Identify the structures in the upper respitory system and the structures in the lower respitory system.

Upper - Nose, pharynx, associated structure Lower - Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

Be able to identify the structures associated with the conducting zone and the r espiratory zone. Conducting - entrance to nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles in lungs Respiratory - (where gas exchange occurs) respiratory bronchioles, includes alve oli

Be farmiliar with how the air flows throught the upper and lower respiratory sys tems. Blood circulation.

What are conchae composed of and what is their function? 3 scroll like bones on lateral wall of nasal cavity (superior, middle, inferior) Function - increase mucosal surface area and enhance air turbulence in cavity gas swirl through but heavier, nongaseous particles get trapped in mucus coated surface

The Eustachian tubes (from the ears) and contents of the sinuses in the skull bo th drain into the nasal cavity.

Identify the boundaries of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx and wh at these pharyngeal sections carry (food or air or both). Nasopharynx - lies above where food enters body, AIR ONLY Oropharynx - tonsils area, FOOD AND AIR Laryngopharynx - Hyoid down to esophagus posteriorly and larynx anteriorly, FOOD AND AIR

What is the difference between the true and false vocal cords in terms of anatom ical position? What makes sound? True - twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the lary nx. these make the sound through vibration False - minimal role in phonation, sit superior to true vocal cords in order to protect

Why is the thyroid catilage of the larynx important? It protects the vocal cords, and an attachment for several laryngeal muscles.

What is the epiglottis? Why are the thoracic cartillage incomplete rings? Leaf shaped elastic cartilage that blocks the glottis, in order to keep food/dri nk from entering while swallowing.

Incomplete rings - keeps trachea from collapsing

List some of the anatomical changes as branching progresses in the bronchial tre e. Eplithelium changes from ciliated to nonciliated in terminal bronchioles. C-shaped cartilages in primary gradually replaced by plates of cartilage that di ssapears in bronchioles. As cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases. Right primary bronchi is wider and steeper. Carina-internal ridge; sensitive piece of tissue (cough reflex).

What portion of the "bronchial tree" first enters the lung? The Primary bronchi. How do bronchi differ structurally from bronchioles? Bronchi - a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into th e lungs. Bronchioles - the first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage, they are branches of the bronchi.

What bronchi specifically supply lobes of lungs with air? The Secondary bronchi.

How many lobes of the lung are there? Right side has three, left side has two.

What structures surround the alveoli? What is the function of alveoli? Tiny air sacs within the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide t akes place. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries that carry carbon dioxide laden blood from the body and return oxygenated blood back to the body

What is the pleura and what is its function? Thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest. Provides optimal repiratory functioning.

List the two inspiratory muscles. Are muscles involved in expiration? The diaphram and the external intercostal muscles. Expiration - internal intercostal muscles, abdominals, but mainly elasticity. What is the difference between internal respiration and external respiration? External - involves all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 between the body and environment. Moving air in oand out of lungs. Internal - Diffusion of gas between interstitial fluid and cytoplasm. Celluar re

spiration, within indivual cells.

Know the respiratory disorders. COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Emphysema - destruction of Alveoli Chronic Bronchitis - excess mucus, coughing Lung Cancer - leading cause of cancer death in U.S. Pneumonia - caused by microbes that enter lungs and release toxins, inflammation , and edema Tuberculosis - bacterial infection of lungs Coryza (common cold) and Influenze - viruses Bronchitis - an inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs