Power Electronics

Chapter 7 Soft-Switching Techniques

Power Electronics

Pursuing of higher switching frequency

Better waveform PWM waveform will be closer to expected waveform Harmonics is easier to be filtered

Benefits

Smaller volume and weight 4.44fN =4.44fNAB

f =

1 2 LC

Faster response

Disadvantages of higher switching frequency

Power Electronics

Disadvantages Higher power losses on power semiconductor devices

Power loss=f x Energy loss at each switching

More severe electromagnetic interference (EMI)

Steeper edges introduce more noises Easier to be radiated

Solution Soft-switching techniques

Outline Power Electronics

7.1 Basic concepts on soft-switching 7.2 Classification of soft-switching techniques 7.3 Typical soft-switching circuits and techniques

Power Electronics

7.1 Basic concepts on soft-switching

Hard-switching
u i
O

u i

p
O

t
a) Turning-on

t
b) Turning-off

The process of power semiconductor device hard-switching

5

The concept of soft-switching

Power Electronics

Soft-switching
u i
O

u i

p
O

t
a) Turning-on

t
b) Turning-off

The process of power semiconductor device soft-switching

6

Two types of soft-switching

Power Electronics

ZVSZero-voltage switching
Specifically means zero-voltage turn-on, i.e., the voltage across the device is reduced to zero before the current increases

ZCSZero-current switching
Specifically means zero-current turn-off, i.e., the current flowing through the device is reduced to zero before the voltage increases

Power Electronics

7.2 Classification of soft-switching techniques

Quasi-resonant soft-switching ZVS PWM (zero-voltage-switching PWM) and ZCS PWM (zero-current-switching PWM) ZVT PWM (zero-voltage-transition PWM) and ZCT PWM (zero-current-transition PWM)

The concept of basic switch cell

Power Electronics

VD a) L S VD L S

VD

b)

VD

c)

d)
9

Power Electronics

Quasi-Resonant ConverterQRC
ZVS QRC ZCS QRC ZVS MRC (multi-resonant converter) Resonant DC link converter
Cr Lr S VD L S Cr VD Cr1 Lr L S Cr2 Lr L VD

a) ZVS QRC

b) ZCS QRC

c) ZVS MRC

Basic switching cells for QRC

10

Power Electronics

ZVS PWM converter and ZCS PWM converter

Feature: use of auxiliary switch
Cr S S1 Lr VD

L S

Lr S1 Cr

VD b)

a)

Basic switching cells for a) ZVS PWM and b) ZCS PWM

11

ZVT PWM converter and ZCT PWM converter

Power Electronics

Feature: auxiliary switch is in parallel with main switch

Lr Cr S1 S VD1 L VD S VD1 b) Lr Cr S1 L VD

a)

Basic switching cells for a) ZVT PWM and b) ZCT PWM

12

Power Electronics

7.3 Typical soft-switching circuits and techniques

ZVS QRC Resonant DC link converter Phase-shift full bridge ZVS PWM converter ZVT PWM converter

13

ZVS QRC

Power Electronics

Cr S VDS Lr

S
A L

O uS (uCr)
C R

Ui

VD

O iS O iLr O uVD O

t t

uCr

IL

+ Ui

uCr

iLr

Cr A Ui

Cr

t t0t1 t2 t3t4 t5t6 t0

to ~ t1

t1 ~ t2
14

Power Electronics

Resonant DC link converter

Circuit
Lr
VDS
uCr Ui

Ui

S Cr
O iLr IL O t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t0

Equivalent circuit to RDCL

iLr Lr Ui Cr + S uCr VDS L R IL

15

Power Electronics

Summary of QRC
Disadvantages
Voltage stress increased due to the resonant peak Current RMS value increased due to large circulating energy Variable switching frequency due to pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) control

16

Phase-shift full-bridge ZVS PWM converter

Power Electronics

S1

Circuit

O S2 O S4 O S3 O uAB

t t t t t

S1 A Ui S2

CS1 S3 Lr B

CS3

+ VD1 uR L VD2 C R

O uLr O iLr O uT1 O uR O iL O iVD1 O iVD2 O t8 t9 t 0 t 1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t 6 t7 t8 t9 t0

CS2 S 4

CS4

t t

t t

17

Phase-shift full-bridge ZVS PWM converter

Power Electronics

CS1 A Ui CS2

iLr Lr

iL kT:1 VD1 L + Uo R
iLr Ui S2 Lr

CS3

VDS3 VD1

iL L + Uo R VD2

B CS4

VDS2 S4

Equivalent circuit during t1 ~ t2

Equivalent circuit during t3 ~ t4

18

Power Electronics

Summary of ZVS or ZCS PWM converter

Improvement over QRC
Voltage and current are basically square-wave, therefore stresses are greatly reduced Constant switching frequency due to pulse-width modulation (PWM) control

19

ZVT PWM converter

Power Electronics

Circuit
IL L VDS Ui S Lr Cr S1 iVD VD iLr

S O S1 O uS t t t

VD1 C Uo

O iLr IL O iS1

Equivalent circuit during t1 ~ t2

IL L Ui VDS Cr S1 iLr Lr

O uS1 O iD O iS O t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5

t t

20

Power Electronics

Summary of ZVT or ZCT PWM converter

Improvement over ZVS or ZCS PWM converter
Soft-switching can be achieved in a wider range of input voltage and load current Circulating energy is reduced to minimum so that efficiency is increased

21