Option E: Neurobiology SL students study the core of these options and HL students study the whole option (the

core and the extension material). and behaviour Core material: E1E4 are core material for SL and HL . Extension material: E5E6 are extension material for HL only. PART ONE STIMULI DETECTION AND PERCEPTION E.1.1 E.2.1 E.2.2 E.2.3 E.2.4 E.2.5 E.2.6 E.2.7 Define the term stimulus, response and reflex in the context of animal behaviour Outline the diversity of stimuli that can be detected by human sensory receptors, including mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors. Label a diagram of the structure of the human eye. Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves. Compare rod and cone cells. Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. Label a diagram of the ear. Explain how sound is perceived by the ear, including the roles of the eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval and round windows, and the hair cells of the cochlea. PART TWO A BASIC KIND OF RESPONSE E.1.2 E.1.3 Explain the role of receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, synapses and effectors in the response of animals to stimuli. Draw and label a diagram of a reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex, including the spinal cord and its spinal nerves, the receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron and effector. PART THREE INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOUR E.3.1 E.3.2 E.3.3 E.3.5 E.3.6 E.3.4 E.1.4 Distinguish between innate and learned behaviour. Design experiments to investigate innate behaviour in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis. Analyse data from invertebrate behaviour experiments in terms of the effect on chances of survival and reproduction. Outline Pavlovs experiments into conditioning of dogs. Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds. Discuss how the process of learning can improve the chance of survival. Explain how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using two examples. PART FOUR ALTERING BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS E.4.1 E.4.2 E.4.4 E.4.3 E.4.5 E.4.6 State that some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and others inhibit postsynaptic transmission. Explain how decision-making in the CNS can result from the interaction between the activities of excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic neurons at synapses. List three examples of excitatory and three examples of inhibitory psychoactive drugs. Explain how psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission. Explain the effects of THC and cocaine in terms of their action at synapses in the brain. Discuss the causes of addiction, including genetic predisposition, social factors and dopamine secretion.

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SOME BASIC KEY POINTS TO NOTE IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR

THE BEHAVIOUR OF ANIMALS IS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

eg Migration - ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

INNATE BEHAVIOUR DEVELOPES INDEPENDENTLY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

Eg Sucking reflex _______________________________________________________ Bird song ___________________________________________________________

LEARNED BEHAVIOUR REFLECTS CONDITIONS EXPERIENCED BY INDIVIDUAL DURING DEVELOPMENT

eg learning in dogs ___________________________________________________

learning in birds ________________________________________________

PART ONE
E.1.1

- STIMULI DETECTION AND PERCEPTION

1

Define the term stimulus, response and reflex in the context of animal behaviour

What is a stimulus? Eg ___________________________________________________________ What is a receptor? Eg ____________________________________________________________ What is a reflex? Eg ______________________________________________________________

E.2.1

Outline the diversity of stimuli that can be detected by human sensory receptors, including mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors.

Receptor type Stimulus detects Specific example of receptor

MECHANO

CHEMO

THERMO

PHOTO

E.2.2

Label a diagram of the structure of the human eye.

Label a diagram of the eye to include the following structures sclera, cornea, conjunctiva, eyelid, choroid, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, iris, vitreous humour, retina, fovea, optic nerve and blind spot. (match to letters and add any extra structures and missing labels)

State the function of each labeled part

E.2.3

Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves.

PHOTO GRAPH OF RETINA

Diagram of retina

State the role of the:Rod Cone Bipolar neurone

Ganglion cell

What can be said about the image of an object on the retina?

E.2.4

Compare rod and cone cells.

RODS AND CONE CELLS - PHOTORECEPTORS

Summarize the key structural and functional differences between rods and cones

E.2.5

Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.

What role does the brain play in vision?

Explain why you see grey blobs in white areas on this optical illusion

What does this illusion demonstrate? Hermann grid illusion Edge enhancement Sketch a diagram showing the crossover nervous links between the eyes and the brain (use the picture to help)

What is contralateral processing?

E.2.6 E.2.7

Label a diagram of the ear. Explain how sound is perceived by the ear, including the roles of the eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval and round windows, and the hair cells of the cochlea.

1 3

Identify (by number )the structures listed in the syllabus box above on the diagram

Highlight on the diagram those structures involved in the perception of sound

How are the eardrum and ear ossicles involved in:i. detecting sound ii amplifying sound

How do the hair cells in the cochlea act in energy transduction? HAIR CELLS

How are different sounds perceived?

Why do we need the round and oval window?

PART TWO
E.1.2

A BASIC KIND OF RESPONSE

3

Explain the role of receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, synapses and effectors in the response of animals to stimuli.

Using the idea of touching a hot pot with your finger tip (pain stimulus)

explain the basic role of the: Receptor

Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone Effector Synapses What simple type of response has been described? Give a definition for this type of action

E.1.3

Draw and label a diagram of a reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex, including the spinal cord and its spinal nerves, the receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron and effector.

Draw and label a simplified diagram to show the pathway of a reflex arc

PART THREE INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOUR

E.3.1 Distinguish between innate and learned behaviour. 2

Define the term innate behaviour giving a simple example

What is key purpose of innate behaviour? Define learned behaviour giving a named example

What is the key purpose of learned behaviour?

E.3.2 E.3.3

Design experiments to investigate innate behaviour in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis. Analyse data from invertebrate behaviour experiments in terms of the effect on chances of survival and reproduction. see practical work

3 3

Behaviour Definition

TAXIS

KINESIS

Specific examples with stimuli

State the value of these types of behaviour patterns, giving a specific example
E.3.5 Outline Pavlovs experiments into conditioning of dogs. 2

What is conditioned learning?

Explanation of how the cartoon depicts what Pavlovs experiments with dogs involved

E.3.6

Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds.

Outline how a bird is able to sing

Why is bird song so important

How do we prove the basis of bird song is genetic?

What are the phases of bird song

Which part of a bird song is an example of innate behaviour and which is an example of learned behaviour

How is bird song an example of a beneficial learned behaviour?

E.3.4

Discuss how the process of learning can improve the chance of survival.

What is imprinting and how does it help increase survival chances?

How did Konrad Lorenz study imprinting?

What do we mean by food hoarding and how is it beneficial?

List some other examples of beneficial learned behaviour

What appears to control the modification of behaviour ?

E.1.4

Explain how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using two examples.

Read the case studies on the European black caps and the sockeyed salmon and makes some notes to show the links between behaviour in these organisms and natural selection.

PART FOUR ALTERING BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS

E.4.1 State that some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and others inhibit postsynaptic transmission. 1

Brief recall of the events that occur at a synapse

What are excitatory synapses

What are inhibitory synapses

E.4.2

Explain how decision-making in the CNS can result from the interaction between the activities of excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic neurons at synapses.

What does the picture show in relation to syllabus points above

E.4.4 E.4.3

List three examples of excitatory and three examples of inhibitory psychoactive drugs. Explain how psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission.

1 3

What do we mean by psychoactive drugs and how do they affect the brain and personality?

Type of drug Effect of drug

Excitatory psychoactive

Inhibitory Psychoactive

3 specific examples

E.4.5

Explain the effects of THC and cocaine in terms of their action at synapses in the brain.

Drug Type of drug Specific effect on synapse

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol

Cocaine

Specific effect on body feelings

Problems resulting from abuse

E.4.6

Discuss the causes of addiction, including genetic predisposition, social factors and dopamine secretion.

List some of the causes of addiction

HL ONLY PART FIVE THE HUMAN BRAIN

E.5.1 E.5.2 E.5.3 Label, on a diagram of the brain, the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebral hemispheres. Outline the functions of each of the parts of the brain listed in E.5.1. Explain how animal experiments, lesions and FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanning can be used in the identification of the brain part involved in specific functions. Label, on a diagram of the brain, the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebral hemispheres. Outline the functions of each of the parts of the brain listed in E.5.1. Explain how animal experiments, lesions and FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanning can be used in the identification of the brain part involved in specific functions. Explain the pupil reflex. Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for this. Explain sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart rate, movements of the iris and flow of blood to the gut. Outline how pain is perceived and how endorphins can act as painkillers. 1 2 3

E.5.1 E.5.2 E.5.3

1 2 3

E.5.5 E.5.6 E.5.4 E.5.7

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HL ONLY PART SIX SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS

E.6.1 E.6.2 E.6.3 E.6.4 E.6.5 E.6.6 E.6.7

Describe the social organization of honey bee colonies and one other non-human example. Outline how natural selection may act at the level of the colony in the case of social organisms. Discuss the evolution of altruistic behaviour using two non-human examples. Outline two examples of how foraging behaviour optimizes food intake, including bluegill fish foraging for Daphnia. Explain how mate selection can lead to exaggerated traits. State that animals show rhythmical variations in activity. Outline two examples illustrating the adaptive value of rhythmical behaviour patterns.

2 2 3 2 3 1 2

E.5.1 E.5.2

Label, on a diagram of the brain, the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebral hemispheres. Outline the functions of each of the parts of the brain listed in E.5.1.

1 2

Label only the parts listed above on the diagram below

Cerebral Hemispheres

Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum

Spinal Cord

State the function of the Medulla oblongata regulates reflex actions e.g. heart beat Cerebellum balance and posture Cerebral Hemisphere conscious thought, memory intelligence Hypothalamus thirst, hunger, controls osmo-regulation, body temperature, drives Pituitary

E.5.3

Explain how animal experiments, lesions and FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanning can be used in the identification of the brain part involved in specific functions.

What is FMRI?

What is the purpose of FMRI?

E.5.5 E.5.6

Explain the pupil reflex. Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for this.

3 3

What is the pupil reflex?

Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for this.

E.5.4

Explain sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart rate, movements of the iris and flow of blood to the gut.

List the key parts of the nervous system

Distinguish between the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic system are involved in the control of:1. Heart rate

2. Movement of iris

3. Flow of blood around gut

E.5.7

Outline how pain is perceived and how endorphins can act as painkillers.

Where are the pain receptors?

Why do we need to feel pain?

How does our own pituitary deal with pain?

What is an endorphin? When are endorphins secreted?

HL ONLY PART SIX COMPLEX BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS

Make some notes on the following from what you have read:a. Social organization in honey bees and natural selection b. Social behaviour in chimpanzees c. Altruism- with reference to Beldings squirrel and naked mole rats d. Foraging in bluegill fish e. Foraging in Daphnia

f. Mate selection and the exaggerated trait concept g. Rhythmical behaviour patterns and their benefits