Lab 4 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 7-Lymphatic)

Animation: Lymphatic system 1. What is the lymphatic system? Network of vessels, lymphatic tissues and organs and lymphatic fluid known as lymph 2. Name the fluid involved in this system. Lymph 3. As a system, what is its function? It responds to pathogens and foreign substances 4. Name the fluid that seeps from the blood capillaries throughout your body. Fluid similar to blood plasma seeps from the blood capillaries into the spaces between cells 5. What percentage of this fluid becomes lymph? Approximately 10% of this fluid enters blindended lymphatic capillaries and is known as lymph 6. What are lymphatic capillaries? Microscopic vessels that are found among most blood capillary networks 7. What do they form when they converge? Lymphatic capillaries converge to form lymphatic collecting vessels 8. What do these vessels form when they merge? Lymphatic trunks 9. Where do these vessels drain? Lymphatic trunks drain into the largest lymphatic vessels, the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct 10. From where does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph? Right upper limb, thorax, neck and head. 11. Where does the right lymphatic duct empty? Into the right subclavian vein 12. From where does the thoracic duct receive lymph? From the remaining regions of the body 13. Where does it empty? Into the left subclavian vein 14. Which lymphatic duct is larger, the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct? Right thoracic duct 19. Name the large groups of lymphatic nodules found in the walls of the nasal and oral cavities. Tonsils 21. Where are the palatine tonsils located? The lingual tonsils? Palatine tonsils, commonly referred to as the tonsils, are located at the posterolateral aspect of the oral cavity. Lingual tonsils are found on the root of the tongue. 22. Name the lymphatic organs. What is their structure? Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen, consist of clusters of lymphatic cells that are surrounded by a CT capsule. 23. What are lymph nodes? Small, bean shaped structures located along the course of lymphatic vessels. Where are prominent clusters of lymph nodes located? In selected regions of the body, lymph nodes are found in prominent clusters. These are particularly evident in the axilla (or armpit), the inguinal region (or groin) and in the cervical (or neck) region 24. What are the primary functions of lymph nodes? production of new lymphocytes, filtration of the lymph and initiation of an immune response, when necessary. 27. Where is the thymus located? What is its function? In the thorax, anterior and superior to the heart. it is the site of formation and maturation of T-lymphocytes 28. When is the thymus most active? during childhood. 29. What becomes of the thymus, beginning at adolescence? Starting in adolescence, the thymus is progressively replaced by fat and CT and eventually becomes non-functional 1

Lab 4 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 7-Lymphatic)

30. Name the bodys largest lymph organ. Spleen 31. What is its function? Filters the blood, removing old or defective blood cells, foreign materials and pathogens. It also helps regulate circulating blood volume 32. How does it act like a lymph node? The spleen is involved in the production of new lymphocytes and in initiating immune responses E.7.1: thorax, anterior view Layer 4: a. b. c. d. e. f. Mediastinal lymph nodes Trachea Right main bronchus Left main bronchus Diaphragm Liver

Check point: 3. Where are lymph nodes typically found? In clusters in specific body regions 4. Name the small irregular-shaped lymph sac found in the abdomen. Cisterna chili 5. From where does it receive lymph? Abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs 6. This structure in question 4 forms the origin of which lymph duct? Thoracic duct 7. List the areas drained by the thoracic duct. Lymph from right side of thorax, upper limb, head and neck enters right lymphatic duct, which empties into junction of right internal jugular and subclavian veins Animation: antigen processing 1. What is an antigen? Processed differently, depending on whether they originate within or outside the cell. Proteins produced within the cell such as viruses or self-proteins are broken down into fragments. Fragments of foreign proteins are antigens 2. After antigens are produced, where are they transported? Into the rough endoplasmic reticulum 3. What molecules combine with the antigens there? The antigen combine with class I MHC molecules. This combination is then transported to the Golgi apparatus and from there to the plasma membrane 4. What then happens to foreign antigens? Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules stimulate cell destruction by activated T cells. To self-antigens? Self-antigens are not recognized by the T cells and do not stimulate destruction

Lab 4 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 7-Lymphatic)

5. When an antigen originates from outside of the cell, how do the particles enter the cell? Phagocytes such as macrophages ingest foreign particles such as viruses and bacteria by endocytosis. 6. What happens to the particles inside the cell? broken down into fragments within a vesicle 7. The vesicle containing the foreign particles fuses with vesicles rom the Golgi apparatus containing the class II MHCs, and the 2 structures combine 8. What then happens to the MHC class II/antigen complex? Is transported to the plasma membrane. Animation: Cytotoxic T cells 1. When a virus infects a cell, what does it produce? When a virus infects a cell and synthesizes viral proteins, some of the these proteins are degraded to peptide fragments 5. How do the cytotoxic T cells interact with the virus-infected cells? By recognizing both the viral antigen and the Class I MHC 6. What substances are released by the cytotoxic T cells? Cytotoxins 7. The release of these substances results in apoptosis in the infected cell and perforin, which causes perforations in the cell membrane. 9. What then become of the cytotoxic T cells? Cytotoxic T cells remain intact, detach from the infected cell and move on to another target cells Animation: Helper T cells 3. What does an antigen presenting cell do in the presence of the antigen? The protein antigen is first ingested and then broken into peptide fragments by an antigen-presenting cell such as a macrophage 4. The antigen is then moved to the surface of the macrophage on a class II MHC. 5. How does the helper T cell become activated? The T-cell receptor on the surface of a helper T cell recognizes the peptide antigen that is being presented on a Class II MHC of the macrophage and the helper T cell becomes activated 6. What is the activated T cell capable of doing? Stimulating B cells 7. The antigen reacts with an antibody on the surface of the B cell and is then internalized, digested and presented at the surface of the B cell on a Class II MHC. 8. How does the B cell interact with the activated T cell? The antigen-Class II MHC complex of the B cell interacts with the T-cell receptor on the activated helper T cell 9. The helper T cell produces cytokines, which stimulate the B cell to proliferate and differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells and memory cells. Animation: IgE mediated hypersensitivity 1. Another name for an allergic reaction is hypersensitivity. 2. This is mediated by IgE. 4. Which tissues are rich in B cells committed to IgE production? Tissues under the mucous membranes 3

Lab 4 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 7-Lymphatic)

5. IgE producing cells are more abundant in persons susceptible to allergies. 8. What are mast cells? They contain granules packed with chemicals that induce a hypersensitivity response 10. What is required to trigger a response? Two cell-bound IgE molecules must react with a specific antigen 11. Within seconds, what chemicals are released from the mast cells? What do they trigger? The mast cell releases histamine and other mediators of the inflammatory response from the granules, triggering a variety of symptoms 12. What are some of those symptoms? Capillary dilation, airway constriction, mucus secretion, pain,itching In Review p. 337 4. Name the location of memory B lymphocyte and plasma cell formation. Gemini center of lymph nodule 5. Name the site of B lymphocyte localization. Primary nodule 6. Name the structure of the lymph node that forms in response to antigenic challenge. Secondary nodule 7. Name the site of antibody production. What cells are responsible for this production? Site of antibody production by plasma cells E 7.4 breast and axillary nodes-female Checkpoint: 1. Describe the axillary lymph nodes. Lymph node clusters found along vessels of axilla; lymph node clusters subdivided into groups (apical, lateral, posterior, anterior and central); small oval or round encapsulated lymphoid organs 2. Where are they located? axilla 3. What is their function? Drains lymph from upper limb and thoracic wall (including breast) E 7.5 tonsils Checkpoint: 1. Describe the pharyngeal tonsil. Collection of lymphoid tissue 2. Where is it located? Wall of nasopharynx (superior midline) 3. What is it known as when infected or inflamed? Adenoids In Review p.340 11. Which tonsils are visible through the open mouth? Palatine tonsil 12. Which tonsil is the largest during childhood? What occurs to this tonsil by middle age? Palatine tonsil; often distinguishes after middle age

Lab 4 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 7-Lymphatic)

In Review p. 342 2. Name the structures that contain discarded epithelial cells, dead WBCs, bacteria, and debris from the oral cavity. Tonsillar crypt 3. What is the function of these structures? How many are found on each tonsil? Function: react to ingested antigens presented in oral cavity. 10-12 crypts on surface of each tonsil E 7.8 peyers patch, histology Check point: 1. Specifically, where are the Peyers patches found? Ileum (mucosa) 2. What is their function? Initiate immune response to antigen within small intestine In Review p.343 3. What is the function of the ileum? Terminal part of small intestine; nutrient absorption E 7.10 spleen, anterior view 1. Name the location of the spleen. Abdomen (left upper quadrant), in contrast with diaphragm and lower ribs on left 2. What structure of the respiratory system does it contact? Diaphragm Name four functions of the spleen 4. Initiates immune response to blood antigens 5. Reservoir for red and WBCs 6. Removes (phagocytosis) old and damaged blood cells 7. Removes (phagocytosis) bacteria and other foreign material 8. Name the structure that protects the spleen posteriorly. Rib cage E 7.11 spleen, histology Checkpoint: 1. Name the outer covering of the spleen. This structure consists of what tissues? Capsule of spleen; composed of dense irregular CT 2. What structure provides the main structural support for the spleen? Trabecula of spleen 3. Name the functions of the red pulp. Reservoir for RBCs and platelets; phagocytosis of bacteria, foreign materials, RBCs and platelets E 7.12 Spleen, histology Checkpoint: 1. Name the source of arterial blood to the white pulp. These are small branch of the trabecular artery from the splenic artery 5

Lab 4 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 7-Lymphatic)

2. What is the function of the marginal zone? Site of phagocytic macrophages that attack bloodborne microorganisms; site for antigen presenting cells that initiate immune response 3. What is the structure of the marginal zone? Composed of small sinusoids; receives blood from arteries in white pulp and delivers blood to sinusoids of red pulp In Review p.248 1. Name the largest lymphatic organ. Spleen 2. Name the location of this organ. Abdomen (left upper quadrant), in contact with diaphragm and lower ribs on left 10. What tissue/ structure makes up the bulk of the spleen? white pulp 11. This tissue/ structure is composed of discrete white nodules embedded in spleen; composed of 4 components: central arteriole, periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS), marginal zone (corona) and germinal center Exercise 7.13 thymus-adult, anterior view Layer 3: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Remnant of thymus Thyroid gland Internal thoracic vein Internal thoracic artery Phrenic nerve Left lung Right lung Fibrous pericardium

Checkpoint: 1. Where is the thymus located? Superior mediastinum (anterior) 2. Name two functions of the adult thymus. Involved in T-lymphocyte differentiation; secrets thymopoietin and thymosins E 7.14 thymus-fetus, anterior view Layer 2: a. b. c. d. e. Thymus Lungs Heart Diaphragm Liver

Checkpoint: 6

Lab 4 Assignment-Lab Workbook (Chapter 7-Lymphatic)

1. What is the function of thymopoietin and thymosins? Stimulate and promote differentiation, growth and maturation of T lymphocytes 2. What functions of the thymus occurs primarily in young individuals? Site for maturation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes 3. What occurs to the thymus during adolescence? Atrophies, becomes fibrous and adipose tissue E 7.16 thymus histology Checkpoint: 1. Name the structures of the thymus that increase in number with age. Thymic corpuscle 2. What is their function? Site for degenerating epithelial reticular (nurse) cells