chapter is followed by case stories of collaborative partnership. At the end of the paper, the authors discuss a conclusion regarding with the challenge and opportunities of facilitating empowerment.

Evaluation

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The paper is published in top rating journal of psychology in special issue of empowerment. Moreover, the number of reference reach broader range and scope. Even, the paper adopt (Rapaport,1981) which is also cite with many scholars who works in the empowerment field. However, the organization of paper seems no conclusion chapter. Thus, it seems difficult for the reader to summarize the result. The discussion relates with the teoritical background of my research. Particularly, the theory presented in the paper contribute to theoritical foundation of my research. Concept of interaction between personal empowerment and environmental factors will directly influence the perspective of empowerment in online community.

REFERENCE 7

REFERENCE 8
Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581-581-599. Summary This paper discuss how psychological empowerment has different definition in different context and settings. Moreover, the author describe that PE may be distinct from organizational and community empowerment, although they influence each others in different level of analyses. The concept starts from empowerment process definition then empowerment outcome. Whereas, variables used to measure empowerment derived from nomological network of approach. The approach results three components such as intrapersonal component, interactional component and behavioral component. Each component is used to measure psychological empowerment in 3 different organizations. The author present that the components has different indicators in different context and settings. Thus, the author argues that definition of empowerment has close relationship with the context and setting.
The paper is published in top rating journal in special issue of empowerment. Moreover, the author is a psychologist which is very popular in empowerment field. The paper has been widely cited by many scholars which present empowerment. Furthermore, the author organize content of the paper very well. It starts with the concept of empowerment, including how to distinct empowerment process and outcome. Then, two in depth case studies is presented to reach better understanding of the reader regarding with the hipothesis. The work is closely related with how to define empowerment in my

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research. Although the paper does not present empowerment in an online community setting but the work play major part in my study.Particularly, the concept contribute directly to the definition of personal empowerment in the topic.

REFERENCE 9
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 601-601-629. Summary Discussing empowerment in workplace context using quantitative approach has been adopted by to examine the role of empowerment in mediating variables between social structural antecedents and behavioral outcome. The model has been derived from nomological model of intrapersonal empowerment in workplace. By using 324 respondents from 50 Fortune Companies, the result reveals that intrapersonal empowerment plays roles as mediator between workplace social structure and innovativeness but not effectiveness.
The paper is part of doctoral dessertation which aims to examine a model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace. I think the paper has good quality and has been reviewed by top scholars. In general, the paper is presented completely and detail. Even, the appendix present items used in the questionaire. Moreover, the article also use appropriate reference in empowerment including the work of (Rappaport, 1981) and (Zimmerman, 1995). Although the paper present empowerment in detail, but I think that the paper does not contribute directly to my research. It argues that the paper focus on empowerment in workplace context which is not close with my topics. However, the logical concept of the paper contribute to build the theoritical foundation of my research become richer.

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REFERENCE 10
Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American journal of community psychology, 23(5), 569-579. Summary
This paper summarizes the special issue of empowerment published by American Journal of Community Psychology. Not only summarize each topics in the special issue, but the author also present background and objective of the special issue. The discussion starts with introduction, then, review about existing research on empowerment, and the remaining paper present the objective of the special issue, interconnection among papers and synopsis each paper. They conclude that the special issue present a wide diversity of setting, various empowerment intervention and a widely discussion of

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definition and measurement of the concept. The paper summarize the special issue of empowerment published by a top rating journal. It plays role as entry point to read the whole of the sepcial issue. On the other words, reading the paper help the reader get the whole picture of all papers published in the special issue. Furthermore, the authors not only present a summary but also review for each paper. Moreover, the authors is expert in the field. It is recommended to read the paper before decide to choose a paper in the special issue. The paper directly contribute to reach better understanding about contextualization of empowerment process and outcome. As my research will definitely contextualize empowerment in online community using case study Indonesia migrant workers. Although, actually the paper does not present review about empowerment and internet, but the logical thinkng and argumentation will contribute to strengthen literature backgorund of my research.

REFERENCE 11
Tengland, P.-A. (2008). Empowerment: a conceptual discussion. Health care analysis : HCA : journal of health philosophy and policy, 16(2), 77-96. Summary
The author argue that empowerment has been widely adopted in various field since several years ago. However, no agreed definition has been adopted among scholar and profesional who work in the sectors. The paper aims to clarify the concept of empowerment using conceptual analysis method. In detail, the author present several criterias which will be used to define empowerment such as language criteria, uniqueness criteria, value criteria, homogeneity, simplicity and precision, finally goal criteria. Then, empowerment concept has been described as empowerment goal and process. Although both of process and goal of empowerment can be seen separately, but both of them interconnected each other. Thus, the author develop a complete definition of empowerment which combine the process and goal of empowerment. The paper was published in a health issue journal. However, the paper discuss the concept of empowerment deeply, even give new insight to me in contextualize the empowerment concept. Logical thinking and reference used in the paper shows that the author has a good comprehension about empowerment. It can be seen that the paper cite many top rating paper in empowerment which was written by top scholars including Julian Rapapport and Zimmerman. For my research, the logical thinking and discussion is very valuable. I think the paper directly contribute to develop the concept of empowerment. Particularly, the logical way in developing the concept give clear understanding about empowerment definition in general. Even, the authors argumentation about interconnection between knowledge and empowerment contribute directly to my research. As my research will explore the role of online community, a habitat for knowledge sharing, in empowering Indonesia migrant workers.

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REFERENCE 12
Manuela Pardo del, V., & Bruce, L. (2003). Measuring empowerment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(2), 102-108 Summary
The paper present empowerment literature which is contextualized in profit organization. In this paper, the author define empowerment as management style where managers share with employees in decision making process. On the other words, but similar meaning, empowerment can be seen as collaboration between managers and employees in decision making process. Not only develop a conceptual empowerment, but the author also develop measurement tools which consist of two componen including extent component and dimensions component. The tool has been tested to 86 Spannish company. Then, the author emphasize that the result contribute to the study of the relationship between empowerment and other management subject. The paper present a conceptual and technical detail in measuring empowerment in workplace context. In general, the logical way in presenting the paper can be appreciated. Moreover, references which is adopted by the authors cover wide range of empowerment research in workplace context. However, from my point of view, the model which is derived from participation theory is less understandable. Particularly, when the authors discuss the component and indicators used to measure empowerment. On the other hand, theoritical background of the paper seems different from other paper which discuss empowerment in workplace context such as (Spreitzer,1995). It seems that the paper does not contribute significantly into my research. The theoritical background and method used by the researchers have less relevancy with my topic.

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REFERENCE 13
Dave, A. (2010). Community empowerment. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 30(3/4), 114-126. Summary
The author presents the findings about barriers to meaningful citizen participation which can be seen as part of empowerment process in community setting. To reach the objective, data are gathered from three related project managed by Communities First including evaluation of community first program, the delivery of technical support to participating communities and a Joseph Rowntree-funded case study of nine regeneration partnerships. Then the result shows that issues of community capacity, institutional capacity, organizational cultures and regulatory frameworks influence in hampering community empowerment process. The author also presents mechanism in improving citizen participation and empowerment. The logical way in presenting the idea seems very good. However, the paper does not organize as other papers which usually consist of introduction, literature review, method, discussion and conclusion.

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Thus, the reader meet difficulties to catch the conclusion presented by the author. From my point of view, the paper contribute to strengthen the conceptual backgorund in defining community empowerment in my topic. Further more, it can be seen that the paper elaborate theory on the connection between citizen and state regarding with empowerment in community setting. This idea relevant with Indonesia migrant workers context which touch the relationship between migrant workers and the state.

REFERENCE 14
Tina, H., Kathryn, W., & Gary, L. H. (2006). The internet, information and empowerment. European Journal of Marketing, 40(9/10), 972-993. Summary
The paper present the role of internet in empowering consumer in terms of online information provision. The study explore consumers perception of empowerment and critically asess on how the environment generates empowering conditins. The researchers adopt mixed method including focus group and observational research. In addtion content analysis has been adopted to examine 20 pension website during 1996 into 2004. The result reveals that internet can be felt as empowering tool however actually information provided on the internet do not fully meet the requirement of consumers. Then the authors present limitations of the study regarding the pension setting. From completeness and organizational point of view, the paper can be judged as a good and complete paper. The paper does not only present the conceptual and technical detail but also present appendix which consist of evaluation criteria and reliability testing. The paper contribute directly into literature background of my topic particularly the finding of the research directly connect with the concept of information and empowerment. In addition, data gathering and analysis method adopted by the authors have close connection with my research. However the setting of the research does not relevant with my topic.

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REFERENCE 15
Amichai-Hamburger, Y., McKenna, K. Y. A., & Tal, S.-A. (2008). E-empowerment: Empowerment by the Internet. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 24(5), 17761789. doi: 0.1016/j.chb.2008.02.002 Summary
The paper aims to discuss the role of internet in empowering people. A conceptual model of internet empowerment has been proposed by the authors. The model derived from concept of empowerment which developed by (Rappaport, 1984). In addition, according to (Zimmerman,1995), they argue that empowerment concept should be contextualize when implementing the concept in internet setting.Thus, to contextualize the empowerment, a four level model of internet empowerment has been presented: personal

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empowerment, intrapersonal empowerment, group empowerment and finally cictizenship empowerment.At the remaining chapter, the authors emphazise that internet offers much opportunities for individual to empower themselves, their groups and wider surrounding society. But internet empowerment does not mean simply interconnecting individual with the internet,unless they can take advantage from the network. The paper propose conceptual model about internet empowerment which is elaborated from concept of empowerment proprosed by (Rappaport, 1984). Note: In this annotated bibliography, the work of Julian Rappaport has been analyzed in reference 1, however, it was published in 1981. I think that the definition has close meaning between (Rappaport, 1981) and (Rappaport, 1984). Then, I think that the paper has good novelty and relevant with the actual issue. In addition, the authors also derived the concept of empowerment from many good literature including the work of (Rapapport, 1984);(Perkins & Zimmerman,1995);(Zimmerman, 1995);(Spreitzer,1995). However, I found less clearly explanation about interpersonal level of empowerment. In particular, it less argue regarding with stereotype use reduction as indicator for interpersonal level. The paper significantly contribute to my research topic. In addition the logical way in contextualize concept of empowerment looks well accepted. Moreover, the propose model can be use as foundation to develop the conceptual model of empowerment in online community.

REFERENCE 16
Barak, A., Boniel-Nissim, M., & Suler, J. (2008). Fostering empowerment in online support groups. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 24(5), 1867-1883. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.004 Summary
The paper discuss qualitative exploration about sense of empoweremnt in an online support groups. Organization of the paper start with introduction, then present concept of empowerment. The chapter is followed by of the paper discuss impact of dishinbition into users and personal empowerement process in online support groups. At the end of the paper, the authors present an example regarding online support groups.Essentially, the authors emphasize that several factors looks play role in generating personal empowerment. In detail,these include impact of writing, expressions of emotions, collect information and knowledge, develope social networking, and improve competence in decision making, impact into personal empowerment. Exactly the paper present relevant content with internet and empowerment as published in special issue of a reputable journal. The authors discuss empowerment from pshycological point of view. The logical way in presenting the argumentation looks acceptable. However, I think that the paper should re-organize to help the reader reach easier understanding of the discussion. No conclusion chapter which useful for the reader. Whereas, the references used in the paper looks come from reputable journal articles. Thus,in general the paper can be said as good paper.

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Contribution of the paper into my topic can be viewed from the conceptual discussion of empowerment presented in the paper. It directly connect with my research particularly with research question.

REFERENCE 17
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 24(5), 1816-1836. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012 Summary
The paper discuss empowerment which is interrelated with social relationship. The discussion argue that identity construction in online environment empower relationship which also exist both in offline and online environment. Methodology adopted in the research combine several technique including focus groups, interviews and Facebook content analysis with 63 samples. Then the result shows five important points. First, identity is rather a social product. Second in online environment people still appreciate with social norm. Third, online and offline world are not separate world. Fourth the authors distinct several term including virtual selves, real selves, true selves and false selves. Fifth the authors present a critism related with the research. Furthermore, the authors suggest to explore the impact of individual characteristics into identity construction in various environment. The paper discusses empowerment in different angle comparing with empoweremnt concept developed by ( Rappaport, 1981) and (Zimmerman, 1995). In this discussion, empowerment is viewed from the role of identity construction in strengthen the relationship among people which hopefully impact to empowerment process. Moreover, mthodology used in the paper looks better as combine many technique. However, I think that the number of sample should be increased. As my topic will explore online communities including facebook, I think the paper contribute directly into the research. The method used in the paper can be adopted. Moreover, several findings in the paper will strengthen the literature background of my research.

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REFERENCE 18
Barak, A., & Sadovsky, Y. (2008). Internet use and personal empowerment of hearing-impaired adolescents. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 24(5), 1802-1815. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.007 Summary
The paper examines the role of internet in empowering disability adolescents. In detail, the paper presents the behavioral adoption among hearing-impaired adoslescents and their counterparts and explores the roles of internet in empowering them. Data are gathered from 214 participants which consist of 114 impaired hearing and 100 hearing adolescents. The authors discuss that hearing impaired adolescents tend use internet more frequent comparing with their

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counterparts. In addition, internet play roles as communication tool and access to information. Thus, the authors conclude that internet can be viewed as empowering agent for disability adolescents. The paper is interesting not only as published in top rating journal in a relevant special issue, but also the paper presents an implementation of internet in special case. It means comparing hearing impaired and the counterparts in adopting internet.Although the authors present good logical thinking in presenting the paper, but I think that comparing hearing impaired adolescents and non hearing impaired adolescents are not important and strengthen the findings. From my point of view, exploring hearing impaired adolescents in suing internet and the process of empowerment are more important to answer the research questions. Although the paper discuss intensively about internet and empowerment but I think that the paper indirectly contribute into my topic. As the paper less robust in answering the hipothesis.

REFERENCE 19
Walvoord, A. A. G., Redden, E. R., Elliott, L. R., & Coovert, M. D. (2008). Empowering followers in virtual teams: Guiding principles from theory and practice. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 24(5), 1884-1906. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.006 Summary
The paper discuss how to develop effective communication aimed to empower followers in virtual environment. In this discussion, the authors argue that actual leadership need much more relationship skills as internet plays important role as communication tool. On the other words, computer mediated communication should be aware by leader to support their communication with his/her team. Review has been conducted by the researchers according to virtual team and development in various displays. Then, the authors are addressed the discussion by developing principles for design and use of information displays. At the rest of the paper, the authors present an example in the context of communicating leaders presence. This paper was published in top rating journal in special issue of internet and empowerment. Moreover, from my point of view, the discussion presents not only theoritical concept but also grounded example which usefull for practitioners. I think that the paper directly connect with research question 2. The concept of empowerment which is contextualized in virtual teams can be elaborated into broader term such as online communities. I think that online communities has broader context as openness habitat. So, from my point of view, there is a logical interconnection between concept of empowerment in virtual teams and online communities.

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REFERENCE 20

Ravid, G., Kalman, Y. M., & Rafaeli, S. (2008). Wikibooks in higher education: Empowerment through online distributed collaboration. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 24(5), 1913-1928. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.010 Summary
This paper discuss a case study about potential empoweremnt process and outcome through wiki technology. The authors present an exploration of the use of wiki technology to generate open text book in higher education in Israel. The users of the collaborative technology come from more than 20 classes offered by 7 academics department across Israeli universities. After two years, the wiki textbook reach 564 sub-chapters. In this paper, the authors argue that wikitextbooks potentially plays roles as empowerment tools for users including students, teachers and any other users. They think that the online collaboration appropriate with constructivism theory with close relationship with empowerment concept. However, the authors also aware that empowerment process in wikitextbook needs deeper exploration to reach better understanding the impact of the technology. Further research is suggested to investigate several issue as published by APA. This is very interesting paper. Not only the paper is written well, but also the novelty of the research idea is very good. Wiki technology is popular and adopt by many people around the world as tool for creating knowledge. Thus, the authors argumentation that the online collaboration relates with constructivism theory are very logical. However, I think that the authors should explore deeper to investigate the knowledge construction in the wiki based on the theory. On the other words but similar meaning, the paper looks need more deeper argumentation related with constructism theory. The paper contribute directly into research question 2. Although there are less argue in presenting knowledge construction based on constructivism theory, but logical thinking in conencting the empowerment concept with constructism theory can be accepted. The concept give new insight in connecting empoweremnt with knowledge construction.

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REFERENCE 21
Komito, L. (2011). Social media and migration: Virtual community 2.0. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(6), 1075-1086. The paper discuss the adoption of social media among 65 migrants Summary

Evaluation Reflection

including 34 Polish and 31 Filipino non nationals in Ireland. Moreover, the discussion the social impact of social media into migrants community. The result shows that several type of technology used by migrants including mobile phone, skype, landline, sms, Gadu Gadu, Nasza Klasa, Face To Face,VOPI other than skype, and facebook. The technology help migrants to feel more connected with their home families and communities. In addition, social media also contribute to bonding capital and the process of migration. This paper is published in top rating journal. The issue discussed in the paper has good novelty. Even the paper has very good logical way in presenting the ideas. The paper contribute directly to argue that my topic, social media and

migration, has high degree of novelty. In addition, the paper contribute to give new insight regarding into research question 1.

REFERENCE 22
Vrasidas, C & Valetsianos, G.(2009). Theoretical foundations of social computing and virtual communities. In Zaphiris, P & Ang, C. S. (2009). Social Computing and Virtual Communities (pp 1- 20). Taylor & Fracis Group LLC Retrieved from http://QUT.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=566155 Summary
The paper presents basic definition of virtual communities and theoritical framework which can be used for research. Definition of virtual communities grounded into interaction concept among humans. Thus, it can be used as foundation to elaborate several theory which directly connected with the issue of virtual communities. Moreover, the authors also discuss the connection between technology and social activity with discussing two type popular emerging technology including computer supported collaborative work and virtual social networking. Then, the chapter presents real example in implementing the theory into research. Finally, future research directions have been discussed by the authors. The chapter looks well organized and written. The logical way in presenting the idea looks well accepted.In addition, the authors cite from many references which shows the depth. From my point of view, the chapter contribute directly to my topic particularly to strengthen the theoritical foundation and method which can be adopted in the research. In addition, theoritical concept related with virtual communities presented in this chapter closely related with concept of empowerment. It can be conclude from

Evaluation Reflection

which argue that constructivism connected with empowerment concept.

REFERENCE 23
Kaur, A. (2005). Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia: From Preferred Migrants to 'Last to Be Hired' Workers. RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 39(2), 3-30 The paper presents the shift of statue of Indonesia migrant workers in Summary

Evaluation

Malaysia from historical perspective. The author presents historical data about the number and roles of Indonesia migrant workers in Malaysia. In addition, several policy related with migrant workers in Malaysia have been discussed deeply by the author. Then, from historical perspective,the author argue there is evidence of change in migrant workers statue in Malaysia, from preferred migrant into needed workers. The paper looks presents complete historical data related with migrant workers in Malaysia. In addition, the paper is very well

Reflection

written. Whereas, organization of idea presented in the paper looks quite good. It is recommended to read the paper to obtain knowledge related with Indonesia migrant workers in Malaysia. The paper does not directly connected with my topic. However, it can indirectly contribute into the development of idea in background and literature review chapter of my dessertation. Data presented will beneficially impact in designing the Indonesia migrant workers profile such as problem associated with migrant workers. As my research will definitely contextualize empowerment concept in migrant setting, the problem associated with migrant workers has closely connected with the context.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

1. This document plays roles as entry point into my research particularly literature review chapter which will be done based on the annotated bibliography. In this initial step, we focus to explore articles about empowerment. The concept, I mean the definition and evolution, is really important because the research will explore the impact of online social media from empowerment perspective. On the other words, the research will contextualize the concept of empowerment with online social media using case study Indonesia migrant workers. Thus, I start the annotated bibliography with discuss empowerment theme. Furthermore, in this annotated bibliography, I present the summary of empowerment concept evolution which can be seen in this table below. According with ( Zimmerman, 1995) and (Kroeker, 1995), level of analysis which have been done by the author are differentiated into four categories including personal or individual empowerment, organizational empowerment, community empowerment and societal empowerment.
Numbe r 1 Paper Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: a social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 1-25. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice. [Article]. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471-482. doi: 10.5465/amr.1988.4306983 Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An "Interpretive" Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation. [Article]. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666-681. doi: 10.5465/amr.1990.4310926 Level of analysis Individual, community and societal empowerment Organizational empowerment Research approach Critical Sample Conceptual paper, no sample.

Critical research

Conceptual paper, no sample.

Organizational empowerment

Critical research

Conceptual paper, no sample

Maton, K. I., & Salem, D. A. (1995). Organizational characteristics of empowering community settings: A multiple case study approach. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 631-631-656.

Community empowerment

Case study

Three communities: - Religious fellowship - Mutual help organization - Educational program African-American scholars for in

Kroeker, C. J. (1995). Individual, organizational, and societal empowerment: A study of the processes in a Nicaraguan agricultural cooperative. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 749-749764. Fawcett, S. B., Paine-Andrews, A., Francisco, V. T., & Schultz, J. A. (1995). Using empowerment theory in collaborative partnerships for community health and development. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 677-677697 Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581-581-599.

Individual, community and societal empowerment

Participant observation

Agricultural Nicaragua

cooperative

Community empowerment

case study

Multi site communities for the prevention of Adolescents abuse.

Individual empowerment

Case study

Members of : - Voluntary organization service

- Mutual help organization 8 Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 601-601-629. Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American journal of Organizational empowerment Quantitative: statistical survey and questionnair e Critical: resume and review of 324 middle managers

Individual, organizational, community

Conceptual, no sample

community psychology, 23(5), 569-579.

empowerment

special issue in empowerme nt Critical. Conceptual, no sample

10

Tengland, P.-A. (2008). Empowerment: a conceptual discussion. Health care analysis : HCA : journal of health philosophy and policy, 16(2), 77-96. Manuela Pardo del, V., & Bruce, L. (2003). Measuring empowerment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(2), 102-108 Dave, A. (2010). Community empowerment. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 30(3/4), 114126.

Individual empowerment

11

Organizational empowerment

Quantitative: measureme nt model Case study

86 Spanish company

12

Community empowerment

Three projects funded by community First programme.

2. In addition to empowerment concept summary, the position of papers in my research topic is very important. Although the number of paper reach only 22, but start early in mapping the position of the papers can be used to indentify gap of existing knowledge. However, as the research and the project progresses, the number of paper will increase for 3 year PhD study. Whereas, the themes and topics of the articles will shrink in scope to account for the 3-year timeframe of a PhD study. The diagram 1 shows the position of the paper regarding with theme and scope. Picture 1. Position of the papers.

: Reference number 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,and 12. : Reference number 22. : Reference number 21 : Reference number 13, 14,15,16,17,18, and 19. : Under exploration : Reference number 20 : Under exploration 3. According to diagram 1, it can be seen that theme of empowerment evolve and intersect with online social media or internet also migration issues Thus, based on the document, there is need to explore much more papers in the intersection theme. From the other point of view, it can be concluded that there is lack of research in the intersection theme. Thus, researches in the area of empowerment, online social media and migration have high degree of novelty.