Math205: Advanced Calculus

Handouts # 4: Logarithmic, Exponential, and Trigonometric Differentiation Page 20

4.1. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
The logarithmic function with the base b
is defined by the equation y = log
b
x where b and
x are positive real numbers and b 1.

Recall that 1 ln log = = e e
e

With the aid of DR8. (The Chain Rule
of Differentiation), DR9 can be extended to find
the derivative of
y = log
b
u where u = f(x). Since
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
- =

then for the function y = log
b
u, u = f(x),
)) ( ( ) (log x f
dx
d
u
du
d
dx
dy
b
- =

e
dx
d
u dx
dy
b
log
1
- = ) ( ' x f


Example 1. If y = log
b
(2x + 1), then y is given
by:
1 2
log 2
log
1 2
2
'
+
= -
+
=
x
e
e
x
y
b
b


Example 2. If f(x) = ln (x
2
3x + 4), then
f(x) =
4 3
3 2
2
+

x x
x

Example 3. Given g(x) = [ln(x 1)]
3
, then g(x)
is obtained as follows:
g'(x) = | | )] 1 [ln( ) 1 ln( 3
2
- x
dx
d
x by DR7
= | |
1
1
) 1 ln( 3
2

-
x
x by DR8
=
1
)] 1 [ln( 3
2

x
x

Example 4. If y = ) 1 ln( + x x then,
dx
dy
.
) ) 1 ln( ln( ) 1 ln(
2
1
+ + = + x x
dx
d
x x
dx
d

=
) 1 (
1
2
1 1
+
- +
x x

=
) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( 2
+
+ +
x x
x x

=
) 1 ( 2
2 2
+
+ +
x x
x x

) 1 ( 2
2 3
+
+
=
x x
x

Example 4. If h(x) =
1
log
+ x
x
b

, find h(x).
|
.
|

\
|
+
-
+
=
x
x
dx
d
e
x
x
x h
b
1
log
1
) ( '
Using DR6 to evaluate the last factor, it is found
that
2
) 1 (
1 1 1 ) 1 (
log
1
) ( '
x
x x x
e
x
x
x h
b
+
- - - +
-
+
=

2
) 1 (
1
log
1
x
e
x
x
b
+
+
=
) 1 (
log
x x
e
b
+
=
























DR9: | | e
x
x
dx
d
e b
log
1
log =

| |
x
x
dx
d 1
ln =
DR10: | | e
x f
x f
x f
dx
d
b b
log
) (
) ( '
) ( log - =

| |
) (
) ( '
) ( ln
x f
x f
x f
dx
d
=
Math205: Advanced Calculus
Handouts # 4: Logarithmic, Exponential, and Trigonometric Differentiation Page 21
4.2 Derivative of Exponential Function
The exponential function with base b is
defined by the equation
y = f(x) = b
x

where b>0 and b1 for any real number x.

With the aid of the chain rule of
differentiation, DR10 can be extended to find
the derivative of y = b
u
, where u = f(x).

Example 1.Find the first derivative of

a. y = 10
3x
.
10 ln ) 10 ( 3 3 10 ln 10 '
3 3 x x
y = - - =
b.
1
2
) (
+
=
x
e x g

1 1
2 2
2 2 ) ( '
+ +
= - =
x x
xe x e x g
c.
x
e x x f
3 2
) (

=
x e e x x f
x x
2 ) 3 ( ) ( '
3 3 2
- + - =


) 2 3 ( ) ( '
3
+ =

x xe x f
x

d.
t t
t t
e e
e e
t f
2 2
2 2
) (

+
=

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) (
) 2 2 )( ( ) 2 2 )( (
) ( '
t t
t t t t t t t t
e e
e e e e e e e e
t f

+ +
=
2 2 2
4 4 4 4
) (
2 4 2 2 4 2
) ( '
t t
t t t t
e e
e e e e
t f

+
=
2 2 2
) (
8
) ( '
t t
e e
t f

=




4.3. Logarithmic Differentiation
To find the derivative of a function of
the form y = u
v
where u = f(x) and v = g(x), one
differentiates the logarithm of the function. This
process, known as logarithmic differentiation is
illustrated by the following examples:

a.
2
x
x y = . Find y.
Taking the natural logarithm of both
sides, one gets x x x y
x
ln ln ln
2
2
= = . Using
DR10 to differentiate the left-hand side and the
product rule to differentiate the right hand side
and, one finds that
) 2 ( ln
1
'
1
2
x x
x
x y
y
+ =
| | ) ln 2 ( ln 2 '
2
x x x x x x x y y
x
+ = + =
| | ) ln 2 ( ln 2 '
2
x x x x x x x y y
x
+ = + =
) ln 1 ( '
2 1
2
x x y
x
+ =
+



b. y = (x+4)
x
(

+ +
+
+ =
+ +
+
- = -
+ =
) 4 ln(
4
1
) 4 ( '
) 4 ln(
4
1
'
1
) 4 ln( ln
x
x
x y
x
x
x y
y
x x y
x




















DR11: b b b
dx
d
x x
ln ) ( =

x x
e e
dx
d
= ) (
DR12: | | ) ( ' ln
) ( ) (
x f b b b
dx
d
x f x f
- - =

| | ) ( '
) ( ) (
x f e e
dx
d
x f x f
- =
Math205: Advanced Calculus
Handouts # 4: Logarithmic, Exponential, and Trigonometric Differentiation Page 22
Name: _________________ Date:________

Exercise 4.1. Find f(x) in each of the
following.

1. f (x) = ) 5 3 log( 5
2
x x +








2. f (x) = ) 1 ln( + x x











3. f (x) =
x
xe
5











4. f (x) =
2
2 ln x x


















5. f (x) =
3
) 5 2 ln( + x













6. f (x) =
2
2 x
e x
















7. f (x) =
x
x x ) 3 (
2

Math205: Advanced Calculus
Handouts # 4: Logarithmic, Exponential, and Trigonometric Differentiation Page 23
4.4. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

dx
du
u u u
dx
d
dx
du
u u u
dx
d
dx
du
u u
dx
d
dx
du
u u
dx
d
dx
du
u u
dx
d
dx
du
u u
dx
d
cot csc ) (csc . 6
tan sec ) (sec . 5
csc ) (cot . 4
sec ) (tan . 3
sin ) (cos . 2
cos ) (sin . 1
2
2
=
=
=
=
=
=


Examples: Find the derivative of each of the ff:

a. y = sin(4x 5)
y = cos(4x 5)(4)
y = 4cos(4x 5)

b. y = cos(3x
2
+ 8x 2)
y = -sin(3x
2
+ 8x 2)(6x +8)
y = -2(3x + 4)sin(3x
2
+ 8x 2)


c. Use the definition of the tangent function and
the quotient rule to prove if f( x) = tan x,
then f( x) = sec
2
x.


d. y = |
.
|

\
|
+1
1
cot
x

y = -csc
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
) 1 (
) 1 ( 1 ) 1 )( 1 (
1
1
x
x
x

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
1
1
csc
) 1 (
2
2
x x
x


e. y = (sec
4
2x
2
)
y = 4sec
3
2x
2
(sec2x
2
tan2x
2
)(4x)
y = 16xsec
4
2x
2
tan2x
2

f. y = (csc
3
3x
4
)
y = 3csc
2
3x
4
(-csc3x
4
cot3x
4
)(12x
3
)
y = -36x
3
csc
3
3x
4
cot3x
4





































Math205: Advanced Calculus
Handouts # 4: Logarithmic, Exponential, and Trigonometric Differentiation Page 24
Name: _________________ Date: _______

Exercise 4. 2. Differentiate the following
functions.

1. f(x) =
|
.
|

\
|
+11 4
1
cos
x








2. f(x) =
|
|
.
|

\
|
x
x x
sin
cos
2









3. f(x) = tan
3
2x























4. Prove that if
f( x) = cot x, then f( x) = -csc
2
x.







5. Prove that if
f(x) = sec x, then f( x) = sec x tan x.








6. Prove that if
f( x) = csc x, then f( x) = -csc x cot x.