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Animation: Lymphatic system 1. What is the lymphatic system? Network of vessels, lymphatic tissues and organs and lymphatic fluid known as lymph 2. Name the fluid involved in this system. Lymph 3. As a system, what is its function? It responds to pathogens and foreign substances 4. Name the fluid that seeps from the blood capillaries throughout your body. Fluid similar to blood plasma seeps from the blood capillaries into the spaces between cells 5. What percentage of this fluid becomes lymph? Approximately 10% of this fluid enters blindended lymphatic capillaries and is known as lymph 6. What are lymphatic capillaries? Microscopic vessels that are found among most blood capillary networks 7. What do they form when they converge? Lymphatic capillaries converge to form lymphatic collecting vessels 8. What do these vessels form when they merge? Lymphatic trunks 9. Where do these vessels drain? Lymphatic trunks drain into the largest lymphatic vessels, the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct 10. From where does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph? Right upper limb, thorax, neck and head. 11. Where does the right lymphatic duct empty? Into the right subclavian vein 12. From where does the thoracic duct receive lymph? From the remaining regions of the body 13. Where does it empty? Into the left subclavian vein 14. Which lymphatic duct is larger, the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct? Right thoracic duct 19. Name the large groups of lymphatic nodules found in the walls of the nasal and oral cavities. Tonsils 21. Where are the palatine tonsils located? The lingual tonsils? Palatine tonsils, commonly referred to as the tonsils, are located at the posterolateral aspect of the oral cavity. Lingual tonsils are found on the root of the tongue. 22. Name the lymphatic organs. What is their structure? Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen, consist of clusters of lymphatic cells that are surrounded by a CT capsule. 23. What are lymph nodes? Small, bean shaped structures located along the course of lymphatic vessels. Where are prominent clusters of lymph nodes located? In selected regions of the body, lymph nodes are found in prominent clusters. These are particularly evident in the axilla (or armpit), the inguinal region (or groin) and in the cervical (or neck) region 24. What are the primary functions of lymph nodes? production of new lymphocytes, filtration of the lymph and initiation of an immune response, when necessary. 27. Where is the thymus located? What is its function? In the thorax, anterior and superior to the heart. it is the site of formation and maturation of T-lymphocytes 28. When is the thymus most active? during childhood. 29. What becomes of the thymus, beginning at adolescence? Starting in adolescence, the thymus is progressively replaced by fat and CT and eventually becomes non-functional 1
Check point: 3. Where are lymph nodes typically found? In clusters in specific body regions 4. Name the small irregular-shaped lymph sac found in the abdomen. Cisterna chili 5. From where does it receive lymph? Abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs 6. This structure in question 4 forms the origin of which lymph duct? Thoracic duct 7. List the areas drained by the thoracic duct. Lymph from right side of thorax, upper limb, head and neck enters right lymphatic duct, which empties into junction of right internal jugular and subclavian veins Animation: antigen processing 1. What is an antigen? Processed differently, depending on whether they originate within or outside the cell. Proteins produced within the cell such as viruses or self-proteins are broken down into fragments. Fragments of foreign proteins are antigens 2. After antigens are produced, where are they transported? Into the rough endoplasmic reticulum 3. What molecules combine with the antigens there? The antigen combine with class I MHC molecules. This combination is then transported to the Golgi apparatus and from there to the plasma membrane 4. What then happens to foreign antigens? Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules stimulate cell destruction by activated T cells. To self-antigens? Self-antigens are not recognized by the T cells and do not stimulate destruction
Checkpoint: 1. Where is the thymus located? Superior mediastinum (anterior) 2. Name two functions of the adult thymus. Involved in T-lymphocyte differentiation; secrets thymopoietin and thymosins E 7.14 thymus-fetus, anterior view Layer 2: a. b. c. d. e. Thymus Lungs Heart Diaphragm Liver
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