CHAPTER 5

The Differential Forms

of the
Fundamental Laws
∂ρ v
5.1 0= ∫
c. v .
∂t
− +
dV ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA
c. s .
$ . Using Gauss’ theorem:

∂ρ v v  ∂ρ v v 
0= ∫ ∂t
− +
dV ∫ ∇ ⋅ (ρV )d V− = ∫
 ∂t + ∇ ⋅ (ρV )d V
−.
c. v . c. v . c. v .

Since this is true for all arbitrary control volumes (i.e., for all limits of
integration), the integrand must be zero:
∂ρ v v
+ ∇ ⋅ ( ρV ) = 0.
∂t
This can be written in rectangular coordinates as
∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂
− = (ρu) + ( ρv ) + ( ρw ).
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
This is Eq. 5.2.2. The other forms of the continuity equation follow.

∂m element
5.2 & in − m
m & out = .
∂t
 ∂ 
ρv r ( rdθdz) − ρv r + (ρv r )dr( r + dr )dθdz
 ∂r 
 ∂ 
+ρv θdrdz − ρv θ + ( ρv θ )dθdrdz
 ∂θ 
dr  ∂  dr ∂ dr 
+ρv z  r +  dθdr − ρv z + (ρv z )dz  r +  dθdr = ρ r +  dθdrdz .
 2  ∂z  2 ∂t   2 
Subtract terms and divide by rdθdrdz :
ρv ∂ r + dr ∂ 1 ∂ r + dr / 2 ∂ r + dr / 2
− r − (ρv r ) − (ρvθ ) − ( ρv z ) = ρ .
r ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z r ∂t r
Since dr is an infinitesimal, (r + dr ) / r = 1 and ( r + dr / 2) / r = 1. Hence,
∂ρ ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ 1
+ ( ρv r ) + (ρvθ ) + ( ρv z ) + ρv r = 0. This can be put in various forms.
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r

89
 ∂m element
5.3 & in − m
m & out = .
∂t
 ∂ 
ρv r ( rdθ) r sin θdφ − ρv r + (ρv r )dr ( r + dr)dθ( r + dr ) sin θdφ
 ∂r 
 dr   ∂   dr 
+ρv θdr  r +  sin θdφ − ρvθ + ( ρv θ )dθ dr r +  sin θdφ
 2  ∂θ   2
 dr   ∂   dr 
+ρv φdr  r +  dθ − ρv φ + (ρv φ )dφdr  r +  dθ
 2   ∂φ   2
∂   
2
dr 
= ρ
  r +  drdθ sin θdφ 
∂t  2 
Because some areas are not rectangular, we used an average length (r + dr / 2).
Now, subtract some terms and divide by rdθ dφdr:
dr
r+
∂ ( r + dr ) 2
∂ 2 sin θ
−ρv r sin θ − ρv r sin θ − (ρv r ) sin θ − (ρvθ )
∂r r ∂θ r
2
dr  dr 
r+ r + 
∂
− (ρv φ ) 2 = ∂ρ  2
sin θ
∂φ r ∂t r
Since dr is infinitesimal (r + dr ) 2 / r = r and (r + dr / 2) / r = 1. Divide by r sinθ
and there results
∂ρ ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 2
+ ( ρv r ) + (ρvθ ) + (ρvφ ) + ρv r = 0
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r

∂ρ
5.4 For a steady flow = 0. Then, with v = w = 0 Eq. 5.2.2 yields
∂t
∂ du dρ
( ρu ) = 0 or ρ +u = 0.
∂x dx dx
Partial derivatives are not used since there is only one independent variable.

Dρ
5.5 Since the flow is incompressible = 0. This gives
Dt
v ∂ p ˆ 1∂ p ˆ 200 ρ  1  200 ρ
∴∇ p = ir + iθ = 3  2 − cos2θ  iˆr − 3 sin2θ iˆθ or
∂r r ∂θ r r  r
∂ρ ∂ρ
u +w = 0.
∂x ∂z
v v ∂u ∂w
Also, ∇ ⋅ V = 0, or + = 0.
∂x ∂z

90
 ∂ ∂ρ
5.6 Given: = 0, ≠ 0. Since water can be considered to be incompressible, we
∂t ∂z
Dρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
demand that = 0. ∴u +w = 0, assuming the x-direction to be in the
Dt ∂x ∂z
v v ∂u ∂w
direction of flow. Also, we demand that ∇ ⋅ V = 0, or + = 0.
∂x ∂z

p
5.7 We can use the ideal gas law, ρ = . Then, the continuity equation
RT
Dρ v v 1 Dp p v v
= − ρ∇ ⋅ V becomes, assuming RT to be constant, =− ∇ ⋅V or
Dt RT Dt RT
1 Dp v v
= −∇ ⋅ V .
p Dt

5.8 a) Use cylindrical coordinates with v θ = v z = 0:

1 ∂
( rv r ) = 0
r ∂r
Integrate:
C
rv r = C. ∴vr = .
r

b) Use spherical coordinates with v θ = v φ = 0:

1 ∂ 2
( r vr ) = 0
r 2 ∂r
Integrate:
C
r 2 v r = C. ∴vr = 2 .
r

Dρ v v  ∂u ∂v  kg
5.9 = −ρ∇ ⋅V = −ρ +  = −2.3( 200 × 1 + 400 × 1) = −1380 .
Dt  ∂x ∂y  m3 ⋅s

∂u ∂v
5.10 In a plane flow, u = u( x , y ) and v = v ( x , y ). Continuity demands that + = 0.
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
If u = const, then = 0 and hence = 0. Thus, v = const also.
∂x ∂y

91
5.11 If u = C1 and v = C2 , the continuity equation provides, for an incompressible
flow,
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂w
+ + = 0. ∴ = 0 and w = C 3 .
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z
The z-component of velocity w is also constant.
We also have
Dρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
=0= +u +v +w
Dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
The density may vary with x, y, z and t. It is not, necessarily, constant.

∂u ∂v ∂v
5.12 + = 0. ∴ A+ = 0. ∴ v ( x , y ) = − Ay + f ( x ).
∂x ∂y ∂y
But, v ( x , o) = 0 = f ( x ). ∴ v = − Ay.

∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u ( x 2 + y 2 )5 − 5x( 2 x) 5x 2 − 5y 2
5.13 + = 0. ∴ =− =− = −
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x (x 2 + y 2 )2 (x 2 + y 2 )2
5y 2 − 5x 2 5y 5y
∴ v (x , y ) = ∫ dy + f ( x ) = 2 + f ( x ). f ( x ) = 0. ∴v = .
(x + y )
2 2 2
x + y2 x + y2
2

1 ∂ 1 ∂ vθ 1 .4 
5.14 From Table 5.1: ( rv r ) = − = −  10 + 2  sin θ.
r ∂r r ∂θ r r 
 .4   .4 
∴ rv r = ∫  10 + 2  sin θdr + f (θ ) =  10r −  sin θ + f (θ ).
 r   r
 .4 
.2v r (.2, θ ) =  10 ×.2 −  sin θ + f (θ ) = 0. ∴ f (θ ) = 0.
 .2 
 0.4 
∴ v r =  10 − 2  sin θ .
 r 

1 ∂ 1 ∂vθ −20  1
5.15 From Table 5.1: ( rv r ) = − =  1 + 2  cos θ.
r ∂r r ∂θ r  r 
 1  1
∴ rv r = ∫ −20  1 + 2  cos θdr + f (θ ) = −20  r −  cos θ + f (θ ).
 r   r
v r (1,θ ) = −20( 1 − 1)cos θ + f (θ ) = 0. ∴ f (θ ) = 0.
 1
∴ v r = −20 1 − 2  cos θ .
 r 

92
 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂
5.16 From Table 5.1, spherical coordinates: (r v r ) = − ( v θ sin θ).
r ∂r
2
r sin θ ∂θ
1 ∂ 2 1  40 
∴ (r v r ) =  10 + 3  2 sin θ cos θ.
r ∂r
2
r sin θ  r 
 40   80 
∴ r v r = ∫ r  10 + 3  2 cos θdr + f (θ ) =  10r −  cos θ + f (θ )
2 2
 r   r 
 80 
4v r ( 2, θ ) =  10 × 2 −  cos θ + f (θ ) = 0. ∴ f (θ ) = 0.
2
 2
 80 
∴ v r =  10 − 3  cos θ .
 r 

∂ du dρ
5.17 Continuity: ( ρu ) = 0. ∴ρ +u = 0.
∂x dx dx
p 18 × 144 slug du 526 − 453
ρ= = = 0.00302 . = = 219 fps / ft.
RT 1716 × 500 ft 3
dx 2 × 2 / 12
dρ ρ du .00302
∴ =− =− × 219 = −0.00136 slug / ft 4 .
dx u dx 486

∂u ∂v ∂
5.18 +
∂x ∂y
= 0.
∂x
[ ]
−20( 1 − e − x ) = −20 e − x

Hence, in the vicinity of the x-axis:

∂v
= 20e − x and v = 20ye − x + C.
∂y
But v = 0 if y = 0. ∴ C = 0.
v = 20 ye − x = 20( 0.2)e −2 = 0.541 m / s

1 ∂ ∂v ∂
5.19
r ∂r
( rv r ) + z = 0.
∂z
[
∂z
]
−20(1 − e − z ) = −20 e − z

Hence, in the vicinity of the z-axis:

1 ∂ r2
( rv r ) = 20 e − z and rv r = 20 e − z + C.
r ∂r 2
But v r = 0 if r = 0. ∴ C = 0.
v r = 10 re − z = 10( 0.2) e −2 = 0.271 m / s

5.20 The velocity is zero at the stagnation point. Hence,

40
0 = 10 − 2 . ∴R = 2 m
R
∂u ∂v ∂u
The continuity equation for this plane flow is + = 0. Using = 80 x − 3 ,
∂x ∂y ∂x

93
 ∂v
we see that = −80 x −3 near the x-axis. Consequently, for small ∆y ,
∂y
∆v = −80x −3 ∆y so that v = −80( −3 ) −3 (0.1) = 0.296 m / s.

5.21 The velocity is zero at the stagnation point. Hence

40
0 = 2 − 10. ∴R = 2 m
R
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 20
r ∂r
2 ( r vr ) = 2
r ∂r
( 40 − 10r 2 ) = − .
r
Near the negative x-axis continuity provides us with
1 ∂ 20
r sin θ ∂θ
( vθ sin θ) =
r
.

Integrate, letting θ = 0 from the y-axis:

v θ sin θ = −20 cos θ + C
0.1
Since v θ = 0 when θ = 90 o , C = 0. Then, with α = tan −1 = 1.909 o ,
3
cos θ cos 88.091 0.0333
v θ = −20 = −20 = −20 = 0.667 m / s
sin θ sin 88.091 0.999

∂u ∂v ∆v ∆u 13.5 − 11.3 m/s

5.22 Continuity: + = 0. ∴ =− =− = −220 .
∂x ∂y ∆y ∆x 2 ×.005 m
∴ ∆v = v − 0 = −220∆y . ∴ v = −220 ×.004 = −0.88 m / s.
∂u
b) a x = u = 12.6 × ( +220) = 2772 m /s 2 .
∂x

5.23 ΣFy = may . For the fluid particle occupying the volume of Fig. 5.3:
 ∂τ yy dy   ∂τ zy dz   ∂τ xy dx 
 τ yy +  dxdz +  τ zy +  dxdy +  τ xy +  dydz
 ∂y 2   ∂z 2   ∂x 2 
 ∂τ yy dy   ∂τ zy dz   ∂τ xy dx 
− τ yy −  dxdz −  τ zy −  dxdy −  τ xy −  dydz
 ∂y 2   ∂z 2   ∂x 2 
Dv
+ρg y dx dy dz = ρdx dy dz
Dt
Dividing by dx dy dz , and adding and subtracting terms:
∂τ xy ∂τ yy ∂τ zy Dv
+ + + ρg y = ρ .
∂x ∂y ∂z Dt

5.24 Check continuity:

∂u ∂v ∂w ( x 2 + y 2 )10 − 10 x( 2 x) ( x 2 + y 2 )10 − 10y (2 y )
+ + = + = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z (x 2 + y 2 )2 ( x2 + y2 ) 2

94
 Thus, it is a possible flow. For a frictionless flow, Euler’s Eqs. 5.3.7 give, with
g x = g y = 0:
∂u ∂u ∂p
ρu + ρv =− .
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂p 10 x 10 y2 − 10 x 2 10 y −20 xy 100( x 2 + y 2 ) y
∴ = −ρ 2 −ρ 2 =ρ
∂x x + y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )2 x + y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )2 ( x2 + y2) 3
∂v ∂v ∂p
ρu + ρv =− .
∂x ∂y ∂y
∂p 10 x −20 xy 10 y 10 x 2 − 10 y 2 100( x 2 + y 2 ) y
∴ = −ρ 2 − ρ = ρ
∂y x + y 2 (x 2 + y 2 )2 x 2 + y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )2 (x 2 + y 2 )3
v ∂pˆ ∂p ˆ 100 xρ ˆ 100 yρ ˆ 100ρ
∴∇ p = i + j= i+ j= ( xiˆ + yjˆ ).
∂x ∂y (x 2 + y 2 )2 ( x2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )2

5.25 Check continuity (cylindrical coord from Table 5.1):

1 ∂ 1 ∂vθ 10  1 −10  1
( rv r ) + =  1 + 2  cos θ +  1 + 2  cos θ = 0. ∴It is a possible
r ∂r r ∂θ r  r  r  r 
flow. For Euler’s Eqs. (let ν = 0 in the momentum eqns of Table 5.1) in
cylindrical coord:
2
∂p vθ2 ∂ vr vθ ∂ vr 100 ρ  1   1  2  20 
=ρ − ρ vr −ρ = 1 + 2  sin 2 θ − 10 ρ 1 − 2  cos θ  3 
∂r r ∂r r ∂θ r  r   r  r 
10 ρ  1 2  10 
−  1 + 2  sin θ  10 − 2  .
r  r   r 
1∂p vv ∂v v ∂v 100 ρ  1 
= − ρ r θ − ρ vr θ − ρ θ θ =  1 − 4  sin θ cos θ
r ∂θ r ∂r r ∂θ r  r 
2
1 20 100ρ  1
−10 ρ  1 − 2  cos θ sin θ  3  −  1 + 2  sin θ cos θ .
 r  r  r  r 
v ∂ p ˆ 1∂ p ˆ 200 ρ  1  200 ρ
∴∇ p = ir + iθ = 3  2 − cos2θ  iˆr − 3 sin2θ iˆθ
∂r r ∂θ r r  r

5.26 This is an involved problem. Follow the steps of Problem 5.25. Good luck!
∂p
=ρ
( )
v θ2 + v φ2 ∂v v ∂v r
− ρv r r − ρ θ
∂r r ∂r r ∂θ
1 ∂p (v v ) ∂v v ∂v
= −ρ r θ − ρv r θ − ρ θ θ
r ∂θ r ∂r r ∂θ

95
  2µ v v  2µ v v
5.27 ∴ p = p − + λ ∇ ⋅V . ∴ p − p = − + λ ∇ ⋅V .
 3   3 
∂ s$ ∆$s ∆αn$ n$
≅ =− =− .
∂ s ∆s R∆α R
∂ s$ ∆$s n$ ∆θ ∂θ
≅ = = n$ .
∂t ∆ t ∆t ∂t
v
DV  ∂ V ∂ V   ∂θ V 2 
∴ = +V sˆ +  V −  nˆ.
Dt  ∂ t ∂ s   ∂ t R 

 V2 ∂V
For steady flow, the normal acc. is  −  , the tangential acc. is V .
 R  ∂s

v
5.28 For a rotating reference frame (see Eq. 3.2.15), we must add the terms due to Ω.
Thus, Euler’s equation becomes
v v
 DV v v v v v dΩ v  v v
ρ + 2Ω × V + Ω × (Ω × r ) + × r  = − ∇ p − ρ g.
 Dt dt 

∂u v v
5.29 τ xx = − p + 2µ + λ ∇ ⋅ V = −30 psi.
∂x
τ yy = τ zz = − p = −30 psi.
∂u ∂v  −5  .1  −5
τ xy = µ  +  = 10 30 − 1440 ×  = 18 × 10 psf.
∂ y ∂ x   12 
τ xy 18 × 10 −5
τ xz = τ yz = 0. = = 4.17 × 10 −8 .
τ xx 30 × 144
∂v ∂u 16 y 16 y 2 8 y2 16 y 3
5.30 =− = − . ∴ v ( x, y ) = 9 / 5 − 2 13/5 + f ( x ).
∂y ∂ x C x 9 / 5 C 2 x13/5 Cx 3C x
v ( x , o) = 0. ∴ f ( x ) = 0. 8 = C 1000 .
4/ 5
∴ C = 0.0318.
∴ u( x , y ) = 629 yx − 4/ 5 − 9890 y 2 x −8/ 5 .
v ( x , y ) = 252 y 2 x −9/ 5 − 5270 y 3 x −13/ 5 .
∂u
τ xx = − p + 2µ = −100 + 0 = −100 kPa.
∂x
τ yy = τ zz = − p = −100 kPa.
∂u ∂v 
 = 2 ×10  629 × 1000
−5 −4 / 5 
τ xy = µ  + = 5.01 ×10 −5 Pa.
∂ ∂ 
 y x 
τ xz = τ yz = 0.

96
 Du ∂ u  ∂ ∂ ∂  v v
5.31 = + u +v +w  u = (V ⋅ ∇) u.
Dt ∂t  ∂ x ∂y ∂z
Dv ∂ v  ∂ ∂ ∂  v v
= + u +v +w  v = (V ⋅ ∇ ) v.
Dt ∂t  ∂ x ∂y ∂ z
Dw ∂ w  ∂ ∂ ∂  v v
= +u +v +w  w = (V ⋅ ∇)w
Dt ∂t  ∂ x ∂y ∂z
v
DV Du ˆ Dv ˆ Dw ˆ v v ˆ ˆ v v v
∴ = i+ j+ k = V ⋅ ∇ (ui + vj + wkˆ ) = (V ⋅ ∇ )V .
Dt Dt Dt Dt

5.32 Follow the steps that lead to Eq. 5.3.17 and add the term due to compressible
effects:
v
DV v v v µ ∂ v v µ ∂ v v µ ∂ v vˆ
ρ = − ∇p + ρ g + µ∇ 2V + ∇ ⋅ Viˆ + ∇ ⋅ Vjˆ + ∇ ⋅ Vk
Dt 3∂x 3∂y 3∂z
v v v µ ∂ ∂ $ ∂ $ v v
= −∇p + ρg + µ∇ 2V +  i$ + j+ k ∇ ⋅V
3  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
v
DV v v v µ v v v
∴ρ = −∇p + ρg + µ∇ 2V + ∇( ∇ ⋅ V ).
Dt 3

∂v
5.33 If u=u(y), then continuity demands that = 0. ∴ v = C.
∂y
But, at y=0 (the lower plate) v=0. ∴ C = 0 , and v ( x , y ) = 0.
Du ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2 u 
∴ρ = ρ +u +v +w  = − + ρ g x + µ  2 + 2 + 2  .
Dt  ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂ x ∂y ∂z 
∂p ∂2u
∴0 = − +µ .
∂x ay 2
Dv ∂p
ρ =0= − .
Dt ∂y
Dw ∂p ∂p
ρ =0=− + ρ( − g ). ∴0 = − − ρg .
Dt ∂z ∂z

∂
5.34 Continuity: ( rvr ) = 0. ∴ rvr = C. At r = 0, vr ≠ ∞. ∴ C = 0.
∂r
Dvr 1∂p
=0=− .
Dt ρ ∂r
Dvθ 1 ∂p
=0= − .
Dt ρ r ∂θ

97
 Dvz  ∂v ∂ v z vθ ∂ vz ∂ vz  ∂p  ∂ 2v 1 ∂vz 1 ∂ 2vz ∂ 2vz 
ρ = ρ z
+ vr + + vz =− +µ  z
+ + + 
Dt  ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z  ∂z  ∂ r 2 r ∂ r r 2 ∂θ 2 ∂ z2 
   

∂p  ∂2 v 1 ∂v z 
∴0 = − + µ 2z + .
∂z  ∂r r ∂r 

1 ∂ 2
5.35 Continuity: ( r v r ) = 0. ∴ r 2 v r = C. At r = r1 , v r = 0. ∴ C = 0.
r 2 ∂r
vθ2 ∂p  2v 
− ρ=− + µ  − 2θ cot θ .
r ∂r  r 
1∂ p  1 ∂  2 ∂ vθ  vθ 
0=− +µ r − 2 2 
r ∂θ r ∂ r 
2 ∂r  r sin θ 
1 ∂p
0= − .
r sin θ ∂φ

v v
5.36 For an incompressible flow ∇ ⋅ V = 0. Substitute Eqs. 5.3.10 into Eq. 5.3.2 and
5.3.3:
Du ∂  ∂u  ∂  ∂u ∂v  ∂  ∂u ∂w 
ρ =  −p + 2µ  + µ  +  + µ +  + ρg x .
Dt ∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y ∂x  ∂z  ∂z ∂x 
∂p ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u ∂  ∂u ∂v ∂w 
=− +µ 2 +µ 2 +µ 2 +µ  + +  + ρg x
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
Du ∂p  ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
∴ρ =− + µ  2 + 2 + 2  + ρg x .
Dt ∂x  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

Dv ∂  ∂ u ∂ v  ∂  ∂ v  ∂ ∂ v ∂ w 
ρ = µ + +  − p + 2µ + µ +  + ρgy.
Dt ∂ x  ∂ y ∂ x  ∂ y  ∂ y ∂ z ∂ z ∂ y 
∂p ∂2v ∂2v ∂ 2v ∂  ∂u ∂v ∂w 
=− + µ 2 +µ 2 +µ 2 +µ  + +  + ρg y
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
Dv ∂p  ∂2v ∂2v ∂2 v
∴ρ =− + µ  2 + 2 + 2  + ρg y .
Dt ∂y  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

Dw ∂  ∂ u ∂ w  ∂  ∂ v ∂ w  ∂  ∂w
ρ = µ + + µ + +  − p + 2µ  + ρ gz
Dt ∂ x  ∂ z ∂ x  ∂ y  ∂ z ∂ y  ∂ z  ∂z 

98
 ∂p ∂2w ∂2w ∂2 w ∂  ∂u ∂v ∂w
=− +µ 2 +µ 2 +µ 2 +µ  + +  + ρg z
∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
Dw ∂p  ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w 
∴ρ = − + µ  2 + 2 + 2  + ρg z .
Dt ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

5.37 If we substitute the constitutive equations (5.3.10) into Eqs. 5.3.2 and 5.3.3., with
µ = µ ( x , y , z ) we arrive at
Du ∂p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u  ∂µ ∂ u ∂µ  ∂ u ∂ v  ∂µ  ∂ u ∂ w 
ρ =− + ρ gx + µ  2 + 2 + 2  + 2 +  + +  + 
∂x   ∂ x ∂ x ∂ y∂ y ∂ x  ∂ z ∂ z ∂ x 
Dt ∂ x ∂y ∂z 

5.38 If plane flow is only parallel to the plate, v = w = 0. Continuity then demands
that ∂u / ∂x = 0. The first equation of (5.3.14) simplifies to
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 
ρ +u +v +w  = − + ρ g + µ  + + 
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x x
 ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ z2 
 
∂u ∂ 2u
ρ =µ
∂t ∂ y2
We assumed g to be in the y-direction, and since no forcing occurs other than
due to the motion of the plate, we let ∂p / ∂x = 0.

τ xx + τ yy + τ zz
2µ  ∂u ∂v ∂w  v v
5.39 From Eqs. 5.3.10, − = p−
 + +  − λ ∇ ⋅ V.
3 3  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 2µ v v  2µ v v
∴ p = p − + λ ∇ ⋅V . ∴ p − p = − + λ ∇ ⋅V .
 3   3 

v v  ∂ ∂ ∂
5.40 (V ⋅ ∇ )V =  u + v + w  (uiˆ + vjˆ + wkˆ )
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
v v  ∂  ∂w ∂w ∂ w  ∂  ∂v ∂v ∂v  
∇ × (V ⋅ ∇ )V =   u +v +w  −  u + v + w   iˆ
 ∂y  ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂ z  ∂x ∂y ∂ z 
 ∂  ∂u ∂u ∂u  ∂  ∂w ∂w ∂w  
+  u +v + w  − u + v + w   ˆj
 ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂ x  ∂x ∂y ∂z  
 ∂  ∂v ∂v ∂v  ∂  ∂u ∂u ∂u  
+  u + v + w  − u + v + w   kˆ
 ∂x  ∂x ∂y ∂ z  ∂ y  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
v ∂w ∂v ˆ ∂u ∂w ˆ ∂v ∂u ˆ
Use the definition of vorticity: ω = ( − )i + ( − ) j + ( − )k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

99
 v v  ∂w ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂w ∂ ∂ v ∂x ∂ 
(ω ⋅ ∇ )V =  ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − )  ( uiˆ + vjˆ + wkˆ)
 ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z 
v v  ∂ ∂ ∂   ∂ w ∂v ∂u ∂w ˆ ∂v ∂u ˆ 
(V ⋅ ∇ )ω = u + v + w  ( − )iˆ + ( − ) j + ( − )k 
 ∂x ∂y ∂ z   ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y 
Expand the above, collect like terms, and compare coefficients of iˆ , jˆ, and kˆ.

5.41 Studying the vorticity components of Eq. 3.2.21, we see that ω z = −∂ u / ∂ y is the
only vorticity component of interest. The third equation of Eq. 5.3.24 then
simplifies to
Dω z
= ν∇ 2ω z
Dt
∂ 2ω z
=ν
∂ y2
since changes normal to the plate are much larger than changes along the plate,
∂ω z ∂ω z
i.e., >> .
∂y ∂x

5.42 If viscous effects are negligible, as they are in a short section, Eq. 5.3.25 reduces
to
Dω z
=0
Dt
that is, there is no change in vorticity (along a streamline) between sections 1 and
2. Since (see Eq. 3.2.21), at section 1,
∂v ∂u
ωz = − = −10
∂x ∂y
we conclude that, for the lower half of the flow at section 2,
∂u
= 10.
∂y
This means the velocity profile at section 2 is a straight line with the same slope
of the profile at section 1. Since we are neglecting viscosity, the flow can slip at
the wall with a slip velocity u0 ; hence, the velocity distribution at section 2 is
u 2 ( y ) = u 0 + 10 y . Continuity then allows us to calculate the profile:
V1 A 1 = V 2 A 2
1
(10 × 0.04 )(0.04w ) = (u 0 + 10 × 0.02 / 2 )(0.02w ). ∴ u 0 = 0.3 m / s.
2
Finally,
u 2 ( y ) = 0.3 + 10 y

100
5.43 No. The first of Eqs. 5.3.24 shows that, neglecting viscous effects,
Dω x ∂u ∂u ∂u
= ωx + ωy + ωz
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z
so that ω y , which is nonzero near the snow surface, creates ω x through the term
ω y ∂ u / ∂ y, since there would be a nonzero ∂u / ∂y near the tree.

v ∂ V 2 ~   V2 p v
5.44 ∫ k∇T ⋅ ndA
$ = ∫c.v. ∂t  2 + gz + u ) ρ d −
V + ∫  + gz + ~
u +  ρV ⋅ ndA
$
c .s .
 c . s.
 2 ρ 
v v ∂ V 2  v v V2 p
∫
c .v .
∇⋅ ( k∇ T )d V
− = ∫c.v. ∂t  2 + gz + ~u ρd V− + ∫c.v. ⋅ ρV 2 + gz + ~u + ρ d V−
∇

 ∂  V2  v v V 2 p 
∴ ∫ − k∇ T +  ρ
2 ~
+ ρgz + ρu  + ∇ ⋅ ρV  + gz + ~
u +  d V− = 0.
c. v . 
∂t  2   2 ρ 
v v
∂ V2 v v V2 p  V 2  ∂ρ v v v ∂ V v v ∇p v 
ρ + ∇ ⋅ ρV  + gz +  =  + ∇ ⋅ ρ V  + ρV ⋅  + V ⋅ ∇V + + g ∇z  = 0.
∂t 2  2 ρ  2  ∂t  ∂t ρ 
continuity momentum
∂ v v Du~
∴ − k∇ 2T + ρu~ + ρV ⋅ ∇~u = 0. ∴ρ = k∇ 2T .
∂t Dt

5.45 Divide each side by dxdydz and observe that

∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
− − −
∂x ∂x ∂ T
2 ∂y y + dy ∂y ∂ T
2 ∂z ∂z ∂ 2T
x + dx x = ,
y
= , z + dz z =
dx ∂x 2 dy ∂x2 dz ∂z 2
Eq. 5.4.5 follows.

Du% D( h − p / ρ ) Dh Dp p D ρ Dh Dp p v
5.46 ρ =ρ =ρ − + =ρ − +  − ρ∇ ⋅ V 
Dt Dt Dt Dt ρ Dt Dt Dt ρ
v
where we used the continuity equation: D ρ / Dt = − ρ∇ ⋅ V . Then Eq. 5.4. 9
becomes
Dh Dp p v v
ρ − +  − ρ∇ ⋅ V  = K ∇2T − p∇ ⋅ V
Dt Dt ρ
which is simplified to
Dh Dp
ρ = K ∇2T +
Dt Dt

101
  ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T 
5.47 See Eq. 5.4.9: ~
u = cT . ∴ ρc  +u +v + w  = k∇ 2T .
 ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂T
Neglect terms with velocity: ρc = k∇ 2 T.
∂t

5.48 The dissipation function Φ involves viscous effects. For flows with extremely
large velocity gradients, it becomes quite large. Then
DT
ρcp =Φ
Dt
DT
and is large. This leads to very high temperatures on reentry vehicles.
Dt

∂u
5.49 u = 10( 1 − 10 000 r 2 ). ∴ = −2r × 10 5 . ( r takes the place of y )
∂r
 1  ∂u  2 
From Eq. 5.4.17, Φ = 2µ     = µ 4 r 2 × 10 10 .
 2  ∂y  
At the wall where r = 0.01 m , Φ = 1.8 × 10 −5 × 4×.012 × 10 10 = 72 N / m 2 ⋅ s .
∂u
At the centerline = 0 so Φ = 0.
∂r
At a point half-way: Φ = 1.8 × 10 −5 × 4×.005 2 × 10 10 = 18 N / m 2 ⋅ s .

∂u ∂2u
5.50 (a) Momentum: =ν 2
∂t ∂y
2
∂T ∂ 2T  ∂u 
Energy: ρc = K 2 + µ  .
∂t ∂y  ∂y 
∂u ∂ 2u ∂µ ∂u
(b) Momentum: ρ =µ 2 +
∂t ∂y ∂y ∂y
2
∂T ∂ 2T  ∂u 
Energy: ρc = K 2 + µ  .
∂t ∂y  ∂y 

102