Math 342

Homework #1

(4.1) #2. Let W be the union of the rst and third quadrants in the xy-plane. That x is, let W = : xy 0 . y a) If u is in W and c is any scalar, is cu in W ? Why? b) Find specic vectors u and v in W such that u + v is not in W . This is enough to show that W is not a subspace. Solution: a) Suppose u = cu = x y is in W . Then xy 0. For any scalar c, we have

cx . This vector is in W if the product of its entries is nonnegative. But the cy product of its entries is (cx)(cy) = c2 xy = nonnegative times nonnegative = nonnegative. Hence, cu is in W . 1 0 1 and let v = . Then u and v are certainly in W , but u+v = 0 1 1 is not in W , since (1) (1) < 0. b) Let u =

(4.1) #8. Is the set of all polynomials in Pn such that p(0) = 0 a subspace of Pn ? Solution: Yes. Let H = {p Pn | p(0) = 0}. Suppose f, g H, meaning f (0) = 0 and g(0) = 0. Then f + g H since (f + g)(0) = f (0) + g(0) = 0 + 0 = 0. That is, H is closed under vector addition. Notice that the zero vector of Pn is the zero polynomialthat is, the polynomial with all zero coecients. But the zero polynomial outputs zero for every input, so certainly for the input zero. That is 0 H. Suppose f H and r R. Then rf H since (rf )(0) = r f (0) = r 0 = 0. Hence, H is a subspace of Pn .

1 2 4 3 (4.1) #13. Let v1 = 0 , v2 = 1 , v3 = 2 and w = 1 . 1 3 6 2 a. Is w in {v1 , v2 , v3 }? How many vectors are in {v1 , v2 , v3 }? b. How many vectors are in Span{v1 , v2 , v3 }? c. Is w in the subspace spanned by {v1 , v2 , v3 }? Why? Solution: a. No. The set {v1 , v2 , v3 } contains precisely three vectors, none of them w.

b. The set Span{v1 , v2 , v3 } contains Span{v1 } = {rv1 | r R}, which is already innite, so Span{v1 , v2 , v3 } is innite. c. We check by row reducing: 1 2 4 3 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 3 6 2 0 5 4 2 10 3 1 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0

This is the augmented matrix of a consistent system, so w is indeed in the span of {v1 , v2 , v3 }.

3a + b (4.1) #15. Let W be the set of all vectors of the form 4 , where a and b are a 5b arbitrary real numbers. Find a set of vectors that spans W , or give an example to show that W is not a vector space. 3a + b 0 4 = 0 , since no choice of a and b Solution: No choice of a and b will make a 5b 0 will make 4 = 0. Hence, W is certainly not a subspace of R3 . 0 0 0 0 Alternatively, notice that 4 is in W , but 4 + 4 = 8 is not in W , so W 0 0 0 0 is not closed under vector addition. Hence, W cannot be a vector space.

(4.1) #20. The set of all continuous real-valued functions dened on a closed interval [a, b] in R is denoted by C[a, b]. This set is a subspace of the vector space of all real-valued function dened on [a, b]. a. What facts about continuous functions should be proved in order to demonstrate that C[a, b] is indeed a subspace as claimed? b. Show that {f C[a, b] : f (a) = f (b)} is a subspace of C[a, b]. Solution: a) We would need to prove: i. The zero vector is in C[a, b]. Since the zero vector in this case is the zero function, we would need to prove that the function which is constantly zero is continuous. ii. C[a, b] is closed under addition. That is, we would need to prove that the sum of continuous functions is continuous. iii. C[a, b] is closed under scalar multiplication. That is, we would need to prove that a scalar multiple of a continuous function is continuous.

b) We must demonstrate the same three properties for H = {f C[a, b] : f (a) = f (b)}. i. Denote the zero function (which is the zero vector of C[a, b]) by z, so z(x) = 0 for any input x. But then z(a) = 0 and z(b) = 0, so z(a) = z(b). Hence, z H. ii. Let f, g H. Then f (a) = f (b) and g(a) = g(b). Recall that f + g is dened to be the function with value f (x) + g(x) at x, so (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x). We compute (f + g)(a) = f (a) + g(a) = f (b) + g(a) = f (b) + g(b) = (f + g)(b) Hence, f + g H if f, g H. iii. Let f H and let c be a scalar. Since f H, we know f (a) = f (b). Recall that cf is dened to be the function with value c f (x) at x, so (cf )(x) = c f (x). Then (cf )(a) = c f (a) = c f (b) = (cf )(b). Hence, cf H if f H. This shows that H is a subspace of C[a, b].

(4.1) #21. Determine if the set H of all matrices of the form of M22 .

a b 0 d

is a subspace

Solution: Notice that H is the set of all 2 2 matrices with a zero in the lower left corner. 0 0 i. Is the zero vector in H? The zero vector of M22 is the 2 2 zero matrix, . 0 0 This has a zero in the lower left corner, so its in H. ii. Let A, B H. Then A and B have zero as their lower left entry. Also, the lower left entry of A + B is the sum of the lower left entries of A and B, so its 0 + 0 = 0. That is, A + B H. iii. Let A H and let c be a scalar. The lower left entry of A is 0, and the lower left entry of cA is c 0 = 0, so cA H. Hence, H is a subspace of M22 .

(4.1) #22. Let F be a xed 3 2 matrix, and let H be the set of all matrices A in M24 with the property that F A = O34 . Determine if H is a subspace of M24 . Solution: Lets check the three properties of a subspace: i. Is the zero vector in H? The zero vector of M24 is the 2 4 zero matrix O24 . Does O24 have the property that F O24 = O34 ?. Well, yes, so H contains the zero vector. ii. Is H closed under addition? Let A and B be in H. That is, A and B are 2 4 matrices with the property that F A = O34 and F B = O34 . Does A + B also have that

property? Yes, since F (A + B) = F A + F B = O34 + O34 = O34 . So H is closed under addition. iii. Is H closed under scalar multiplication? Let A be in H and let c be a scalar. That is, A has the property that F A = O34 . Does cA also have this property? Yes, since F (cA) = c(F A) = cO34 = O34 . So H is closed under scalar multiplication. Hence, H is indeed a subspace of M24 .

(4.1) #32. Let H and K be subspaces of a vector space V . The intersection of H and K, written as H K, is the set of v in V that belong to both H and K. Show that H K is a subspace of V . Give an example in R2 to show that the union of two subspaces is not, in general, a subspace. Solution: Let u, v H K. That is, u H, v H, u K and v K. Since H is a subspace and u, v H, u + v H. Similarly, since K is a subspace and u, v K, u + v K. Since u + v is in both H and K, u + v H K. That is, H K is closed under vector addition. Since H and K are subspaces, 0 H and 0 K. Hence, 0 H K. Let v H K and let r R. Since H and K are subspaces, rv H and rv K. Hence, rv H K. That is, H K is closed under scalar multiplication. Hence, H K is a subspace of V .