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Start weeding all the early wintering clones first and the late
winterers later.
d. The objective is to keep first the circles and then the tree rows
clean at all times. Weeding should be repeated whenever
there is 50% weeds re-growth.
2. Root Disease
2.1 Introduction
The dead tree then becomes source for a second phase of spread, to
its neighbors as the trees grow and their root systems meet.
New centers of infection can also arise through wind-borne or insect-
borne spores of the pathogens, colonizing tree stumps and surface
timber left not cleared at the time of planting or replanting.
Broken ends of branches and trunk resulting from wind damages and
pruning or pollarding cuts also become substratum for spores to start
an infection, which then spreads down to the roots.
White root disease is the most common of the four, usually making its
appearance 6-12 months after planting and making it an important
disease to watch for in immature rubber.
Brown and red root diseases can also be found in young rubber, but
they assume importance in mature rubber, because of their slower
spread. Ustilina generally occurs in old or mature rubber.
To identify the different root disease fungi in the field, two things are
examined: rhizomorphs on the diseased roots and fruiting bodies on
dead or dying trees.
Rhizomorphs.
Although direct infection of the collar and top root may occur, the
fungi generally reach the collar by traveling inwards along the
lateral roots from an infectious source nearby.
Gaps in the stand should lead to the suspicion that other trees in
the vicinity may have been killed by root disease.
Spores.
The spores are produced in the fruit bodies; when mature, they are
disseminated by wind, rain and insects.
Rhizomorphs:
As the plates enlarge they fuse with each other to become large
dark-gray irregular patches with a zoned appearance.
Among the methods available the one that has proved harmless to the
tree, fast and less expensive is looking for changes in the canopy
color, because general discoloration of the foliage is the earliest
symptom of any interruption of root function.
Mature rubber blocks are therefore divided into two categories for the
purpose of root disease treatment:
Young mature blocks less than 10 - 12 years old and being tapped on
panel “A”, where the higher cost of treatment is justified and, older
blocks excluding those scheduled for replanting in the next 5 or 6
years and those with poor yields and low stand, where only limited
eradication and isolation of the disease is feasible.
If disease incidence is not high (less than 12 cases per block) per
inspection, then one inspection round every two months is adequate,
but in fields of high and increasing incidence of root disease,
inspection rounds should be done monthly up to 12 months from
planting.
From the second year (13th month) foliage inspection must be done
monthly, for as long as disease incidence is significant (12 cases or
more per block per inspection round).
Walking with his back to the sun along every fifth row or third row or
every inter row, depending upon age of the field, he marks diseased
trees with a plastic ribbon tied to the trunk, for the treatment gang to
take further action.
The worker must observe only fully mature leaves or foliage for leaf
symptoms and avoid confusion with young leaves or symptoms of any
old odium infection.
If there is any disease on the collar, all the neighboring trees shall also
be checked and treated because it is possible that these trees are
also infected.
During the third and subsequent years, when supplying is not possible
every effort must be made to save the trees.
Only trees with more than 60% of circumference of the bole affected
may be pulled out in mature blocks; while in young mature blocks,
trees even with 80% of the bole affected have a chance of survival by
treatment if there are at least two lateral roots still healthy.
All the trees marked with plastic ribbons at the time of foliage
inspection should be collar inspected.
a. Carefully dig out the soil from around the collar of the tree marked
as diseased with a flat-pointed wooden stick to expose the base of
lateral roots until the upper portion of the tap root becomes visible
all round. This is called collar inspection.
c. If a major portion of the collar and tap root is penetrated and killed
by the fungus, mark the tree with a cross of black paint, for
eradication by digging out and burning.
Subject all collar inspected trees to treatment and call them uninfected
controls.
Continue removing the soil from around the tree until a bowl-like cavity
15 - 30 cm radius and 10 - 30 cm deep is created around the tree, the
size of the bowl depending upon the size of the tree.
Among the laterals standing exposed in the cavity, locate any that are
entirely or partially dead and covered with mycelium of one of the
pathogens.
Since these laterals probably bring the infection from some source
nearby, trace the lateral out until the source of infection is found.
Where the infection is found to originate directly from the collar, the
fungal mycellium and the death of underlying tissues generally
surround the entire collar and then spread outwards along the lateral
roots and downwards along the tap root.
Check with a blunt metal or bamboo scraper the extent of the lateral
root that is dead, and cut away only its dead portion with a sharp knife
or chisel.
Keep the cut away laterals separately for burning, together with any
infection source located in the planting row.
If the disease has already progressed to the collar and has penetrated
some part of it or the tap root, the full extent of the dead areas should
be checked with the blunt scraper without injuring the healthy bark.
Before checking, clean away all soil from the exposed roots with a
piece of cloth.
All bark and wood pieces thus removed are to be kept separately for
burning later.
The exposed collar, base of laterals and upper portion of the tap root
are wiped clean with a cloth to remove any adhering soil.
All opened trees must be treated with PCNB collar protectant even
where no disease is found.
NOTES:
Use only Calixin Collar Protectant dressing for brown and red root
disease. The cheaper PCNB formulation such as Phytopaste,
Ingropaste, Fomac-2, Fomotex, Shell Collar Protectant etc., are
effective only for white root disease.
At the end of the day's work the cavity around the tree should be
refilled with soil. The same soil that was removed earlier can be
used provided care is taken to see that pieces of wood and bark
removed during treatment have not been mixed in it.
Pile the earth up around the tree to prevent water logging. For young
trees “ties” may be used to keep the trees upright.
All dead and diseased roots and pieces of bark and wood resulting
from surgery must be separated from excavated soil. These must be
collected together with any infection source located during treatment.
Burn all debris properly.
2.6.9 Marking of Treatment Trees
Mark all treated trees with a solid black ring of paint on the trunk, at
1.5 to 1.7 meter from the ground. Diseased trees that are treated get
a complete ring, while their healthy neighbors treated after collar
inspection are given a broken ring of the same color.
Write the month and year of treatment just above the ring, and the
initials of the disease, example: RL ( Rigidoporus lignosus), GP
( Ganoderma pseudoferium) and etc.
In the case of immature rubber where roots are growing very actively,
re-inspection and re-treatment should be carried out as follows:
If the trees are still infected, mark them with a continuous ring with
dates (only month and year)
If they have recovered, and are disease free, mark them with a
disconnected ring complete with date.
The trees should then be marked for removal with a black “X” mark.
Cut off the diseased portion of the lateral and remove the infection
source entirely, and burn it.
If the disease has already reached the collar, surgically remove every
trace of necrotic tissue from it and from the top portion of tap root and
base of laterals down to healthy wood. If the disease has progressed
deeper down along the tap root, treatment may be abandoned and the
tree removed (dug out and burned).
Wipe the exposed root system clean of soil particles with a piece of
cloth; do not scrape healthy roots.
Next, apply the appropriate collar protectant dressing all around the
collar and top 10 cm or more of the tap root to cover all areas which
have undergone surgery.
Apply the dressing also to the base of laterals all round up to a
distance of 20-25 cm and to the cut ends of any severed laterals.
Small feeder roots may be cut away before applying the dressing.
Refill the hole with the same soil making sure there is no fragments of
root or other diseased materials mixed in it.
Pile earth up around tree base to prevent water logging, and enough
to permit rain water to run off and not pool.
2.7.9 Disposal of Infected Debris
Mark all treated trees with a solid black paint ring in the trunk at 1.70
meters from the ground.
Diseased trees that are treated get a solid line complete ring, while
their healthy neighbors which were inspected and treated are given a
broken- line incomplete ring at the same height.
Paint the month and year of treatment just above the ring.
Open back the soil around collar of all treated trees after two years for
any new infection and retreat them, unless new symptoms appear
before two years, in which case the tree must be retreated promptly
Remove all dead and dying trees with their entire root system as well
as any sources of infection traced through them.
Inspect the collar and lateral root bases of the two trees on either side
of the eradicated tree in the same row. If any of them is found
infected, the tree next to it is collar inspected until a healthy tree is
found.
The soil around the tree should be dug out until the base of laterals
are exposed for inspection.
Extend the simple trench, to half the width of the inter-row on either
side.
Infected trees coming within the trench are tapped until they start
dying, after which they are removed and burned.
If many trees in a row or more than one adjacent row are affected, the
trenches across the rows are connected to enclose the entire effected
area by digging a trench lengthwise along the middle of the inter row
on either side. Figure (b) below.
(a) (b)
X X X
X X
X X X X
However, this may become prohibitively costly for medium and large
patches, a decision should be made based on calculated benefits and
costs on whether to proceed or not.
For treatment of Ustulina trunk collar and root rot, cut away all
diseased tissues from the base of the trunk, collar and affected portion
of the roots until only healthy tissues are exposed, and cover the
wound with the above dressing.
The hollow of the collar resulting from the extensive surgery may
sometimes need reinforcement with cement for the tree to stand
strong winds.