Power System Causes for Over Voltage and Prevention

Seminar Presented by:

S Murali Krishnan
5050910061 BTech EEE SRM University, Chennai

Power System Causes for Over Voltage and Prevention

Terminology

Normal

Power System Abnormalities

1. Voltage Drop/ Shot interruptions 3.Temporary voltage increases

2.Harmonic waves due to voltage changes 4.Switching surges 5. Lightning surges

Power System Abnormalities

1.The voltage falls below normal: Sag

2.The reverse of a sag: Swell

3.Increase in voltage above 110% of nominal for more than one minute - Over-voltage.

Power System Abnormalities

4.Noise - used to describe very small and persistent disturbances. These do not have damaging effects but can be a nuisance 5.Harmonics are a recurring distortion of the waveform that can be caused by various devices including variable frequency drives, non-linear power supplies and electronic ballasts.

Power System Abnormalities

6. When the voltage drops below 10% of its nominal value it is called an interruption or a blackout. 7. Transients are very short duration (sub-cycle) events of varying amplitude. Often referred to as "surges", transients are probably most dangerous power abnormally

Power System Causes for Transients

External Causes:
Lightning - Direct hit Distant Lightning - Transients on Utility lines Brownouts/Blackouts - Sags & Recovery Grid Switching - Utility switching Other Users - Adding/Removing loads line

Power System Causes for Transients

Internal Causes:
Switching of: Electrical motors Elevator Motors Compressors Welding or heavy machinery Power Overloads

Power System Lightning types

Stepped Leader

Streamer

Power System-Facts -Lightning

A strike can average 100 million volts of electricity Current of up to 100,000 amperes Can generate 54,000 oF Lightning strikes somewhere on the Earth every second Kills 100 US residents per year

Power System-Lightning Effects

Direct strike

Side Flash

Power System-Lightning Effects

Once the building is struck, lightning current can cause damage either by spark over or intrusion through service lines

Power System-Lightning Effects

Lightning generates strong electromagnetic radiation in a broad band of frequencies

Power System-Lightning Effects

Once entered into nearby structures, these radiation may damage sophisticated electronics irrespective of whether they are in operation or not

Power System-Lightning Effects

A service line may directly encountered with lightning or a nearby hit may induced large voltage pulses in the service line

Power System-Transient Effects

Catastrophe Failure

Safe Zone Degradation

Power System-Transient Effects

Random faults (Annoying) Memory Loss Data Errors Random System Halts Degradation (Un-noticed Damage) Break-Down of ICs Loss of Circuit Traces, or Insulation Shortening of Component Thermal Runaway of Semi-Conductors Burn-Out (Catastrophic Failure) Board Damage & Failure System Down System Failure

Power System-Transient Effects

Damage to a modem card

The surge has come through the communication line. In this case the damage to the modem has prevented further damage to the computer

Power System-Lightning types

Two types of Lightning Direct & Indirect
Direct Stroke A-Cloud to tall object protection is possible, Stroke B-Between clouds-protection not possible

Power System-Lightning types

Indirect Line directly below the cloud gets electrostatically charged. When the cloud discharges to earth thro lighhtning, -ve charge on the line gets isolated and it travels fast on the line in both directions in the form of waves. Indirect lightning is the major cause for transients in elec lines

Power System-Lightning Protection

OH grounding wire Lightning arrester Earthing screen

Power System-Lightning Protection

OH grounding wire

Power System-Lightning Protection

Lightning arrester

Power System-Lightning Protection

Earthing screen A grid of earthed copper conductors criss crossing the Substation provide a low resistance path for lightnings. They do not guard against travelling waves

Power System-Lightning Arresters

Rod gap Horn gap Multigap Expulsion type Valve type Rod gap

Power System-Lightning Protection

Horn gap

Multigap

Power System-Lightning Protection

Expulsion Type

Power System-Lightning Protection

Valve Type

Susceptibility of components to damage.

No damage Possible damage Destruction

Motors & Transform. Relays Valves Passive components Diodes Transistors (power) Integrated circuit ICs Semi-conductor diodes

10

-8

10

-6

10

-4

8 -2 0 2 4 6 10 10 10 10 10 10

Protecting Equipment Against Transients

Lightning Current: Peak Value

Typical value for the first stroke is 30 kA Typical value for the subsequent stroke is 15 kA Values over 250 kA has been recorded

Power System-Peterson Coil

Power System-Peterson Coil

Power System-Peterson Coil - sample

Principles of Surge Protection Devices

Diverting surge current to earth Clamping output voltage to a safe level Does NOT prevent lightning but protects against effects

Principle of Power Protection

A protector performs like a switch controlled by voltage. If the voltage is higher than the rated voltage of the electrical line to be protected, then the protector changes its state to low impedance and derives current to earth. The usual state of the protector is being in high impedance, so that the protector is transparent for the installation.

Ex am pl es f or ty pi ca lU
p

va lu es

Surge protection devices

Spark gaps (air gaps) Gas discharge tubes (GDTs) Zener diodes (avalanche diodes) Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) Transobers Relays Fuses PTCR (Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistor) TBU (Transient Blocking Unit)

MOV/GDT/SAD

MOV

GDT

SILICON DIODE

Earthing for lightning protection - principles

Divert current as soon as possible Use dedicated low impedance connection Make sure other systems are bonded to it, once!

Clean and unclean lines should not be placed together

Bundled wires introduce much less voltage drop than unbundled wires

Details of SPDs

Gas Discharge Arresters

Two electrodes, close together, enclosed in a tube filled with gas When the voltage rises, a low impedance arc is formed between the two electrodes Symbol:

Also called gas-filled surge arrester

Gas Discharge Arresters

Metal Oxide Varistor

Variable resistor resistance depends on voltage Symbol:

The most common type of varistor is the Metal Oxide Varistor, or MOV

MOVs

Silicon Avalanche Diodes

Semiconductor devices with similar characteristics to varistors Symbol: Also called transorbs and clamping diodes

Silicon Avalanche Diodes

Surge Arrester Characteristics

Let-through voltage Surge rating Lifespan Current sharing Leakage current Capacitance

MOV Good Good Good Good Fair Bad

SAD Best Bad Best

GDA Bad Best Good

Fair Bad Good Best Good Best