Freud's Model of Psychosexual Development

Stages Age Range Erogenous Consequences of

zone(s) Fixation
Oral 0-18 Mouth Orally aggressive:
months Involves chewing gum
or ends of pens.
Orally Passive:
Involves
smoking/eating/
kissing/fellatio/
cunnilingus
Anal 18-36 Bowel and Anal-retentive:
months bladder Obsession with
elimination organization or
excessive neatness
Anal-expulsive:
Reckless, careless,
defiant, disorganized,
Coprophiliac
Phallic 3-6 years Genitals Oedipus complex
Electra complex
Latency 6 years- Dormant (People do not tend to
puberty sexual fixate at this stage, but
feelings if they do, they tend to
be extremely sexually
unfulfilled.)
Genital Puberty Sexual Frigidity, impotence,
and interests unsatisfactory
beyond mature relationships
 Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
Stage Age Central Task Indicators of Positive Indicators of Negative
Resolution Resolution
Infancy Birth to 18 Trust Versus Learning to trust others Mistrust, withdrawal,
months Mistrust estrangement
Early 18 months Autonomy *Self – control without *Compulsive self –
Childhood t0 3 years Versus Shame loss of self – esteem restraint or compliance
and Doubt *Ability to cooperate and *Willfulness and
to express oneself defiance
Late 3 to 5 years Initiative *Learning the degree to *Lack of self –
Childhood Versus which assertiveness and confidence
Inferiority purpose influence the Pessimism, fear of
environment wrongdoing
*Beginning ability to *Over control and over
evaluate one’s own restriction of own
behavior activity
School 6 to 12 Industry Versus *Beginning to create, *Loss of hope, sense of
Age years Role Confusion develop and manipulate being mediocre
*Developing sense of *Withdrawal from
competence and school and peers
perseverance
Adolescen 12 to 20 Identity Versus *Coherent sense of self Confusion,
ce years Role Confusion *Plans tp actualize one’s indecisiveness and
abilities inability to find
occupational identity
Young 18 to 25 Intimacy *Intimate relationship *Impersonal
Adulthood years Versus Isolation with another person relationships
* Commitment to work *Avoidance of
and relationships relationship, career or
life – style
commitments
Adulthood 25 to 65 Generativity Creativity, productivity, Self – indulgence, self –
years Versus concern for others concern, lack of
Stagnation interest and
commitments
Maturity 65 years to Integrity Versus*Acceptance of worth Sense of loss,
death Despair and uniqueness of one’s contempt for others
own life
*Acceptance death
Sources: Adapted from EH Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nded. (New York: 1963); and HS
Wilson and CR Kneisl, Psychiatric Nursing, 4thed. (Redwood City, CA: Addison –Wesley
Nursing, 1992). Used by permission.
 Piaget’s Phases of Cognitive Development
Phases and Stages Age Significant Behavior
Sensorimotor Phase Birth to 2 years
➢ Stage 1: Use of Birth to 1 Most action is reflexive
reflexes month Perception of events is centered on the
➢ Stage 2: Primary 1 to 4 months body
Circular Reaction Objects are extension of self
➢ Stage 3: Secondary 4 to 8 months
Circular Reaction Acknowledges the external environment
➢ Stage 4: Coordination 8 to 12 months Tries and discovers new goals and way to
of Secondary attain goals
Schemata 12 to 18
➢ Tertiary Circular months
Reaction 18 to 24
➢ Inventions of new months
means
Preconceptual Phase 2 to 4 years *Uses an egocentric approach to
accommodate the demands of an
environment
*Everything is significant and relates to
“me”
*Explores the environment
*Language development is rapid
Associates words with objects
Intuitive Thought Phase 4 to 7 years *Egocentric thinking diminishes
*Thinks of one idea at a time
*Includes others in the environment
*Words express thoughts
Concrete Operations Phase 7 to 11 years *Solves concrete problems
*Begins to understand relationships such as
size
*understands right and left
*Cognizant of viewpoints
Formal Operations Phase 11 to 15 years Uses rational thinking
Reasoning is deductive and futuristic
Source: Adapted from J Piaget, The Origin of Intelligence in Children. International
Universities Press, Inc. Copyright ©1966. Used by permission.
 Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Level and Stage
Level I
Preconventional
Stage 1: Punishment and
obedience orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental –
Relativist Orientation
Level II
Conventional
Stage 3: Interpersonal
concordance (good boy, nice
girl)
Stage 4: Law and order
orientation
Level III
Postconventional
Stage 5: Social contract,
legalistic orientation
Stage 6: Universal – ethical
principles
Definition
The activity is wrong if one is
punished, and the activity is
right if one is not punished
Action is taken to satisfy
one’s needs.
Action is taken to please
another and gain approval
Right behavior is obeying the
law and following the rules
Standard of behavior is
based on adhering to laws
that protect the welfare and
rights of others. Personal
values and opinions are
recognized, and violating the
rights of others is avoided
Universal moral principles
are internalized. Person
respects other humans and
believes that relationships
are based on mutual trust
Example
A nurse follows a physician’s
order so as not to be fired
A client in hospital agrees to
stay in bed if the nurse will
buy the client a newspaper
A nurse gives elderly clients
in hospital sedatives at
bedtime because the night
nurse wants all clients to
sleep at night
A nurse does not permit a
worried client to phone home
because hospital rules
stipulate no phone calls after
9:00pm.
A nurse arranges for an East
Indian client to have privacy
for prayer each evening
A nurse becomes an advocate
for a hospitalized client by
reporting to the nursing
supervisor a conversation in
which a physician threatened
to withhold assistance unless
the client agreed to surgery.
 Source: Adapted from R Duska and M Whelan, Moral Development: A Guide to Piaget and
Kohlberg. Copyright © 1975 by The Missionary Society of St Paul the Apostle in the State of
New York. Used by permission of Paulist Press