Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 172, No.

3, 2010
Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 128-D, No. 4, April 2008, pp. 551559

Direct Space Vector PWM Strategy for Matrix Converters with Reduced Number of Switching Transitions
YUGO TADANO,1 SHIZUNORI HAMADA,1 SHOTA URUSHIBATA,1 MASAKATSU NOMURA,1 YUKIHIKO SATO,2 and MUNEAKI ISHIDA3
1 2 Chiba 3

Meidensha Corp., Japan University, Japan Mie University, Japan

SUMMARY This paper proposes a novel Direct Space Vector PWM (Direct SVPWM) strategy based on the direct AC/AC conversion approach for three-phase to three-phase matrix converters. This method allows the sinusoidal input and output waveforms as a major premise, and gives top priority to the improvement of output control performance in motor drive applications, such as providing maximum riding comfort in elevators, etc. Output voltage harmonics, switching losses, and common-mode voltages can be reduced across the entire voltage region. In addition, the switching count can be reduced even further by fully utilizing the output current detection value. Direct space vectors are first defined, and the method of selecting space vectors is described. Next, the PWM duty calculation technique is explained. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparison with the conventional virtual indirect method based on experimental and analytical results. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(3): 5263, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wil ey. c o m ) . D O I 10.1002/eej.20953

advantages as small size, reduction of device conduction loss, and prevention of current concentration at specific elements during low speed operation, MCs have been attracting attention for various applications, such as elevators with repetitive powering and regeneration. The basic control strategies for MCs include those based on direct AC/AC conversion (below referred to as direct control), and those assuming a virtual indirect converter with a DC link (below referred to as virtual indirect control). The latter approach is advantageous because conventional PWM rectifiers and inverters are configured virtually, and existing inverter control techniques can be used unaltered. However, 6 of 27 inputoutput connection patterns in three-phase to three-phase conversion cannot be utilized. These disallowed patterns were considered redundant in obtaining sinusoidal inputoutput waveforms, and hardly any discussion of performance improvement was conducted [1]. On the other hand, direct control requires MC-specific schemes, and all 27 patterns can be utilized. For modulation, a variety of methods have been proposed, such as the carrier comparison method, the space vector method, and direct power control. In particular, space vector modulation (SVM) has the following features. The properties of the instantaneous space vectors (instantaneous switching patterns) can be easily visualized for the purpose of control and analysis. There is some flexibility in the output sequence of PWM pulses, and instantaneous rearrangement can be performed concurrently with PWM updating. Various SVM strategies have been proposed for both virtual indirect control and direct control [26]. In the existing schemes, however, performance improvement was limited by constraints imposed on the switching patterns, requirements for control speed, and other factors. In this 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 52

Key words: matrix converter; space vector modulation; PWM; reduced number of switching transitions; harmonics reduction; torque ripple reduction.

1. Introduction The development of matrix converters (MCs) providing direct AC/AC power conversion is expanding with technological progress in reverse-blocking IGBTs and other semiconductor switching elements [1]. Due to such

context, the authors proposed a direct SVM that efficiently utilizes all switching patterns [79]. This method assumes that both the input and output waveforms are made sinusoidal, and the voltage in PWM control is brought closer to its reference. This results in a reduction of output voltage harmonics and output current distortion. In particular, the method proposed in Ref. 9 is based on a simple calculation of virtual indirect control, while resolving the problem of disallowed patterns, and offering a performance improvement comparable to that of direct control. This method uses a geometric vector transformation on the direct space vector plane. In addition, the PWM output period (duty cycle) of space vectors can be transformed by arithmetic operations. Here we focus on the number of switching transitions (commutations) in one PWM control cycle. In conventional indirect control [2, 3] and the above-mentioned direct SVM [9], five PWM pulses (five different space vectors) are used in one control cycle. That is, a control cycle involves at least four commutations. On the other hand, a method was recently proposed to reduce the switching count from 4 to 3 in a triangular carrier comparison scheme [10]. We too have investigated modulation using 4 vectors (3 commutations) in the framework of direct SVM; however, it proved difficult to convert the duty cycle from virtual indirect control for the pattern conversion described in Ref. 9. A possible reason is that a different number of vectors are used before and after conversion. Thus, we proposed a new method of direct calculation of the space vector duty cycles using matrix equations [11, 12]. In the present study, we explain the details of modulation based on four space vectors, and discuss the results obtained by experiments and analysis. In many implementations of carrier comparison such as that in Ref. 10, the reference value is compared to the carrier wave, and the obtained PWM pulses are output in the order of generation. On the other hand, in space vector modulation, the PWM duty cycles are calculated directly, and therefore the pulse order can be rearranged instantaneously. Using this feature, we also consider here a method of reducing the number of commutations, and of suppressing waveform ripple, via optimal rearrangement of the pulse order during transition periods when the large-medium-small relationship changes for three phase values of the source voltage and the output voltage reference. The features of the proposed MC control method can be summarized as follows. (1) Sinusoidal inputoutput current waveforms are assumed, and the power factor can be adjusted. (2) The number of commutations per PWM control cycle is reduced to 3. (3) Output voltage harmonics, common-mode voltages, and transient voltage variation are reduced in the whole voltage range.

(4) The output order of PWM pulses is updated instantaneously, thus reducing ripple during transition periods when the large-medium-small phase relationship changes, and reducing the number of commutations. In this paper, we focus on expanding the relative pulse width due to the reduced number of switching transitions per control cycle. This reduces the influence of voltage errors during commutation, which results in better waveforms of the output voltage and current. We also verify the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparison with conventional virtual indirect control by experiments and analysis. 2. Direct Space Vector Modulation 2.1 Definition of direct space vectors The MC structure is illustrated in Fig. 1. The input phases R, S, T and output phases U, V, W are connected by 9 bilateral switches. The switches can be configured in various ways, but here we assume that one switch is formed by antiparallel connection of two reverse-blocking IGBTs having reverse voltage resistance. That is, a total of 18 reverse-blocking IGBTs are employed. It is common knowledge that 27 switching patterns are available, which is related to the suppression of input source short circuits and output current discontinuities. These 27 patterns can be represented by the corresponding space vectors, with the input R-phase taken as the current reference and the output U-phase as the voltage reference, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. In the diagram, the vector designations represent the input phases connected to output phases U, V, and W. For example, RSS denotes a connection pattern with the Rphase connected to the U-phase, the S-phase connected to the V-phase, and the S-phase connected to the U-phase.

Fig. 1. Matrix converter topology.

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Table 1. Switching patterns of matrix converter

Fig. 2. Direct space vectors of input current.

The input current vectors in Fig. 2 are constantly changing with the magnitude and frequency of the output AC current, and the output voltage vectors in Fig. 3 are changing with the input AC source voltage. Thus, the phase and amplitude of a space vector varies periodically, and modulation control must produce reference vectors with the same variations. The purpose of the present study is to improve output performance, and hence we focus on the output voltage vectors, dividing them into the following groups (see Table 1).

(1) Oscillating vectors (fixed phase, varying amplitude): 6 vectors along each phase axis U, V, W, for a total of 18 vectors (2) Rotating vectors (varying phase, fixed amplitude): 3 vectors for each rotation direction (clockwise, counterclockwise), for a total of 6 vectors (3) Zero vectors (fixed at origin): 3 vectors In a conventional virtual indirect SVM [2, 3], the input and output are connected via a virtual DC link, and therefore the six rotating vectors that connect all three input phases to different output phases cannot be used. On the other hand, direct SVM is free of this limitation, and these rotating vectors, which were previously considered redundant, can be utilized efficiently. 2.2 Space vector selection method Several vectors can be selected arbitrarily among the 27 options and used for control in the case of direct SVM. The selection method is an important factor that governs the MC control strategy. Here we examine a method of selection that gives top priority to the reduction of harmonics in the output line-to-line voltage (which results in reduction of output current ripple).

Fig. 3. Direct space vectors of output voltage.

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First, for better understanding of the output characteristics, consider a sector in Fig. 3 where the output voltage reference V exists. The direct space vectors vary perio odically, so that one rotating vector and six oscillating vectors always exist in any output sector. In addition, zero vectors are configured of the medium phase of the input three-phase source. Therefore, the peak value of load neutral-point potential can be reduced. Based on the above, 8 space vectors in an output sector are redefined as shown in Fig. 4. Here R is the rotating vector and Z is the zero vector. For oscillating vectors, the phase-lagging axis is denoted by X, and the vectors are denoted by XL, XM, and XS in the order of instantaneous value. Similarly, the oscillating vectors along phase-leading axis Y are denoted by YL, YM, YS. Since the output voltage space vectors are configured with respect to the phase voltage, the line voltage vector is directed along the median line between X and Y axes as shown in Fig. 4. Now let us consider how to select the vectors for PWM control among the eight redefined space vectors. Five space vectors are used in conventional strategies [27, 9]; in this study, however, we perform PWM control with four vectors, thus reducing the number of commutations per control cycle. Let us explain this approach, referring to the output voltage pulse and switching pattern transition diagram shown in Fig. 5. In the diagram, v , v , and v are the U V W voltage references for the output phases, and vR, vS, and vT are the input phase voltages. In this example, the large-medium-small relationships are vR > vS > vT and v > v > v . Figure 5 also shows the variation of the output U V W phase voltages during one PWM cycle, as well as the switching pattern transition and pulse width (duty ratio). Figure 5(a) shows the switching patterns when the conventional method [3] is combined with the direct space vector representation in Fig. 3. As is evident from the diagram, 5 space vectors are used in one PWM cycle, and 4 switching transitions take place. On the other hand, in the proposed method shown in Fig. 5(b), 4 space vectors are employed, and PWM control is implemented by 3 switching transitions (as regards the determination of 4 vectors, feasible

Fig. 5. Examples of output voltage pulse and vector pattern transition.

space vectors are found in this section; the duty ratio calculation is explained in Section 2.3, and the algorithm to select one pattern is explained in Section 2.5). In actual switching, voltage errors occur depending on the commutation sequence (dead time and overlap time). The proposed method has the advantage that the frequency of occurrence of such errors can be reduced. In addition, we may also expect loss reduction due to the smaller number of commutations. In particular, as indicated in Fig. 5(a), the V-phase voltage variation in the conventional method involves a large jump from the minimum value vT to the maximum value vR, which may lead to increased loss and noise. In the proposed method [Fig. 5(b)], constraints (to be explained later) are imposed so that the voltage variation is always based on the middle value vS for all phases. This results in a reduction of switching losses caused by the transition vT vR in the V-phase in Fig. 5(a). Proceeding from the above, we set the following constraints to improve the output control performance, which is the main goal of this study. Constraints aiming at better output performance (1) Sine-wave input/output PWM control provides sine waveforms of both the input and output using 6 bilateral switches (4 space vectors) and the detected output current values in one control cycle. (2) Reduction of line-to-line voltage variation The space vectors showing the largest difference from the voltage reference in the direction of line voltage vector are not selected (reduction of harmonics and loss). (3) Prohibition of simultaneous switching of two or more phases

Fig. 4. Eight vectors within one output sector.

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The phases are switched one at a time so as to reduce the number of commutations (reduction of loss). (4) Prohibition of commutation between maximum phase and minimum phase Voltage variation is decreased due to commutation via the middle phase (reduction of harmonics, loss, common-mode voltage). (5) Reduction of common-mode voltage Zero vectors configured of the source medium phases are always used. Thus, we define the sectors and sector modes (below referred to as sm) as shown in Fig. 6 and Table 2. Considering the above constraints, the selection patterns (below referred to sp) of 4 space vectors are restricted to 20 patterns, as shown in Table 3. Now let us explain the switching transitions, referring to Fig. 7. For example, when both the input source voltage and the output voltage reference are in sector 1, the eight space vectors defined in Fig. 4 are related to the switching patterns as shown in Fig. 7. First, considering the direction of the line voltage vector in Fig. 7, there are 4 voltage levels (in descending order): (XL, YL, R), (XM, YM), (XS, YS), and (Z). According to constraint (2), the level with the greatest difference from the output voltage reference component in the direction of the line voltage vector may not be used. Therefore, (XL, YL, R) is not used in the low-voltage region shown in Fig. 7(a), and (Z) is not used in the high-voltage region in Fig. 7(b). In terms of Table 3, this means that the patterns sp = 1, 6, 11, 16 not including XL, YL, R are used in the low-voltage region, and sp = 25, 710, 1215, 1720 not including Z are used in the high-voltage region. The regions of low and high voltage are determined by comparison between the voltage reference in the direction of line voltage vector and 1/2 the level of (XL, YL, R). Then, as stated by constraint (3), switching is performed at every cycle in the order of v1 v2 v3 v4 or v4 v3 v2 v1 in Table 3 according to the diagram in Fig. 7. However, patterns including loop transitions R YL YM XM or

Table 2. Sector modes

R XL XS YS in Fig. 7(b) should not be used. Although 4 space vectors are employed, actually 5 bilateral switches are always operated: hence the lack of control freedom to satisfy constraint (1). In addition, switching must be performed via the S-phase (medium source voltage phase) according to constraint 4. This is reflected in Fig. 7 and Table 3. Furthermore, the zero vector SSS must always be used according to constraint (5). Thus, 20 patterns containing the switching order can be assembled, as in Table 3. As regards connection R(RST) in Fig. 7(b), the rotating vector R is utilized efficiently for commutation, and plays an important role in satisfying both constraints (3) and (4). With virtual indirect conversion where rotating vectors cannot be used, PWM meeting all constraints for output improvement is impossible. Here the advantages of direct SVM are useful. Finally, one of the 20 selection patterns must be chosen. First, the number of options is reduced to 10 by the selecting sector mode, either sm1 or sm2 in Table 3. In addition, as explained above, the low- and high-voltage regions are determined by the output voltage reference. One can also consider identifying applicable patterns by division into regions with respect to the input current reference. However, this would be very complicated. In this study, we calculate the duty ratios as explained in the next section. We confirm the existence of the inverse matrix for the coefficient matrix (that is, we check the validity of the selection patterns), and derive one selection pattern that offers an appropriate solution.

Table 3. Selection patterns of four vectors

Fig. 6. Definition of input sector and output sector.

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Table 4. Definition of coefficients for 27 switching patterns

Fig. 7. Switching transition (input sector: 1, output sector: 1).

2.3 Calculation of duty ratios In order to find the duty ratios of the 4 space vectors, we solve simultaneous voltage/current equations for the duty cycles in fixed coordinates. First we apply a 3-to-2 phase transformation to all 27 space vectors, and compile a table of coefficients for the output voltages Vo, Vo with respect to the input voltages Vi, Vi, and for the input currents Ii, Ii with respect to the output currents Io, Io. For example, the output voltages of the space vector RSS can be expressed as in Eq. (1) by using Eq. (2):

where

(1)

(4)

(2) The same also applies to the other patterns. Table 4 is compiled in accordance with the equation

Input current relationship (6) is obtained when reactive power is arranged using the input phase reference (the i phase difference between V and I ) in Eq. (5), and i i I , I are excluded in Eq. (4): i i (5)

(3) (6) Thus, the relations between the currents in Eq. (4) can be summarized in a single equation using the detected values of the output current Io, Io, the detected values of the source voltage Vi, Vi, and the coefficients in Table 4. The input and output active powers coincide automatically, and

Using Eq. (3) and Table 4, the following equations are derived for the components of the output voltage reference V and the input current reference I as well as the o i four duty ratios d1, d2, d3, d4:

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hence only the output voltage reference and input phase reference can be controlled. Four expressions, namely, the voltage relationships in Eq. (4), the condition for the sum of duty ratios, and the current relationship in Eq. (6), can be represented by the following matrix equation for duty ratios:

Table 5. Example of switching sequence (input sector: 1 2, output sector: 1, sp: 1 11)

(7)

Let Cd denote the duty coefficient matrix in Eq. (7). The simultaneous equations can be solved by calculation of its inverse matrix. As explained in the previous section, the validity of the selection patterns is checked by confirmation of the existence of the inverse matrix (8) Using the pattern in Table 3 that satisfies Eq. (8), the four duty cycles are found as follows:

(9)

Usually, there is one selection pattern that satisfies Eq. (8). However, two feasible patterns may be available if any of sp = 4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 15, 19 satisfies Eq. (8). These patterns include two levels of PWM voltage (the others include three levels) in the direction of the line voltage vector. As in the method proposed in Ref. 10, we give priority to the twolevel pattern, which is assumed to effectively reduce output voltage harmonics. 2.4 Reduction of commutations in sector transition In the case of PWM using triangular carrier comparison, the pulses are usually output in the order based on the results of comparison between the reference value and the triangular wave. In terms of Table 3, this means that the PWM output is repeated in the order v1 v2 v3 v4 (PWM update) v4 v3 v2 v1 (PWM update) v1 ... . There are two PWM update schedules: at v1 and v4, which correspond to the crest and the valley of the triangular wave. In the repetitive update, the transition is always made in the order of v1 v1 or v4 v4. However, v1 v4 is possible when updating v1, and v4 v1 is possible when updating v4, if the pulse output order is rearranged instantaneously. Such a rearrangement is not needed in most cases but it contributes to the reduction of commuta-

tions and of ripple when the large-medium-small relationship changes for the input/output three-phase reference (sector transition). For example, consider the instant at which the output sector is sector 1, and the input sector changes from sector 1 to sector 2. Suppose that sm1 switches to sm2, and sp switches from 1 to 11 in Table 3. This case is illustrated in Table 5. Usually, the transition takes place from v1 of sp = 1 to v1 of sp = 11, and therefore XS(STT) YS(RRS), and switching occurs in all phases U, V, W. A similar situation appears with the transition at v4. Thus, we apply the procedure of instantaneous rearrangement and modify the switching strategy so that v1 v4 (STT SST), v4 v1 (RSS RRS) only in the case of sector transition. In this example, two phases need not be commutated due to rearrangement. The same also applies to the other sector transitions, and regular optimization is possible. By using this method, transition modes involving all phases are avoided as much as possible, and hence there is a possibility for further reduction of switching loss and suppression of current ripple. 2.5 Control block diagram A control block diagram of the proposed method is given in Fig. 8. The input/output sectors, sector mode, voltage region, and sector change are detected using the input voltage Vi, the output voltage reference V, and the o input phase reference . This information is used to geni erate the switching patterns in Table 3. The duty coefficients for every pattern are read from Table 4, and the duty coefficient matrix Cd in Eq. (7) is derived using the detected value of the output current Io, Eq. (3), and Eq. (6). Then the switching pattern is validated by Eq. (8). In the case of a positive result, the duty cycles are calculated by Eq. (9). If no solution is obtained, then the switching pattern is reconfigured. After rearranging into the optimal switching order, the four space vectors that have been found and their duty ratios are applied to PWM control.

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Fig. 8. Control block diagram of proposed method.

3. Experimental Results and Discussion

3.1 Experimental results for LR load The feasibility of the proposed method was previously confirmed by simulations [8]. In the investigation reported here we performed experiments with a test machine under the conditions listed in Table 6. We used an LR load without current feedback in order to examine the pure PWM characteristics of the proposed method. The experimental results obtained for the conventional virtual indirect method [2, 3] and for the proposed method are shown in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. The waveforms (top to bottom) represent the input phase voltage (R-phase), the input current (R-phase), the output line voltage (UV-phase), and the output current (U-phase). The experimental waveforms agree well with the simulations. In particular, the proposed method offers a better improvement of the output voltage and current waveforms. According to the control strategy (constraints), the output voltage is kept as close to its reference as possible. In addition, the number of PWM pulses used in one control cycle was reduced from 5 to 4, and as a result, the pulses became relatively wider, and the effects of voltage errors caused by commutation were reduced. In the experiments, four-step commutation with detection of the load current

Fig. 9. Experimental results of conventional method.

Table 6. Experimental conditions (LR load)

Fig. 10. Experimental results of proposed method.

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polarity was employed. On the other hand, such modifications as dead-time compensation or power-factor improvement were purposely omitted, since the purpose was appropriate comparison of the PWM characteristics. 3.2 Analytical results We analyzed the experimental results with an LR load in terms of harmonics. The analytical results for the two methods are compared in Fig. 11 (input current), Fig. 12 (output line voltage), and Fig. 13 (output current). As is evident from Figs. 12 and 13, in the proposed method the output harmonics are reduced around the PWM carrier frequency and in the low-order harmonic range produced by commutation errors (fifth, seventh). However, the conventional method proves better for input currents around the PWM frequency, as shown in Fig. 11. As explained in Ref. 8, this is because in the conventional method, the input currents are always composed of vectors with phase differences within 60, while vectors with a phase difference of 120 are also used in the proposed method. In the case of a matrix converter, PWM control is applied simultaneously to the input and output, and hence there is an inevitable trade-off between input and output performance. We then found the total harmonic distortion (up to 50 kHz) of the input current, the output line voltage, and the output current, and compared these results in every voltage region as shown in Fig. 14. For the output voltage and current, the proposed method offers better results in the whole voltage range according to the output-priority strategy. On the other hand, the input current shows slightly higher distortion for the reason given above. However, comparing the THDs of both methods up to 40th order as specified by the Harmonics Guidelines, the influence of the resonant components of the input LC filter and the low-order harmonics is prevailing, and the difference between the conventional method (5.52%) and the proposed method (5.53%) is not large. Regarding the input current THD comparison in Fig. 14(a) and Table 7, the difference in harmonic currents of 40th and higher order (conventional

Fig. 12. FFT analysis comparison of output line voltage.

Fig. 13. FFT analysis comparison of output current.

Fig. 14. Comparison of THD and -value (carrier frequency fc = 12 kHz). Table 7. Comparative chart of THD and -value (V = 173 VRMS) ol

Fig. 11. FFT analysis comparison of input current.

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method: 0.98%, proposed method: 1.67%) is absorbed by the filters capacitor, and the harmonic content increases in the proposed method, which should be considered in the course of design. In addition, we used the results of harmonic analysis for the output line voltage to evaluate the torque ripple as in Eq. (10). The -values that we obtained are given in Fig. 14(d) and Table 7. In the proposed method, the number of switching transitions per PWM control cycle is reduced from 4 to 3 compared to the conventional method, and hence we also show the results obtained with the control frequency fc increased by a factor of 4/3 (16 kHz, corresponding to a carrier frequency of 8 kHz) so as to adjust the average switching frequency to the conventional method: (10) Fig. 16. Experimental results for vector control of induction motor (4-pole, 2.2 kW, 800 min1).

The analytical results too indicate good output performance of the proposed method. In a comparison for equal average switching frequencies, the PWM carrier frequency in the proposed method can be increased, which contributes to the reduction of input current distortion as shown in Fig. 15(a). Thus, harmonic distortion can be generally improved for both the input and output current, as is evident from Fig. 15. In Table 7, the -value is slightly higher at fc = 16 kHz compared to 12 kHz. This may be attributed to a stronger influence of commutation errors on the low-order harmonics at the higher carrier frequency. However, quite good results are obtained compared to the conventional method. Thus, it is evident that the proposed method offers one of the two following advantages over the conventional method. [at equal carrier frequency]: smaller output current distortion and reduced number of commutations

[at equal average switching frequency]: smaller output current distortion and smaller harmonic content of input current The carrier frequency setting depends on the control objectives, equipment capacity, and other factors; however, consideration of the improvement results described above can be helpful in optimal frequency setting. 3.3 Experimental results for motor drive The experimental results of the proposed vector control applied to a four-pole 2.2-kW induction motor (base/maximum speed: 500/2000 min1, rated effective voltage: 124/190 V, rated effective current: 17.0/9.0 A) are given for reference in Fig. 16. The diagram represents low-speed drive at 800 min1 (45% load) but good waveforms were also observed under other conditions. 4. Conclusions We have developed a new method of direct space vector modulation offering efficient utilization of rotating vectors that were previously considered redundant. The control strategy of the proposed method can be chosen arbitrarily, but in this study we gave top priority to output control performance so as to reduce voltage errors and torque ripple caused by the switching sequence of the matrix converter. Furthermore, we reduced the number of commutations per PWM control cycle from 4 (conventional method) to 3. We also optimized the switching patterns in the sector transition of the space vectors, and presented an algorithm to reduce the sources of waveform ripple. The

Fig. 15. Comparison of THD and -value (at same average switching frequency).

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feasibility and efficiency of these proposals were confirmed by experiments and analysis. In particular, compared to the conventional method at equal average switching frequency, the proposed method offers generally good results that include not only high output performance but also improvement of input current distortion. In further research, we plan to make quantitative estimates of various characteristics, such as switching loss reduction, the effect of input harmonic currents (that increases because of the output-priority strategy) on heat buildup and loss in the input LC filter, and the EMC improvement effect, and to compare these characteristics of the proposed method with other methods. REFERENCES 1. Present state and future trends of direct AC power conversion circuits and related technologies. IEE Japan Technical Report No. 998, 2005. 2. Huber L, Borejevic D. Space vector modulated threephase to three-phase matrix converter with input power factor correction. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 1995;31:12341246. 3. Cha HJ, Enjeti PN. An approach to reduce commonmode voltage in matrix converter. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2003;39(4). 4. Ishiguro A, Furuhashi T, Ishida M, Okuma S, Uchikawa Y. Output voltage control method of PWM-controlled cycloconverters with space vectors. Trans IEE Japan 1990;110-D:655663. (in Japanese) 5. Helle L, Larsen KB, Jorgenson AH, Munk-Nielsen S, Blaabjerg F. Evaluation of modulation schemes for

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three-phase to three-phase matrix converters. IEEE Trans Ind Electronics 2004;51:158171. Mutschler P, Marcks M. A direct control method for matrix converters. IEEE Trans Ind Electronics 2002;49:362369. Tadano Y, Urushibata S, Nomura M, Ashikaga T. A study of space vector modulation method for threephase to three-phase matrix converter. Proc Ind Appl Soc Inf IEE-Japan 2006, I-87, pp 481484. (in Japanese) Tadano Y, Urushibata S, Nomura M, Sato Y, Ishida M. Direct space vector PWM strategies for threephase to three-phase matrix converter. IEEE Proc 4th Power Conversion Conf (PCC-Nagoya/Japan), April 2007, LS4-1-3, pp 10641071. Hamada S, Tadano Y. The conversion method of switching patterns in space vector modulated matrix converter. Proc Ind Appl Soc Conf IEE-Japan 2007, I-13, pp 215218. (in Japanese) Takeshita T, Andou Y. PWM control of three-phase to three-phase matrix converters for reducing a number of commutations. Trans IEE Japan 2007;127D:805812. (in Japanese) Tadano Y, Urushibata S, Nomura M Direct space vector PWM strategy for matrix converter with reduced number of switching transitions. 2007 National Convention Record IEE Japan, 4-099, pp 155156, 2007. (in Japanese) Tadano Y, Nomura M, Sato Y, Ishida M. Direct space vector PWM strategy in matrix converter that gives top priority to the improvement of the output control performance. Proc Ind Appl Soc Conf IEE-Japan 2007, I-O4-4, pp 97102. (in Japanese)

AUTHORS (from left to right)

Yugo Tadano (member) completed the first stage of the doctoral program at Mie University in 2002 and joined Meidensha Corp. He is now affiliated with the Product Development group. His research interests are control techniques for power electronics devices.

Shizunori Hamada (member) completed the first stage of the doctoral program at Shimane University in 2006 and joined Meidensha Corp. He is now affiliated with the Product Development group. His research interest is power electronics.

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AUTHORS (continued) (from left to right)

Shota Urushibata (member) completed the M.E. program at Toyohashi Institute of Technology in 2003 and joined Meidensha Corp. He is now affiliated with the Product Development group. His research interest is power electronics. Masakatsu Nomura (senior member) completed the first stage of the doctoral program at Nagoya University in 1977 and joined Meidensha Corp. He is now a chief engineer in the Product Development group. His research interests are dynamic measurement, FA measurement and control technologies, and power electronics in general. Yukihiko Sato (senior member) completed the M.E. program at Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1988 and joined the faculty as a research associate, becoming an associate professor in 1996. He was appointed an associate professor at Chiba University in 2001, and has been a professor since 2004. His research and education interests are semiconductor power converters and electric machines. He holds a D.Eng. degree. Muneaki Ishida (senior member) completed the doctoral program at Nagoya University in 1980 and joined the faculty as a research associate. He became an associate professor at Mie University in 1987, and a professor in 1996. His research and education interests are semiconductor power converters, automated measurement and control, energy systems, motor control and general power electronics. He holds a D.Eng. degree.

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