Physics POGIL: Heating and Phase Changes We have already seen that when heating a substance during a phase

change the temperature of the substance does not change. The heating is therefore transferred, not to thermal energy, but interaction energy. Interaction energy is related to the forces of interaction between particles in a substance. In this POGIL we will look at the energy transfers that take place when a substance changes phase. Phase Changes The diagram below shows the three most common phases of matter and the names given to the various phase changes.
Sublimation

SOLID

Melting (Fusion)

LIQUID

Boiling (Vaporization) Condensation

GAS

Freezing (Solidification) Deposition

increasing interaction energy

Also shown is the general principle that solids have the lowest interaction energy and gases have the highest interaction energy. 1. What is the difference between: (a) fusion and solidification?

(b) vaporization and condensation?

(c) boiling and vaporization?

(d) melting and fusion?

2. For each of the following phase changes, indicate whether the substance absorbs energy or releases energy. (a) fusion (b) condensation

Physics (c) sublimation (d) solidification (e) deposition (f) vaporization 3. A thin layer of water on your skin tends to evaporate. Why does this cause your skin to feel cooler?

4. On a humid summer day the air is saturated with water vapor. Because there is so much water vapor in the air, it can easily condense on your skin. Why does this tend to make you feel hotter?

Heat Fusion and Heat of Vaporization The change in interaction energy per unit of mass when a substance changes between a solid and a liquid is called the heat of fusion. The change in interaction energy per unit of mass when a substance changes between a liquid and a gas is called the heat of vaporization. The chart below provides some heats of vaporization and heats of fusion for different substances, as well as their melting points and boiling points. Substance water ethanol ammonia nitrogen Heat of Fusion (J/g) 335 108 339 25.7 Melting Point (C) 0 114 75 210 Heat of Vaporization (J/g) 2255 855 1369 200 Boiling Point (C) 100 78 33 196

5. Find the change in interaction energy of: (a) 1 g of ice at 0C that melts to water at 0C. (b) 2 g of ice at 0C that melts to water at 0C. (c) 5 g of ice at 0C that melts to water at 0C. (d) 1 g of water at 0C that freezes to ice at 0C. (e) 2 g of water at 0C that freezes to ice at 0C. (f) 5 g of water at 0C that freezes to ice at 0C.

Physics 6. Find the change in interaction energy of: (a) 1 g of liquid ethanol at 78C that evaporates to gaseous ethanol at 78C. (b) 500 g of liquid ethanol at 78C that evaporates to gaseous ethanol at 78C. (c) 1 g of gaseous ethanol at 78C that condenses to liquid ethanol at 78C. (d) 500 g of gaseous ethanol at 78C that condenses to liquid ethanol at 78C. 7. Suppose we have 100 g of ice at 0C that we wish to warm up on the stove until it boils off to steam at 100C. (a) How much heating is required to melt the ice to water at 0C?

(b) How much heating is required to then raise the temperature of the water from 0C to 100C?

(c) Will the water automatically begin to boil at 100C? Why or why not?

(d) How much heating is required to evaporate the water to steam at 100C?

(e) Putting it all together, how much heating is required to change 100 g of ice at 0C to steam at 100C?

8. The specific heat capacity of nitrogen gas is approximately 1.04 J/(g-C). We wish to find how much heating is required to liquefy 1000 g of it from room temperature (25C) to 196C. (a) How much heating is required to cool the nitrogen gas from room temperature to 196C?

(b) How much heating is required to liquefy the nitrogen gas at 196C?

(c) How much total heating is required to liquefy 1000 g of nitrogen gas from room temperature to 196C?

(d) How much water at 0C could be frozen for the same heating found in (c)?

Physics Problems 9. If we place a tray of water in a freezer with a temperature of exactly 0C, the water will NOT freeze. Why?

10. If you boil water on a stove and then turn off the heating element, the boiling stops. Why does boiling need heating to continue?

11. The specific heat capacity of liquid ammonia is 4.7 J/(g-C). How much heating is required to change 500 g of ammonia gas at 33C to a solid at 75C?

12. The specific heat capacity of liquid ethanol is 2.44 J/(g-C). How much heating is required to change 1000 g of solid ethanol at 114C to vapor at 78C?