Chapter 2

DIODE part 3 ZENER DIODE

MENJANA MINDA KREATIF DAN INOVATIF

objectives

Diode zener Introduction Diode zener I V characteristic data sheet ener I-V characteristic, Diode zener-applications zener applications

SimpleRegulator Simple Regulator Introduction

Thebasicfunctionofzenerdiodeistomaintainaspecificvoltage acrossitsterminalswithingivenlimitsoflineorloadchange. Usedtoprovideastablereferencevoltageforuseinpower suppliesandotherequipment supplies and other equipment

Thisparticularzenercircuitwillworktomaintain10Vacrosstheload. This particular zener circuit will work to maintain 10 V across the load

Zener Diode
Azenerdiodeismuchlikea normaldiode,theexception beingisthatitisplacedinthe circuitinreversebiasand operatesinreversebreakdown. operates in reverse breakdown Thistypicalcharacteristiccurve yp illustratestheoperatingrangefor azener. Itsforwardcharacteristicsare justlikeanormaldiode just like a normal diode

Zener Diode
Thezenerdiodesbreakdown y characteristicsaredeterminedby thedopingprocess. Lowvoltagezenerslessthan5V l l h operateinthezenerbreakdown range.Thosedesignedtooperate range Those designed to operate morethan5Voperatemostlyin avalanchebreakdownrange. Zenersareavailablewith voltagebreakdownsof1.8V2.0V l b kd f 1 8V 2 0V
Thiscurveillustratestheminimumand maximumrangesofcurrentoperationthat thezenercaneffectivelymaintainitsvoltage. the zener can effectively maintain its voltage

Datasheet Data sheet

Aswithmostdevices,zenerdiodeshavegiven characteristicssuchastemperaturecoefficientsand characteristics such as temperature coefficients and powerratingsthathavetobeconsidered.Thedata sheetprovidesthisinformation. sheet provides this information

Datasheet Data sheet

Application Application regulator

Inthissimpleillustrationofzenerregulationcircuit,thezenerdiodewill adjustitsimpedancebasedonvaryinginputvoltagesandloads(RL)tobeable tomaintainitsdesignatedzenervoltage. Zenercurrentwillincreaseordecreasedirectlywithvoltageinputchanges. Thezenercurrentwillincreaseordecreaseinverselywithvaryingloads. Again,thezenerhasafiniterangeofoperation.

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

VZ I = RL
L

V PS V Z II = Ri
IZ = II IL

ThecharacteristicsoftheZenerdiodedeterminesVL.

Zener diode analysis diode

Three types of Zener diode circuit analysis
Fixed VS and RL Fixed VS and variable RL Variable VS and fixed RL

Zener diode as a Voltage regulator diodeasaVoltageregulator

1. Assumezenerdiodeinopencircuit 2. Determinethevoltageacrossthezener 2 Determine the voltage across the zener diode,VL 3. IfV 3 If VL>Vz,zenerdiodeONhenceVL=Vz zener diode ON hence V 4. IfVL<Vz,diodeisnotavoltageregulatorand VL value remain valueremain

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

FixedVS and RL Fixed V andR
The applied dc voltage is fixed, as the load resistor. The analysis : 1. Determine the state of the Zener diode by removing it from the network and calculating the voltage across the resulting open circuit.

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

2. Substitute the appropriate equivalent circuit and solve for the desired unknowns. - For the on state diode, the voltages across parallel elements must be the same.

VL=VZ
The Zener diode current is determined by KCL:

IZ = IR IL
The power dissipated by the Zener diode is determined by:

PZ = VZ IZ
- For the off state diode, the equivalent circuit is open-circuit.

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

- Fixed VS and Variable RL

Step 1- get the RLmin so that zener is on.

RLVs VL = RS + RL RL min RSVZ = VS VZ

Rs + Vs -

- if RL RLmin, zener diode on, so that VL=VZ , Step 2: Calculate the IZ using KCL: 2 condition 1. If RLmin , then ILmax and IZmin because of constant I1
2. If RLmax, then ILmin and IZmax

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

I Z min or max = I1constant I L max or min
; Izmax taken from data sheet Izmin = 0, if not given

V VZ I1 = S Where RS

and

I L max

VZ = RL min

or

RL max

VZ = I L min

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

Loadregulation

WhenRL =(opencct),loadcurrentiszero.Allcurrentpassthroughzenerdiode. WhenRL isconnected,currentisdividedbetweendiodeandRL.AsRL increases,IL decreaseandIZ increases,andviceversa. Iz candecreaseuntilIzmin,anylowerdiodewillnotabletoregulate.AtIzmin IL is maximum.Therefore,RL mustbeminimum. TotalcurrentthroughRisconstant.

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

Exampleonloadregulation WhatisILmax andIlmin tomaintainregulation? WhatisminimumRL? Wh i i i R Givenratedvalue: 1mA<IZ <50mA Solution WhenIL=0,(RL =),IZ =Izmax=IT ( )
IZ max = IT = VIN VZ 24 12 = = 25.5mA R 470

ILmax occurswhenIZisminimum
IL max = IT Iz min = 25.5mA 1mA = 24.5mA A A A

MinimumvalueofRLis
RL min = VZ I L max =

Thisvalueislessthan50mA,RLcanbe removedwithoutdisturbingregulation.

12 = 490 24.5mA

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

- Variable VS and fixed RL
Rs + Vs Step 1 St 1- get the VSmin so th t zener is on. t th that i ( R + RS )VZ RLVs VS min = L VL = RS + RL RL

Step 2: Calculate the IZ using KCL: 2 condition

if VS VSmin, zener d ode w ll on , diode will on, so that VL=VZ

1. if VSmin , then I1min and IZmin because of constant IL 2. if VSmax, thenI1max and IZmax

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

I Z min or max = I1min or max I Lconstant

; Izmax= Pzmax/Vz

where

VL IL = RL

and I1min

VS min VZ = RS

or

VS max = I1max RS + VZ

Voltageregulator Voltage regulator

Lineregulation Whatistherangeofinputvoltage VIN ifthezenerdiodeistomaintain regulationwithzenercurrent regulation with zener current between0.25mAand100mA? Zenercurrentrange:Izmin =0.25mAtoIzmax =100mA Atminimumzenercurrent,I At minimum zener current Izmin, VRmin =IzminR=(0.25m)(220)=55mV,ButVR =Vin Vz,; SoVin(min)=VRmin+Vz =55m+10=10.055V Atmaximumzenercurrent,Izmax , VRmax =IzmaxR=(100m)(220)=22V,ButVR =Vin Vz,; SoV (max)=VRmax+Vz =22+10=32V S Vin( ) V V 22 10 32 V

Percentregulation Percent regulation

Defination: Line regulation

Load regulation g
VNL Outputvoltageatminimumloadcurrent(RL=,I.e.IL =0) VFL Outputvoltageatmaximumloadcurrent

Zener limiting
Zenerdiodescanusedforlimitingjustasnormaldiodes.Recall p p inpreviouschapterstudiesaboutlimiters.Thedifferenceto considerforazenerlimiterisitszenerbreakdown characteristics.