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1.

(a) (i) The following values of f(x) are given:



x 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
f(x) 1.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 1.6 2.4 0.6

Based on the above values, approximate the integral

2 . 1
0
d ) ( x x f
by using Simpsons rule.
(ii) Calculate a bound for the error in part (a) if it is given that
1 ) (
) 4 (
x f for 2 . 1 0 x .
(b) (i) It is given that g(x) is twice differentiable and M x g ) ( for all x in
] , [ b a .
By considering a first-order Taylor expansion of g(x) at the midpoint of
] , [ b a , show that
E
b a
g a b x x g
b
a
+
+
=

)
2
( ) ( d ) (
where M
a b
E
24
) (
3

.
(ii) Hence find a bound for the error when

b
a
x x g d ) ( is approximated by

|
.
|

\
| +
N
k
k k
x x
g h
1
1
2
, where N is some positive integer,
N
a b
h

= , and
kh a x
k
+ = for k = 0, 1, , N.

2. (Carry at least 6 significant figures in all calculations.)
(a) Given that
(1) is a root of the equation x = g(x) and 0 ) ( = g ,
(2) the root and the sequence
... , 2 1 0
, , x x x obtained from the iteration
) (
1 n n
x g x =
+
all lie in an interval I, and
(3) g(x) is twice differentiable with M x g ) ( for all x in I,
Prove that
2
1
2

+ n n
x
M
x for all n = 0, 1, 2,
(b) Show that if is a double root of a polynomial f(x), then is also a root of
the equation x = h(x), where

) (
) (
2 ) (
x f
x f
x x h

= .
Also show that 0 ) ( = h .
(You may assume that in the quotient
) (
) (
x f
x f

, all common factors have been


cancelled.)
(c) It is known that 6 . 1 36 . 3 9 . 0 ) (
2 3
= x x x x f has a double root in
] 0 , 1 [ .
(i) With h(x) defined as in part (b), take 1
0
= x and iterate
) (
1 n n
x h x =
+
twice to get an approximation of .
(ii) Using Newtons method with 1
0
= x , iterate twice to get another
approximation of .
(iii) Which of the two approximation is more accurate?

3. The differential equation

n
n
n
x K
x
y
x
x
y
nx
1 1
2
2
2
d
d
d
d
+

= +
arises in a certain model of pursuit and evasion, where 0 n or 1, and K is a
positive constant.
(a) Show that the above equation can be transformed into a second-order
differential equation of constant coefficients by setting
z
e x = .
(b) Find the solution of the equation satisfying the initial conditions:
y = 0 and 0
d
d
=
x
y
when x = K.
(c) Show that, under the initial conditions given in (b),

1
2

=
n
nK
y when x = 0.

4. An organization has c parking spaces for its employees. N of its employees own
cars, and, on a weekday, each of them independently has a probability p of driving
to the office.
(a) If c = 10, N = 12 and p = 0.6, find the probability that all parking spaces will
be full on a weekday.
(b) If c = 10, N = 20 and p = 0.6, use the normal approximation to find the
probability that all parking spaces will be full on a weekday.
(c) If N = 20 and p = 0.6, use the normal approximation to determine the
minimum number of parking spaces in order that on any weekday the
probability that at least one employee cannot find a parking space for his car is
less than 0.10.
(d) If N = 20 and c = 12, use the normal approximation to determine the
maximum value of p if the probability that at least one employee cannot find a
parking space for his car on a weekday is less than 0.14.

5. A man is going to a meeting in a distant town. One method of transport is by bus;
another is by taxi followed by train. The time required by each mode of transport
for the respective journey (including the time required for walking and waiting) is
normally distributed with mean and standard deviation given in the table below:

Vehicle Time in minutes Fare
$ Symbol Mean S.D.
Bus
Taxi
Train
X
1
Y
2
Y
60
10
20
15
4
5
10
40
5
(a) If the man goes by bus and starts 70 minutes before the beginning of the
meeting, what is the probability that he will be late?
(b) If the man goes by taxi and train and starts 35 minutes before the beginning of
the meeting, what is probability that he will be late? You may assume that
1
Y
and
2
Y are independent, and that the total time
2 1
Y Y + is normally
distributed.
(c) Suppose that a fine of $500 will be charged for arriving at the meeting late. By
taking the fares and the expected fine into consideration, which of the two
methods of going to the meeting is more economical?
(d) Suppose the man plans his journey so that he has a chance of at least 0.90 of
not being late for the meeting. How many minutes before the commencement
of the meeting must he start the journey if he goes (i) by bus, (ii) by taxi and
train?

6. (a) In a public examination with a large number of candidates, the scores in one of
the examination papers follow a normal distribution
1
N with mean
1
and
standard deviation . Of the scores, 95% are below 620 while 9% are below
420. Find
1
and .
(b) In the following year, a school used the same examination paper to test its 200
students and obtained a mean score of 495.
(i) Assuming that the scores of the 200 students could be considered as a
random sample from a normal population
2
N with mean
2
and the
same standard deviation as for
1
N , find a 95% confidence interval for
2
.
(ii) Use a significance test at the 5% level to determine if
2
N can be
regarded as having the same mean as
1
N .
(iii) Let p be the proportion of scores in
2
N higher than 620. If
2
lies
in the 95% confidence interval determined in part (b)(i), find the
interval of values of p.
(c) It is desired to convert the scores X in (a) to comparable scores
c
X with
mean 50 and standard deviation 16 by the transformation
b aX X
c
+ = .
What should be the values of a and b?

7. (a) Let
n
x x x ..., , ,
2 1
be n given numbers with mean x and standard deviation
, where

=
=
n
i
i
x x
n
1
2 2
) (
1
. Show that for any number a, we have
C n a x
n
i
i
+ =

=
2
1
2
) ( ,
where C is an expression involving x , n and a. Find C.
(b) Prove that

n
i
i
x
n
x
1
2
1
.
(c) If
m
y y y ..., , ,
2 1
is another set of m numbers with mean y and standard
deviation , find the mean of the combined set of numbers
m n
y y y x x x ..., , , , ..., , ,
2 1 2 1
and show that the standard deviation of the set is
given by

2
1
2
2
2 2
) (
) (
)
`

+
+
+
+
y x
n m
mn
n m
m n
.

8. A machine is designed to produce rods whose lengths are normally distributed
with mean length cm and standard deviation 1.00 cm. Occasionally the
machine goes wrong, in which case the lengths of the rods are still normally
distributed with the same standard deviation but the mean length becomes
cm 20 . 0 + .
(a) In order to check whether the machine is working correctly, the lengths of a
sample of n rods produced are measured and the sample mean x is
calculated. If the value of x exceeds a predetermined value d + , then it is
concluded that the machine has gone wrong. Otherwise, it is concluded that
the machine has been working correctly.
(i) It is required that, when the machine is working correctly, the
probability of concluding that the machine has gone wrong should be
less than 5%. Determine the minimum value of d in terms of n.
(ii) It is further required that, when the machine has gone wrong, the
probability of concluding that the machine is working correctly should
be less than 10%. Determine the minimum value of n.
(b) Rods produced are packed into boxes of 1120 rods each and the cost is $10 per
box. If the mean length of the rods in a box is between 22 . 0 and
22 . 0 + cm, then the box can be sold at $16. Otherwise the box of rods can
only be sold at $2.
Find the expected profit per box of rods
(i) when the machine is working correctly, and
(ii) when the machine has gone wrong.

9. In an experiment, three cards numbered 1, 2 and 3 are placed on a table. Four fair
coins are tossed together and the number of heads is counted. The card bearing the
same number as the number of heads is then removed from the table, but no action
is taken if no card on the table bears the same number. The tossing of coins is
repeated and each time the card satisfying the above rule is removed.
(a) Find the probabilities that, after having tossed the four coins once,
(i) the card numbered 1 is removed, and
(ii) no cards are removed.
(b) Find the probability that the card numbered 1 is removed before the card
numbered 2.
(c) Find the probabilities that, after having tossed the four coins three times and
removed the cards accordingly,
(i) both cards numbered 1 and 2 are still on the table, and
(ii) both cards numbered 1 and 2 have been removed.

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