Notes

Modern World

From Cold War to Post–Cold War (pages 875–876)

A. By the 1970s, United States-Soviet relations had reached _________________—a relaxation of
tension and improved relations. By 1979, however, a new period of East-West confrontation
began when the Soviets invaded _________________________. They wanted to restore a pro-Soviet
regime there. The United States viewed this as an act of expansion.
B. In 1980, President _______________ _____________ began a military buildup and a new arms race
with the Soviet Union. Reagan gave military aid to the Afghan rebels to fight the Soviets.
C. In 1985, _____________ ______________________ became the leader of the Soviet Union. His
willingness to rethink Soviet foreign policy led to a dramatic end to the Cold War. In 1987
Gorbachev made an agreement with the United States—the ________________-_________
_____________ _____________ (INF) Treaty—to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles.
D. Gorbachev changed Soviet policy by stopping military support to Communist governments in
Eastern Europe. This led to the _________________of Communist regimes in these countries.
E. Germany was _________________in 1990– signaling the end of the Cold War.
F. In 1991 the ______________ ____________ was dissolved.

Upheaval in the Soviet Union (pages 876–878)

A. In 1964, ____________ ________________ was removed from office. Alexei Kosygin and Leonid
Brezhnev replaced him. During the 1970s, ______________________ became the main Soviet leader.
He wanted to keep Eastern Europe as Communist states. He issued the __________________
________________ which asserted that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene if communism
was threatened in another Communist state.
B. Under Brezhnev, the Soviet Union was allowed more access to Western culture. _____________
—people who spoke out against the regime—however, were still punished.
C. The Soviet Union’s economy continued to emphasize heavy industry. The Soviet economy was
weakened by the government’s bureaucracy that discouraged ____________________and
encouraged __________________. Collective farmers had no incentive to work hard in the collective
work brigades. By the 1970s, the Communist ruling class had become ______________. By 1980,
the Soviet economy was seriously declining.
D. In 1985, the reformer Mikhail Gorbachev was chosen to lead the Soviet Union. Gorbachev’s
basis of reform was ___________________, or restructuring, of the Soviet economy and government.
Gorbachev created a new state presidency.
E. As the Soviet government eased its control, ethnic tensions emerged throughout the Soviet
republics. During 1990 and 1991, several of these republics called for independence from Soviet
control. In 1991, conservative leaders arrested Gorbachev and tried to seize power. __________
_____________ and others defeated their attempt. Soviet republics moved for independence, and
the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus declared the Soviet Union dissolved. Gorbachev
resigned in December 1991.
F. Boris Yeltsin became president of the new Russia. He worked to introduce a free market
economy to Russia. _________________ tried to secede from Russia and form their own
independent republic. Yeltsin used brutal force against the Chechens.
G. In 1999 Yeltsin resigned and ____________ ___________ was elected president. Fighting in
Chechnya continued.

Revolutions in Eastern Europe (pages 879–881)

A. Workers’ protests led to demands for change in Poland. In 1980, ____________ _______________
organized a national trade union in Poland known as ________________. In 1988, the Polish regime
agreed to free parliamentary elections—the first free election in Eastern Europe in ____years. In
1990, Walesa was elected president of Poland. Poland’s rapid free-market reforms led to severe

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_________________ and discontent. Today Poland’s free-market economy is becoming increasingly
prosperous.

B. In 1968, Soviet troops crushed the reform movement in _______________________. In 1988 and
1989, mass demonstrations throughout Czechoslovakia led to the collapse of the Communist
government. In December 1989, _______________ ______________, a dissident against the
Communist government, became president. In 1993 ethnic conflicts between Czechs and Slovaks
led to the peaceful division of Czechoslovakia into the ____________ __________ and
________________.
C. In 1965, Communist leader _________________ ___________________ and his wife ________ led a
dictatorial regime in Romania. His actions angered Romanian people. The army refused to
support his repressive regime and, in December 1989, Ceausescu and his wife were executed. A
new government was formed.
D. In 1988 unrest led many East Germans to flee their Communist country. In 1989, mass
demonstrations against the Communist regime broke out. By November, the Communist
government tore down the ____________ _______ and opened its border with the West. Large
numbers of East Germans crossed the border. In ________, East and West Germany were reunited
to form one Germany.

The Disintegration of Yugoslavia (pages 881–882)

A. At the end of the 1980s, Yugoslavia was caught up in the reform movements of Eastern
Europe. By 1990, new political parties had emerged and the Communist Party had collapsed.
B. In 1990, the Yugoslav republics of ____________, _________, __________-____________________, and
____________________ worked for independence. _______________ _______________ leader of Serbia,
rejected independence. In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence. In
September 1991, the _____________army attacked Croatia.
C. In 1992, the ___________attacked Bosnia-Herzegovina. Many Bosnians were _____________. The
Serbs followed a policy of __________ _______________—killing them or forcibly removing them
from their lands. In 1995 air strikes by NATO bombers were launched in retaliation for Serb
attacks on civilians. On December 14, the Serbs signed a formal peace treaty splitting Bosnia
into a loose union of a Serb ______________ and a Muslim-Croat __________________.
D. In 1998, a war began over ______________. In 1974, Tito had made Kosovo an autonomous, or
self-governing, province within Yugoslavia. In 1989, Milosevic took away Kosovo’s autonomous
status. Albanians formed the KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army) and worked against Serbian rule in
Kosovo. Serbs began to massacre ethnic _________________. The United States and NATO tried to
arrange a settlement. In the fall elections of 2000, Milosevic was ousted from power.

Winds of Change in Western Europe (pages 884–886)

A. After 1970, Western European countries had greater economic unity. The _________________
________________ ___________________ (EEC) greatly expanded between 1973 and 1995. By 1992,
the European Community (EC) made up the world’s largest single trading bloc.
B. In 1994, the EC became the principle organization within the _______________ __________ (EU).
Most EU nations planned to abandon their currency in favor of the common European currency,
the euro, by January 2002.
C. France’s economy declined in the 1970s. By 1981, the ______________ had become the main
party in the National Assembly. Socialist president _______________ _____________ began measures
to aid workers. He nationalized many businesses. Socialist policies failed, however, and France’s
economy continued to decline. In 1993, politics in France became conservative. In May 1995,
conservative ______________ ________________ was elected president of France.
D. ___________ ________________ was the first Social Democrat chancellor of West Germany. He
received the Nobel Prize in 1971 for his work on a treaty with East Germany that led to greater
contact and interaction between the two countries. In 1982, _________________ __________________
formed a new, more conservative government.
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E. Reunification of the new Germany in 1989 made it the leading power in Europe. Reunification,
however, led to _______________ problems. Eastern Germany needed to be rebuilt and the
economy of eastern Germany collapsed. There was high __________________and severe discontent.
This led to attacks against foreigners by right-wing extremists.

F. Between 1964 and 1979, Great Britain’s government faced the intense fighting between
_________________ and ________________ in Northern Ireland, an ailing economy, and frequent labor
strikes. In 1979, Conservative __________________ ________________ became prime minister. She
limited the social welfare system, broke the power of the labor unions, and controlled inflation.
Thatcher’s economic policy was known as ______________________. Thatcher introduced an
unpopular flat-rate tax paid by every adult. In 1997, Labour Party candidate, ________ __________,
won the election for prime minister.

The U.S. Domestic Scene (pages 886–887)

A. _________________ __________ became president of the United States in 1968. Nixon’s campaign
for “law and order” and a slowdown of racial _______________________ appealed to southern
whites. The South began a new allegiance to the Republican Party.
B. Nixon used illegal methods to gain information about his political opponents, which led to the
______________________ scandal. On August 9, 1974, Nixon ____________as president instead of
facing possible impeachment.
C. Vice-President _______________ ___________ became president after Nixon’s resignation.
________________ _____________ beat Ford in the 1976 election. Carter’s administration faced high
________________ rates and a drop in the American _______________ of living. Carter was unable to
gain the release of American hostages held by the ______________ government. He lost the 1980
election to _________________.
D. The Reagan Revolution changed years of U.S. policy. He cut back on the welfare state and
greatly increased the military buildup. Spending by Reagan’s administration produced a record
government budget ____________—spending more money than collected in revenues.
E. Republican ____________ _________ was elected president after Reagan. He was unable to deal
with the deficit problems or the economic downturn.
F. Democrat _________ ________________ was elected president in 1992. He oversaw a lengthy
economic revival in the United States. During his second term, he was charged with ____________
________________, but was acquitted of the charges in the Senate. Clinton’s problems helped
George W. Bush to win the presidential election in 2000.

Canada (page 888)

A. __________ _______________ became Canada’s prime minister in 1968. He worked to preserve a
united Canada. His government passed the Official Languages Act, allowing both English and
French to be used in federal civil service. He worked to increase industrialization in Canada.
B. ____________ _____________ became prime minister in 1984. His government worked to return
some of Canada’s state-run corporations to private owners. In 1993 Canada, the United States,
and Mexico approved the __________ _____________________ __________ ___________
____________________________ (NAFTA) to make trade easier and more profitable for the countries.
Many Canadians thought that NAFTA was too favorable to the United States, and Mulroney lost
the 1993 election to Liberal ___________ ___________.
C. In 1995, voters in Quebec narrowly defeated a plan that would grant ______________
independence from Canada. Quebec’s status continues to divide Canada.

Changes in Women’s Lives (pages 889–890)

A. Since 1970, the number of women in the workforce has continued to rise. Yet women
continued to receive ____________ wages for the same work and fewer chances to advance.

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B. During the 1960s and 1970s, women formed “consciousness-raising” groups to make people
aware of women’s issues, such as social and economic inequality.
C. During the 1980s and 1990s, women became involved in activities that affected the political
and the natural environments.
D. During the 1990s, some women wanted a return to traditional values and gender roles.

The Growth of Terrorism (pages 890–891)

A. Modern society has been faced with acts of terrorism by bands of terrorists who use violence
to draw attention to their demands. They use the killing of civilians (mostly by bombing), the
taking of hostages, and the hijacking of airplanes to achieve their goals.
B. Since the early 1970s, the ______________ ______________________ ________ (IRA) terrorist group
has killed thousands of people in Northern Ireland. The IRA’s goal is to unite Northern Ireland,
which is governed by Great Britain, with the __________ ________________.
C. State-sponsored terrorism has been involved in international terrorism. Militant governments
have helped terrorist organizations with their attacks.
D. One of the most destructive acts of terrorism occurred on September 11, 2001, in the United
States. It is believed that the terrorist organization al-Qaeda, led by ____________ ____
___________, hijacked four commercial jet airplanes in Boston, Newark, and Washington, D.C. Two
of the airplanes were flown into the World Trade Center Towers in New York City; one airplane was
flown into the Pentagon; and one airplane crashed in Pennsylvania. These terrorist acts killed
thousands of people. President George W. Bush called for a war on terrorism. The United States
created a coalition of nations to cooperate in ridding the world of terrorist groups.

Science and Technology (pages 891–892)

A. Since World War II, scientific and technological achievements have greatly changed people’s
lives. Wartime technology such as computers and jet airplanes was adapted for peacetime uses.
B. The postwar alliance of science and technology led to a fast rate of change in Western society.
C. Critics pointed out that some technological advances had far-reaching side effects that were
damaging to the environment.

Religious Revival (page 892)

A. During the twentieth century, a number of religious thinkers and leaders tried to revive
Christianity.
B. Protestant Karl Barth tried to show how the religious insights of the Reformation were still
relevant for the modern world.
C. Two popes—John XXIII and John Paul II—worked to revive Catholicism. Vatican Council II
liberalized a number of Catholic practices.

Trends in Art (page 892–893)

A. After 1945, New York City became the artistic center of the Western world. Abstractionism
was the most popular form of modern art. ___________________ ________________ was one famous
abstract expressionist artist.
B. During the 1960s, pop-art-which transformed images of popular culture into fine art—
emerged. ______________ ______________ was the most famous pop artist.
C. In the 1980s, art styles described as —a revival of traditional elements and techniques—
emerged.
D. During the 1980s and 1990s, new technologies, such as digital cameras and computer
programs, created new art forms.

Popular Culture (page 893)

A. Through movies, television, and music, the United States has spread its ideals and values of
material prosperity throughout the world.

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B. Jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, rock, and rap—the most popular music forms in the Western
world—all had their beginnings in the United States. American singers such as Elvis Presley
inspired non-American musicians such as the Beatles. MTV changed the music scene after it was
introduced in the early 1980s.

Sports, Television, Politics (page 894)

A. After World War II, sports became a major product of both _____________ culture and the
_____________ industry.
B. Television transformed sports into a worldwide experience. Sports organizations made
enormous revenues from television contracts.
C. Sports have become big politics because they are used as a vehicle for national feeling. The
_____________ _________________ are an example of the mix of sports and politics.