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W4
Drexel University
Electrical and Computer Engr. Dept.
Electrical Engineering Laboratory III, ECEL 303
E.L. Gerber
Object
Introduction
Theory
7-1
L303.7.W4
The chip has a basic oscillator circuit built in but requires external timing
elements RT and CT. The chip provides a constant DC current source which is
reversed under internal chip command. The magnitude of the current, however, can
be controlled externally via the timing resistor RT. The fundamental principle of the
system is the current flow in a capacitor, i(t) = Cdvdt. Since the current in the
capacitor is constant, hence, the voltage across it (pins 7-1) will be a positive or
negative ramp as seen in Fig. 2. Referring to Figure 1, the current source/sink circuit
provides a constant charging or discharging current to the external timing capacitor
CT. The amount of current is controlled by the timing resistor, RT. Increasing the
value of RT decreases the capacitor current. Control of this current is also possible by
changing the voltage across the resistor via the modulating input. The voltage at pin 6
is normally maintained at the same voltage as pin 5. Thus, if the modulating voltage
at pin 5 is increased, the voltage at pin 6 increases, resulting in less voltage across RT
and, therefore, less charging current. All voltages must be positive.
We can determine the actual frequency of oscillation from the time it takes to
charge and discharge the capacitor. The basic equation for a capacitor is:
dV 1
i(t) = C or v(t) = i(t) dt (1)
dt CÚ
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L303.7.W4
where dV is the voltage change on the capacitor during the time change dt. The total
voltage on the capacitor changes from 0.25 VCC to 0.5 VCC because of the limits of the
controlled current source/sink circuit.
0.25 VCCC T
Dt = (3)
I
The triangular waveform on the capacitor has a period T = 2∆t (equal charging
and discharging time). The frequency of oscillation is:
1 1
f = = (4)
T 2Dt
I
f= (5)
0.5 VCC C T
2(VCC - V5 )
f= (7)
C T R T VCC
In normal operation, RT and CT are selected for the desired center operating
frequency. With no modulation signal the output frequency is fixed by Eq. 5. The
modulating input voltage can be varied to give a variation in the output frequency i.e.,
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2(VCC - 7 8 VCC ) 1
f0 = = (8)
C TR T VCC 4 C TR T
Df C TR T VCC
Solving for ∆V: DV =
2
Df VCC Df VCC RT CT
DV = = (10)
8 f0 2
1-Oscillator.
The ICL 8038 chip operates on the same principle as the older LM 566. It has a
reversible constant current source and it requires external R-C elements to set the
oscillation frequency, fo. Unlike the LM 566 the duty-cycle of the output signal can be
changed by varying one of the timing resistors, RA or RB. See Fig. 3. The period of the
output signal, To (= 1/fo ) is given in equation 11, where CT is the timing capacitor. For
a symmetrical output signal, 50 % duty-cycle, RA = RB , then equation 11 becomes
equation 12.
3 È RB ˘
To = RA CT Í1 + (11)
2 Î 2R A - R B ˙˚
fo = 1/3 RT CT (12)
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3-AC Modulation.
PreLab
Laboratory
1 – Oscillation:
a) Build the 620-Hz symmetrical square and triangle generator (Fig. 3)
designed in the PreLab with RB = 10 kΩ, and VCC = 22-V DC. Use one or two
capacitors to obtain the correct value of CT. Adjust RA (the pot) for 50%
duty-cycle which can be measured directly on the ‘scope using the "Time
Display". Measure and calculate the VCO’s output frequency. Capture both
outputs on the 'scope include VPP, Freq, and duty-cycle of the square wave
only. Also measure the pot resistance.
Compare frequency measurement with your design.
b) Now vary the pot (RA) until the duty-cycle of the square wave only is 25%.
Measure and record the resistance values and calculate the total period, TO ,
and frequency from Eq. 11. Capture the square wave output only on the
'scope include VPP, Freq, and duty-cycle.
e) Tabulate these results for a, b, c, and d as: RA, RB, %D.C., fo, and To.
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f) Reset RA for 50% duty-cycle. Replace the capacitor with a substitution box
and vary CT over five orders of magnitude starting at 0.1 nF. Measure the
frequency and the duty-cycle. Plot these results on a log-log graph.
2 – DC Sweep:
Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 4. Apply a second DC power supply between pins
8 and VCC with the polarity as shown. Start with VDC set to zero. Increase the DC sweep
voltage from 0V, in one-volt steps, until the output signal shuts down. Measure and record
the sweep voltage, VDC, and the frequency. Plot these results. Determine the VCO's
modulation rate, k, from this plot.
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3 – AC Modulation:
Connect the circuit in Fig. 5. Let RC = 10 kΩ and CC = 200 µF. Apply a 1-VPP, 100 Hz
sine wave from the HP function generator to the AC input to ground. Measure the AC
input at pin 8 not the HP generator. The capacitor will drop a large voltage at low
frequencies so you will need to increase the amplitude of the input as you lower the
frequency. Observe the VCO’s square wave output on the ‘scope. Reduce the input
frequency to 10 Hz and observe the VCO’s output on the ‘scope. Reduce again to 1 Hz and
observe the VCO’s output on the ‘scope. Reduce again to 0.1 Hz, and increase the input
each time. Has the output frequency range changed?
Repeat the last part with a ramp function at 10 Hz and 0.1 Hz.
Repeat the last part with a square function at 10 Hz and 0.1 Hz.
Now increase the input AC to 2 VPP at low frequency, observe and capture the
output. Has the output frequency range changed?
Parts List:
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ICL8038
7-8