5.

2 Egyptian Civilization lasts 3000 Years OLD KINGDOM (Pyramid Age) Growth of Egyptian Civilation o Civilization depended on Nile River Egypt was called gift of Nile Nile river is 4000 miles long, flows towards Mediterranean Sea Yearly flooding helped Neolithic farmers Floods every year and brings black soil Delta fertile farmland, home to many animals Civilizations built reservoirs to store water and dug canals to carry it to the fields Uses of Nile River o Encouraged farming o Unites villages o Transportation o Vast deserts around it protects Egypt o Gods of Egypt (polytheism) Worshipped sun, stars and Nile Worshipped cats and crocodiles Thoth The scribe of the Gods Man with the head of a bird Osiris and Isis o Osiris God of Nile and rich harvests Dies every year Ruler of the Other World o Isis Wife of Osiris Brings Osiris back to life o Life after Death A persons heart is weighed against a feather (represents law) Joins Osiris if the person is good Egypt is United under one Ruler o Menes (first pharaoh) o Ruler of upper Egypt who conquered Lower Egypt o Memphis was his capital o Double crown was his symbol o First dynasty of approximately 30 dynasties Division of dynasties o Old Kingdom o Middle Kingdom o New Kingdom Pharaoh o God o King Stratification Pharaoh (highest) Chief overseer o Presides over the royal court o Diplomat o Tax collection and public works Peasants o Paid grains as tax Pyramid Building (Old Kingdom distinction)

 Made of: o Solid stone o Huge limestone blocks o White limestone (covering) Great Pyramid o Tomb of Khufu 450 feet high West bank The decline of the Old Kingdom o The Nobles started to gain power over the pharaoh so it caused the civil war that lasted about 200 years MIDDLE KINGDOM The capital is no longer Memphis. The capital is Thebes. This is the age when trade and culture flourished. Lasted for 250 years. Ended when the Hyksos or Princes from Foreign Lands conquered them from 100 years. Egyptians overthrew them by learning how to use their weapons. NEW KINGDOM (Empire Age) Different Pharaohs Thutmose II o Added Nubia to empire o Conquered Syria and Palestine Hatshepsut o Wife of Thutmose II o First female ruler in the ancient world o Built temples (Egyptian Architecture) Thutmose III o Son of Hatshepsut o Added Euphrates to Empire Amenhotep o Changed his name to Akhenaton (It is good with Aton) o Aton monotheism, God of love, justice and power o Religion easily died Rameses II o One of the last effective rulers o Fought for 20 years against the Hittites o Married the daughter of Hittite King o Has statues at Abu Simbel (65 feet high) Decline of the New Kingdom Invaded by many foreigners like the Libyans, The Sea Peoples from Asia Minor and in the Mediterranean, Aegeans, Kushites, Assyrians and Persians Still maintained power but finally ended after Alexander the Great conquered them

SOCIETY AND CULTURE Scirbes (Hieroglyphics sacred writing, papyrus, Rosetta Stone Jean Champollion) Special Class Kept records of imports and exports, taxes, tribute payments, materials for building temples, calculations, surveying land, workers available for works, supplies for army Training starts at age 5 and lasted for 12 years Artisans o Furniture, cloth, glassware, baskets and jewelries Priests and Nobles

 Upper Class Houses around a central courtyard Peasants o Made most of the population o Workers o Payed tribute o Includes farmers Slaves o Prisoners o Servants to nobles and priests Women Expected to obey father and husband Could inherit her own property and sell it without a permit from a man Run a business Testify in court Have divorce (not common) VII. Astronomy and medicine Knew structures of bones, cure for sicknesses 365 days for calendar Sirius star that indicates that the Nile River will flood VIII. Architects and Engineers Built massive temples Planned buildings and developed irrigation IX. Tombs Home for dead Chemicals are used to mummify the body Mummy is painted and adorned with jewelry Process is in the Book of the Dead Tomb of Tutankhamen o Discovered by Howard Carter o Golden statues o Tutankhamen (died at age 18)

Greek Civilization Civilization starts at the Aegean Region (Crete) o Minoan From the name of their King, Minos They have a palace at Knossos Traded with Egypt, Asia Minor, Syria and Greece Had a system of writing and worked with bronze and gold Civilization died after volcanic eruption (Volcano: Theta or Thera) o Mycenaean Name from the palace Mycenae (also had palaces in Thebes and Southern Greece) Continued the trade of Minoans Egypt Phoenicia Italy Sicily Civilization died because of frequent warfare People from the rival Kingdoms were called Achaeans o The Dark Age

The Dorians went in the peninsula Lasted for 400 years No records because the Dorians were illiterate o Hellenic Age (Hellas or Greece) Myths about Gods Use oracles to communicate with Gods (Delphi) Priests and priestesses Gods are like normal people who are wealthy and live in Mt. Olympus Zeus Head of deities Hera Wife of Zeus Poseidon God of the sea Ares God of war Apollo God of music, prophecies and rational thinking Athena Goddess of wisdom Aphrodite Goddess of beauty and love Demeter Goddess of farmland and grain Hades God of the underworld Held festivals to honor the Gods (Olympics, every 4 years) Homers Epics o The Illiad War between Greece and Troy Helen the wife of the king of Greece eloped with Paris, the prince of Troy Greeks won The Odyssey The journey of Odysseus, a warrior, back home The value of Homers epics Courage, pride and honor A hero was a speaker of words and doer of deeds Basis of Greek education Colonies spread Hellenic culture - They settled in other lands and promoted their culture

Greek City-States o Polis (city state) At least 5000 male citizens The biggest is Sparta with 35 000 male citizens The rest of the population consisted of women, children, foreigners and slaves The center of Greek community life o Sparta Settled by Dorians, southern part of Greece, Peloponnesus Forced people to work (farm laborers and helots) Established strong military force to prevent revolts Young boys go to military barracks at age 7 until 30 Women were trained in gymnastics and physical endurance Retired soldiers would teach at Military schools Spartans were expected to marry but the Polis was more important Criticized by Athens that valued art, music, poetry and literature (well-roundedness) o Athens (commercial and cultural center of Greece) Believed in democracy (rule by the people) Elected Archons, nobles from upper class, to rule Draco Wrote the draconian laws Harsh laws against the lower class Solon Wise and just statesman, poet and merchant Repealed Dracos Laws

Cancelled debts, freed the poor and made slaver illegal Pisistarus Tyrant (wasnt harsh even if Tyrants were generalized as harsh rulers) Gave loans to farmers Promoted Athenian culture Gave prizes for pulic readings Cleisthenes Head of political party opposing tyrants Divided Athens into 10 areas called Demes 50 men per demes form the advisory council Every year they voted on Ostrakons (piece of broken pot) on who is a threat to Athens If 6000 votes were cast against a person, he was forced to leave Athens for 10 years The practice was called ostracism Persian Wars (unifying tool for Greece) o Marathon Started when Greek colonist rebelled against the Persian king Darius To punish Athens, Darius invaded Greece Persians were defeated Army sent Phidippides, fastest runner, to Sparta.. he died (after running 150 miles) Started the concept of marathon (26 miles) Thermopylae o Xerxes, Darius son, wanted to conquer Greece o 300 Spartans and 700 Greeks lead by King Leonidas of Sparta o Held the larger Persian army for 3 days but fell after a traitor showed a path around the pass o Burned the city o Salamis (naval battle) Themistocles tricked Persians into a narrow passage Greek vessels attacked Xerxes ships Brought about the Golden Age The Golden Age o Athens builds an empire Both Sparta and Athens made alliances Athens had the Delian League (150 city states from Asia Minor to Aegean) Turned into the Athenian empire o Age of Pericles Pericles rebuilt, strengthened the defenses and promoted democracy of Athens full of libert and free speech (Plato) o Government No longer elected All citizens met in the assembly 40 times a year to debate, vote and make laws Officials were chosen by drawing lots Held office for only a year Every male citizen had the chance to be in the government o Education Boys were enrolled in schools or tutored privately Taught Homers works Public speaking, geometry, astronomy and poetry Athletic Also sang, danced and played they lyre At 18 they were trained to serve in the military People excluded from public life Women (no formal education, although some learned at home) Foreigners were not allowed to be citizens Slaves and freed slaves Fall of the City-States o Peloponnesian War

o o

Sparta invaded Athens Pericles brought the people behind the walls and sent the navy to attack Spartans by sea A disease swept through Athens, a lot of people died, including Pericles Athens made peace afterwards War weaken Sparta and Athens Brought political unrest Macedonia was rising Philip built a strong army and won support of some city-states that opposed Athens In Greece, Demosthenes, warned citizens of the danger but they did not unite immediately to stop the invaders Philip crushed the Greek alliance in Caheronea Alexander the Great When Philip died, his son became the ruler He learned scientific curiosity, love for Greek culture, Homers works One of the greatest military leaders He crossed Hellespont and freed the Greek colonies in Asia Minor Phoenicia and Egypt fell where he founded the city, Alexandria The fall of Alexanders empire He died in Babylon because of a fever The generals broke the kingdom into three Ptolemy ruled Egypt while other ruled Asia and Macedonia Greek civilization spreads through Greek empire Hellenistic age (discrimination between Greeks and barbarians/non-greeks lessened)

Greek Culture Art and Litreature o Excellence and Moderation Person should be able to discuss philosophy, understand math, appreciate art, participate in civic affairs and stay in good physical condition Principle of moderation/golden mean (promotes self-control) Moderation was the noblest gift of heaven o Poets express Greek ideals Pindar Success, for a striver, washes away the effort of striving Sappho Woman who established a school of music and singing for wealthy young women Poems are about friendship and love Poetry develops into drama o Started asChorus o Thespis was an actor who started speaking lines as an individual o Pisistarus would fund the plays and make the opening day a holiday o The theatre held as many as 20 000 people (the poor and the prisoners participated too) o Greek Tagedies Sophocles Aeschylus Euripides Wrote during Peloponnesian War Greek Comedies o Aristophanes made fun of politicians, generals and philosophers o The Birds, The Wasps and Lysistrata

History Herodotus Father of History Reported Persian Wars Included ancient stories and legends in accounts Traveled in Egypt and wrote about the embalming process Thucydides More accurate No legends and myths Historians must search human motives and natural causes Art and Architecture o Sculptures Well-developed and well-proportiones Shown with perfect features Architecture Applied mathematical laws Acropolis (pillared temples) Parthenon, temple for Athena, is the largest temple (program of Pericles) Statue of Athena and Zeus Made by Phidias 40-foot-tall ivory and gold statue Beauty o Standards are still followed in the Western World o Greek Architecture has been used for thousands of buildings in the United States and Europe o Graceful, has rhythm and depended on simplicity o Simple but beautiful, balanced and graceful Scientific Thought and Philosophy (love of wisdom) o Natural World (natural laws) Thales Living things required water Water is the basic element of nature Earth floated on water and was rocked by great waves (cause of earthquakes) Scientists observed causes in Nature and did not blame the Gods o Greek scientific thinkers Pythagoras Universe was arranged according to mathematical laws Pythagoras Theorem Democritus Nature was made up of tiny atoms Atoms could not be divided Hippocrates Father of Medicine Founded a Medical School in the island of Cos Taught physicians to find causes of disease by using their reason and not the Gods Recorded patients behaviors and medicines Had the ideas about the responsibilities of the doctors Hippocratic Oath o The Sophists Taught speech, grammar, poetry, gymnastics, math and music Were not interested in nature but in issues of citizenship, politics and law Taught people how to debate, make good laws and speak well Argued that Gods did not exist (this angered citizens) The Sophists claim that leaders use fear of the gods to force people to follow customs Argued that Athenian laws were not based on principles of justice but represented only the wishes of the most powerful group in the city o Socrates Teachings were recorded by his student, Plato It was more important to gain knowledge of human beings than to investigate nature Stresses use of reason o

o Plato Importance of knowledge and character Laws must serve the best interests of everyone, not just the strongest or richest people Founded The Academy He blamed democracy for troubles and promoted Republic, the ideal state Men trained as philosophers would make the wisest and best politicians First thinker to analyze political systems o Aristotle The most briliiant student of Plato in the Academy Theory should be accepted only if it is agreed with facts that could be oberced Founded his own school, The Lyceum Had works like Poetics and Rhetorics Ways in which a speaker should organize an effective speech Also wrote Politics Emphasized the importance of able leaders and respect for the law Political society exists for the sake of Noble Actions Became the tutor of Alexander the Great Learning in Hellenistic Age o Alexandria Center of Hellenistic culture Greatest Library and research center in the ancient world Had botanical gardens and zoos Had an observatory for the stars Had 500 000 books o Hellenistic Scientists discover important principles Euclid Geometry Organized earlier knowledge of geometry in logical system Eratosthenes The earth was round The oceans of the earth were connected Aristarchus Mathematician and astronomer from Samos Sun was the center of the universe o Philosophers Epicurus Epicureanism Advised against trying to gain wealth, political power or fame since such attempts increase anxiety Bodies should be free from pain Recommended the enjoyment of simple leasures Epicurean modern meaning: someone whose main interest is in pleasure, especially in eating Zeno Developed stoicism Emphasized dignity, self-control and reason The individual should accept what life brings and remain indifferent to pain, pleasure and unhappiness All human beings are by nature equal because they all have the power to use reson The Stoic belief showed equality of human beings and reflects the change of Greeks ideals in Hellenistic Age

Carried dialogues with students He questions the truth of every statement and examined carefully the thoughts of his students and the views of other people Was executed for his teachings Drank poison and talked with his students until the effect took place