2009B 1, Three kinds of remote sensing data could be integrated by GIS: - multi-temporal data => images collected at different

times are integrated to identify areas of change. => detect multitemporal change - multi-resolution data => merging data of a higher spatial resolution with data of lower resolution - multisensor data => Merging geometrical registered data, e.g. multispectral optical data and Radar image Merits of GIS: - relief the time limitation for decision making - Accuracy required by GIS - Flexibility to general application : update against time 2, El nino: - In normal case, since the earth rotates from west to east, by inertia, the seawater heated by the sun accumulates in western tropical Pacific Ocean, forming the warm pool. - the air in the western tropical Pacific Ocean is heated and vaporized to form cloud. - vaporized air leads to the trade winds blowing from eastern to western Tropical Pacific Ocean to compensate the rose air, carrying the surface seawater of eastern to western - thus normally western equatorial Pacific Ocean has a higher sea level of water - There will be an upwelling current from the bottom of sea in western flowing to the eastern to compensate the loss of water in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. - This upwelling current brings seawater with a lower temperature and richer nutrients from the bottom of the sea, nourishing the growth of ocean organisms in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. - The clouds in the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean region brings heavy rainfalls to that region El nino: - but due to some reasons, the trade winds bringing the warmer water from the eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean may weaken. So the warm water will be accumulated in the centre pacific ocean, increasing the temperature of sea surface of that region. Thus there is an abnormal warming of water of eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, bringing large rainfall an cause death of marine organisms. Impact to eastern equatorial Pacific region in 97/98: Due to the normal climate,

the coastal region of eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean relies much on the fishing industry. But El nino causes the increase in surface water temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, leading to death of marine organisms and large decrease in yield of fishing. More rainfalls causes the agricultural industries suffer and yield for agricultural products drop also. Thus the aquatic and agricultural products price surge, the revenue from these industry fall crazily, thus deteriorating the economy. 3, Earthquake focus: place that a slippage occurs, the position where the strain energy stored in the rock is first released, marking the point where the fault begins to rupture. Epicenter: The point at the earths surface, directly above the earthquake focus Social impact: death of human, causes disease, lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher insurance premiums, political unrest Economic impact: road and bridge damage, collapse or destabilization of buildings, a lot of money is needed for rebuild and protection and precaution work. 4, ? 5, Land cover- The type of features present on the earth surfaces. Reasons for concept of land cover used as surrogate for the examination of land use by remote sensing technology: - Land use is abstract concept, but land cover is concrete - Land cover is directly discernable from the images - From remote sensing we can observe the land cover on the earth surface, which directly disclose the details of land use and different land uses associated with different countries in a pictorial image. Factors to be considered in urban land use planning: - residential vs industrial - population vs agricultural

2009A

1, Types of remote sensing satellites: polar-orbiting satellites and geostationary satellites. - Polar-orbiting Satellites: travel over the Earth from pole to pole - Geostationary satellites remains the same spot on the earth 24 hours a day Difference: 1,altitude: POS lower (600-1000km) GSS (36,000km) 2, Sun-synchronous for polar-orbiting satellite: positioning between the satellite and the sun is always the same, covering the same area at a same local sun time, but geostationary satellites travels at the same angular velocity as the earth rotates. 3, Active sensors: polar orbiting satellites have ascending and descending orbits? 2, Estimation based on counts of dwelling units: Based on manual interpretation of aerial photographs: - Examine the aerial photos - Delineate all area of residential use - Count the No. of houses and dwelling units - Identify average number of people per dwelling units through sampling or estimating from previous census - Population= (no. of dwelling units counted) X ( average number of people per dwelling unit) Possible errs: - Illegal immigrants - More than one family in a dwelling unit - Homeless people - Changed use of residential flats 3, Crop Calendar: - A detailed listing of crop growth and rotation - Helps to determine which crops are growing during a specific season - Which season provides the best image for crop discrimination Using crop calendar to reduce world hunger: - Crop classification - Change in agricultural land use to cater for increasing population 4, Information classes/ Spetral classes Information classes: those categories the analyst is trying to identify Spectral classes: Same(or similar) brightness values of pixel groups in the different spectral bands

In supervised classification, we first identify the information classes, using a special program to determine the numerical signatures for each spectral class, then compare each pixel to these signatures, and then label the class with the most closely resembles In unsupervised classification, spectral classes are grouped first based on numerical information, using clustering algorithms to determine the natural(Statistical) groupings, then specify how many groups or clusters in the data. 5, GIS Geographical Information System. - an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographical data and personnel designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and displaying the geographically referenced information. G Spatio- temporal distribution of features I data and their meaning S- What ties the geography and information together Basic relationship between GIS and remote sensing: - GIS is a tool/technique combining date of different types and sources from RS to extract better and more accurate information. - RS: provider of data - GIS: data analysis, database, organization, storage and retrieval 6, Visible and thermal infrared satellite image - Generally, the lower the cloud, the warmer the cloud - Since hot object emit more infrared energy than do cold objects - A thermal infrared satellite picture can distinguish warm, low clouds from cold,high clouds, thus knowing their heights - the image brightness is opposite in order to comply with the color of visible images - using visual analysis for the shape, size, or pattern of the clouds in the visible image, comparing with the height of clouds as an assisting information, different types of clouds are distinguished.