Anais Do X Enc. Sobre Abelhas

ANAIS DO X ENCONTRO SOBRE ABELHAS
RIBEIRÃO PRETO
ii
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)

(Câmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil)
Encontro sobre Abelhas (10. : 2012 : Ribeirão Preto, SP)

Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas. -- Ribeirão Preto, SP :
FUNPEC Editora, 2012.
Vários organizadores.
1. Abelhas - Congressos.
12-08896 CDD-595.79906
Índices para catálogo sistemático:

1. Congressos : Abelhas : Zoologia 595.79906
Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas. Ribeirão Preto. 2012

Simões, Z.L.P.; Bitondi, M.M.G.; Bomtorin, A.D.; Nascimento, F.S.
Número de páginas.
533
R. Floriano Peixoto, 2444 – Alto da Boa Vista – 14025-220 Ribeirão Preto, SP

Tel.: (16) 3620-1251 · Fax: (16) 3621-1991
www.livrariafunpecrp.com.br – livros@funpecrp.com.br
iii
ANAIS DO X ENCONTRO SOBRE ABELHAS

RIBEIRÃO PRETO
25 a 28 de julho de 2012
Hotel JP, Ribeirão Preto
Comissão Organizadora
Fabio Santos do Nascimento Presidente

Ana Durvalina Bomtorin Vice-Presidente
Ademilson Espencer Egea Soares 1º Secretário
Denise de Araújo Alves 2º Secretário
Carlos Alberto Garófalo 1º Tesoureiro
Sidnei Mateus 2º Tesoureiro
Klaus Hartfelder Relações Internacionais
David de Jong Relações Internacionais
Comissão Científica
Zilá Luz Paulino Simões Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi

Ana Durvalina Bomtorin Ana Rita T. O. Baptistella
Aline B. Santos Daniela L. do Nascimento
Érica D. Tanaka Juliana S. G. Teixeira
Francis M.F. Nunes Ivelize T. Nascimento
Liliane M.F. Macedo Marcia Cavichio Issa
Mauro Prato Maria Juliana F. Caliman
Rogério A. Pereira Tiago F. Lopes
Apoio
Aline B. Santos Aline P. Turcatto

Aline C. R. Andrade Clycie AP. Da Silva Machado
Ana Rita T. O. Baptistella Danielle C. J. Santos
Daniela L. do Nascimento Érica D. Tanaka
Denise A. Alves Gustavo J Tibério
Glaucya de F. Mecca Joyce M. V. Almeida
Ivelize T. Nascimento Lucas A. Oliveira
Mauro Prato Lucas G. von Zuben
Márcia R. C. Issa Maria Juliana F. Caliman
Rogério A. Pereira Pedro Roberto Prado
Sidnei Mateus Tiago F. Lopes
iv
Patrocinadores
FAPESP
CAPES
Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação-USP
Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, FFCLRP-USP
Pós-Graduação em Genética, FMRP-USP
Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada, FFCLRP-USP
Natucentro Própolis
Uniscience
6-P Marketing & Propaganda
FUNPEC Editora
Deltaseg Seguros e Mapfre Seguros
v
Prefácio
O Encontro Sobre Abelhas, realizado a cada dois anos em Ribeirão Preto, celebra sua 10ª. edi-
ção em 2012 e oferece à seus participantes cinco conferências plenárias e 17 simpósios nas diversas
áreas da biologia, ecologia, genética e comportamento de abelhas em geral, servindo como uma vi-
trine da pesquisa sobre abelhas no Brasil. Para o X Encontro estão inscritas mais de 400 estudantes
de graduação, pós-graduação e profissionais, além da participação de mais de 80 palestrantes. Nessa
edição temos também a apresentação de 320 trabalhos na forma de pôsteres (painéis). Convém res-
saltar que todos os resumos estão redigidos em inglês, o que aumenta a visibilidade dos resultados
dos participantes e palestrantes. Os resumos estão divididos por áreas afins como: Ecologia de abe-
lhas nativas, Biologia e manejo de abelhas africanizadas, Biologia da polinização, Pragas, parasitas
e doenças de abelhas tropicais, Conservação da biodiversidade de abelhas tropicais, Produtos das
abelhas, Avanços em genética e fisiologia de abelhas, Avanços em criação de abelhas, Sistemática e
biogeografia de abelhas, Ninhos de abelhas, Comportamento de abelhas e Outros.
Além destes, teremos uma Mesa Redonda com os renomados pesquisadores brasileiros: Prof.
Dr. Paulo Nogueira-Neto, Prof. Dr. Lionel S. Gonçalves, Profa. Dra. Vera L. Imperatriz-Fonseca e
Prof. Dr. Carlos A. Garófalo, que discutirão experiências e perspectivas sobre as pesquisas sobre abe-
lhas melíferas, sem-ferrão e solitárias. Nessa edição o tema é “Um século de pesquisas no Brasil” e
os homenageados são os Professores Paulo Nogueira-Neto e Warwick E. Kerr, dois dos mais proemi-
nentes cientistas brasileiros que certamente contribuíram diretamente ou indiretamente na formação
de várias gerações de pesquisadores de abelhas no Brasil
O X Encontro Sobre Abelhas de Ribeirão Preto receberá pesquisadores de vários países (Ale-
manha, Argentina, Austrália, Áustria, Estados Unidos, Holanda, Nova Zelândia e Venezuela) além de
um grande contingente de Pesquisadores do Brasil, de Norte a Sul do País. Temos muitos palestrantes
ilustres em toda a programação e entre as palestras selecionadas, vamos ouvir sobre Next-generation
sequencing: researching for the next generation, com plenária de Zilá Luz Paulino Simões; Perfume
biology of orchid bees: advances in the last sesquidecade, com plenária de Thomas Eltz; Delayed
hospicidal behavior Or Why do certain cleptoparasitic bees wait to kill host offspring?, com plenária
de Jerome G. Rozen Jr.; Economy of the honey bee colony, com plenária de Karl Crailsheim.
Agradecemos o apoio financeiro recebido das agências de fomento à pesquisa científica:

FAPESP, Capes, Universidade de São Paulo, através da pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação, Departamento
de Biologia (FFCLRP-USP) e Genética (FMRP-USP) e dos Programas de Pós-Graduação locais. O
empenho das comissões organizadora e científica e de Apoio deste evento foi no sentido de mostrarmos
o cenário geral de pesquisas com abelhas no Brasil e no mundo, e os meus agradecimentos especiais
vão às comissões que trabalharam arduamente para realização e sucesso deste evento
Fábio S. Nascimento
Presidente do X Encontro sobre Abelhas de Ribeirão Preto
vi
INDICE
Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas, 2012

Ribeirão Preto – SP – Brasil
vii
P L E N Á R IA S
NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING: SEARCHING

FOR THE NEXT GENERATION 2
Zilá Luz Paulino Simões
HONEYBEE INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY: LINKING BEHAVIOR

AND SOCIOBIOLOGY OF A CROP POLLINATOR 3
Farina, Walter M.
PERFUME BIOLOGY OF ORCHID BEES:

ADVANCES IN THE LAST SESQUIDECADE 4
Thomas Eltz
DELAYED HOSPICIDAL BEHAVIOR OR WHY DO CERTAIN

CLEPTOPARASITIC BEES WAIT TO KILL HOST OFFSPRING? 5
Jerome G. Rozen, Jr.
ECONOMY OF THE HONEYBEE COLONY 6

Karl Crailsheim
ME S A R E D O N D A
AS RAIZES DOS ESTUDOS SOBRE ABELHAS MELIPONINI 8
Paulo Nogueira-Neto
S I M P Ó SIO S
SIMPÓSIO 1
COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR RESEARCH ON POLLINATORS 12
Coordenadores: Antonio Mauro Saraiva / Tereza Cristina Giannini

viii
CHANGES IN PLANT-FLOWER VISITOR COMMUNITIES

THROUGH TIME AND SPACE 13
Dr. Jacobus Biesmeijer
AVALIAÇÃO DOS SERVIÇOS AMBIENTAIS DE POLINIZAÇÃO E

QUALIDADE DO HABITAT 14
Dr. Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha
MODELOS DE SIMULAÇÃO: DESAFIOS E POSSIBILIDADES PARA

EXPLORAR EFEITOS DA PAISAGEM SOBRE AS ABELHAS 15
Dr. Milton Ribeiro
MARGINAL CONTRIBUTION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES TO

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY 16
Dr. Lucas Garibaldi
THE RESEARCH CENTER ON BIODIVERSITY

AND COMPUTING - BIOCOMP 19
Dr. Antonio Mauro Saraiva
SIMPÓSIO 2
CCD AND CONSEQUENCES TO AGRIBUSINESS 23
Coordenador: Lionel S. Gonçalves
CONSEQUÊNCIAS DO DESAPARECIMENTO (CCD) DAS

ABELHAS NO AGRONEGÓCIO APÍCOLA INTERNACIONAL E
EM ESPECIAL NO BRASIL 24
Dr. Lionel Segui Gonçalves
LOSSES OF OVERWINTERING HONEYBEE COLONIES

IN GERMANY: THE BEE MONITORING PROJECT 26
Dr. Wolf Engels
COLAPSO DE COLÔNIAS DE ABELHAS AFRICANIZADAS

NO SUDESTE DO BRASIL 27
Dr. Dejair Message

ix
COLONY COLLAPSE DISEASE IN THE USA AND

CONSEQUENCES FOR BRAZILIAN BEEKEEPING 28
Dr. David de Jong
SIMPÓSIO 3
POPULATION GENETICS OF SOLITARY AND SOCIAL BEES 29
Coordenadores: Marco A. Del Lama
SUCCESSFUL MAINTENANCE OF A STINGLESS BEE

POPULATION DESPITE A SEVERE GENETIC BOTTLENECK 30
Dra. Denise A. Alves
Bombus Morio IS STILL RESISTANT TO HABITAT LOSS 31

Dra. Maria Cristina Arias
FINE SCALE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF Euglossa AND

Eulaema POPULATIONS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE:
EUGLOSSINI) FROM SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL 32
Dr. Marco Antonio Del Lama
GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION DECLINES IN

SOLITARY BEES: IS THERE A PATTERN? 33
Dra. Margarita M. Lopéz-Uribe
CONSERVATION GENETICS OF MELIPONINI BEES 34

MSc. Helder C. Resende
SIMPÓSIO 4
DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY AND THE
EVOLUTION OF SOCIALITY 35
Coordenador: A. Roberto Barchuk
MORPHOGENESIS OF THE COMPOUND EYE IN THE

HONEY BEE, Apis mellifera 36
MSc. David Santos Marco Antônio

x
NUTRITION, GENES, AND THE DIFFERENTIAL

BRAIN MORPHOGENESIS IN HONEYBEES 37
Dra. Lívia Maria Rosatto Moda
WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOME BY NEXT-GENERATION

SEQUENCING TO ANALYZE CASTE DETERMINATION
IN MELIPONA STINGLESS BEES 38
Dr. Carlos Ueira Vieira
microRNA-mRNA EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN FAT

BODIES OF HONEYBEE FEMALES ARE LINKED TO THE
REGULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE STATUS 39
Dra. Karina Rosa Guidugli-Lazzarini
MECHANISMS OF PLASTICITY IN THE HONEYBEE 40

Dra. Elizabeth Duncan
SIMPÓSIO 5
BEE PATHOLOGY 41
Coordenador: David De Jong
DISAPPEARING KEYSTONE OF AGRICULTURE??? ROLE OF

PATHOGENS AND STRESS IN THE DECLINE OF HONEY BEE
COLONIES AND POTENTIAL IMPACT ON OTHER POLLINATORS 42
Dra. Diana Cox-Foster
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO CONTROL MAIN

DISEASES OF HONEY BEES IN ARGENTINA 43
Dra. Marina Basualdo
PROBLEMAS ATUAIS NA SANIDADE APÍCOLA NO SUL DO BRASIL 44

Dr. Aroni Sattler
NEW AND EXOTIC BEE DISEASES –

A THREAT FOR BRAZILIAN APICULTURE AND AGRICULTURE 46
Dr. David De Jong

xi
SIMPÓSIO 6
TROPHIC NICHE AND BEE/PLANT INTERACTION 47
Coordenadores: Isabel Alves do Santos/ Claudia Inês da Silva
TEMPORAL VARIATION IN A PLANT-POLLINATOR

NETWORK FROM MENDOZA, ARGENTINA 48
Dra. Natacha Chacoff
ADULT POLLEN AND NECTAR NEEDS OF A SOLITARY BEE

(Nomia melanderi) (APIFORMES: HALICTIDAE) 49
Dr. James H. Cane
POLLINATION NETWORKS: MOSAICS OF SMALL WORLDS 50

Dr. Marco A. R. Mello
AMPLITUDE E SOBREPOSIÇÃO DE NICHO ENTRE ESPÉCIES DE

ABELHAS COM DIFERENTES ESTRATÉGIAS DE FORRAGEAMENTO 51
Dra. Claudia Inês da Silva
ESPECIALIZAÇÃO NA DIETA DE CENTRIS (Paracentris)

burgdorfi FRIESE, 1900 (APIDAE, CENTRIDINI) 53
Dra. Isabel Alves dos Santos
SIMPÓSIO 7
COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY: PATHS TO BE FOLLOWED
FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF BEE DIVERSITY 54
Coordenador: Eduardo A. B. Almeida
A SUPERMATRIX APPROACH TO RESOLVING 55

BEE HIGHER-LEVEL PHYLOGENY
Dr. Bryan N. Danforth
THE “HEADS-OR-TAILS” OF EGG DEPOSITION AMONG

CLEPTOPARASITIC APINAE OR HOW THE MELECTINI
AND ERICROCIDINI DEPOSIT THEIR EGGS 56
Dr. Jerome G. Rozen, Jr

xii
ETHOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP WITHIN MELIPONINA,

WITH EMPHASIS ON Partamona AND Parapartamona 57
Dra. Gisele Garcia Azevedo
ONE OR MANY SPECIES: PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND

SPECIATION IN Schwarziana STINGLESS BEES 61
Dr. Gabriel A. R. Melo
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CHANGES ON NEOTROPICAL

POLLINATORS: COMPARATIVE MULTI-LOCUS PHYLOGEOGRAPHY
OF THREE ORCHID BEE SPECIES 62
Dra. Margarita M. Lopez-Uribe
SIMPÓSIO 8
POLLINATION 63
Coordenador: Breno Freitas
USING THE OIL-COLLECTING BEE Centris (Heterocentris)

analis (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE: CENTRIDINI) FOR POLLINATION
OF ACEROLA (Malpighia emarginata DC) INCREASES YIELD 64
Breno Magalhães Freitas, Celso Braga Magalhães
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CROP POLLINATION IN THE UK:

A COMBINED FIELD, MODELING, SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL APPROACH 65
Dr. Jacobus Biesmeijer
GEF POLLINATORS PROJECT - POLLINATION,

BIODIVERSITY AND FOOD SECURITY 66
Dr. Helio Jorge
USE OF STINGLESS BEES FOR THE POLLINATION OF

MINI WATERMELON IN GREENHOUSE 67
MSc. Isac Bomfim
THE VALUE OF MALE BEES IN POLLINATION:

Peponapis BEES AND CULTIVATED Cucurbita 68
Dr. James Cane

xiii
SIMPÓSIO 9
STUDENTS SYMPOSIUM 1 69
Coordenador: Ana Durvalina Bomtorin
DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN

DIETS AS NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR HONEY BEES
(APIS MELLIFERA) 70
MSc. Aline Turcato
HAIRY LEGS: DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION DURING LEG DISC

DEVELOPMENT IN HONEY BEE (Apis mellifera) LARVAE 71
MSc. Carolina Gonçalves Santos
OCCURRENCE OF SEXUALS AND MATING FREQUENCY IN

QUEENRIGHT COLONIES OF TETRAGONISCA ANGUSTULA
LATREILLE (APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 72
MSc. Mauro Prato
GENES CUTICULARES DIFERENCIALMENTE EXPRESSOS DURANTE

EVENTOS DA METAMORFOSE DE Apis mellifera 73
Michelle Soares¹*, Angel Barchuk², Ana Simões3, Zilá Simões1, Márcia Bitondi1
ECR RESPONSIVE GENES AND miRNAs DURING

Apis mellifera PUPAL DEVELOPMENT 75
MSc. Tathyanna Rachel Mello
SIMPÓSIO 10
BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY OF BEES 76
Coordenador: Fábio S. Nascimento
SPERM MIXING OR LAST MALE PRECEDENCE? PATERNITY

IN POLYANDROUS, TERRITORIAL WOOL-CARDER BEES,
Anthidium manicatum 77
Eltz, T., Pasternak, V., Brandt, P., Lampert, K.P., Leese, F.,

xiv
BODY SIZE AND RESOURCE FLUCTUATION IN

STINGLESS BEES (APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 78
Felipe Andrés León Contrera , Jamille Costa Veiga , Cristiano Menezes , Giorgio Cristino Venturieri2
1 1 2
INDIVIDUAL LEARNING IN CHEMICAL RECRUITMENT

COMMUNICATION IN STINGLESS BEES 79
Dr. Stefan Jarau
COGNITION: THE ROUTE OF A FORAGER WORKER BEE. 80

Dra. Ana Carolina Roselino
SIMPÓSIO 11
THE REBIRTH OF MORPHOMETRICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 81
Coordenador: Tiago M. Francoy
A TRIANGULATED APPROACH USED TO DELIMIT THE SPECIES

WITHIN THE GENUS Austroplebeia (APIDAE: MELIPONINAE) 82
Dra. Megan Halcroft
GENETIC-MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF Melipona SUBNITIDA

(APIDAE, MELIPONINI) POPULATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL 83
MSc. Vanessa Bonatti
GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS OF POPULATIONS OF Mourella

CAERULEA ON RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL 84
MSc. Juliana Galaschi
APLICAÇÕES DA MORFOMETRIA GEOMÉTRICA EM ESTUDOS

SOBRE ABELHAS EUSSOCIAIS NO BRASIL 85
Dr. Edilson Araújo
FUZZY LOGIC AND STATISTIC ANALISYS APPLIED

FOR BEES CLASSIFICATION 86
Ms. André Riyuiti Hirakawa

xv
SIMPÓSIO 12
BEES AND CLIMATE CHANGES 87
Coordenador: Vera L. Imperatriz-Fonseca
DIAPAUSA REPRODUTIVA EM MELIPONÍNEOS 88

Dra. Márcia Ribeiro
THE POLLEN AND THE PROTEIN OF THE LARVAL FOOD

OF Melipona subnitida DURING THE DRY SEASON 89
Dra. Patrícia Nunes Silva
ASSESSING THE STATUS OF WILD AND MANAGED

HONEYBEE POPULATIONS IN EUROPE 90
Dr. Rodolfo Jaffé
ADAPTIVE THERMAL STRATEGIES OF BEES 91

Michael Hrncir
CURRENT AND FUTURE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

OF JANDAÍRA: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS 93
Tereza Cristina Giannini , André Luis Acosta , Fernando Zanella , Tiago Mauricio Francoy ,
1* 1 2 1
Antonio Mauro Saraiva1, Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca1
SIMPÓSIO 13
GLOBAL ANALYSES OF BEES 97
Coordenadoras: Zilá L. P. Simões/Márcia M. G. Bitondi
NUTRITIONAL REGULATION OF DIVISION OF LABOR

AND HONEY BEE HEALTH 98
Dr. Miguel Corona
MEMBERS OF MOLECULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS

UNDERLYING HIND LEG DEVELOPMENT IN HONEYBEE CASTES 99
MSc. Ana Durvalina Bomtorin
microRNA REGULATION OF OLFACTORY LEARNING

AND MEMORY IN HONEYBEES. 100
Dr. Alexandre dos Santos Cristino
xvi
BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS OF NON-CODING RNA

CANDIDATES IN HYMENOPTERAN SPECIES 102
Dr. Alexandre Pascoal
BEE PROTEOMICS: ANSWERING OLD QUESTIONS WITH

TOOLS NOT THAT OLD 103
MSc. André Micas
SIMPÓSIO 14
CONFLICT, COORDINATION AND
COOPERATION IN STINGLESS BEES 104
Coordenadores: Denise de Araújo Alves/ Michael Hrncir
STINGLESS BEE FORAGING - A MODEL SYSTEM TO STUDY

CONFLICTS, COORDINATION AND COOPERATION AMONG
SOCIAL INSECT COLONIES 105
Dr. Michael Hrncir
CHEMICAL PROFILES OF STINGLESS BEES: FOOTPRINTS OF

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AND GLOBAL HISTORY 107
Sara D Leonhardt , Nico Blüthgen , Helen Wallace , Claus Rasmussen , Thomas Schmitt
1 2 3 4 2
A MORPHOLOGICALLY SPECIALIZED SOLDIER CASTE IMPROVES

COLONY DEFENCE IN A NEOTROPICAL EUSOCIAL BEE 108
Dr. Cristiano Menezes
POLLEN FORAGING AND BROOD CELL CONSTRUCTION IN

Melipona subnitida (APIDAE, MELIPONINI): THE EFFECT
OF THE AMOUNT OF POLLEN STORED WITHIN THE NEST 109
MSc. Camila Maia Silva
REPRODUCTIVE SKEW, MALE PARENTAGE AND SOCIAL

PARASITISM IN THE FACULTATIVELY POLYGYNE EUSOCIAL
BEE Melipona bicolor 111
Denise Araujo Alves , Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca , Johan Billen , Tom Wenseleers
1,2 2 3 3

xvii
SIMPÓSIO 15
STUDENTS SYMPOSIUM 2 112
Coordenadoras: Daniela L. Nascimento/ Aline Borba dos Santos
SEXUAL ATTRACTION OF MALES TO VIRGIN AND

PHYSOGASTRIC QUEENS OF Tetragonisca angustula –
BIOASSAYS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 113
MSc. Charles Santos
FORAGING OF FRIESEOMELITTA VARIA (LEPELETIER, 1836)

(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE: MELIPONINI) IN A URBAN LANDSCAPE 114
MSc. Kátia Aleixo
THE MECHANISMS OF TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN NESTS

OF THE STINGLESS BEE Melipona scutellaris
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 115
MSc. Yara Roldão
ACEROLA POLLINATORS AND THEIR NESTING ACTIVITIES 116

MSc. Morgana Sazan
FREQUENCY AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS IN THE OIL PLANTS

AND OIL BEES INTERACTION 117
MSc. Carlos Eduardo Pinto
SIMPÓSIO 16
NUTRITION AND HEALTH OF BEES 118
Coordenadora: Michelle M. Moraes
HONEY BEE NUTRITION 119

Dr. Karl Crailsheim
EVALUATION OF NATURAL DIETS OF HONEY BEES

(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) BY PROTEIN MEASUREMENT
OF FAT BODY AND HEMOLYMPH 120
Dra. Marina Basualdo

xviii
HONEY BEE CREPUSCULAR FORAGING BEHAVIOR: EXPLOITATIVE

COMPETITION WITH NATIVE BEES ON Spondias mombin 121
MSc. Liedson Tavares Carneiro
THE ROLE OF USEFUL MICROORGANISMS FOR STINGLESS

BEES AND STINGLESS BEEKEEPING 122
Dr. Cristiano Menezes
SIMPÓSIO 17
PROPOLIS 123
Coordenador: Ademilson Espencer E. Soares
PRÓPOLIS – UM NOVO OLHAR: DO CAMPO AO

INTERIOR DA COLMÉIA 124
MSc. Omar Arvey Martinez
PRÓPOLIS BRASILEIRA – DIVERSIDADE E BIOPROSPECÇÃO 125

Dra. Esther Margarida Ferreira Bastos
POTENCIAL DA PRÓPOLIS PARA DESENVOLVIMENTO

DE NOVAS DROGAS 127
Dr. José Maurício Sforcin
OS MECANISMOS DE LETALIDADE ENVOLVIDOS NA

AÇÃO ANTIFÚNGICA DA PRÓPOLIS 128
Dra. Andresa Aparecida Berretta e Silva
RE SU MO S
ECOLOGIA DE ABELHAS NATIVAS 130
A SINGLE FLORAL SCENT COMPOUND ATTRACTS OLIGOLECTIC

BEE POLLINATORS: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN Hydrocleys
martii (ALISMATACEAE) AND Protodiscelis palpalis (COLLETIDAE,
NEOPASIPHAEINAE) 131
Autores: Airton Torres Carvalho *; Stefan Dörterl, ; Clemens Schlindwein
1 2 3

xix
ON THE DEFINITION OF THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF

EUGLOSSINE BEES´ COMMUNITIES 133
Autores: Alejandro Parra-H *; Carlos Alberto Garófalo
1 1
BEES VISITORS OF TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum MILLER)

IN OPEN FIELD 134
Autores: Alexandre Oliveira Resende Santos¹*; Bruno Ferreira Bartelli¹; Marcela Yamamoto²;
Fernanda Helena Nogueira-Ferreira¹
EFFECT OF TOXICITY OF NECTAR AND POLLEN OF AFRICAN

TULIP TREE (Spathodea campanulata) ON Melipona fasciculata
AND M. seminigra (APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 135
Autores: Ana Carolina Martins de Queiroz *, Giorgio Cristino Venturieri,
Giulia Rury Venturieri, Moises Cordeiro Mourão de O. Junior
POLLINATION SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE:

ECOLOGICAL MODELING APPLIED TO Passiflora edulis . 136
Autores: Andre Luis Acosta *, Paola Marchi , Tereza Cristina Giannini ,
1 1 1
Vera Lúcia Imperatriz-Fonseca1, Antônio Mauro Saraiva2
MONITORING EUGLOSSINE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)

AS BIOINDICATORS IN A FRAGMENT OF CERRADO. 137
Autores: André L. Gobatto¹*; Fatima R. N. Knoll¹
POPULATION ASSESSMENT OF ORCHID BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE)

DURING THE DRY AND WET SEASONS IN A CERRADO AREA AT THE
PARQUE ESTADUAL DO BIRIBIRI, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL 138
Autores: Brenda Barbosa Rocha; Anete Pedro Lourenço
MEGACHILIDAE BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEA) IN TRAP

NESTS IN THE RESERVA BIOLÓGICA UNIÃO, RJ 139
Autores: Bruno Nunes da Silva Mello; Maria Cristina Gaglianone
PHILOPATRIC AND DISPERSION BEHAVIORS PERFORMED BY

EMERGING FEMALES OF CARPENTER BEES IN TRAP-NESTS 140
Autores: Henrique Lomônaco Pedroso *; Thiago Arduini Antônio ;
1 1
Camila Nonato Junqueira1; Laíce Souza Rabelo1; Solange Cristina Augusto1

xx
MORPHOMETRIC STRUCTURE OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE

AGGREGATIONS OF THE STINGLESS BEE Tetragonisca angustula 141
Autores: Charles Fernando dos Santos¹*; Tiago Maurício Francoy²,
Maria Cristina Arias³; Vera Lúcia Imperatriz-Fonseca4,5
PATTERNS OF HABITAT USE BY SOCIAL BEES (HYMENOPTERA,

APIDAE, MELIPONINI) IN AN ATLANTIC RAINFOREST LANDSCAPE:
MICHELIN ECOLOGICAL RESERVE - BAHIA STATE 142
Autores: Daniela Monteiro¹*, Marília Dantas e Silva¹, Mauro Ramalho¹.
THE CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS PROFILES IN THE

STINGLESS BEE Melipona scutellaris REFLECT
TASK-RELATED DIFFERENCES 143
Autores: Danielle Caroline de Jesus Santos¹*,
Maria Juliana Ferreira-Caliman¹, Fábio Santos Nascimento¹
PREFERENCE TO DIFFERENT SCENT BAITS AND SEASONAL

VARIATION IN ACTIVITY OF MALE EUGLOSSINE BEES
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI) IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL 144
Autores: Douglas Caldeira Giangarelli¹*, Silvia Helena Sofia².
THE EFFICIENCY OF TWO METHODS OF BAIT-TRAPPING, USING

CHEMICAL FRAGRANCES, FOR SURVEYING OF THE EUGLOSSINE
FAUNA (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI) IN A REMNANT OF
DENSE RAIN FOREST IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL 145
THE FLOWER VISITING BEES OF Senna macranthera ,

Bauhinia blakeana AND Tecoma stans IN LONDRINA,
PARANÁ STATE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL 146
Autores: Maria Cecilia Fiordoliva Ferronato, Eliza Tanaka, Natália Uemura, Silvia Helena Sofia.
INFLUENCE OF NESTING SITES AND FOOD AVAILABILITY ON

NEST DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION AND SPECIES DIVERSITY OF
MELIPONINI (APOIDEA: APIDAE) IN THREE VEGETATION TYPES
OF CERRADO IN ITIRAPINA-SP 147
Autores: Fabiana Curtopassi Pioker-Hara; Astrid de Matos Peixoto Kleinert.

xxi
EVALUATION OF ATTRACTIVENESS OF Solanum viarum

DUNAL FOR BEES AND CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT ITS USE IN
CROP CULTIVE’S EDGES 148
Autores: Felipe Gonçalves Brocanelli*; Gleiciani Bürger Patricio;
Paula Carolina Mantagnana; Bruno Barufatti Grisolia; Maria José de Oliveira Campos.
BEE ASSEMBLAGES ON FLOWERS OF COTTON: DETERMINING

INDICATOR SPECIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ANALYSIS 149
Autores: Carmen S.S. Pires *, Fernando A. Silveira , David A. Andow ,
1 2 3
Carolina F. Cardoso2, Edison R. Sujii1, Débora P. Paula1, Eliana M. G. Fontes1,

Joseane P. da Silva1, Sandra M. M. Rodrigues4.
RAPID SURVEY OF ORCHID BEE FAUNA (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE)

IN A CERRADO AREA IN THE PARQUE ESTADUAL DO RIO PRETO,
MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL 150
Autores: Francisco Medeiros Martins*; Nathália Ribeiro Henriques; Anete Pedro Lourenço.
DAILY FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides

LEPELETIER (HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE; MELIPONINI) IN
CRUZ DAS ALMAS, BAHIA STATE 151
Autores: Eliaber Barros Santos ; Gesline F. de Almeida ; Patricia Faquinello ;
1 2 2
Meiby Carneiro de Paula Leite3; Carlos Alfredo Lopes de Carvalho3; Filipe Costa Lima4
DEVELOPMENT OF THE Melipona rufiventris AND Melipona

quadrifasciata COLONIES IN A NATURAL REGENERATION AREA 152
Autores: Giselle Alves Martins, Jaqueline Eterna Batista,
Fernanda Helena Nogueira-Ferreira
THE POLLEN SPECTRUM OF THE PROPOLIS OF STINGLESS BEE

TUBI - Scaptotrigona aff. postica LATREILLE, 1807 (HYMENOPTERA:
APIDAE: MELIPONINI) – IN BARRA DO
CORDA, MA, BR 153
Autores: Helder Rocha de Souza ; Angela Maria da Silva Corrêa ;
1,3 2
Maria Amélia Vitorino da Cruz-Barros2; Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque3
PROTEIN VALUES OF POLLEN COLLECTED BY THE STINGLESS

BEE Melipona quadrifasciata (APIDAE) 154
Autores: Hipólito F. P. Neto *; Geusa S. Freitas ; Ivan de Castro ;
1 2 1
Vera L. I. Fonseca1; Carlos A. Garófalo1

xxii
SEASONAL CYCLE, RATE OF PARASITISM AND SEX RATIO OF

Epicharis (Epicharoides) picta (APIDAE: CENTRIDINI) 155
Autores: Hugo de Azevedo Werneck¹*; Lúcio Antônio de Oliveira Campos²
FORAGING Tetragona clavipes (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE): RESOURCES

AND INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS 156
Autores: Iago Pedro Filipin1*; Fátima do Rosário N. Knoll1
QUEEN CHOICE IN THE STINGLESS BEE

Melipona flavolineata (APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 157
Autores: Jamille Costa Veiga¹*; Cristiano Menezes²
DIVERSITY OF TRAP-NESTING BEES IN A MOSAIC

LANDSCAPE IN CHAPADA DIAMANTINA – BAHIA, BRAZIL 158
Autores: Jeferson Gabriel da Encarnação Coutinho , Lady Catalina Angel-Coca ,
1 1
Juliana Hipólito1, Thiago Mahlmann2, Blandina Felipe Viana1
EUGLOSSINI BEES IN A SEASONAL SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST

OF VITÓRIA DA CONQUISTA, BA. 159
Autores: Moana Americano-Santos, Jéssica Figueredo-Campos, Letícia Gozzer,
Lucas Ramos Caeiro, Juliana Novais Farias, Jéssica Fernandes Padre,
Raquel Rodrigues Silva, Thalana Souza Santos Silva, Raquel Pérez-Maluf.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HONEY

PRODUCED BY Melipona quadrifasciata COLONIES
RECEIVING FOOD SUPPLEMENTS. 160
Autores: Josiane A. Carvalho1*, Flávio Cruz1, Rubens M. de Castro1,
Angel R. Barchuk2, Isabel R.V. Teixeira1.
MONITORING OF SURVIVAL RATE OF STINGLESS BEES IN RESERVE

RPNH MOUNT SINAI (MAUÁ DA SERRA-PR) RESCUED FROM THE
FLOODING AREA OF THE DAM MAUÁ (TELÊMACO BORBA-PR). 161
Autores: Juliana Benassi Marinho1*, Juliana Rodrigues Casoni1,
Edson A. Proni1, Oilton J. D. Macieira1, Willian Luiz da Cunha2.
FILAMENTOUS FUNGUS GROWS INSIDE BROOD CELLS

OF Melipona Bees AND IS EATEN BY LARVAE. 162
Autores: Kamila de Sousa Leão¹*, Cristiano Menezes²,
Joyce Caroline da Silva Teixeira³, Juliane Brito da Silva³.

xxiii
ORCHID BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE: EUGLOSSINA)

IN AN URBAN AREA IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF JUIZ DE FORA,
MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL. 163
Autores: Karine Vieira¹, Paula Netto², Mônica Lyra¹, Fabio Prezoto1.
EFFECTS OF SCALE (METACOMMUNITIES VERSUS LOCAL

COMMUNITIES) IN THE PROPERTIES OF BEE-PLANT NETWORKS 164
Autores: Laércio P. Amaral-Neto¹*, David R. Luz¹; Sabrina B. L. Araújo , 2
Isabela G. Varassin3, Gabriel A. R. Melo¹
POLLEN SOURCES USED BY Tetrapedia curvitarsis

AND Tetrapedia diversipes IN CERRADO AREAS. 165
Autores: Laíce Souza Rabelo1*; Eliza Siqueira Campos1; Esther Margarida Alves Ferreira
Bastos2; Maria Cristina Gaglianone3; Solange Cristina Augusto1.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POPULATIONS OF Eulaema cingulata

(FABRICIUS) FROM DIFFERENT ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENTS
IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO 166
Autores: Laís Cabral da Cunha ¹*; Willian M. Aguiar²; Moema Rubia S. Patriota¹;
Maria Cristina Gaglianone³, Silvia Helena Sofia¹
SURROUNDING’S EFFECT ON THE POLLINATORS COMMUNITY

OF Bertholletia excels IN A PLANTATION AT CENTRAL
AMAZON RAIN FOREST 167
Autores: Marcelo Casimiro Cavalcante , Breno Magalhães Freitas , Márcia Motta Maués
1 2 3
EXTERNAL ACTIVITY OF MANDAÇAIA (Melipona mandacaia)

IN DRY AND WET PERIODS IN PETROLINA (PE) 168
Autores: Francimária Rodrigues, Márcia de Fátima Ribeiro,
Cândida Beatriz da Silva Lima, Juliara Reis Braga
DENSITY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NESTS OF MELIPONINI

(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN ATLANTIC RAINFOREST
FRAGMENTS IN SOUTHERN BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL 169
Autores: Marília Dantas e Silva1; Daniela Monteiro1; Mauro Ramalho1
DIET OF IMMATURE Euglossa (Euglossa) townsendi COCKERELL,

1904 (APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI) IN HYGROPHILOUS FOREST 170
Autores: Maurício Meirelles do Nascimento Castro ; Carlos Alberto Garófalo ;
1* 1
José Carlos Serrano1; Cláudia Inês da Silva1

xxiv
SPECIES OF EUGLOSSINE MALES (HYMENOPTERA,

APIDAE) IN FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES OF THE
ATLANTIC FOREST FROM BAHIA 171
Autores: ¹*Maxwell S. Silveira, Rose S. Amorim¹, Blandina F. Viana¹
TIME OF ACTIVITY OF EUGLOSSINE MALES (HYMENOPTERA:

APIDAE) IN FRAGMENTS OF ATLANTIC FOREST AND COASTAL
FOREST IN STATE OF CEARÁ 172
Autores: Michelle de Oliveira Guimarães1*; Breno Magalhães Freitas1 e
Daniel de Freitas Brasil1
PALINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY ECOLOGICAL

RESOURCES USED BY BUMBLEBEE Bombus brevivillus
IN ITS NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 173
Autores: Mikail Olinda de Oliveira*¹; Marcelo Casimiro Cavalcante¹;
Breno Magalhães Freitas¹
STINGLESS BEES AND THEIR FLORAL SOURCES IN CORUMBA-MS,

PANTANAL SUL-MATO-GROSSENSE 174
Autores: Monique Campos , Priscilla Pessoa de Oliveira, Adriana Takahasi,
Edgar Aparecido Costa, Aline Mackert
POLLINATING BEES MONITORING IN AREAS OF TOMATO CROP IN

NORTHWEST REGION OF RIO DE JANEIRO STATE 175
Autores: Giselle Braga Menezes¹; Nikolas Dias¹*; Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
THERMAL TOLERANCE OF WORKERS OF THE STINGLESS

BEE Melipona subnitida (APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 176
Autores: Noeide da Silva Ferreira¹*; Michael Hrncir²
ACTION OF PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES ON THE RESPIRATORY

METABOLISM OF Trigona spinipes (FABRICIUS, 1793)
(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE). 177
Autores: Oilton J. D. Macieira, Edson A. Proni, Juliana Benassi Marinho,
Juliana Rodrigues Casoni.
EUGLOSSINA BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) IN THE PARQUE

ESTADUAL DO IBITIPOCA, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL 178
Autores: ¹*Paula Netto; ²Fábio Prezoto

xxv
THE CAATINGA WILD BEE FAUNA ASSOCIATED TO COTTON

INTERCROPS IN SEMIARID AREAS OF PARAÍBA STATE (BRAZIL) 179
Autores: Viviane C. Pires¹; Rafael Ferrari¹*; Karoline R. S. Torezani²;
Wallyson A. Rodrigues²; Rodolfo C. Arantes¹; Amanda M. Dias¹;
Fábio A. Albuquerque²; Fernando A. Silveira¹; Carmen S. S. Pires²
BEES COLLECTED ON PAN TRAPS IN RANGEDOR ECOLOGICAL

STATION, SÃO LUÍS, MARANHÃO 180
Autores: Albeane Guimarães Silva¹*; Simone Melo Dos Santos¹; Rafael Sousa Pinto¹;
Patricia Maia Correia De Albuquerque¹; Marcia Maria Corrêa Rego¹
PLANT SPECIES VISITED BY Melipona subnitida ,

ON THE ILHA GRANDE DOS PAULINOS, TUTÓIA, MARANHÃO 181
Autores: Rafael Sousa Pinto¹*; Marcela de Matos Barbosa¹; Irene Aguiar Santos²;
Patricia Maia Correia Albuquerque¹; Márcia Maria Corrêa Rêgo¹
PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF POLLEN TYPES PRESENT IN THE

POLLEN OF Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides
IN A MELIPONARY ON THE ITATIBA-SP REGION 182
Autores: Weslley Melchior Gama¹*, Ricardo Costa Rodrigues de Camargo²,
Luiza Ishikawa Ferreira¹, Daniel Storer¹
THE ORCHID-BEE FAUNA (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) FROM A

CERRADO AREA, MINAS GERAIS BRAZIL: THE EFFECT OF
SEASONALITY AND HABITAT IN THE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. 183
Autores: Rodrigo Assunção Silveira ; Reisla Oliveira ; Cristiane Martins ;
1 1 1
Juliana Pereira1; Yasmine Antonini1
INTERACTION RECORD OF MALES OF EUGLOSSA Latreille, 1802 AND

FLOWERS OF ANGELONIA SALICARIIFOLIA BONPL 184
Autores: Samuel Boff1*, Diego de Marco2, Paola Marchi3 & Isabel Alves-dos-Santos3
STINGLESS BEE NESTS (Apidae, Meliponini) AT THE UFV Campus 185

Autores: Santos Henrique Brant Dias¹*, Talitta Guimarães¹,
Lúcio Antônio de Oliveira Campos¹, Weyder Cristiano Santana¹.
PRODUCTION OF MALES AND QUEENS IN Scaptotrigona AFF.

depilis COLONIES UNDER DIFFERENT FOOD CONDITIONS 186
Autores: Sheina Koffler*; Astrid de Matos Peixoto Kleinert*

xxvi
QUEENLESS COLONIES OF Tetragonisca angustula

(APIDAE:MELIPONINI) AND THE PRODUCTION OF GIANT MALES 187
POLLEN: THE SOURCE OF STEROIDS IN STINGLESS BEES

AND ITS PARTICIPATION IN THE COMPOSITION OF
GLANDULAR SECRETIONS. 188
Autores: Maria Juliana Ferreira-Caliman, Sidnei Mateus,
Fábio S. Nascimento, Ronaldo Zucchi
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS

COMPOSITION OF Melipona marginata LEPELETIER, 1836
(HYMENOPTERA, MELIPONINI) WORKERS, MALES AND QUEENS 189
Maria J. Ferreira-Caliman *; Tiago Falcón ; Sidnei Mateus ;
1 2 1
Ronaldo Zucchi1;Fabio S. Nascimento1
POTENTIAL POLLINATORS MONITORING OF AN APPLE

CULTIVAR AT IBICOARA, CHAPADA DIAMANTINA - BA. 190
Autores: Uiré Lopes Penna, Blandina Felipe Viana, Catalina Angel,
Eduardo Freitas Moreira, Rafaela Lorena Silva Santos
BIOLOGIA E MANEJO DE ABELHAS AFRICANIZADAS 191
SIDE-EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID ON LOCOMOTOR

BEHAVIOR OF AFRICANIZED HONEYBEE 192
Autores: Andrigo Monroe Pereira¹*; José Chaud-Netto²;
Odair Correa Bueno¹; Osmar Malaspina¹
EFFECT OF SOCIAL CONTEXT ON OVOGENESIS IN

Apis mellifera L. QUEENS 193
Autores: Bruno Berger*; Carminda da Cruz-Landim
ANALYSIS OF THE ANTENNAL LOBES OF LARVAE OF A. mellifera

AFRICANIZED EXPOSED TO THIAMETHOXAM 194
Autores: Daiana Antonia Tavares , Thaisa Cristina Roat ,
1* 1
Stephan Malfitano Carvalho1, Elaine

xxvii
BOTANICAL SURVEY OF BEE FLORA IN THE

CAMPUS OF UNIVASF IN PETROLINA (PE) 195
Autores: Eva Monica Sarmento da Silva *; Heidy Carvalho dos Santos ;
1 1
Maria de Fátima Pereira de Souza1; Márcia de Fátima Ribeiro2.
FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF AFRICANIZED HONEYBEE Apis

mellifera IN STANDARD WATERMELON FIELDS IN RUSSAS-CE 196
Autores: Isac Gabriel Abrahão Bomfim¹,²; Antonio Diego de Melo Bezerra¹,²;
Victor Magalhães Monteiro¹; Rômulo Augusto Guedes Rizzardo¹;
Fernando Antonio de Souza Aragão²; Breno Magalhães Freitas¹
MANAGEMENT IN THE HARVEST AND QUALITY OF HONEY

PRODUCED IN THE BEEKEEPING OF THE NORTHERN
REGION OF CEARÁ STATE, BRAZIL. 197
Autores: José Everton Alves *, José Almir Ferreira Gomes , Jânio Angelo Félix ,
1 2 1
José Elton Melo Nascimento1, João Paulo de Oliveira Muniz1,

Patrícia Matias Araújo1, Talícia Lima Marinho1.
HONEY PRODUTIVITY IN APIARIES OF THE NORTERN

REGION OF CEARÁ STATE, BRAZIL. 198
Autores: José Everton Alves , José Almir Ferreira Gomes , Jânio Angelo Félix ,
1* 2 1
José Elton Melo Nascimento1, João Paulo de Oliveira Muniz1,

Patrícia Matias Araújo1, Talícia Lima Marinho1.
TESTING HONEYBEE QUEENS REARING METHODS FOR

APICULTURAL AND RESEARCH PURPOSES IN MINAS
GERAIS, BRAZIL 199
Autores: Marcos A.R. Farias, Rubens M. de Castro, Cézio A. Oliveira,
Angel R. Barchuk, Isabel R.V. Teixeira
AFRICANIZATION OF Apis mellifera L. FROM

IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK 200
Autores: Katlin Fernanda Araujo , Juliana Mosconi Magro , Simone Aparecida dos Santos ,
1 1 1
Richarlyston Brandt Pereria2, Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo3,

Claudete Aparecida Mangolin1, Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki1*
HONEY BEE QUEEN’S OVARIOLES NUMBER IN TWO

WEIGHT’S GROUP 201
Autores: Daiana A. De Souza1,2*, Tiago M. Francoy³ & Lionel S. Gonçalves2,4

xxviii
BIOLOGIA DA POLINIZAÇÃO 202
FLOWER VISITORS OF CROTALARIA (Crotalaria juncea) 203

Autores: Adilson Massei Junior1*; Francisco William Zera1;
Darclet Teresinha Malerbo-Souza2; Cláudio Luiz Faccio1; Gabriela Bonfá Frezarim3
FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF AFRICANIZED HONEY BEES ON

TROPICAL HYDRANGEA (Dombeya wallichii) 204
Autores: Adilson Massei Junior *; André Luiz Halak ; Darclet Teresinha Malerbo-Souza ;
1 2 3
Cláudio Luiz Faccio1; Gabriela Bonfá Frezarim4
OLIGOLECTIC AND BROAD POLYLECTIC BEES AS POLLINATORS

OF Echinodorus (ALISMATACEAE) IN EPHEMERAL
PONDS IN SEMI-ARID BRAZILIAN CAATINGA 205
Autores: Airton Torres Carvalho1*; Clemens Schlindwein2
COMPARATIVE DIVERSITY OF NATIVE BEES IN ORGANIC AND

CONVENTIONAL FIELDS IN SERGIPE STATE, NORTHEAST OF BRAZIL 206
Autores: Aline Borba dos Santos¹*; Fábio Santos do Nascimento¹
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HONEYBEE (Apis mellifera)

AND NATIVE WILD BEE FREQUENCIES AND COTTON
(Gossypium hirsutum , MALVACEAE) FLOWER
ABUNDANCE IN SMALL FARMS IN PARAÍBA STATE (BRAZIL) 207
Autores: Viviane C. Pires¹; Amanda M. Dias¹*; Karoline R. S. Torezani²;
Wallyson A. Rodrigues²; Rafael Ferrari¹; Rodolfo C. Arantes¹; Fábio A. Albuquerque²;
Fernando A. Silveira¹; Carmen S. S. Pires².
POLLEN HARVEST BY BEES IN A DEGRADED AREA UNDER

REHABILITATION IN MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL 208
Autores: Ana Paula de Souza Medeiros Santos *; Anete Pedro Lourenço
1 2
BEES AND OTHER INSECT VISITORS OF FLOWERS IN CULTURE

OF CUCUMBER Cucumis sativus IN BARRETOS, SP 209
Autores: André L. HALAK ; Darclet Teresinha MALERBO-SOUZA ; Guilherme Ricardo de
1 2
Souza TOLEDO2; Gabriela Bonfá FREZARIM3; Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de TOLEDO1

xxix
FORAGE BEHAVIOR OF BEES AND OTHER INSECTS ON GUAVA

FLOWERS Psidium guajava L. IN BRODOWSKI, SP 210
Autores: André L. Halak* ; Darclet Teresinha Malerbo-Souza ; Gabriela Bonfá Frezarim;
1 2
Vagner De Alencar Arnaut De Toledo1; Pamela Roberta De Souza¹
FLORAL BIOLOGY, POLLINATION REQUIREMENTS AND

VISITORS OF THE BRAZIL NUT TREE (Bertholletia
excelsa BONPL., LECYTHIDACEAE) IN TOME-ASSU – PA 211
Autores: Andrea Cristina Silva dos Santos1*; Márcia Motta Maués1;
Fabrício da Silva Corrêa1; Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura1
FLOWER VISITOR BEES OF THE BRAZILIAN CHACO:

RESOURCE GATHERING AND POLLINATION 212
Autores: Camila Silveira de Souza *, Camila Aoki , Sebastião Laroca ,
1 2 3
Marlies Sazima4, Maria Rosângela Sigrist1
FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF Bombus atratus

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) IN STRAWBERRY CROP
(FRAGARIA X ANANASSA) IN GREENHOUSE 213
Autores: Carlos Poveda, Marlene Lucía Aguilar, Diego A. Riaño, Maria Mercedes Perez
FLORAL BIOLOGY, VISITORS AND POLLINATORS

OF HIGHLANDS PASSION FRUITS IN COLOMBIA 214
Autores: Daniel Melo Ortiz, Guiomar Nates Parra, Rodulfo Ospina,
Catalina Angel, Julian Medina
WHO ARE THE REAL POLLINATORS OF GUARANA TREE? 215

Autores: Cristiane Krug, Marcos Vinicius Bastos Garcia.
FREQUENCY AND POLLEN COLLECTION BY AFRICANIZED

HONEYBEES IN DIFFERENT CONVENTIONAL AND
TRANSGENIC HYBRIDS OF CORN (Zea mays L.) 216
Autores: Darclet T. Malerbo-Souza , Claudio L. Faccio , Adilson, Massei Junior ,
*1 2 2
André L. Halak3, Julio C. Souza4.
FLOWER VISITING BEES OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL

TOMATO CROPS (Solanum licopersycum L.)
IN NORTHERN PARANÁ STATE 217
Autores: Henrique Zotarelli Gomes da Silva, Diogo Mazzaro, Silvia Helena Sofia.

xxx
INTERACTION BETWEEN BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE)

AND SPECIES OF MALVACEAE 218
Autores: Elisa Pereira Queiroz , Milton Groppo , Alba Regina Barbosa Araújo ,
1* 2 1
Cláudia Inês da Silva2.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT POLLINATORS ON

EGGPLANT CULTIVATIONS 219
Autores: Elizandra Goldoni Gomig*; Gleiciani Bürger Patricio;
Bruno Barufatti Grisolia; Paula Carolina Montagnana;
Felipe Gonçalves Brocanelli; Maria José de Oliveira Campos.
BEE SPECIES FLORAL VISITORS AND POTENTIAL POLLINATORS

OF COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) AND SUNFLOWER
(Helianthus annuus L.) IN NORTHEAST OF BRAZIL 220
Autores: Epifânia Emanuela de Macêdo Rocha*; Darci de Oliveira Cruz;
Breno Magalhães Freitas; Antonia Renata Lima Corrêa; Ana Carolina Costa Silva.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPORAL AND WEATHER VARIABLES ON

THE FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF THE STINGLESS BEE Melipona flavolineata
(APIDAE, MELIPONINI) AND ITS ROLE AS POTENTIAL POLLINATOR
OF THE ASSAI PALM (EUTERPE OLERACEA, ARECACEAE 221
Autores: Carolina dos Santos Araújo1, Felipe Andrés León Contrera1*,
Giorgio Cristino Venturieri2.
FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF FLOWER VISITORS AND THE

REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF Byrsonima Intermedia
A. JUSS. (MALPIGHIACEAE) IN BRAZILIAN SAVANNA AREA
OF DOURADOS-MS REGION 222
Autores: Filipe Ruiz Zambão¹; Valter Vieira Alves Junior².
VALUE OF POLLINATORS FOR DIFFERENT CULTIVATED

SPECIES IN IFSUDESTE MG 223
Autores: Vanessa Bonfá Benevenuto Lodron, Flávia Monteiro Coelho Ferreira.
IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATORS FOR ABELMOCHOS

ESCULENTOS PRODUCTION 224
Autores: Vanessa Bonfá Benevenuto Lodron.

xxxi
THE IM PACT OF POLLINATOR DENSITY OVER CANOLA

(Brassica napus L. HYOLA 61) YIELD 225
Autores: Flávia Pereira Tirelli ; Sidia Witter ; Bruno Lisboa ;
1,3* 1 1
Patrícia Nunes-Silva2; Letícia Azambuja Lopes2; Betina Blochtein3.
BEES ON FLOWERS OF ORGANIC STRAWBERRIES (Fragaria

x ananassa DUCHESNE-ROSACEAE) 226
Autores: Franciélli Cristiane Gruchowski-W*; Jucélia Iantas; Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini.
AGONISTIC INTERACTIONS AND DAMAGES IN FLOWERS OF

BRAZILIAN NUT (Bertholletia excelsa HUMB.,
LECYTHYDACEAE) CAUSED BY Trigona sp 227
Autores: Francisco Plácido Magalhães Oliveira1*; Igor Martins do Nascimento1;
Edson Alves Menezes Junior1; Márcia Motta Maués2; Anderson Augusto Ferreira dos Santos
BEE VISITORS OF THE MALAY APPLE OR “JAMBO-VERMELHO”

(Syzygium malaccense , MYRTACEAE) AND THEIR FORAGING
STRATEGIES IN CANDEIAS DO JAMARI – RO, BRAZIL 228
Autores: Guaraci Duran Cordeiro¹; Silvia Regina de Menezes Pedro¹
PHENOLOGY, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND POLLINATION OF

CAMBUCI (Campomanesia phaea - MYRTACEAE) 229
Autores: Guaraci Duran Cordeiro¹; Mardiore Pinheiro²; Isabel Alves dos Santos³
BOTANICAL ORIGIN AND POLLEN TYPES USED BY Bombus brevivillus,

RATIONALLY RAISED IN URBAN AREA, FORTALEZA-CE, BRAZIL 230
Autores: Hiara Marques Meneses¹*; Mikail Olinda de Oliveira¹; David Silva Nogueira¹;
Angela Maria da Silva Gomes¹; Regina Maria Fontenele Magalhães¹; Breno Magalhães Freitas¹
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT OF

Apis mellifera HIVES ON SEED SET IN MALUS domestica BORKH 231
Autores: Blandina Felipe Viana1; Jeferson Gabriel Coutinho1*; Antonio da Costa Diakos1;
Fabiana Oliveira da Silva1; Kátia Peres Gramacho2; Guido Laercio Bragança Castagnino3
POLLINATION OF WEST INDIAN CHERRY CULTIVATED

IN WESTERN SÃO PAULO STATE. 232
Autores: José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira¹*, Daniel Nicodemo¹,
Urbano dos Santos Ruiz¹, Favízia Freitas de Oliveira².

xxxii
PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORK INTERACTIONS OF FOUR

SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF Psychotria L. (RUBIACEAE). 233
Autores: José Neiva Mesquita Neto , Edivani Villaron Franceschinelli .
1* 2
PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORK AND BEE POLLINATION OF

Pseudostifftia kingii H. ROB. (ASTERACEAE) IN MUCUGÊ,
CHAPADA DIAMANTINA, BAHIA, BRAZIL. 234
Autores: Juliana Hipólito de Sousa *, Camila Magalhães Pigozzo ,
1 2
Thiago Mahlmann1, Blandina Felipe Viana1.
FLORAL VISITORS IN WATERMELON IN CEARÁ’S SEMIARID,

SOBRAL, CEARÁ. 235
Autores: Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira*, Ozeládia Parente Araújo, Neyreane de Sousa Luna,
Lívia Sales de Sousa, Francisco José C. Moreira, Manoel Valnir Júnior.
BEES POLLINATORS OF Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. HARA

AND Ludwigia sericea (CAMBESS.) H. HARA
(ONAGRACEAE), IN GUARAPUAVA – PR 236
Autores: Lia Gonçalves¹*; Franciélli Cristiane Gruchowski-W¹;
Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini¹
POLLINATION OF Solanum lycopersicum L. (SOLANACEAE) 237

Autores: Mariana Scaramussa Deprá¹*; Geovana Carla Girondi Delaqua¹;
Leandro Freitas²; Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
LETHAL EFFECT OF IMIDACLOPRID AND THIOCYCLAM

HIDROGENOXALATE COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS IN
Bombus atratus (HYMENOPTERA:APIDAE) WORKERS 238
Autores: Diego A. Riaño Jiménez, José Ricardo Cure, Marlene Lucia Aguilar
BEHAVIOR FORAGING OF Bombus atratus (HYMENOPTERA,

APIDAE) IN SWEET PEPPER CROP (Capsicum annuum)
VAR. ROBLEDO IN GREENHOUSES 239
Autores: Johanna Pacateque*, Diego Riaño, Marlene Lucia Aguilar, José Ricardo Cure.
BEE POLLINATION EFFICIENCY ON Senna macranthera (COLL.)

H.S.IRWIN & BARNEBY AND Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.IRWIN &
BARNEBY, IN CAATINGA, BAHIA, BRAZIL. 240
Autores: Miriam Gimenes¹*; Tennisson Matos de Cerqueira¹

xxxiii
FLOWER VISITORS IN COCONUT TREE, VARIETY ANÃO

IN DRY PERIOD OF YEAR, IN THE BAIXO ACARAÚ IRRIGATED
DISTRICT, MARCO, CE. 241
Autores: Ozeládia Parente Araújo , Neyreane de Sousa Luna1,
Francisco José Carvalho Moreira1, Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira1,
Marconi Seabra Filho1, Francisca Thalita Marques Martins1.
FLORAL VISITORS OF Cucurbita moschata VARIETY

JACAREZINHO IN CEARÁ’S SEMIARID, SOBRAL, CE. 242
Autores Neyreane de Sousa Luna , Ozeládia Parente Araújo , Lívia Sales de Sousa ,
1 1 1
Francisco José Carvalho Moreira1, Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira1, Manoel Valnir Júnior1.
USING PANTRAPS TO MONITOR POTENTIAL POLLINATORS

IN CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.) CROPS. 243
Autores: Patricia Barreto de Andrade*, Camila Queiroz Lemos,
Epifânia Emanuela Rocha de Macedo, Keniesd Sampaio Mendonça,
Natalia de Oliveira Pereira, Lilian Maria de Araújo Flores,
Ramayanno Lopes de Alencar e Breno Magalhães Freitas
WILD BEES VISITING FLOWERS OF

Phaseolus vulgaris (LEGUMINOSAE) 244
Autores: Renata Cunha Pereira, José Olívio Lopes Vieira Júnior,
Flávia Monteiro Coelho Ferreira
BEE VISITORS OF THE FLOWERS OF Richardia grandiflora

(RUBIACEAE) : A RUDERAL SPECIES 245
Autores: Renata Marinho Cruz¹; Ana Carolina Toscano de Sousa¹; Celso Feitosa Martins¹
FLORAL BIOLOGY OF Brassica napus (CV. HYOLA 420)

ALLOWS CROSS POLLINATION BY BEES, IN ESMERALDA,
SOUTHERN BRAZIL. 246
Autores: Rosana Halinski¹*; Annelise Rosa², Daniela Loose¹, Betina Blochtein¹
NOCTURNAL BEE Megalopta (HYMENOPTERA:

HALICTIDAE: AUGOCHLORINI) VISITING FLOWERS IN
CERRADO VEGETATION, SÃO PAULO STATE. 247
Autores: Sidnei Mateus, Cláudia Inês da Silva, Fabio S. Nascimento

xxxiv
BEE MELITOMA GENUS AS POTENTIAL POLLINATOR OF Ipomoea

bahiensis IN AN AREA OF ANTHROPIC CAATINGA OF BAHIA. 248
Autores: Sílvia Karla Dias dos Santos *; Claudia Oliveira Santos ;
1 1
Bianca Silva Cerqueira1; Miriam Gimenes1
YIELD ANALYSIS OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.): EFFECTS OF

POLLINATION, GENOTYPE PLANT AND SOWING DATE 249
Autores: Emerson Dechechi Chambó1*; Newton Tavares Escocard de Oliveira2; Regina
Conceição Garcia2; Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi2; Eduardo Schulz Mittanck2; Juyverson
Giasson2; Diana Jéssica Pereira2; André Halak1 and Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo1
COMMUNITIES OF FLOWER-VISITING BEES OF Gossypium

hirsutum (MALVACEAE) IN DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL
DOMAINS AND PRODUCTIONS SYSTEMS IN BRAZIL 250
Autores: Viviane C. Pires¹; Karoline R. S. Torezani²; Wallyson A. Rodrigues²; Alex Cortês²;
Amanda M. Dias¹; Rafael Ferrari¹; Rodolfo C. Arantes¹; Sandra Rodrigues³; Fábio A.
Albuquerque³; José E. Miranda³; Edson Sujii²; Antonio J. C. Aguiar4; Fernando A. Silveira
EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT METHODS FOR SAMPLING

BEES ASSOCIATED TO THE COTTON CROP AND ITS
SURROUNDING VEGETATION 251
Amanda M. Dias¹; Rafael Ferrari¹; Rodolfo C. Arantes¹; Flávio R. S. Almeida³;
Fábio A. Albuquerque³; Edson R. Sujii²; Fernando A. Silveira¹; Carmen S. S. Pires²
PRAGAS, PARASITAS E DOENÇAS DE ABELHAS TROPICAIS 252
BODY SIZE AND ABUNDANCE OF Pseudohypocera kerteszi

(DIPTERA, PHORIDAE) IN NESTS OF STINGLESS BEES
(APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 253
Autores: Anna Patrycia Martins de Oliveira¹*; Giorgio Cristino Venturieri²;
Felipe Andrés León Contrera³
STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF PHORID FLIES (DIPTERA,

PHORIDAE) PARASITES OF STINGLESS BEES (APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 254
Autores: Anna Patrycia Martins de Oliveira ¹*; Giorgio Cristino Venturieri ²;

xxxv
FREQUENCY OF PARASITISM OF CONOPIDAE (DIPTERA) IN A

POPULATION OF Centris analis (HYMENOPTERA,
CENTRIDINI) IN THE campus OF UNIVERIDADE DE
SÃO PAULO – RIBEIRÃO PRETO. 255
Autores: Carolina Mayumi Hirotsu *; Carlos Alberto Garófalo
1 1
PUPAL MORTALITY OF AFRICANIZED HONEYBEES

(APIS MELLIFERA L.) DUE TO Varroa destructor PARASITISM 256
Autores: Igor Medici de Mattos¹*; José Chaud Netto²
VARIATION IN THE INCIDENCE OF THE MITE VARROA DESTRUCTOR

IN BROOD CELLS AND ADULT WORKERS IN AFRICANIZED HONEY
BEES (Apis mellifera L.) WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF HYGIENIC BEHAVIOR,
IN WINTER AND IN SUMMER 257
Autores: Marcia Regina Cavichio Issa1*; Rogério Aparecido Pereira1; Michelle Manfrini
Morais2; David De Jong1; Lionel Segui Gonçalves3,4
CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE
DE ABELHAS TROPICAIS 259
URBAN DEVELOPMENT VERSUS CONSERVATION:

FRIENDLY CONSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MELIPONINE BEES
Autores: CARVALHO, A. V. *; OLIVEIRA, T. T. S. ; SANTANA, T. S. ; MAHLMANN, T. ;
1 1 1 1
HIPÓLITO, J.2; OLIVEIRA, F. F.1
POLLEN SOURCES USED BY Melipona subnitida (APIDAE, MELIPONINI)

DURING THE DRY SEASON IN AN URBANIZED LANDSCAPE IN THE
BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID REGION 261
Autores: Amanda Aparecida de Castro Limão¹*; Camila Maia-Silva²;
Cláudia Inês da Silva²; Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca¹.
DIVERSITY OF BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEA) IN A SAVANNAH

AREA IN THE MIRADOR STATE PARK, MARANHÃO, BRAZIL. 262
Autores: Ana Carolina Alves Malheiros Araújo¹²; Gracy Chrisley Alencar Carvalho¹²;
Fernanda Brito da Silva²; Gessica Oliveira Marinho²; Márcia Maria Corrêa Rêgo¹²;
Patrícia M. C. Albuquerque¹²

xxxvi
ORCHID BEE FAUNA (APIDADE, EUGLOSSINA)

IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEMS IN BELTERRA, PARÁ 263
Autores: Andrea Cristina Silva dos Santos *; Fabrício da Silva Corrêa ;
1 1
Márcia Motta Maués1; Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura1
EVALUATION OF EXISTING BEES IN RPPN FOZ DO RIO AGUAPEI 264

Autores: Rebustini, M. E. ; Ferreira, B. H. S.; Barros, A. A. S.
NATIVE BEE COMMUNITY (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) AND FLORAL

RESSOURCES IN URUBICI, SANTA CATARINA (SOUTHERN BRAZIL) 265
Autores: Denise Monique Dubet da Silva Mouga1*, Enderlei Dec1, Manuel Warkentin1,
Juliane Valduga da Silva1, Andressa Karine Golinski dos Santos1.
INFLUENCE OF LOSS OF CERRADO VEGETATION ON THE DENSITY,

DIVERSITY AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF MELIPONINI
(APOIDEA: APIDAE), BASED IN THEIR NESTS 266
COMMUNITY OF FLOWER VISITING BEES Byrsonima

intermedia A. JUSS. (MALPIGHIACEAE) IN BRAZILIAN
SAVANNA OF DOURADOS-MS REGION 267
Autores: Filipe Ruiz Zambão; Valter Vieira Alves Junior.
POPULATIONS OF Tetragonisca angustula ARE NOT EQUAL 268

Autores: Flavio de Oliveira Francisco ; Benjamin Oldroyd ; Maria Cristina Arias .
1,2* 2 1
NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN Tetragonisca angustula

AND T. FIEBRIGI 269
Autores: Flavio de Oliveira Francisco; Leandro Rodrigues Santiago; Maria Cristina Arias.
DIVERSITY OF EUGLOSSINI IN AN AGROECOSYSTEM WITH

BRAZILIAN NUT (Bertholletia excelsa HUMB.) IN ALTAMIRA - PARÁ 270
Autores: Igor Martins Nascimento *; Francisco Plácido Magalhães Oliveira ; Márcia Motta
1 1
Maués2; Talyanne do Socorro Araujo de Moura2; Hermes Fonsêca de Medeiros1
POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF Eufriesea violacea

(APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI): AN ORCHID BEE ENDEMIC
TO ATLANTIC FOREST 271
Autores: Gabriele Antico Freiria¹*; Juliana Bombarda Ruim¹; Silvia Helena Sofia¹

xxxvii
BEEKEEPING PRACTICED BY COMMUNITIES

LIVING IN THE TAPAJOS NATIONAL FOREST 272
Autores: Gercy Soares Pinto , Giorgio Cristino Venturieri , Cristiano Menezes ,
1 2 2
Ana Carolina Martins de Queiroz2*
DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF

MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR POPULATION STUDIES ON
Scaptotrigona bipunctata 273
Autores: Alvarenga, P.e.f.; Freitas, G.s.; Souza, C.c.m.; Contel, E.p.b.; Soares, A.e.e.
THE COMMUNITY OF TRAP NESTING BEES (HYMENOPTERA,

ACULEATA) IN MARANHÃO’S ISLAND, EASTERN AMAZON, BRAZIL 274
Autores: David Barros Muniz1; Gisele Garcia Azevedo1
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEES FOR EGGPLANT CULTIVATIONS 275

Autores: Gleiciani Bürger Patricio *; Bruno Barufatti Grisolia ; Ivan Cesar Desuó ;
1 1 1
Paula Carolina Montagnana1; Felipe Gonçalves Brocanelli1; Elizandra Goldoni Gomig1;

Maria José de Oliveira Campos1
SAMPLING OF SOLITARY BEES BY USING MOERICKE TRAPS

IN A SAVANNAH AREA IN THE MIRADOR STATE PARK,
MARANHAO, BRAZIL 276
Autores: Gracy Chrisley Alencar Carvalho , Ana Carolina Alves Malheiros Araújo ,
1 1
Denilson Martins2, Márcia Maria Corrêa Rêgo3, Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque3
NEW RECORD OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN THE

BRAZILIAN STINGLESS BEES Melipona capixaba
AND Melipona scutellaris 277
Autores: Helder Canto Resende ; Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos
1 2
EUGLOSSINE BEE COMMUNITIES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE,

HYMENOPTERA) IN FOREST FRAGMENTS LOCATED IN URBAN
AND RURAL AREAS IN NORTHERN PARANÁ STATE 278
Autores: Ferrari, B.R., Zotarelli, H.G.S., Watzel, S. and Sofia, S.H.
ATTRACTIVE BAITS FOR STINGLESS BEE WORKERS

(APIDAE, MELIPONINI). 279
Autores: Juliane Brito da Silva , Kamila de Sousa Leão , Joyce Caroline da Silva Teixeira ,
1 2 3
Cristiano Menezes4, Carlos Augusto Costa5.

xxxviii
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BEES AND ENVIRONMENTAL

CONSERVATION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN THE
NORTH OF THE RIO DE JANEIRO STATE 280
Autores: Marcelita França Marques¹*; Francisco Reginaldo Caetano de Araújo²; Rodrigo
Bittencourt Couto¹; Vivian de Freitas Manhães¹; Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
ORCHID-BEE FAUNA (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE: EUGLOSSINA)

IN TWO FOREST FRAGMENTS IN THE STATE OF PARÁ, BRAZIL 281
Autores: Mariana Taniguchi¹*; Márcia Motta Maués¹; Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura¹
LIST OF WILD BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA) IN A BRAZIL

NUT TREE CULTIVATED AREA (Bertholletia excelsa BONPL.,
LECYTHIDACEAE) IN BELÉM, PARÁ, BRAZIL 282
Autores: Tatiane Ferreira dos Santos ; Márcia Motta Maués *;
1 1
Diego Moreira de Figueiredo1; Talyanne do Socorro A. de Moura1
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA POLYMORPHISM IN Tetragonisca angustula

(LATREILLE, 1811) AND Tetragonisca fiebrigi (SCHAWRS, 1938) 283
Autores: Simone Aparecida dos Santos1 Aline Ribeiro Bronzato2 Ludimilla Ronqui3, Liriana
Belizario Cantagalli1, Claudete Aparecida Mangolin1, Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo4,
Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki1
IMPORTANCE OF FOREST REMNANTS FOR THE POLLINATORS

DIVERSITY IN TOMATO CROPS IN NORTHWEST OF
RIO DE JANEIRO STATE 284
Autores: Mariana Scaramussa Deprá¹*; Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
THE BEES OF THE GENUS Xylocopa LATREILLE

(XYLOCOPINI, APIDAE) OF SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL. 285
Autores: Paola Marchi; Isabel Alves-dos-Santos
USING PAN TRAPS TO SAMPLE BEES AT THE STATE OF ACRE,

WESTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZON 286
Autores: Luena da Silva Muniz da Costa*, Ligimara de Brito Ramos,
Francisco de Sales, Patrícia Maria Drumond

xxxix
TRAP-NESTING BEES AND WASPS IN THE STATE OF ACRE,

AMAZON REGION, BRAZIL 287
Autores: Francisco Pacheco Júnior*, Valéria Rigamonte Azevedo, Ligimara de
Brito Ramos, Francisco de Sales, Patrícia Maria Drumond
BEES SAMPLED WITH PAN-TRAPS IN A FLORESTA ESTACIONAL

SEMIDECIDUAL FRAGMENT, SOUTHERN PARANÁ 288
Autores: Priscila Soares Oliveira, Vanessa Luiza Scherer, Rodrigo Barbosa Gonçalves
EUGLOSSINE BEE COMMUNITY IN ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENTS

OF A PERMANENT PRESERVATION AREA – APP 289
Autores: Renata Bonfá Benevenuto, José Olívio Lopes Vieira Júnior,
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE BEES DIVERSITY ON THE

CONSERVATION UNIT ARIE, SANTA GENEBRA WOODLAND,
CAMPINAS - SP 290
Autores: Daniel Storer¹*, Ricardo Costa Rodrigues de Camargo²,
Luiza Ishikawa Ferreira¹, Weslley Melchior Gama¹
KARYOTYPE OF Cephalotrigona femorata SMITH

1854 (HYMENOPTERA:MELIPONINI) AND C-BAND PATTERN
AS A SPECIFIC MARKER FOR CEPHALOTRIGONA. 291
Autores: Rodrigo Vieira Miranda1*, Anderson Fernandes1 e 2, Denilce Meneses Lopes1
SUCCESS IN COLLECT OF BEES IN FORMATIONS RUDERAL AND

FOREST IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL 292
Autores: Rosana Halinski¹*;Mariana Zaniol Fernandes¹, Jenifer Dias Ramos¹,
Andressa Linhares Dorneles¹, Tatiane Guterres Kaehler¹, Betina Blochtein¹
BEES OF CAATINGA IN BAHIA STATE: RICHNESS AND

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (HYMENOPTERA, APIFORMES) 293
Autores: Shantala Lua *; Favízia Freitas de Oliveira ; Geovana Freitas Paim ;
1 2 3
Adrielen Serafim da Costa4; Leda Naly Freitas de Oliveira5

xl
INVENTORY OF EUGLOSSINA BEES IN AN AGROFORESTRY

SYSTEM WITH Bertholletia excelsa BONPL.
IN TOMÉ-ASSU (PA), BRAZIL. 294
Autores: Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura1*; Márcia Motta Maués1;
Fabrício da Silva Corrêa1, Andrea Cristina Silva dos Santos1
SURVEY OF APOIDEA USING PAN-TRAPS IN A BRAZIL NUT TREE

PLANTATION (Bertholletia excelsa BONPL., LECYTHIDACEAE)
IN TOMÉ-ASSU, PARÁ 295
Autores: Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura *; Márcia Motta Maués ;
1 1
Andrea Cristina Silva dos Santos1; Jhuly Themys Alves de Sousa1
EUGLOSSINE BEES IN FRAGMENTS OF SEMIDECIDUOUS

SEASONAL FOREST IN CERRADO 296
Autores: Thiago Henrique Azevedo Tosta1*; Ana Luisa de Sousa e Castro Melo1;
Solange Cristina Augusto1
THE ORCHID BEES IN A FOREST FRAGMENT

FROM EASTERN PARANÁ 297
Autores: Vanessa Luiza Scherer, Priscila Soares Oliveira, Rodrigo Barbosa Gonçalves
PLANNING STUDIES ON THE ORCHID BEES FAUNA

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) IN BRAZIL 298
Autores: Willian Moura Aguiar¹; Renata Lee Medeiros² & Marise Silva Carvalho¹
PRODUTOS DAS ABELHAS PRODUTOS DAS ABELHAS 299
POLLEN SPECTRUM OF Apis mellifera L. HONEY

COLLECTED IN RECÔNCAVO OF BAHIA, BRAZIL 300
Autores: Andreia Santos do Nascimento *; Carlos Alfredo Lopes de Carvalho ; Geni da Silva Sodré2
1 2
KNOWLEDGE ON THE HONEY CRYSTALLIZATION

FROM AFRICANIZED BEES AMONG STUDENTS 301
Autores: Antonia Ariana Camelo Passos, Silmara Azevedo Lopes, Andrielle Rodrigues de
Azevedo, Ana Josymara Lira Silva, Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira, Patrícia Lopes Andrade.

xli
PATTERN OF AFRICANIZED BEES’ HONEY

CONSUMPTION ON THE ACADEMIC SCOPE 302
Autores: Ana Josymara Lira Silva, Andrielle Rodrigues de Azevedo, Silmara Azevedo Lopes,
Antonia Ariana Camelo Passos, Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira, Patricia Lopes Andrade.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HONEY FROM INDIGENOUS

STINGLESS BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE: MELIPONINAE)
AGAINST POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC BACTERIA 303
Autores: Edson Aparecido Proni1*, Erick Kenji Nishio2, Viviane Ferreira Cardozo2,
Renata Katsuko Takayama Kobayashi2, Gerson Nakazato2, César Cornélio Andrei3,
Milton Faccione3, Terezinha de Jesus Faria3.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS Scaptotrigona sp.

(CANUDO-AMARELA) HONEYS (APIDAE: MELIPONINI) COLLECTED
IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BELTERRA, PARÁ STATE, BRAZIL 304
Autores: Gercy Soares Pinto1, Giorgio Cristino Venturieri2,
Marcus Arthur Marçal de Vasconcelos2, Ana Carolina Martins de Queiroz2*
THE STINGLESS BEE Frieseomelitta varia IS A VIABLE

OPTION TO PRODUCE PROPOLIS 305
Autores: Nauara Moura Lage Filho¹*; Cristiano Menezes²; Hayron Kalil Cardoso Cordeiro¹;
Rosana Ingrid Ribeiro dos Santos¹; Joyce Caroline da Silva Teixeira¹; Kamila de Sousa Leão³
ROYAL JELLY PRODUCTION IN AFRICANIZED HONEYBEE

COLONIES EVALUATED IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MOON 306
Autores: Katia Regina Ostrovski1; Rejane Stubs Parpinelli1; Maria Claudia Colla
Ruvolo-Takasusuki1; Heber Luis Pereira1; Álida Buzzo1; Ana Paula Nunes Zago Oliveira1;
Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo1
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIHEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY

EVALUATION OF PROPOLIS BY Melipona orbignyi 307
Autores: Jaqueline Ferreira Campos *; Carolina Santos Pereira Cardoso Trindade ;
1 1
Uilson Pereira dos Santos2; José Benedito Perrella Balestieri1; Kely de Picoli Souza1;
Edson Lucas dos Santos1
QUANTIFICATION OF TOTAL BACTERIA IN HONEY OF THE

STINGLESS BEE MANDURI (Melipona asilvai) IN PETROLINA (PE) 308
Autores: Cândida Beatriz da Silva Lima, Márcia de Fátima Ribeiro,
Carlos Alberto Tuão Gava, Juliara Reis Braga, Herbert Mouse de Lima Targino

xlii
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
Apis mellifera HONEY SAMPLES IN THE
COUNTIES OF SANTA HELENA AND TERRA ROXA (PR) 309
Autores: Fernanda Jacobus de Moraes¹*; Regina Conceição Garcia;
Edemar Soares de Vasconcelos; Simone Cristina Camargo; Brun Garcia Pires;
Juyverson Giassan; Draia Jéssica Pereira; Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi;
Eduardo Schulz Mittanck; Marlus Linécio.
PALYNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Apis mellifera

HONEY SAMPLES IN THE COUNTIES OF SANTA HELENA
AND TERRA ROXA (PR) 310
Autores: Fernanda Jacobus de Moraes¹*; Regina Conceição Garcia;
Augusta Carolina de Camargo Carmello Moretti²; Simone Cristina Camargo;
Bruno Garcia Pires; Juyverson Giassan; Draia Jéssica Pereira;
Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi; Eduardo Schulz Mittanck; Marlus Linécio
PALYNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GEOPROPOLIS SAMPLES

OBTAINED FROM Melipona scutellaris LATREILLE 1811
(HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEA) IN CERRADO REGION IN THE
STATE OF MARANHÃO (BARREIRINHAS, MARANHÃO, BRAZIL). 311
Autores: Monique Hellen Martins Ribeiro;Karine Lima Martins;Cynthia Fernandes
Pinto da Luz,Cristiane Marques Santos,Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque
PALYNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HONEY AND POLLEN OF

THE Melipona (Melikerria) fasciculata SMITH 1854
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, MELIPONINI) FROM A LOWLAND
AREA OF MARANHÃO STATE, BRAZIL. 312
Autores: Monique Hellen M. Ribeiro, Ana Carolina A. M. Araújo, Gracy,
C. A. Carvalho, Marcela M. Barbosa, Márcia M. C. Rêgo, Angêla Maria S. C. Pando,
Maria Amélia V. Cruz, Patrícia M. C. Albuquerque.
QUANTIFICATION OF PROTEINS IN POLLEN SUBJECTED

TO TWO DRYING METHODS 313
Autores: IWANICKI, A.S.N¹ ; SILVEIRA, T. A.¹ ; MARCHINI, L.C.¹

xliii
BRAZILIAN SAMPLES OF BEE POLLEN: PALYNOLOGICAL

ORIGIN, PHENOLIC CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 314
Autores: Vanilda Aparecida Soares de Arruda1*, Alexandre Vieira dos Santos1,
Davi Figueiredo Sampaio Meira1, Maria Leticia Fernandes Estevinho2,
Ortrud Monika Barth3; Alex da Silva de Freitas3; Ligia Bicudo de Almeida-Muradian1
AVANÇOS EM GENÉTICA E FISIOLOGIA DE ABELHAS 315
ANALYSIS IN POPULATION Partamona (HYMENOPTERA:

APIDAE: MELIPONINI): FOCUS ON BS CHROMOSOMES 316
Autores: Alexsandra Medeiros Correia¹*; Anderson Fernandes de Miranda¹ ²;
Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos¹; Denilce Meneses Lopes¹
SIDE EFFECTS OF THIAMETHOXAM IN LARVAL MIDGUT OF

AFRICANIZED Apis mellifera: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 317
Autores: Matiello *, B.M.; Tavares , D.A.; Abdalla , F.; Malaspina , O.; Silva-Zacarin , E.C.M.
1 2 1 2 1
IMMUNODETECTION OF CELL BIOMARKERS IN LARVAL

FAT BODY OF AFRICANIZED Apis mellifera . 318
Autores: Matiello *, B.M.; Tavares , D.A.; Abdalla , F.; Malaspina , O.; Silva-Zacarin , E.C.M.
1 2 1 2 1
KARYOTYPIC DESCRIPTION OF THE STINGLESS BEE

Celetrigona longicornis (FRIESE, 1903) BY C-BANDING. 319
Autores: Bárbara Silva Siqueira Maurício, Ríudo Paiva Ferreira e Denilce Meneses Lopes
FEW BROTHERS, MANY COMPETITORS IN Tetragonisca

angustula MALE REPRODUCTIVE AGGREGATIONS 320
Autores: Charles Fernando dos Santos¹*; Maria Cristina Arias²; Vera Lúcia Imperatriz-Fonseca3,4
BURSICON AND ITS ROLE IN THE PATHWAY REGULATING THE

CUTICLE TANNING IN THE HONEY BEE, Apis mellifera . 321
Autores: Claudinéia Pereira Costa*, Moysés Elias Neto, Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi.

xliv
DIFFERENTIAL AQUAPORIN EXPRESSION IN THE

CROP OF NURSE AND FORAGER WORKERS OF Apis mellifera
(HYMENOPTERA : APIDAE) 322
Autores: Débora Linhares Lino de Souza, José Eduardo Serrão.
IMMUNOLOCALIZATION OF AQUAPORIN IN THE

ALIMENTARY CANAL OF BEES 323
CYTOGENETIC OF STINGLESS BEE Partamona rústica

(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) 324
Autores: Denilce Meneses Lopes , Anderson Fernandes , Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos1.
1 1,2
PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF SALIVARY GLANDS OF BEE

WORKER Melipona quadrifasciata ANTHIDIOIDES
SUGGEST ROLE IN TRAIL MAKER BY ODOR 325
Autores: Santos, D. E., Fialho, M. C. Q., Serrão, J.E., Oliveira, L. L.
UNVEILING A HIDDEN LAYER OF REGULATORY RNA IN

HONEY BEE GENOME 326
Autores: Francis MF Nunes1*; Alexandre R Paschoal2; Alexandre S Cristino3;
Flávia CP Freitas1, Zilá LP Simões4, Alan M Durham2.
TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES OF NEUROGENIC GENES IN

BRAINS OF Apis mellifera QUEENS AND WORKERS
DURING PUPAL DEVELOPMENT 327
Autores: Heloisa H. S. Gianelli *, Lívia M.R. Moda¹ ² , Ana D. Bomtorin²,
1 ,
Zilá L.P.Simões³, Angel R Barchuk¹
A NUTRITIONALLY-DRIVEN DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION LEADS

TO HETEROCHRONIC BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN HONEYBEES. 328
Autores: Joseana Vieira¹*, Lívia M.R. Moda¹², Ana D. Bomtorin², Anna C.G. Freire¹,
Vanessa Bonatti¹², Marcela Laure², Zilá L.P. Simões³, Angel R. Barchuk¹.
HEXAMERINS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE IN THE

HONEY BEE DEVELOPMENT. 329
Autores: Juliana Ramos Martins *, Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi .
1 2

xlv
A GYNANDROMORPH OR INTERSEX BEE? A GENETIC AND

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ORCHID BEE Euglossa
melanotricha (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI). 330
Autores: Karen M. Suzuki1*, Solange C. Augusto2, Douglas C. Giangarelli1, Silvia H. Sofia1.
MICRO-RNA EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HONEYBEES Apis

mellifera INFECTED WITH BACTERIA Serratia marcescens . 331
Autores: Karina Rosa Guidugli-Lazzarini , Anete Pedro Lourenço ,
1 2
Flávia Cristina de Paula Freitas1, Zilá Luz Paulino Simões3.
IMMUNE RESPONSE IN HONEYBEES Apis mellifera

EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH Nosema ceranae . 332
Autores: Karina R. Guidugli-Lazzarini1, Nayara H. A. Freitas2, Anete P. Lourenço3,
Dejair Message4, Márcia M. G. Bitondi5, Zilá L. P. Simões5, Érica W. Teixeira4.
THE MIRNA EXPRESSION IN THE OVARIES OF Apis mellifera

WORKERS IS CONSISTENT WITH THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS 333
Autores: Liliane Maria Fróes De Macedo *; Flávia C P Freitas ; Camilla V Pires ;
1 1 1
Francis M F Nunes1; Maria Dolors Piulachs2; Zilá Luz Paulino Simões3
EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HORMONE-LINKED GENES IN THE

PRE- AND POST-APOLYSIS EVENTS OF Apis mellifera PUPAE 334
Autores: Natália H Hernandes¹*, Zilá LP Simões¹, Francis MF Nunes²
IDENTIFICATION OF mariner TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN STINGLESS

BEES GENOMES AND EVALUATION OF ITS PRESENCE IN Melipona ,
ILLIGER, 1806 (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, MELIPONINI) RELATED TO
DIFFERENT HETEROCHROMATIN CONTENTS 335
Autores: Priscila Karla Ferreira dos Santos¹*; Nathalia de Setta²; Ana Maria Bonetti¹;
Maria Cristina Arias³; Rute Magalhães Brito¹
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF

DIPLOID MALES OF Melipona quadrifasciata
UNDER INFLUENCE OF JUVENILE HORMONE. 336
Autores: Ríudo P. Ferreira, Uyrá Zama, Talitta G. Simões,
Luciane A. O. Lisboa, Lucio A. O. Campos.

xlvi
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE KOSHEWNIKOW’S GLAND

IN Apis mellifera NURSE AND FORAGER WORKERS
Autores: Thaís de Souza Rocha and José Eduardo Serrão
MOLECULAR ELEMENTS ACTING IN CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS

PROFILES DURING THE HONEYBEE CUTICLE MATURATION:
AN EVOLUTIONARY AND EXPERIMENTAL VIEW 338
Autores: Tiago Falcón1*; Francis de Morais Franco Nunes2;
Maria Juliana Ferreira-Caliman2; Juliana Stephanie Galaschi Teixeira2;
Claudinéia Pereira Costa2; Moysés Elias-Neto2; Michelle Prioli Miranda Soares2;
Érica Donato Tanaka1; Fábio Santos do Nascimento2; Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi
SELECTION OF AFRICANIZED HONEYBEE QUEENS Apis

mellifera L. IN COLONIES PRODUCING ROYAL JELLY BY
MOLECULAR MARKERS - MRJPS 339
Autores: Ana Paula Nunes Zago Oliveira1; Bruna Manueli Teles Moreira1;
Heber Luiz Pereira2; Simone Aparecida dos Santos1; Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo Takasusuki1;
Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo2; Claudete Aparecida Mangolin1
RESPONSE TO CONCENTRATIONS OF SUCROSE WITH

EXTENDED PROBOCIS (PER) RELATED TO DIFFERENT
AGES / FUNCTION IN WORKERS OF Melipona quadrifasciata
Autores: Sales Patricia Maria Oliveira ¹; Weyder Cristiano Santana ²*
AVANÇOS EM CRIAÇÃO DE ABELHAS 341
EVALUATION OF INTERNAL COLONIES CONDITIONS IN

Scaptotrigona SP. NOV. AND MELIPONA SUBNITIDA
BEES USED FOR POLLINATION IN THE GREENHOUSE. 342
Autores: Antonio Diego de Melo Bezerra¹,²; Isac Gabriel Abrahão Bomfim¹,²;
Epifânia Emanuela de Macedo Rocha¹; Alexandre Campos Nunes²; Raquel Andréa Pick¹;
Luiz Wilson Lima-Verde¹, Fernando Antonio Souza de Aragão²; Breno Magalhães Freitas¹

xlvii
DOES TRANSPORT OF NESTS OF Xylocopa frontalis TO

PASSION FRUIT ORCHARDS INFLUENCE NEST DEVELOPMENT? 343
Autores: Camila Nonato Junqueira ; Katja Hogendoorn ; Solange Cristina Augusto
1 2 1
ADAPTING THE FRAMES COLLECTORS “TAKE AND PUT,”

IN THE PROPOLIS PRODUCTION OF STINGLESS BEE TUBI,
Scaptotrigona aff. postica L. 1807 (HYMENOPTERA:
APIDAE: MELIPONINI) IN BARRA DO CORDA, MA, BR 344
Autores: Wilson Amorim Melo ; Helder Rocha de Souza ; Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque3
1 2,3
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT MULTIPLICATION

METHODS FOR STINGLESS BEE COLONIES. 345
Autores: Teixeira, J. C. da S.¹; Leão, K. S.³; Queiroz, A. C. M.²; Santos,
R. I. R.¹; Cordeiro, H. K. C.¹; Lage-Filho, N. M¹.; Venturieri, G. C².; Menezes, C.²
EFFECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE LONGEVITY AND

NUMBER OF WORKERS Bombus atratus COLONIES
Autores: Mario Simón Pinilla¹*; Marlene Lucia Aguilar¹; Jose Ricardo Cure¹
UTILIZATION OF A GIS IN THE EVALUATION OF FACTORS

THAT AFFECTS HONEY PRODUCTION (Apis mellifera L). 347
Autores: Simone Cristina Camargo1, Regina Conceição Garcia1*, Armin Feiden1,
Edmar Soares de Vasconcelos1, Bruno Garcia Pires1, Alceu Maurício Hartleben1,
Juyverson Giasson1, Eduardo Schulz Mittanck1, Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi1,
Diana Jessica Pereira1
UTILIZATION OF A GIS IN THE EVALUATION OF FACTORS THAT

AFFECTS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HONEY (Apis mellifera L). 348
Autores: Simone Cristina Camargo¹, Regina Conceição Garcia¹*, Armin Feiden¹,
Edmar Soares de Vasconcelos¹, Bruno Garcia Pires¹, Alceu Maurício Hartleben¹,
Juyverson Giasson¹, Eduardo Schulz Mittanck¹, Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi¹,
Francieli Liesenfeld¹
STINGLESS BEES BEEKEEPING IN MOSSORÓ,

RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, BRAZIL 349
Autores: Ulysses Madureira Maia¹*; Caio César de Azevedo Costa¹; Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonseca²

xlviii
SISTEMÁTICA E BIOGEOGRAFIA DE ABELHAS 350
SPECIES OF THE BEE GENUS Epanthidium MOURE, 1947

(HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE: ANTHIDIINI) OCCURRING IN
MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL. 351
Autores: Amanda M. S. Dias*; Fernando A. Silveira
SYSTEMATICS OF THE BEE GENUS Arhysoceble (APIDAE:

TAPINOTASPIDINI): TAXONOMIC REVISION AND PHYLOGENETIC
ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA 352
Autores: Antonio J. C. Aguiar¹*; Gabriel A. R. Melo²
MOLECULAR TAXONOMY OF SPECIES OF Euglossa (HYMENOPTERA,

APIDAE) FROM THE ATLANTIC FOREST: CASE STUDIES 353
Autor: Bruno Reganin Ferrari
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DRY CORRIDOR (CAATINGA,

CHACO AND CERRADO) IN THE ISOLATION OF POPULATIONS
OF Euglossa mixta (APIDAE: EUGLOSSINA) IN THE AMAZONIAN
AND ATLANTIC FOREST MORPHOCLIMATIC
DOMAINS – A PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC STUDY 354
Autores: Carolina Ferreira Cardoso *; Fabrício Rodrigues dos Santos ; Laurence Packer ;
1 2 3
Fernando Amaral da Silveira1
EVALUATION OF THE UTILITY OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERS

FOR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYZES IN BEES 356
Autores: Eglelson Alencar; Túlio Nunes; Sidnei Mateus; Eduardo Almeida.
DNA BARCODE REVEALS CRYPTIC BUMBLEBEE SPECIE IN

NORTHEASTERN OF BRAZIL 357
Autores: Elaine Françoso, Maria Cristina Arias.
BRAZILIAN INITIATIVE FOR BEE DNA BARCODES 358

Autores: Elaine Françoso1*, Rute Brito2, Solange Cristina Augusto3, Silvia Helena Sofia4,
Patrícia Drumond5, Gislene Almeida Carvalho-Zilse6, Ana Maria Waldschmidt7,
Tiago Mauricio Francoy8, Marco Antonio Costa9, Maria Cristina Arias1.

xlix
A NEW SPECIES OF THE BEE GENUS Thygater HOLMBERG, 1884

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE), WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES
OCCURRING IN THE BRAZILIAN STATE OF MINAS GERAIS 359
Autores: Felipe V. Freitas, Fernando A. Silveira.
COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE BRAZILIAN

STINGLESS BEES Melipona capixaba AND Melipona scutellaris:
TAXONOMIC UNCERTAINTY AND CONSERVATION GENETICS
OF ENDANGERED POPULATIONS 360
Autores: Helder Canto Resende , Ana Maria Waldschmidt ,
1* 2
Tânia Maria Fernandes Salomão3; Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos3
ASPECTS OF RICHNESS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF Euglossini

(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN BRAZIL. 361
Autores: José Neiva Mesquita Neto1*, Maria Inês Cruzeiro Moreno2.
FIRST RECORD OF GYNANDROMORPH IN THE BEE TRIBE

CALLIOPSINI (APIDAE: ANDRENINAE) 362
Autores: Kelli S. Ramos1*; Luisa Ruz2
STINGLESS BEES FROM THE AMAPÁ NATIONAL FOREST –

FLONA, AMAPÁ, BRAZIL 363
Autores: Richardson Ferreira Frazão¹*; Orlando Tobias Silveira²; Arley Jose Silveira da Costa¹
A NEW SPECIES OF Hylaeus (HYMENOPTERA:

COLLETIDAE) FROM THE NORTHERN REGION OF BRAZIL. 364
Autores: Rodolfo C. C. Arantes*; Fernando A. Silveira
NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS OF NEOTROPICAL SUBGENUS

Ceratina (Rhysoceratina) MICHENER, 2000 (HYMENOPTERA,
APIDAE, XYLOCOPINAE), WITH A TAXONOMIC NOTE 365
Autores: Thiago Mahlmann1*, Juliana Hipólito2, Favízia Freitas de Oliveira1,
Fernando Cesar Vieira Zanella3, Augusto Loureiro Henriques4

l
NINHOS DE ABELHAS 366
SOLITARY BEE NESTING IN TRAP-NESTS IN AN URBAN AREA OF

FEIRA DE SANTANA CITY, BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL 367
Autores: Alex de A. dos Santos ; Cândida M. L. Aguiar ; Gesline F. Almeida ;
1 2 3
Nayane R. G. Santos1
CLEPTOPARASITIC BEE Austrostelis HERINGI (ANTHIDIINI)

ATTACKING NESTS IN TRAP-NESTS OF SOLITARY BEES IN THE
ATLANTIC FOREST IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL 368
Autores: Ana Luiza de O. Nascimento* , Guaraci Duran Cordeiro ,
1 1
Carlos Alberto Garófalo1 & Isabel Alves dos Santos2
NEST ARCHITECTURE, DEVELOPMENT AND NATURAL ENEMIES

OF Centris (Paracentris) burgdorfi FRIESE, 1900
(APIDAE, CENTRIDINI) 369
Autores: Cláudia Inês da Silva¹, Letícia Biral de Faria²,
Elisa Pereira Queiroz¹& Isabel Alves-dos-Santos²
NESTING AND MORTALITY RATE OF SOLITARY BEES IN TRAP-NESTS

IN A FAMILY FARM SYSTEM IN THE SEMIARID REGION, BAHIA STATE 370
Autores: Gesline F. Almeida1, Claudia Oliveira dos Santos2*, Cândida M. L. Aguiar3,
Alex de A. dos Santos4, Patricia Oliveira-Rebouças5
NEST AGGREGATION OF FEMALE EPICHARIS (Epicharoides)

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) IN AN ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST
AREA, SOUTH BAHIA 371
Autores: Maise Silva¹²*, Marília Dantas e Silva², Daniela Monteiro², Maria Cristina Gaglianone3.
BEES AS HOSTS OF MUTILLID WASPS IN THE

NEOTROPICAL REGION 372
Autores: David R. Luz¹*, Gabriel A. R. Melo¹.
NESTING BIOLOGY OF Megachile (Melanosarus)

brasiliensis DALLA TORRE 1896 AND MEGACHILE
(AUSTROMEGACHILE) SEJUNCTA COCKEREL 1927
(HYMENOPTERA, MEGACHILINAE) IN AMAZONIAN FORESTS
FRAGMENTS IN MARANHÃO’S ISLAND, BRAZIL 373
Autores: Diego Marinho Pereira¹*, Gisele Garcia Azevedo².

li
NESTING SUBSTRATE OF Tetragonisca angustula

(HYMENOPTERA: MELIPONINA) IN THE FOREST OF
GINÁSIO SÃO JOSÉ IN THE CITY OF UBÁ - MG, BRAZIL 374
Autores: Érica Bernardo Pacheco*; Rafaela Dutra Marques; Gustavo Junior Araújo;
Georgina Maria de Faria-Mucci.
SURVEY OF STINGLESS BEES (APINAE: MELIPONINA) NESTS IN

URBAN AREA IN THE CITY OF UBÁ – MG – BRASIL 375
Autores: Gustavo Júnior de Araújo¹*; Luiza Santos da Silva¹;
Georgina Maria de Faria Mucci¹
NESTING PLASTICITY OF Tetragonisca FIEBRIGI IN URBAN

AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL. 376
Autores: Ramos, J.D.; Halinski, R.; Ferreira, N.R.; Blochtein, B.
TRAP-NESTING BEES IN AREAS OF ORGANIC

GRAPES AND STRAWBERRIES. 377
Autores: Jucélia Iantas*, Lia Gonçalves, Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini.
COMMUNITY OF BEES AND WASPS IN TRAPNESTS IN SEASONAL

SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST ON AN Inselberg
(MORRO DO ITAOCA, RJ) 378
Autores: Marcelita França Marques¹*; Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
NESTING BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF Centris (Centris) flavifrons

(FABRICIUS, 1775) (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE CENTRIDINI) IN
THE CITY OF JOAO PESSOA–PARAIBA, BRAZIL 379
Autores: Marcella Pereira Peixoto¹*; Celso Feitosa Martins¹
POLLEN GRAINS USED BY Epanthidium nectarinioides, Anthodioctes claudii

(HYMENOPTERA, MEGACHILIDAE; MEGACHILINAR; ANTHIDIINI)
AND Rhynchocolletes SP. (HYMENOPTERA; COLLETIDAE; COLLETINAE)
IN THE PROVISIONING THEIR NESTS 380
Autores: Mary Ellen dos Reis Diniz¹*; Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini¹
NESTING BEHAVIOR OF NEOTROPICAL BUMBLEBEE BOMBUS

BREVIVILLUS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN ITS NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ, BRAZIL 381
Autores: Mikail Olinda de Oliveira*¹; Marcelo Casimiro Cavalcante¹;
Breno Magalhães Freitas¹

lii
POLLEN ANALYSIS OF SOLITARY BEES NESTING IN A

REGENERATION PROCESS AREA 382
Autores: Nathália Ribeiro Henriques¹*; Ana Paula de Souza Medeiros Santos²;
Anete Pedro Lourenço¹
NESTING ACTIVITIES OF SOLITARY BEES IN PREEXISTING CAVITIES,

IN IRRIGATED ACEROLA ORCHARDS (Malpighia emarginata)
IN A SEMIARID REGION OF BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL. 383
Autores: Cândida M. L. Aguiar1*, Geane A. de Oliveira2, Kátia M. de M. Siqueira3,
Gesline F. de Almeida1, Vinina S. Ferreira4 , Patrícia L. Oliveira-Rebouças3
NESTING BIOLOGY OF Centris (Heterocentris) analis (HYMENOPTERA:

APIDAE: CENTRIDINI) IN TRAP-NESTS IN FORTALEZA, CEARÁ 384
Autores: Arianne M. Cavalcante; David S. Nogueira; Rita K. O. Pontes;
Raquel A. Pick e Breno M. Freitas
MORTALITY IN OFFSPRING OF TWO SPECIES OF Centris

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) IN AN URBAN AREA. 385
Autores: Renata Lee dos Santos Medeiros¹, Cândida Maria Lima Aguiar², Gesline Fernandes
Almeida³, Claudia Oliveira dos Santos¹
COMPORTAMENTO DE ABELHAS 386
ARE INTRA-COLONIAL BEHAVIORAL INTERACTIONS IN

Euglossa melanotricha INFLUENCED BY KINSHIP? 387
Autores: Aline Candida Ribeiro Andrade e Silva1*; Fábio Santos Nascimento1
DOES FEMALE BODY SIZE AFFECT USURPATION RATES AND NEST

CLOSURE IN Euglossa melanotricha ? 388
FORAGING PARTTERN OF Scaptotrigona xanthotricha MOURE, 1950

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, MELIPONINI) AT THE CAMPUS OF THE
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF BAHIA, SALVADOR, BA, BRAZIL 389
Autores: Carvalho, A. V. *; Oliveira, T. T. S. ; Santana, T. S. ; Guimarães, R. ; Moreira,
1 1 1 1
R. V.1; Lima, R.1; Mahlmann, T.1; Oliveira, F. F.1

liii
DAILY FORAGING PATTERN AND RESOURCE COLLECTION BY

COLONIES OF THE NEOTROPICAL BUMBLEBEE Bombus
brevivillus KEPT IN CAPTIVITY 390
Autores: Angela Maria da Silva Gomes; Mikail Olinda de Oliveira; Regina Maria Fontenele
Magalhães; Hiara Marques Meneses; David Silva Nogueira; Breno Magalhães Freitas.
FREQUENCY OF Apis mellifera IN EARLY DWARF CASHEW

(Annacardium occidentale) 391
Autores: Camila Queiroz Lemos, Epifânia Emanuela de Macêdo Rocha,
Antonio Diego de Melo Bezerra, Roberto Felipe Rocha; Breno Magalhães Freitas
TIME OF QUEEN REPLACEMENT IN Scaptotrigona depilis

Autores: Ayrton Vollet Neto *, Cristiano Menezes , Francis Ratnieks e
1 2 3
Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonseca4
EXTERNAL ACTIVITY OF WORKERS OF Melipona quadrifasciata

(APIDAE, MELIPONINA) IN UBERLÂNDIA, MG 393
Autores: Bruno Ferreira Bartelli¹; Isabel Farias Aidar¹; Fernanda Helena Nogueira-Ferreira¹
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FORAGING ACTIVITY OF

Melipona subnitida AND Plebeia flavocincta IN CAATINGA 394
Autores: Caio Cesar de Azevedo Costa *; Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonseca ;
1 1
Luciana Freitas de Andrde2; Wesley Adson Costa Coelho3
PATTERN OF FORAGING FOR Melipona subnitida AND

Plebeia flavocincta IN CAATINGA 395
Autores: Caio Cesar de Azevedo Costa1*; Ulysses Madureira Maia1;
Vera Lucia Imperatriz Fonseca1; Wesley Adson Costa Coelho2
DAILY PATTERN OF RESOURCE COLLECTION AND CLEANING

ACTIVITIES IN COLONIES OF Melipona subntida DUCKE 396
Autores: Nayanny de Sousa Fernandes, Epifânia Emanuela de Macêdo Rocha,
Aline dos Santos Silva, Camila Queiroz Lemos*, Breno Magalhães Freitas
COULD THE CEPHALIC SALIVARY GLANDS FROM WORKERS

OF Apis mellifera L. (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) BE SOURCE
OF CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS? 397
Autores: Silvana BeaniPoiani&Carminda da Cruz-Landim

liv
NESTING BIOLOGY AND INTRANIDAL BEHAVIOR IN

Euglossa annectans DRESSLER, 1892 (HYMENOPTERA :
APIDAE: EUGLOSSINI) 398
Autores: Claudia Akemi Saito¹; Samuel Vieira Boff²; Isabel Alves dos Santos¹
BEEKEEPING MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT IN THE

AMBIENCE OF COLONIES OF Apis mellifera 399
Autores: Daniel de Freitas Brasil , Michelle de Oliveira Guimarães ,
1* 1
Breno Magalhães Freitas1, José Antonio Delfino Barbosa Filho1.
IS THE DEAR ENEMY PHENOMENON APPLICABLE

FOR STINGLESS BEES? 400
Autores: Daniela Lima do Nascimento1*, Fábio S. Nascimento1
REPELLENT EFFECT OF 2.HEPTANONA AND SUGAR CANE HYDROLYZED

TO AFRICANIZED HONEYBEES ON CATTLE TROUGHS 401
Autores: Malerbo-Souza, D.T.*1, Santos, S.M.C.2, Scarpino, F.B.O.2, Peruchi, A.P.M.2, Aquaroli, D.B.2
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC VARIATIONS ON THE EXTERNAL

ACTIVITIES OF THE NEOTROPICAL BUMBLEBEE Bombus brevivillus
Autores: David Silva Nogueira, Mikail Olinda de Oliveira, Hiara Marques Meneses,
Regina Maria Fontenele Magalhães, Ângela Maria da Silva Gomes, Breno Magalhães Freitas.
INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE, RELATIVE

HUMIDITY AND LIGHT INTENSITY IN THE FLIGHT ACTIVITY
OF Melipona subntida DUCKE COLONIES 403
Autores: Epifânia Emanuela de Macêdo Rocha*, Nayanny de Sousa Fernandes,
Aline dos Santos Silva e Breno Magalhães Freitas.
FORMATION OF FRUITS OF MELON Cucumis melo WITH DIFFERENT

NUMBERS OF VISITS OF APIS MELLIFERA IN IRRIGATED CROP 404
Autores: Mara Poline da Silva1*, Tamires Almeida da Silva1, Eva Mônica Sarmento da Silva2,
Márcia de Fátima Ribeiro3, Lúcia Helena Piedade Kiill3
ASSESSING THE SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES

ON THE NURSES BEE 405
Autores: Fellipe Chaves Nominato; Andrigo Monroe Pereira; Osmar Malaspina.

lv
FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF STINGLESS BEE Geotrigona subterranea

FRIESE, 1901 (APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 406
Autores: Fernando Mendes Barbosa¹*; Rogério Marcos de Oliveira Alves²; Cristiano Menezes³.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN EUGLOSSA MELANOTRICHA

MOURE, 1967 (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI) 407
Autores: Gabriele Antico Freiria¹*; Silvia Helena Sofia²; Natália de Campos
Muradas Cerântola¹; Marco Antonio Del Lama¹; Solange Cristina Augusto³
VERTEBRATE FECES ARE STORED INSIDE COLONIES OF Melipona

flavolineata TO BE USED LATER AS BUILDING MATERIAL 408
Autores: Hayron Kalil Cardoso Cordeiro¹*; Cristiano Menezes²; Nauara Moura Lage Filho¹;
MALE MATING BEHAVIOR OF Epicharis (Epicharoides)

PICTA (SMITH, 1874) 409
KEEPING YOURSELF CLEAN: DOES THE HYGIENIC BEHAVIOR

OF AUSTRALIAN Trigona carbonaria IMPROVE DEFENSE
AGAINST PATHOGENS? 410
Autores: Jenny Shanks¹ , Robert Spooner-hart¹, Anthony M. Haigh¹, Markus Riegler².
*
PRODUCTION OF NEW QUEENS IN QUEENLESS COLONIES OF

Frieseomelitta languida MOURE 1990 (HYMENOPTERA,
APIDAE, MELIPONINI). 411
Autores: Fadil, J.P.R.; Mateus, S.; Nunes, T.M. e Nascimento, F.S.
CAPTURE EFFICIENCY OF BEES BY Pan traps IN THE

MUNICIPALITIES OF MUNDO NOVO AND CRISTALINA, GOIÁS. 412
Autores: Karoline R. de Sá Torezani , Viviane C. Pires , Wallyson A. Rodrigues , Alex A. T. Cortês
1* 2 1
de Sousa1, Fernando A. Silveira2, Antônio J. C. Aguiar3, Edison R. Sujii1, Carmen S. S. Pires1.
THE ATTACK OF Trigona spinipes IN Artemisia annua PLANTS CAN

AFFECT ITS ARTEMISININ PRODUCTION, AN ANTIMALARIAL DRUG. 413
Autores: Kátia Sampaio Malagodi-Braga¹*, Kenny Roncon¹, Waldemore Moriconi¹,
Pedro Melillo de Magalhães².

lvi
A NECROPHAGEOUS BEE (Trigona hypogea) USES LABIAL

GLAND SECRETIONS AS TRAIL PHEROMONE 414
Autores: Lucas Amaral Oliveira¹*; Daniela Lima do Nascimento¹; Sidnei Mateus¹; Stefan
Jarau²; Fábio Santos do Nascimento¹
MALE Euglossa melanotricha MOURE, 1967 (HYMENOPTERA,

EUGLOSSINI): DOES IT USE CONTINUOUSLY THE SAME
PLACE TO SLEEP? 415
Autores:1, 2Maise Silva; 2Marília Dantas e Silva & 3Aline Andrade-Silva
FLORAL VISITORS OF CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale) L.)

IN TWO PLANTATIONS AT HORIZONTE, CEARÁ 416
Autores: Lilian Maria Araújo de Flores, Alípio Pacheco Filho,
Patrícia Barreto de Andrade, Breno Magalhães Freitas
REPELLENCY BIOASSAY IN SEMI-FIELD USING MINT ESSENTIAL

OIL IN Apis melifera L. (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE). 417
Autores: Rafael Fávero¹, Andrigo Monroe Pereira¹, Osmar Malaspina
RESPONSE OF AFRICANIZED HONEYBEES (HYMENOPTERA -

APIDAE) TO PER - PROBOSCIS EXTENSION RESPONSE -
EXPOSED TO NEEM INSECTICIDE 418
Autores: Renata Oliveira de Fernandes¹*, Atílio Dalcin Júnior¹, Nayara Soares Smith Braga¹,
Sharrine Omari Domingues de Oliveira¹, Weyder Cristiano Santana², Evaldo Vilela²
BEHAVIOR DESCRIPTION OF THE FAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH

URUÇU YELLOW Melipona flavolineata 419
Autores: Rosana Ingrid Ribeiro dos Santos ¹*, Hayron Kalil Cardoso Cordeiro¹, Cristiano Menezes ²
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF BEES ON FLOWERS OF CANOLA 420

Autores: Sidia Witter *, Flávia Pereira Tirelli , Hellena Müller & Betina Blochtein
1 1 1 2
LITERATURE REVIEW OF BEES (APIFORMES) ASSOCIATED WITH

VERTEBRATE CARRION IN THE NEOTROPICAL REGION 421
Autores: Thiago de Carvalho Moretti

lvii
MALE SLEEPING AGGREGATION OF MULTIPLE GENERA

OF EUCERINI BEES (APIDAE, APINAE) IN CHAPADA
DIAMANTINA, BAHIA, BRASIL 422
Autores: Thiago Mahlmann¹*, Juliana Hipólito², Favízia Freitas de Oliveira¹
OUTROS 423
DATA QUALITY APPLIED IN BIODIVERSITY INFORMATION SYSTEM 424

Autores: Allan Koch Veiga¹; Antonio Mauro Saraiva²
CHANGES IN THE BEE BRAIN VOLUME LINKED TO BEHAVIOUR

PLASTICITY (Melipona scutellaris : APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 425
Autores: Ana Carolina Roselino, Carminda da Cruz-Landim
INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION IN Apis mellifera L.

IN ARTIFICIAL SOURCES 426
Autores: Bruno Gusmão Vieira¹, Julia Albano de Barros¹, Carolina de Lima Paiva¹, Vanessa de
Almeida Barros¹, Márcio Valente Martins Júnior¹, Weyder Cristiano Santana²
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF POLLINATOR-FRIENDLY

PRACTICES - THE CASE OF CASHEW PRODUCERS 427
Autores: Patrícia Verônica Pinheiro Sales Lima; Breno Magalhães Freitas;
Ana Cristina Nogueira Maia; Jamille Albuquerque de Oliveira; Camila Queiroz Lemos*
MIRNA REGULATION IN THE EGG ACTIVATION OF Apis mellifera 428

Autores: Camilla Valente Pires¹; Flávia Cristina de Paula Freitas¹; Zilá Luz Paulino Simões²
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF FIPRONIL ON THE BIOENERGETICS

OF MITOCHONDRIA ISOLATED FROM AFRICANIZED AND
EUROPEAN HONEY BEES 429
Autores: Daniel Nicodemo*, Fábio Ermínio Mingatto, Marcos Antonio Maioli,
José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira.
INSECTS VISITING THE FLOWERS OF THE SWEET ORANGE

(Citrus sinensis L. OSBECK) IN JABOTICABAL, SP 430
Autores: Soares, D.F., Malerbo-Souza, D.T., Beserra, V.A., Silva, G.V., Nasralla,
L.G., Valverde, M.F., Felipe, B.O.

lviii
FLORAL RESOURCE PARTITIONING BY Xylocopa (HYMENOPTERA:

APIDAE) SPECIES IN AN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM 431
Autores: ¹Danielle Mendes Carvalho, ¹ ²Gilberto Marcos de Mendonça Santos, ³Janete Jane
,
Resende, 4Marco Aurélio Ribeiro de Mello
DIVERSITY OF SEMINAL ORGANS AND ITS CHEMICAL NATURE

AMONG BEES: Epicaris sp, Bombus morio , B.
atratus AND Melipona bicolor (Apidae) 432
Autores: Fábio Camargo Abdalla1*, Douglas Nazareth Rivera1, Mateus Marcondes2,
Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacharin1.
USING A MELIPONARY AS A TOOL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION

OF ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS 433
Autores: Sarah de Freitas Oliveira; Fernanda Helena Nogueira Ferreira.
ROBUST IMAGE SEGMENTATION APPLIED TO BEE’S FORE WINGS 434

Autores: Flávio Sales Truzzi*¹; Nicolau Leal Werneck¹; Carlos Eduardo Oliveira Vido¹;
Tiago Mauricio Francoy²; Anna Helena Reali Costa¹.
MAY ROUNDUP® IMPACT THE FORAGING CAPACITY OF THE

BUMBLEBEE Bombus morio? 435
Autores: Guilherme Sampaio, Daiane Almeida de Camargo, Mateus Marcondes,
Fábio Camargo Abdalla
LNC OVARY-1, A LONG NON-CODING RNA DIFFERENTIALLY

EXPRESSED IN CASTE-SPECIFIC OVARY PHENO TYPE
DEVELOPMENT IN THE HONEY BEE, Apis mellifera 436
Autores: Gustavo J. Tibério, Fernanda C. Humann, Klaus Hartfelder
THE COMMUNITY OF EUGLOSSINA BEES (APIDAE, APINAE) IN

FRAGMENTS OF AMAZON FOREST AND RESTINGA IN
MARANHÃO’S ISLAND, EASTERN AMAZON, BRAZIL 437
Autores: Haylla Cristina Saraiva Ribeiro¹, Gisele Garcia Azevedo 1
BIOPROSPECTING THE ASSOCIATED MICROBIOTA IN

STINGLESS BEES FROM CENTRAL AMAZONS 438
Autores: Henriette Soares Pereira Paskinn¹; Mirna Sayuri Farias Miyamoto¹;
Luciana Leomil¹; Gislene Almeida Carvalho Zilse²; Edmar Vaz de Andrade¹;
Spartaco Astolfi Filho¹; Carlos Gustavo Nunes da Silva¹

lix
GYNANDROMORPHISM IN Megachile (Pseudocentron)

SP. (APOIDEA, MEGACHILIDAE) 439
Autores: Igor Rismo Coelho *; Rafael Rodrigues Ferrari ; Geraldo Wilson Fernandes
1 1 2
EFFECT OF POLLINATION BY STINGLESS BEE Scaptotrigona

SP NOV. ON FRUIT QUALITY OF MINI WATERMELON VARIETIES
UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS 440
Autores: Isac Gabriel Abrahão Bomfim¹,²; Antônio Diego de Melo Bezerra¹,²;
Alexandre Campos Nunes²; Jorge André Matias Martins¹;
SOCIAL NETWORKS ANALYSIS METRICS AND ITS APPLICATION IN

POLLINATOR-PLANT INTERACTION NETWORKS STUDIES. 441
Autores: Juliana Saragiotto Silva1*,2
, Antonio Mauro Saraiva . 1
NODEXL - A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS TOOL APPLIED TO

A POLLINATOR-PLANT INTERACTION DATABASE. 442
Autores: Juliana Saragiotto Silva1*,2, Antonio Mauro Saraiva1.
FIPRONIL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN AFRICANIZED AND EUROPEAN

HONEY BEES DETERMINED BY INGESTION TESTS. 443
Autores: Kamila Vilas Boas Balieira*, José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira,
Leriana Garcia Reis, Viviane do Nascimento Santana de Almeida, Daniel Nicodemo.
HIGH NUCLEAR GENETIC VARIABILITY IN Tetragonisca

angustula FROM MELIPONARIES 444
Autores: Leandro Rodrigues Santiago1*; Flávio de Oliveira Francisco1; Maria Cristina Arias1
MITOCHONDRIAL AND MICROSATELLITES POLYMORPHISM

IN ETHIOPIAN HONEYBEE 445
Autores: Leandro Rodrigues Santiago1, Addissu Gebre Ayele2, Mohamed Tilahun2,
Zenebe Abreha2, Patrícia Maria Drumond3, Maria Cristina Arias1
MITOCHONDRIAL AND MICROSATELLITES POLYMORPHISM

IN ETHIOPIAN HONEYBEE 446
Autores: Leandro Rodrigues Santiago1; Addissu Gebre Ayele2;
Patrícia Maria Drumond3; Maria Cristina Arias1

lx
COMPARATIVE FIPRONIL SUSCEPTIBILITY BETWEEN

AFRICANIZED AND EUROPEAN HONEY BEES DETERMINED
BY TOPICAL APPLICATION TEST 447
Autores: Leriana Garcia Reis1*; José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira1; Kamila Vilas Boas
Balieira1; Viviane do Nascimento Santana de Almeida¹; Daniel Nicodemo¹
FIPRONIL EFFECT IN GENE ACTIVITY OF HYPOPHARINGEAL GLANDS

AND BRAINS OF FORAGING BEES (AFRICANIZED Apis mellifera) 448
Autores: Lívia Matsumoto da Silva¹; José Ricardo Penteado Falco¹
PATHOGENS SPORES FOUND IN “IMPORTED” BEE POLLEN

MARKETED IN BRAZIL. 449
Autores: Santos, L.G1; Martins, M.F 2, Message, D3; Alves, M.L.T.M.F1; Teixeira, E.W1
ON THE EVOLUTION OF CLEPTOPARASITISM IN Lestrimelitta

limao (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE, MELIPONINI) 450
Autores: von Zuben, Lucas Garcia; Nunes, Túlio Marcos
IABIN PROJECT: DIGITIZATION OF DATA ON POLLINATOR–PLANT

INTERACTION BASED ON THE “PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD
CATÓLICA DE VALPARAÍSO BEE COLLECTION”, CHILE. 451
Autores: Luisa Ruz*, Yanet Sepúlveda*, Sharon Rodríguez**, Dennis Navea*
TOXICITY OF THE AGROCHEMICALS FIPRONIL THE HONEYBEE

Apis mellifera L. AFRICANIZED. 452
Autores: Marcela Pedraza Carrillo¹; Thaís de Souza Bovi²; Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi³
TOXICITY OF THE AGROCHEMICALS IMIDACLOPRID THE

HONEYBEE Apis mellifera L. AFRICANIZED. 453
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN EUGLOSSINI

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) POPULATIONS FROM A COASTAL
PLAIN AREA AND AN INSULAR AREA IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL 454
Autores: Léo Correia da Rocha Filho1; Natália de Campos Muradas Cerântola2;
Carlos Alberto Garófalo1; Marco Antonio Del Lama*2

lxi
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED EUCALYPTS ON

DEVELOPMENT OF Apis mellifera LINNAEUS, IN SOUTHEAST BRAZIL 455
Autores: 1Mariana Zaniol Fernandes, 2Annelise de Souza Rosa,
1
Betina Blochtein, 3Giancarlo Pasquali
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH AND AUTHOPHAGY IN OVARIES

OF Bombus morio (APIDAE: BOMBINI) EXPOSED TO
CADMIUM CHLORIDE (CDCL2) 456
Autores: Marina Pedrosa¹*; Mateus Marcondes²; Elaine Cristina Mathias Silva-Zacarin¹;
Fábio Camargo Abdalla¹
Bombus morio versus Bombus atratus (APIDAE, BOMBINI):

A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SPERMATECAL GLAND AND
SPERMATECAE BETWEEN THE TWO SPECIES 457
Autores: Mateus Marcondes¹*; Fábio Camargo Abdalla²; Douglas Nazareth Rivera²;
Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacharin²
HISTOLOGY OF OVARIES OF NATURAL AND PRODUCED QUEENS

OF Melipona rufiventris: THE EFFECT OF JUVENILE
HORMONE III 458
Autores: Matheus Lacerda Viana¹*; Luciane Cristina de Oliveira Lisboa ; 1
TWO NEW CASES OF GYNANDROMORPHY IN BRAZILIAN

SPECIES OF THE CARPENTER BEE GENUS Xylocopa
LATREILLE, 1802 (APIDAE: XYLOCOPINI). 459
Autores: Felipe Vivallo¹; Paola Marchi²*
POLLINATION OF TOMATO INSERTED IN A LANDSCAPE WITH

A PREDOMINANCE OF SUGARCANE PRODUCTION IN THE
CITY OF RIO CLARO, SÃO PAULO 460
Autores: Paula C. Montagnana1; Gleiciani B. Patricio1; Elizandra G. Gomig1;
Felipe G. Brocanelli1; Bruno. B. Grisolia1; Maria J. O. Campos1
PANTRAPS AS A POTENTIAL METHOD FOR COLLECTING BEES

OF SUBGENUS Ceratina (Crewella) COCKERELL, 1903
(APIDAE, XYLOCOPINAE) IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL 461
Autores: Patrícia Barreto de Andrade *, Roberto Felipe Rocha , Thiago Mahlmann ,
1 1 2
Favízia Freitas de Oliveira2, Breno Magalhães Freitas1.

lxii
MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTENNAL SENSILLAE

OF MALES AND FEMALES OF THE STINGLESS BEE
Melipona quadrifascianta ANTHIDIOIDES 462
Autores: Samira Veiga Ravaiano1*; Ríudo de Paiva Ferreira2; Uyrá dos Santos Zama3;
Lúcio Antônio de Oliveira Campos2; Gustavo Ferreira Martins2
in vivo EFFECT OF THIAMETHOXAM ON ESTERASES

OF Apis mellifera L., 1758 463
Autores: Stephan M. Carvalho1, Luc P. Belzunces2 and Osmar Malaspina1
EUCALYPT POLLEN USE BY Melipona obscurior MOURE AND

Apis mellifera L.: INFLUENCE OF THE LANDSCAPE ON THE
HARVESTING BEHAVIOR OF SOCIAL BEES. 464
Autores: Suzane Both Hilgert-Moreira*, Mariana Zaniol Fernandes and Betina Blochtein
EFFECT OF JUVENILE HORMONE III IN FEMALES AND MALES

OF Melipona quadrifasciata: MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS 465
Autores: Talitta Guimarães Simões¹*; Riudo Paiva Ferreira¹;
Luciane Cristina de Oliveira Lisboa¹; Lúcio Antonio de Oliveira Campos¹
DIFFERENTIAL IMIDACLOPRID SUSCEPTIBILITY BETWEEN

AFRICANIZED AND EUROPEAN HONEY BEES DETERMINED
BY TOPICAL APPLICATION TEST 466
Autores: Viviane do Nascimento Santana de Almeida1*; José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira1;
Leriana Garcia Reis1; Kamila Vilas Boas Balieira1; Daniel Nicodemo1
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENDOCRINE CELLS IN THE

MIDGUT OF Bombus sp. (HYMENOPTERA) 467
Autores: Wagner Gonzaga Gonçalves, Kenner Morais Fernandes,
Dihego Oliveira Azevedo and José Eduardo Serrão
HISTOLOGY OF Bombus sp. EXCRETORY SYSTEM (HYMENOPTERA) 468

HOW SAMPLING ORCHID BEES (HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE)?

PROBLEMS OF METHODS? HOW ARE THE BAIT TRAPS USED?
THE MODEL OF BAIT TRAPS THAT WORKED 469
Autores: Willian Moura Aguiar¹ & Maria Cristina Gaglianone²

lxiii
FIPRONIL CAUSES SERIOUS DISTURBANCE IN NORMAL

DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICANIZED Apis mellifera 470
Autores: Silva, C.A.S.¹, Guapo, F. , Abdalla, F.C. , Malaspina, O.², Silva-Zacarin, E.C.M.¹
1 1

1
PL E NÁRIAS

2
Next-generation sequencing: searching for the

next generation
Zilá Luz Paulino Simões
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto
Departamento de Biologia
zlpsimoe@usp.br
Apis mellifera queens and workers are prime examples of how deeply the environment could
affect ontogenesis. In bees, a differential protein-containing diet is responsible for the high levels
of juvenile hormone (JH) observed in queens, that, in turn, directs larval development and the
morphological differences observed in both castes. The differential levels of JH are controlled by a
specific enzyme the juvenile hormone esterase (JHE). The JH activation of physiometabolic gene
cascades allowed queens to grow differentially and be an efficient egg laying machine. However, in
the presence of low levels of JH, honeybee workers develop characters transforming them in highly
specialized member of the colony, active pollinators with extraordinary cognitive capacity. Aiming
to shed some light on JHE role in caste development and differentiation we interfered its codifying
gene using RNAi. We conducted an experiment treating 3 groups of young larvae (L2) with Amjhe
dsRNA and leaving other 3 groups developing without treatment, both until pre-pupal phase. The
miRNA of the six groups were deep sequenced using Illumina Technology. We observed that the
miRNA gene family differs profoundly between the treated and untreated groups. We selected 14
miRNAs and searching for their targets (RNAHybrid) we found approximately 1100 candidates
(affected genes). Looking for the Ortologs we note that preferentially developmental genes were
affected, indicating that the more expressed miRNA are inhibiting the characteristic worker devel-
opmental genes directing the development to queen like. Confirming our hypothesis that JHE is in
the regulation of caste differentiation, an important actor.
Financial support: FAPESP

3
Honeybee integrative biology: linking behavior

and sociobiology of a crop pollinator
Farina, Walter M.
Grupo de Estudio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental,
IFIBYNE, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
The integration of knowledge from diverse areas is an increasingly common challenge in

studying biological systems. Many current studies of animal behavior are exemplary cases of this
approach. In this sense, the honeybee Apis mellifera is an excellent animal model through which in-
dividual cognitive skills, communication systems and collective responses can be studied simul-
taneously. Individual and social planes of studies have shown intricate capabilities of this social
insect to learn and memorize, and also to exchange complex information, such as that transmitted
via the waggle dance. Despite the fact that there are many studies that combine both levels of orga-
nization and their implications, few approaches frame these aspects within a surrounding of social
mobility through which individuals are exposed to different behavioral contexts throughout their
lives. Cognition and communication issues regarding the spread and persistence of the acquired
information at the colony level would improve the understanding of socio-biological aspects with a
dynamic approach in honeybees. These are the topics to be developed in this presentation.

4
Perfume biology of orchid bees:

advances in the last sesquidecade
Thomas Eltz
Department for Animal Ecology, Evolution, and Biodiversity, Ruhr-Universität Bochum,
Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum
thomas.eltz@rub.de
Orchid bees (Apinae: Euglossini) are arguably the most fascinating, but certainly the most
enigmatic bees of the neotropics. Large, fast-flying, and often brilliantly colored they pollinate a
vast number of forest plants in their search for pollen and nectar. Additionally, males seek out and
harvest volatile chemicals (“scents”) to store them in specialized leg pockets; doing so they be-
came the founders of a unique pollination syndrome. The “male euglossine pollination syndrome”
consists of hundreds of plant species, frequently orchids, that produce floral odors specifically for
the scent-seeking bees. Just why male orchid bees collect scents has remained a mystery. How-
ever, over the last 15 years our knowledge on male choice of chemicals, the intricate ways of how
volatiles are collected and concentrated, and the chemical composition of male “perfume” blends
has grown substantially. Also, it has become evident that male euglossines expose their perfumes
in the context of pre-mating behavior whilst performing the so-called “display” behavior on perch
trees on hill tops or near clearings. It is here where matings take place, and it seems likely that the
perfumes have a role in pre-copulatory behavior, i.e. are pheromone analogues. One of the clear-
est outcomes of euglossine studies is that male blends are chemically species-specific in the sense
that there is always much more variability in perfume composition among species than within.
This suggests a role in species recognition. Such a role is also supported by phylogenetic analyses
which show that the most closely related have very distinct perfume phenotypes, suggesting that
perfumes have undergone reproductive character displacement. Overall, it must be acknowledged
that the ultimate cause(s) of perfume making in male orchid bees is (are) still elusive. Field and
flight cage experiments aimed at testing specific hypotheses are ongoing, but have so far not struck
gold. Orchid bees are struggling to remain enigmatic for another sesquidecade.

5
Delayed Hospicidal Behavior Or Why Do Certain

Cleptoparasitic Bees Wait to Kill Host Offspring?
American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
rozen@amnh.org
As generally understood, cleptoparasitic bees deposit their eggs in the nests of solitary bees,
and larvae of the cleptoparasites feed upon the provisions that had been stored there by the host
species. Because the store provisions in a single brood chamber are sufficient for only one individ-
ual, a state of competitions exists between parasite and host. The host offspring must be eliminated
if the parasite is to survive. Clearly parasitism has evolved de novo a number of times among five
of the seven families of bees, as have various methods by which the host egg or larva is killed. One
common way is characteristic of most of the cleptoparasitic Apidae. These cleptoparasites either
hide their eggs in the brood chambers while host females are gathering provision, or they introduce
eggs into the recently closed brood chambers through small or large openings that they make. After
hatching, the cleptoparasitic first instar crawls around the brood chamber and, with large, sharply
pointed mandibles and highly modified head capsule, assassinates the host egg or early instar. Af-
terwards, it molts and assumes the more normal morphology of a pollen/nectar feeding larva.
Although hospicidal first instars are a common phenomenon of cleptoparasites, later instars,
rather than early instars, of some taxa (Coelioxys, Stelis) in the Megachilidae are known to have
the exaggerated anatomical features that enable them to kill host immatures. However, if a state
of competition for the stored food exists, why would a cleptoparasite wait until the host larva con-
sumes provisions? Through a series of studies in various part of the world, Rozen and coauthors
have found a possible explanation that he will discuss.

6
Economy of the Honeybee Colony

Karl Crailsheim
University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Austria
During the course of evolution honeybees have developed fascinating mechanisms of investing
high amounts of carbohydrates in thermoregulation and flight effort at one hand and saving energy
when no investment is necessary at the other hand. Adam Smith, a great economist in the 18th century
has defined man as homo economicus and I will show the similarities between human and honeybee
economy, finally ending with defining bees as apis economica.
As humans, bees are managing various materials and factors such as nutrients, minerals, vita-
mins, wax, population and in-hive climate. Water is one of the most important and most difficult to
manage substrates, not only being crucial for the metabolism of the individuals, but also for tempera-
ture regulation and humidity. For thermoregulation the water is needed to decrease temperature by
evaporation. For increasing the temperature for the individual and for the colony, huge amounts of
carbohydrates are invested. The need for heating is of similar dimension than the need for flying. The
high investment into flight is justified by the high quality food bees are collecting. The colony as a su-
per organism prefers to exploit the most rentable food sources, and the colony as well as the individuals
have very economical strategies. Water (for reasons see above) and pollen is collected almost regard-
less of costs if necessary; the latter mostly for the rearing of brood. If there is brood, but no pollen in the
colony, they try to save as much of the offspring by a combination of cannibalism and brood nursing.

7
MESA RE DONDA

8
As Raízes dos estudos sobre Abelhas Meliponini

Paulo Nogueira-Neto
As nossas raízes da Meliponicultura estão baseadas, no século XIX, nos escritos de Leonardo
S. das Dores Castelo – Branco (1845) que tratou das abelhas de Província do Piauhy. Essa foi uma
iniciativa Brasileira. Contudo, graças aos Meliponini enviados à Europa por Luis Jacques Brunet, que
enviou numerosas colméias do Brasil à França, os entomologistas L. Drory (1872), M. Girard 1872 e
Casimir Roveret – Wattel 1875, puderam lá fazer estudos básicos.
No século XIX, aqui na Federação Brasileira foram feitas pesquisas por Fritz Muller de 1874 a 1882,
Mariano Filho 1911, Adolpho Ducke 1916, Hermann von Ihering 1903, Rodolpho von Ihering 1940.
No que se refere a situações mais próximas, iniciaram –se com maior intensidade no século XX,
a começar em 1940 – 1945, os trabalhos de Warwick Estevam Kerr, Paulo Nogueira-Neto e pouco
depois o Padre Jesus Santiago Moure. Warwick E. Kerr era estudante na Escola Superior de Agricul-
tura Luiz de Queiroz da USP, em Piracicaba no Departamento de Genética, cujo titular era o Professor
Briguer, vindo da Alemanha. Paulo Nogueira - Neto pesquisava abelhas indígenas ao mesmo tempo
em que estudava na Faculdade de Direito da USP. Dessas “arvores iniciais” surgiram trabalhos de
outros pesquisadores, de igual valor.
O Padre Jesus S. Moure era auto - didata, mas tinha uma profunda cultura biológica e estudava
espécies brasileiras de abelhas solitárias e sociais, inclusive nesse ultimo caso as abelhas Meliponini.
Tínhamos o apoio do Conde italiano, mas também profundamente brasileiro, Amadeu Barbiellini,
dono e diretor da popular ruricula (hoje extinta) revista Chácaras e Quintais.
O Professor Warwick Kerr, por ser um estudante que via as abelhas muito de acordo com os
seus conhecimentos genéticos, criou uma teoria que explicava as castas das abelhas como sendo ge-
neticamente determinadas. Embora a genética seja sempre importante, a sua teoria da formação das
castas, a meu ver será modificada. Contudo, o Professor Warwick Kerr teve uma importância enorme,
na formação e desenvolvimento de centros de estudo e no desenvolvimento da Meliponicultura.
O Centro de Estudos que está promovendo esta reunião foi originada pelo Professor Warwick Kerr
e desenvolvido por seus discípulos Lionel Segui Gonçalves, Carlos A. Gorofalo, Conceição A. Camargo,
Ademilson Espencer E. Soares, Ronaldo Zuchi, Luci Bego, Dora N. L. Silva, David de Jong, Klaus Halten-
fender, Yoko Terada, Karina, Evandro Camilo, Cleusa, Beig, Camile – Antique e outros pesquisadores.
O Professor Warwick E. Kerr fundou um outro eficiente Centro de Estudos para as atividades me-
liponicolas, na Cidade de Rio Claro (SP). É um Centro, que prestou grande apoio à Meliponicultura. En-
tre os seus cientistas estão a Professora Dra.Carminda da Cruz Landin, que se destacou no mundo cien-
tifico pelos seus trabalhos sobre as estruturas físicas das abelhas Meliponini e suas funções. Também se
destacaram lá em Rio Claro os Doutores Darwin Beig, Virgilio Portugal Araújo (falecido), A. C. Stort,
Malaspina, J.K. Villas Boas, Priscila Cintra, Odair C. Bueno, Prof. Calliogario e outros colaboradores.
O Professor Warwick E. Kerr foi por 2 vezes Diretor do INPA, cujas atividades cientificas ele
muito desenvolveu. (1975 – 1979 e 1999). Colaborou lá com os especialistas em Meliponicultura Dra.
Gislene Almeida Carvalho – Zilze, Dr. Portugal – Araújo, e outros. Portugal - Araújo é o autor de uma
colméia composta por uma pilha de gavetas quadradas, muito usada na Amazônia. O Professor W.E.
Kerr, com a Profª. Dra. Vânia Alves Nascimento e com a Dra. Gislene Almeida Carvalho – Zilze
publicaram em 1996 um importante livro sobre a “Abelha Uruçu, Biologia, Manejo e Conservação”.

9
Em 1981 o Professor Warwick E. Kerr foi trabalhar na Universidade Federal do Maranhão.

Escreveu lá um livro (1987) sobre a Biologia da abelha TIUBA (Melípona compressipes fasciculata.
A meu ver é o seu maior e melhor livro cientifico.
Em 1988 o Professor Warwick Kerr depois foi trabalhar na Universidade Federal de Uber-
lândia. Desenvolveu ali vários trabalhos sobre as abelhas Meliponini. Entre outros foi seu orien-
tado o Dr. Cristiano Menezes, hoje na EMBRAPA, assim como o Dr. Giorgi Venturielli e outros
grandes pesquisadores. Também a Dra. Gislene Carvalho Zilze foi sua constante colaboradora
em vários trabalhos científicos importantes.
Os professores Drs. Warwvick E. Kerr, A. C. Stort e Maria José Montenegro, em 1966 pub-
licaram um trabalho de alto valor cientifico, mostrando o papel importante do fator alimentar na
produção de rainhas, no gênero Melípona. A meu ver, por sua importância, este foi o seu trabalho
cientifico de maior valor. Outros trabalhos de importância cientifica foram também realizados pelos
seus orientados Profs. Drs. Lucio de Oliveira Campos, Carminda da Cruz Cardim e Ronaldo Zuc-
chi, todos eles por sua vez orientadores de outros pesquisadores.
É importante salientar que no Centro Meliponicola (nome dado por Paulo Nogueira-Neto) de
Ribeirão Preto na USP, continuam os trabalhos, com orientação do Professor Dr. Fabio Nascimento e
de seus colegas, como Carlos A. Garofalo, Ademilson Espencer Soares e David de Jong, entre outros.
O Professor Padre Jesus Santiago Moure teve um papel muito importante nos estudos cientí-
ficos sobre as abelhas Meliponini. Ele criou vários gêneros dessas abelhas, fazendo assim subdi-
visões importantes. Teve muita atuação, em resumo, na sistemática das abelhas, principalmente na
área geográfica Neotropical. Recebeu o apoio de Danuzia Urban, Sebastião Laroca e até em vários
casos, do Professor Dr. Charles D. Michener. Um dos seus companheiros de trabalho cientifico foi
o Professor Dr. João M. F. Camargo. Este, por sua vez, fez trabalhos notáveis, em colaboração com
a Professora Dra. Silvia M. R. Pedro e outros pesquisadores.
Entre os estudiosos dos nossos Meliponini, penso que ninguém andou mais no interior da nossa
Federação Brasileira, que o Professor Dr. João M. F. Camargo. Também esteve em paises vizinhos.
Assim, descobriu no Uruguai, perto de Montivideo, ninhos de abelha Mourella. Conversava longa-
mente com ele, na minha Fazenda Aretuzina, em São Simão – SP. Disse-me que a Melípona rufiven-
tris era na realidade 5 espécies. Não chegou a escrever sobre isso.
Quanto às minhas atividades, devo dizer que 09 anos depois de minha formatura em 1945
na Faculdade de Direito da USP, fiz exame vestibular na Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras
da USP, para ingressar no curso então existente de História Natural. Fui aprovado em 3º lugar no
exame para o curso noturno. Tinha aproximadamente a idade dos meus Professores, algo mais de 30
anos. Me formei em 1964, e fui escolhido para ser Professor Assistente de Zoologia, pelo Professor
Alemão-Brasileiro Ernesto Marcus. Em janeiro de 1974, com licença da USP fui nomeado Secretario
Especial do Meio Ambiente, do Governo Federal. Permaneci no cargo 12 anos e meio, até 1986 e
meio. Fui, logo depois, o Primeiro Secretario do Meio Ambiente do Distrito Federal. Há muitos anos
sou membro do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, que ajudei a criar.
No campo da Biologia, sempre me dediquei, no meu trabalho diário, à Conservação da
Natureza. No que se refere à criação de animais silvestres, minhas atividades principais foram
mais restritas ao estudo dos métodos de criação, ou seja, à Meliponicultura, inclusive à genética
das abelhas. Também me dediquei à formação cientifica de meus orientados de mestrado e dou-
toramento e escrevi um livro sobre a criação de animais indígenas vertebrados (Nogueira-Neto,
1973). Meus trabalhos com abelhas Meliponini podem ser reunidos em 4 grupos, cada um cor-
respondente a 3 livros já publicados, e um em preparo.

10
Publiquei o 1ª livro meu sobre as abelhas Meliponini em 1953 (A Criação de Abelhas Indígenas
Sem Ferrão). Esse livro foi dedicado, na sua maior parte, a questões relacionadas com a Polinização
das Plantas. Também me ocupei das técnicas ligadas à Meliponicultura. Criei e experimentei vários
tipos de colméias e escrevi sobre a pilhagem, abelhas ladros, técnicas de criação, etc.
Em 1970 publiquei a 2º Edição do livro (A Criação de Abelhas Indígenas Sem Ferrão). Os
principais objetivos das minhas pesquisas eram referentes à criação dessas abelhas, inclusive sobre
enfermidades, inimigos, modelos novos de colméias, introdução de rainhas, manejos de colméias
etc. Esse livro tem 365 paginas.
Durante o tempo em que estive em Brasília, de 1974 à 1986 e meio na SEMA (Secretaria
Especial do Meio Ambiente, e depois até o final de 1988, implantei a Secretaria do Meio Ambiente,
Ciência e Tecnologia a SEMATEC do Distrito Federal. Depois de breve passagem pelo Ministério da
Cultura do Governo Federal, num cargo de consultor, regressei à São Paulo e, por concurso, assumi
o cargo de Professor Titular do Departamento de Ecologia Geral do Instituto de Biociências da USP.
Voltei assim a pesquisar o comportamento das abelhas Meliponini.
Como Professor Titular, mais tarde eleito como Professor Emérito pela Congregação do Insti-
tuto de Biociências, cuidei principalmente dos problemas referentes aos machos diplóides das abelhas
do gênero Melípona. Na minha “arvore meliponicola” houve ramos de grande valor e abundancia,
produzido amplamente pela Profª. Dra.Vera L. Imperatriz – Fonseca que é a autora de um grande
número de trabalhos importantes. Também cito os trabalhos de Dra. Marilda Cortopassi – Laurino,
Profª. Dra. Astrid Kleinert, Iwama Satoko (cedo falecida) e saúdo os trabalhos de Dra. Denise A.
Alves. Destaco ainda a ajuda bibliográfica de Dr. Sergio Hilário, e as pesquisas gerais sobre abelhas
silvestres de Profª. Dra. Isabel Alves dos Santos.
Em 1997 publiquei meu 3º livro sobre as abelhas Meliponini (446 paginas), intitulado “Vida e
Criação de Abelhas Indígenas Sem Ferrão”. Nesse trabalho de grande porte passei em revista muitos
assuntos relativos às abelhas Meliponini, como os casos de mel tóxico, Pasteurização do mel, Manejo
de Abelhas Sem Ferrão e sua criação, Mortalidades da Cria, Inimigos, Vizinhos Associados e Inquili-
nos ETC. É o maior e mais detalhado compendio sobre as abelhas Meliponini.
No presente (2012) estou preparando um novo livro sobre as abelhas Meliponini, com ênfase
no problema dos Machos Diplóides. Para mim, em resumo, e tendo em vista trabalhos importantes
recentes da Dra. Denise Araújo Alves, reforcei minha argumentação no sentido de que os MACHOS
DIPLOIDES são principalmente o resultado de situações de grande ESTRESSE, inclusive genético.
Não há porem perigo maior a essas abelhas se o ESTRESSE for afastado ou bem controlado.
São importantes os trabalhos de João Pedro Cappas de Sousa, de Portugal. Descobriu varias
coisas novas no comportamento das abelhas Meliponini, como a colheita de pólen por alguns indi-
víduos machos, assim como o comportamento de OPERARIAS RAINHAS.
Também do Exterior houve a cooperação importante dos Drs. Darchen, dos Drs. Engels, do Grupo
Ratnieck, do Profº. Dr. C.D. Michener, dos Drs. Velthuis, do Bee World, do Profº. Dr. S. Sakagami e outros.

11
SI MPÓSIOS

12
SI MPÓS IO 1
Computational tools for research on pollinators
Coordenadores: Antonio Mauro Saraiva / Tereza Cristina Giannini

13
Changes in plant-flower visitor

communities through time and space
Koos Biesmeijer, Luisa Carvalheiro, Bill Kunin
NCB Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands: koos.biesmeijer@ncbnaturalis.nl
and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Pollination is essential for the reproduction of the vast majority of wild plants, sustaining also
productivity levels of a large number of crops important for human diets. Throughout the past 40
years, investment in management measures that aim to halt biodiversity loss has increased in several
countries in Europe. However, it is still unclear how such changes are affecting biodiversity.
The existent extensive databases of historical records on specimens’ observations/collections
provide a unique opportunity for the study of biodiversity dynamics. Our current research applies
novel analytical methods that cope with the unstandardized nature of these databases, to evaluate
how flower visitors (Bees, Hoverflies and Butterflies) and plants that depend on them for pollina-
tion are changing through time and space. The results expose how species loss and homogenization
processes have evolved in the past 60 years in three European countries (UK, the Netherlands and
Belgium) at local, regional and country levels.

14
Avaliação dos serviços ambientais

de Polinização e Qualidade do Habitat
Humberto Rocha, Fernanda Luccas
Para apoiar estratégias de políticas de uso da terra e do solo inovadoras e sob sólido conheci-
mento científico, subsidiar práticas sustentáveis e harmoniosamente convergentes entre a necessidade
de preservação dos recursos naturais e das atividades econômicas, pretende-se avaliar e valorar os
serviços ambientais de polinização de culturas por abelhas, e de qualidade do habitat, por meio da
integração de dados observacionais de campo utilizando o proxi de estimativa de abelhas, e modela-
gem computacional com o modelo InVEST, buscando-se a quantificação do impacto na qualidade do
habitat dos cenários de mudanças de uso da terra e em especial as áreas de preservação permanente,
e das oscilações e variabilidade climáticas. Pretende-se fazer um levantamento dos índices de polin-
ização e produtividade vegetal nas áreas experimentais (entre áreas candidatas de plantação de maçã,
canola, pinhão-manso e mamoma), para testes de sensibilidade e calibração no módulo polinização de
culturas do modelo InVEST; quantificar a ocorrência de abelhas nas áreas experimentais Antrópica e
Natural de mata atlântica, para testes de sensibilidade e calibração no módulo Qualidade do habitat do
modelo InVEST; investigar padrões de correlação da distribuição de abelhas com os padrões micro-
climáticos, em especial de temperatura do ar, nas áreas Antrópica e Natural de mata atlântica; sugerir
prospectivas de alteração dos nichos de abelha em função de cenários de variabilidade climáticas e do
microclima local;e avaliar os cenários de distribuição da cobertura vegetal, e em especial as diferentes
distribuições e proporções das áreas de preservação permanente (APP), na qualidade do habitat das
áreas antropizadas, para avaliação do custo econômico. Este projeto está sendo elaborado pelo Labo-
ratório de Clima e Biosfera do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciencias Atmosféricas (IAG/Usp)
e suportado pelo Projeto Temático Fapesp Carbon Tracker and Water availability: controls of Land
Use and Climate Change, do Programa de Mudanças Climáticas Globais da Fapesp, e planejado em
cooperação com outras duas instituições da USP (Dr. Antonio M. Saraiva/Escola Politécnica/USP) e
a Dra. Vera Imperatriz Fonseca e Dr. Carlos Navas (Instituto de Bioci~encias/USP).

15
Modelos de simulação: desafios e possibilidades

para explorar efeitos da paisagem sobre as abelhas
Milton Cezar Ribeiro
Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação – LEEC
Depto de Ecologia, UNESP, Rio Claro
Uma efetiva ação de conservação depende de um claro entendimento de como as espécies re-
spondem às características ambientais, em particular à cobertura, configuração espacial e qualidade do
habitat. No entanto, obtenção de dados empíricos sobre as respostas das espécies à estrutura da paisa-
gem é demorada e custosa, o que exige abordagens alternativas para o entendimento destas relações.
Esta palestra tem por objetivo fornecer conhecimentos básicos sobre como combinar os con-
hecimentos disponíveis sobre grupos de espécies-chave de abelhas, fazendo-se uma síntese dos
principais estudos que tem como foco as abelhas e a paisagem, buscando-se sistematizar um con-
junto de informações que permita propor modelos de simulação de movimentos e dispersão de
abelhas em múltiplas escalas.
Os principais princípios da ecologia de paisagens serão explorados de forma integradas com
as informações sobre as espécies, tornando possível explorar aspectos pertinentes à ecologia espa-
cial de processos ecológicos de interesse para o universo das abelhas, bem como propor estratégias
para se entender a ecologia do movimento desses organismos. Aspectos de priorização de áreas e
de ações para a conservação e restauração de paisagens fragmentadas serão tratados como meta a
ser alcançadas no curso dos próximos anos.

16
Marginal contribution of ecosystem

services to agricultural productivity
Lucas A. Garibaldi*,1,2, Marcelo A. Aizen2, Alexandra M. Klein3,
Saul Cunningham4, Lawrence Harder5
1
Sede Andina, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Bariloche, Argentina. 2Laboratorio de Ecotono,
INIBIOMA-CONICET y CRUB-UNCOMA, Bariloche, Argentina. 3Institute of Ecology, Ecosystem
Functions Section, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany. 4Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australia.
5
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
* lgaribaldi@unrn.edu.ar
There is mounting need to increase agricultural production for a growing human population
and for higher per capita consumption rates, while conserving ecosystem services and biodiversity.
Agricultural systems must be productive as well as stable to maintain and restore socio-economic
and ecological sustainability. We modelled how changes in mean and stability of ecosystem services
influence the mean and stability of agricultural production (Garibaldi et al. 2011a). Crop yield (Y)
increases asymptotically with resource addition, and resources can be provided either as agricultural
inputs (AI) or from nature, i.e. as ecosystem services (ES):
Y = 1 - e -b(ES + AI),
where b governs the rate of approach to the asymptote. Temporal (e.g. interannual) or spatial
(e.g. among agricultural sites) variation in resource provisioning from ecosystem services increases
the variability (reduces the stability) of crop yield. In addition, because of the asymptotic relationship
between yield and ecosystem services, higher variability of ecosystem services also reduces mean
yield. These effects should be stronger for crops with higher dependence on ecosystem services, such
as pollination or pest control by natural enemies.
We use pollination services as an example to test these ideas (Garibaldi et al. 2011a), given that
crop yield increases asymptotically with pollen deposition (Mitchell 1997; Fetscher and Kohn 1999;
Cane and Schiffhauer 2003; Lizaso et al. 2003; Aizen and Harder 2007; Richards et al. 2009):
Y = 1 - e -b(Ps + Pb),
where Ps is pollen from abiotic and self-pollination and Pb is pollen from biotic pollination
(pollination services). Crop-yield data collected by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations agreed with the model predictions (Garibaldi et al. 2011a). In particular, yield growth
and stability decreased for crops with higher pollinator dependence.
Our model helps explain the dynamic contribution of ecosystem services to production. First,
the marginal contribution of a unit of change in ecosystem services increases as ecosystem services
are being degraded (Figure 1). For example, the marginal contribution of pollination by wild insects
to yield is greater when the pollination service is lower, such as when abundance and diversity of

17
wild flower visitors has been degraded. The model can be applied to the loss of ecosystem services
provided by wildlife at a given location, or for the reduction in abundance and diversity of flower visi-
tors with increasing isolation from natural or semi-natural habitats (Garibaldi et al. 2011b). Second,
the marginal benefits become so small at high values of ecosystem services that there is an applied
threshold above which increases in ecosystem services are no longer beneficial to farmers (Figure 1).
Third, the marginal contribution of costly agricultural inputs to crop yield is lower when the delivery
of free ecosystem services is greater. Our model of yield (Y) as a function of pollination services (q)
should therefore be incorporated into economic models that account for the income and costs of farm-
ers, and therefore their benefit (Winfree et al. 2011):
net revenue = P * Y(q) - C(Y(q),q),
where P is product price and C(Y(q), q) is the total cost of production, which is a function of both
yield and pollination services.
Marginal yield Increase (Pb)
95%
65%
25%
5%
none
Biotic pollen deposition (Pb)
Figure 1.The yield benefit associated with higher biotic pollination increases when pollination
services are scarce and with crop pollinator dependence. Crops with different pollinator dependence
are represented by lines with different darkness, expressed as the percentage of yield reduction in the
absence of biotic pollination.
In addition to the amount of ecosystem services provided, the quality of ecosystem services can
also limit crop yield. In particular, for pollination services, pollen quality strongly affects ovule fertil-
ization and embryo development (Aizen and Harder 2007). Therefore, higher pollen quality may affect
the maximum crop yield (max), as well as the rate of increase of crop yield with pollen deposition (b):
Y = max (1 - e -b(Ps + Pb)),
whereas max and b could incorporate effects of the abundance and structure of pollinator com-
munities on both pollen quantity and quality. For example, honey bees can be more effective pollina-
tors in conjunction with wild bees, probably because they are forced to switch more among plants
(Greenleaf and Kremen 2006).

18
We emphasize the importance of estimating the marginal contribution of ecosystem services,

because management at the local or landscape level usually increase or decrease the delivery of
ecosystem services, rather than maximising or eliminating them, as is implied in absolute valuation.
Therefore, marginal contribution values are most suitable when evaluating the benefits of alternative
management decisions. The application of our model to various ecosystem services in different land-
scape and crop contexts may also become important in guiding policy actions.
References
Aizen MA, Harder LD (2007) Expanding the limits of the pollen-limitation concept: effects of pollen
quantity and quality. Ecology 88:271-281
Cane JH, Schiffhauer D (2003) Dose-response relationships between pollination and fruiting refine
pollinator comparisons for cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon [Ericaceae]). American Journal
of Botany 90:1425-1432
Fetscher AE, Kohn JR (1999) Stigma behavior in Mimulus aurantiacus (Scrophulariaceae). Ameri-
can Journal of Botany 86:1130-1135
Garibaldi LA, Aizen MA, Klein AM, Cunningham SA, Harder LD (2011a) Global growth and sta-
bility of agricultural yield decrease with pollinator dependence. Proceedings of The National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108:5909-5914
Garibaldi LA, Steffan-Dewenter I, Kremen C, Morales JM, Bommarco R, Cunningham S a., Car-
valheiro LG, Chacoff NP, Dudenhöffer JH, Greenleaf SS, Holzschuh A, Isaacs R, Krewenka
K, Mandelik Y, Mayfield MM, Morandin L a., Potts SG, Ricketts TH, Szentgyörgyi H, Viana
BF, Westphal C, Winfree R, Klein AM (2011b) Stability of pollination services decreases with
isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits. Ecology Letters 14:1062-1072
Greenleaf SS, Kremen C (2006) Wild bees enhance honey bees’ pollination of hybrid sunflower. Pro-
ceedings of The National Academy of Sciences USA 103:13890-13895
Lizaso JI, Westgate ME, Batchelor WD, Fonseca A (2003) Predicting potential kernel set in maize
from simple flowering characteristics. Crop Science 43:892-903
Mitchell RJ (1997) Effects of pollination intensity on Lesquerella fendleri seed set: variation among
plants. Oecologia 109:382-388
Richards SA, Williams NM, Harder LD (2009) Variation in Pollination: causes and consequences for
plant reproduction. The American Naturalist 174:382-398
Winfree R, Gross BJ, Kremen C (2011) Valuing pollination services to agriculture. Ecological Eco-
nomics 71:80-88

19
The Research Center on Biodiversity and

Computing - BioComp
Antonio Mauro Saraiva1*, Cristina Yumi Miyaki2, Tereza Cristina Giannini1, 3
1
Escola Politécnica-USP, 2Instituto de Biociências-USP, 3Universidade de Santo Amaro
*saraiva@usp.br
The Research Center on Biodiversity and Computing (BioComp) aims to provide a forum
where research, education and extension activities regarding biodiversity conservation and sustain-
able use are developed in a multidimensional approach involving Biology, Computing, Engineer-
ing, Agriculture, Mathematics, Economics, among other areas of knowledge. To build new knowl-
edge and to apply it to the benefit of society is our ultimate goal. It consolidates and expands an
interdisciplinary group that has been working together for more than a decade. It aims to become a
reference in research for biodiversity and computing. The activities to be developed involve vari-
ous biological and computational dimensions, and an approach that emphasizes transdisciplinarity,
with a strong interaction among people with different scientific backgrounds. BioComp´s main
research themes are: 1) Sensor networks applied to agro-biodiversity; 2) Biological and computa-
tional study and characterization of biological shape, behavior and communication; 3) Modeling,
analysis and decision support for biodiversity; 4) Species identification and biological interactions:
molecular and morphological approaches; 5) Diversification, biogeography, and conservation of
the Neotropical biota: an integrative approach.
Introduction
According to Chapman (2009), the Earth’s biodiversity is estimated to comprise approximately
11.3 million species, from which less than 2 million have been formally described by science. These
figures reveal the limited knowledge we have, which is a key issue for the preservation and sustain-
able use of biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, evidence is growing that human well-being
depends on multiple services provided by ecosystems services, which are linked to biodiversity (Per-
rings et al. 2011). But biodiversity is changing in ways that severely undermine these ecosystem ser-
vices and, at the same time, scientific assessments demonstrate that action to protect biodiversity and
maintain ecosystem services would result in a widespread benefit (Larigauderie et al. 2012). In this
context, some methodological tools have already been developed in the last decades and present broad
application (Giannini et al. 2011) and others are urgently needed to help in biodiversity research.
As pointed out by Mooney et al. (2009), the capacity of ecosystems to deliver essential services
to society is already under stress and it is urgent to track the changing status of ecosystems, deepen the
understanding of the biological underpinnings for ecosystem service delivery and develop new tools
and techniques for maintaining and restoring resilient biological and social systems.
The CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020
stated that biodiversity has to be “valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosys-
tem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people’. This plan
identified three scientific challenges to achieve this vision and between them there is “Identify and

20
ensure the involvement of all relevant disciplines and continue to promote an interdisciplinary ap-
proach; […] Identify and ensure the involvement of scientists who work across sectors of society, that
is, transdisciplinary scientists.” (Larigauderie et al. 2012).
To create a transdisciplinary research group was one of the main objectives that grounded the
submission of a proposal to the Universidade of São Paulo in order to create a Núcleo de Apoio à
Pesquisa (NAP) entitled the Research Center on Biodiversity and Computing (NAP BioComp). The
proposal was accepted on the beginnings of 2012 and nowadays it involves almost 40 academic re-
searchers from different institutions, such as Universidade de São Paulo (Escola Politécnica, Instituto
de Matemática e Estatística, Instituto de Biociências, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades e a
Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto); the Universidade Federal de São Paulo,
the Universidade Federal do ABC, the Universidade de Santo Amaro and the Universidade Federal
Rural do Semi-Árido. Many researchers from other institutions across and outside Brazil have agreed
to participate and collaborate and formal participation plans are being developed.
Main objectives
The BioComp aims to promote integration among different knowledge areas – Biology, Com-
puting, Electrical Engineering, and Mathematics – that are essential to understand, conserve and
sustainably use the Neotropical biodiversity. It also aims to develop a comprehensive research, with
strong scientific basis, and high impact on Science in Brazil and in the world. It also aims to strength-
en the relationship between Universidade de São Paulo and partner institutions and society, providing
information, solutions, and recommendations for various problems, from public policies to education.
BioComp also aims at training people in its area of interest with broad and transdisciplinary
vision. The activities to be developed involve biological dimensions – taxonomic diversity, func-
tional biodiversity, genetic diversity, environment and conservation –, and computational dimen-
sions – instrumentation, processing, analysis and data modeling. The project is devoted to bringing
world renowned researches to organize courses or lectures opened to Brazilian scientific communi-
ties, as well to participating in Brazilian researches and scientific publications.
There is an enormous quantity of data that needs to be organized, processed and prepared for
discussion so that they become useful to society. The proposal of BioComp is to organize information
about environmental issues with another language, based on a more integrated view of science.
To translate knowledge into public actions is the ultimate goal. As pointed previously, biodi-
versity has to be linked to public actions, bridging the gap between academic research and society
(Larigauderie and Mooney, 2010). Disseminating the knowledge provides an important link with
international policies, proposing a relationship between key scientific organizations, environmental
policy bodies, and research funding organizations, which is a critical feature to address both scientific
capacity and the policy relevance of a research aiming to build capacity for and strengthen the use of
science in policy making.
The research lines

The multiplicity of themes and expertise demands that activities are organized into subprojects,
permitting a better management of the methods and results. There are five research lines:
1) Sensor networks applied to agro-biodiversity. Sensor networks are used for environmental moni-
toring focusing on data acquisition, storage and processing that can help in research and in decision
support. The overall goals of this project are: a) to conduct world-leading research in monitoring
and control techniques for future large scale Wired Sensor Network (WSN) through a collabora-

21
tive network of researchers; b) to investigate and develop the best and most appropriate techniques
for monitoring, control, information processing, and data fusion for deployment in large scale
WSNs; c) to provide training for young researchers in sensor networks, and embedded and control
systems; d) to demonstrate the benefits of WSNs to society through practical applications in envi-
ronmental monitoring and precision agriculture
2) Biological and computational study and characterization of biological shape, behavior and com-
munication. This subproject aims at: a) the characterization of the biological shape of individuals
and the analysis and characterization of behavior, using computational resources and models; b)
building computer models in order to simulate individual and collective behavior; c) the acquisi-
tion, processing and analysis of visual and acoustic data.
3) Modeling, analysis and decision support in biodiversity. The development of computational so-
lutions to problems related to biodiversity data modelling processes is the focus of this subproj-
ect. It proposes: a) the study of computational systems to allow the use of new powerful methods
for capturing, sharing and analyzing data, extending capabilities of research and analysis in
ecology and biodiversity; b) working with (local and remote) data in the presence and absence
of species in the structure of the population, having access to ecological and environmental data,
tools for data cleaning, data warehouse and data mining techniques, algorithms for modeling
pre- and post-analysis, software development, component-based agents, high-performance com-
puting, web services for systems integration and web interfaces for viewing and disseminating
biodiversity data; c) proposing a computational infrastructure and services to support process
modeling, analysis and decision support in biodiversity and also support the teaching modules
using interactive learning and role-playing games.
4) Species identification and biological interactions: molecular and morphological approaches. The
aims of this subproject are: a) to develop and to use molecular and morphometric tools for species
identification; b) to establish molecular (DNA barcode) and morphological (wings and pollen) data
bases to be used as reference collections; c) to develop friendly computational platforms that allow
crossing the information from various data bases; d) to develop and test computing methods to
optimize the morphological analysis; e) design of a computing system, including its architecture,
tools and data exchange standards; f) to make the data bases (molecular, morphological and pollen
data) available in portals to be easily accessed by the scientific and non-academic communities;
g) to develop strategies for conservation and management of pollinators and their relationships.
5) Diversification, biogeography, and conservation of the Neotropical biota: an integrative ap-
proach. The present project aims to: a) revise the taxonomy of various groups of organisms; b)
test specific hypotheses associated with the biogeography and history of diversification in the
Neotropics; c) compare the genetic diversity of populations in disturbed and undisturbed areas;
d) monitor the response of various organisms to global changes; e) establish conservation strate-
gies for the Neotropical region.
New collaborations and projects

The BioComp is open and willing to receive new researchers that are interested on these and
other research topics related to Biodiversity and Computing, sensu lato, and who share with us the
excitement of working in this challenging area with an open mind to transdisciplinarity.

22
Acknowledgments
To Research Center on Biodiversity and Computing (BioComp), and to Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa
da Universidade de São Paulo (USP´s Provost Office for Research)
References
Chapman, A.D. (2009). Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. Report for the Aus-
tralian Biological Resources Study, 2nd ed., 80 pp. Canberra, Australia.
Giannini, T. C.; Francoy, T. M.; Saraiva, A. M.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L. (2011). Biodiversity in a
rapidly changing world: how to manage and use information? In: Grillo, O.; Venora, G. (ed.).
The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity – Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution.
InTech, p. 347-366.
Larigauderie, A.; Mooney, H. A. (2010). The Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiver-
sity and Ecosystem Services: moving a step closer to an IPCC-like mechanism for biodiversity.
Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, v. 2, p. 9-14.
Larigauderie, A.; Prieur-Richard, A.H.; Mace, G.M.; Lonsdale, M.; Mooney, H.A.; Brussaard, L.;
Cooper, D.; Cramer, W.; Daszak, P.; Diaz, S.; Duraiappah, A.; Elmqvist, T.; Faith, D.P.; Jack-
son, L.E.; Krug, C.; Leadley, P.W.; Le Prestre, P.; Matsuda, H.; Palmer, M.; Perrings, C.; Pul-
leman, M; Reyers, B.; Rosa, E.A.; Scholes, R.J.; Spehn, E.; Turner, B.L.; Yahara, T. (2012).
Biodiversity and ecosystem services science for a sustainable planet: the DIVERSITAS vision
for 2012-20. Current opinion in environmental sustainability v. 4, p. 101-105
Mooney, H. A.; Larigauderie, A.; Cesario, M.; Elmquist, T.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Lavorel, S.; Mace,
G. M.; Palmer, M.; Scholes, R.; Yahara, T. (2009). Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem
services. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, v. 1, p. 46-54.
Perrings, C.; Duraiappah, A.; Larigauderie, A.; Mooney, H. (2011) The Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services Science-Policy Interface. Science, v. 331, p. 1139-1140.

23
SI MPÓSIO 2
CCD and consequences to agribusiness
Coordenador: Lionel S. Gonçalves

24
Consequências do desaparecimento (CCD) das

Abelhas no Agronegócio Apícola Internacional
e em especial no Brasil
Lionel Segui Gonçalves
FFCLRP-USP -São Paulo-SP /UFERSA-Mossoró-RN
A apicultura é de fundamental importância para o agroneócio internacional pelo fato das abel-
has serem responsáveis pela polinização de 70% das plantas que fornecem alimentos para o homem.
Somente os Estados Unidos são responsáveis por investimentos superiores a 15 bilhões de dólares
(aprox. 30 bilhões de reais ) aplicados em culturas tais como amêndoas, frutas, grãos e hortaliças.
Embora existam polinizadores nativos, as abelhas do gênero Apis vindas do Velho Mundo são mais
prolíficas e mais fáceis de se manipular em polinizações em larga escala. Um dos exemplos mais
marcantes é o caso das amendoeiras na California-USA onde apenas nessa cultura são utilizadas anu-
almente mais de l,4 milhões de colmeias de abelhas Apis mellifera e estima-se que para 2012 vão pre-
cisar de mais de 2,5 milhões de colmeias. No Brasil temos alguns projetos de polinização por abelhas
em laranja (SP), maçã (SC) e melão (RN) porém ainda não em larga escala. Infelizmente ainda não
existem estatísticas de investimentos em polinização por abelhas, sendo o investimento da apicultura
baseado principalmente na produção de mel. Embora o agronegócio venha crescendo muito em todo
o mundo, principalmente na área dos produtos orgânicos que estão cada vez mais procurados, surgiu
nos últimos anos um sério problema que colocou a agricultura em alerta e em especial a apicultura.
Trata-se do Desaparecimento das abelhas ou CCD (colony colapse disorder). Este é atualmente o
maior problema da apicultura mundial. A Sindrome do Colapso das abelhas corrresponde ao desapa-
recimento repentino das abelhas ou a redução, em poucas semanas ou dias, do tamanho da colônia,
mesmo na presença de crias, pólem e mel, porém sem deixar vestígios de morte de abelhas. A CCD
vem causando sérias baixas no número de colônias de Apis mellifera nos Estados Unidos , Canada,
Japão e India bem como em alguns países da Europa e da América do Sul. Nos Estados Unidos vem
sendo relatadas altas perdas ( 30% A 90% ) desde 2006 até o presente. Na Europa, de 1994 até o pre-
sente populações de abelhas começaram a morrer na França, Italia, Espanha, Suissa, Alemanha, Aus-
tria, Polonia, Inglaterra, Eslovenia, Grécia e Bélgica. Portanto, é perfeitamente previsível o prejuízo
que a falta de abelhas para a polinização causara no agronegócio apícola mundial e tanto os USA
como vários países da Europa já despertaram para o problema investindo em pesquisas para detectar
as causas desse problema.. As causas mais citadas até o momento para a perda de colônias tem sido: o
ácaro Varroa destructor, o fungo Nosema ceranae, o stress causado pelo transporte a longas distancias,
ausência de pólem, ampla relação de vírus (APV-Akute paralisis, IAPV-Israeli akute paralysis virus,
DWV-Deform Wing Virus, etc) e os pesticidas . Não existe até o momento uma causa única detectada
como o principal agente causador do CCD, havendo uma complexa interação entre vários fatores e
um efeito sinergístico entre eles que determina o colapso ou desaparecimento das colônias. Em 2009
o Presidente da Apimondia, Dr. Gilles Ratia fez um grande alerta no Congresso Internacional da API-
MONDIA em Montpelier, França a respeito do uso dos agrotóxicos neonicotinoides na agricultura,
tendo lançado uma campanha internacional de proteção às abelhas. Muitos pesquisadores apontam os

25
inseticidas neonicotionoides como altamente tóxicos para as abelhas e como uma das principais cau-
sas do desaparecimento das abelhas, destacando-se o Fipronil ( regente), o Thiamethoxan (cruizer),
o Imidocloprid (gaucho ou confidor) e o Clothianidine (poncho). Esses inseticidas neonicotinoides
apresentam atividades enzimáticas que atuam fisiologicamente no olfato e na memória das abelhas,
bem como no comportamento de vôo das mesmas, causando problemas nas atividades forrageiras e
em especial nas atividades de navegação e orientação, dificultando a localização de suas colônias após
as atividades de forrageamento, o que em parte explica o desaparecimento das abelhas, porém sem
deixar vestígios de morte. No Brasil já foram detectados vários casos de desaparecimento de abelhas,
embora ainda em casos pontuais. Um dos primeiros casos foi detectado em 2008 por O.Malaspina
em Brotas, no Estado de São Paulo. Em 2011 foram detectados novos casos em Altinópolis-SP.(relato
de Dejair Message) , no Rio Grande do Sul (relato de Aldo Machado), e em Santa Catarina (relato de
Nésio F.Medeiros, presidente da FFASC, em março de 2012). Esses relatos são muito preocupantes
uma vez que em nosso país o uso dos agrotóxicos é feito indiscriminadamente em vários estados, ha-
vendo portanto uma alta probabilidade de aumento dos casos de intoxicação das abelhas com o con-
sequente desaparecimento delas no Brasil, prevendo-se um futuro sombrio para a apicultura brasileira
caso não sejam tomadas providências urgentes para combater esses produtos tóxicos para as abelhas.
Portanto, face a todos os relatos de ocorrências do desaparecimento das abelhas em vários continen-
tes é fácil de se prever seríssimos prejuízos para a apicultura mundial e para o agronegócio apícola
internacional, caso não sejam tomadas providências enérgicas de proibição do uso dos agrotóxicos do
grupo dos neonicotiniodes na agricultura mundial.

26
Losses of overwintering Honeybee Colonies

in Germany: The Bee Monitoring Project
Wolf Engels, Peter Rosenkranz
University of Tübingen and University of Hohenheim, Germany
The problem of massive colony losses in the US and Europe released a world-wide anxiety.
Several records on high losses of bee colonies from countries all over the world resulted in the ques-
tion if this could be a common severe threat of beekeeping, with the risk to lose the irreplaceable pol-
lination service of honey bees. The use of pesticides and weakening by honey bee pathogens are dis-
cussed as main factors for the decline of honey bee colonies. In Germany about 12,000 colonies were
severely damaged in the Freiburg region of the upper Rhine valley during April and May of 2008.
Within a short time it was found that Clothianidin used to impregnate maize seed was the reason. The
massive losses were caused by inadequate application methods so that dust of the insecticide cleared
off into the air and contaminated all flowers. This disaster could be explained as mono-factorial, and
the involved beekeepers received at least partial compensation. In Germany we have mainly hobby
and only few professional beekeepers. Nearly 90,000 are members of the National association, and
they are keeping some 800 000 thousand hives. In 2004 the German Bee Monitoring project was
initiated by 7 bee research institutes. The aim is to get a better knowledge of colony conditions and
losses, especially during winter. Furthermore, this long-term project provides a first analysis of fac-
tors that are correlated with the weakening of colonies . In the recent study for 2011/2012 a total of
6,174 colonies in various regions of Germany was included. In the fall the mean rate of varroa infesta-
tion in worker bees was 5.1%. The overwintering losses amounted to 14.6%. Detailed data obtained
from 1,206 hives showed that the surviving 959 colonies had an autumn mite infestation rate of only
3.6%. However, in the lost 147 colonies the level was 15.8%. These data confirm the results of the
previous years leading to the conclusion that high incidence of varroa infestation is the main cause
of colony damage and resulting overwintering breakdown. Varroa control measures are application
of organic acids and drone brood removal. If practiced accordingly, the mite incidence can be kept
under the damage threshold which lies around 5% in autumn to avoid colony weakening and resulting
overwintering losses. Residue analysis of bee bread of meanwhile nearly 750 samples of the moni-
tored colonies did not indicate a direct toxic effect of pesticide contamination on bee health. However,
the detection of about 90 active ingredients - mostly present in traces – intensified the discussion on
subletal and synergistic effects of pesticides on honey bee colonies. The present data do not allow to
regard such effects as main factors of colony losses in Germany.

27
Colapso de colônias de abelhas

africanizadas no sudeste do Brasil
Dejair Message, Izabel Christina da Silva, Nayara Helena Alecrim de Freitas, David De Jong,
Zilá Luz Paulino Simões, Erica W. Teixeira.
Desde outono/inverno 2006/2007 os apicultores dos Estados Unidos tem perdido em torno
de 30% de suas colônias de abelhas Apis mellifera por um fenômeno denominado de CCD (Colony
Collapse Disorder). Na Europa, em 2009, outro tipo de colapso foi descrito como sendo devido à
presença do microsporídio Nosema ceranae (nosemose). Na região de Altinópolis/SP, em 2008 fo-
ram detectadas as perdas de duas colônias, ocorridas em um intervalo de 15 dias, com sinais clínicos
semelhantes à CCD. Em abril 2010, em um apiário experimental montado no campus da USP em
Ribeirão Preto/SP observou-se em um intervalo de três dias o abandono anormal de duas colônias de
abelhas, com sinais semelhantes à CCD. A seguir observou-se uma queda brusca do nível de esporos
de N.ceranae nas demais colônias. Nesse período passou-se a observar a presença de pupas anômalas
(cria marrom ou escura). Entre abril e julho perdeu-se 14 colmeias (70%). Nas duas primeiras perdas,
por terem ocorrido em um período de tempo tão curto, a hipótese é que um ou mais agentes desenca-
dearam um distúrbio comportamental levando ao abandono anormal em vez de simples alterações na
capacidade de orientação de voo. Esses agentes poderiam ter causado a queda brusca do número de
esporos de Nosema ceranae e no aparecimento das crias anômalas(crias marrons e escuras). Os inseti-
cidas fipronil e neonicotinóides, muito utilizados na região, podem estar entre os agentes causadores.
Patógenos como os vírus DWV, BQCV, ABPV, o microsporídio N.ceranae e o ácaro ectoparasita
Varroa desctructor têm sido detectados nas colmeias colapsadas, no entanto, durante o colapso com
presença de crias marrons, abelhas moribundas rastejando na frente do alvado apresentavam-se com
poucos esporos ou muito abaixo dos níveis de esporos de N. ceranae das abelhas forrageiras das
colônias afetadas. Outro colapso ocorreu em cinco das seis colmeias remanescentes entre janeiro e
abril de 2011, quando se observaram níveis de até 40 milhões de esporos de N.ceranae em abelhas
forrageiras, considerado muito alto e provável causador do colapso. Colapso de colmeias devido ao
pólen tóxico do barbatimão (Stryphnodendron spp) também tem ocorrido na região, entre outubro e
dezembro de cada ano. Fenômenos semelhantes têm sido relatados dos estados do sudeste e sul do
Brasil. Financiamentos: CNPq (Edital Universal e 064/2008); APTA/SAA-SP, FAPEMIG/MG.

28
Colony collapse disease in the USA and

consequences for Brazilian beekeeping
David De Jong
Depto. de Genetica, FMRP-USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP
Considerable effort has been put into trying to resolve the problem of colony collapse disease
(CCD) in the USA. The research has provided considerable insight into many problems that affect
bees; however, practical solutions are still not available. Many professional and hobby beekeepers
continue to suffer heavy losses and bees for pollination remain a scarce and expensive commodity.
One benefit is that we now know considerably more about many factors that affect bee health. Pesti-
cides have always been associated with bee losses. Now there is evidence that even very low doses,
especially when several products are combined in the bees, can negatively affect bee health, making
them more vulnerable to pathogens through a weakened immune system and even affecting their
ability to navigate back to their colonies. A recent investigation has reproduced symptoms of CCD in
bees by feeding them chronically with what was considered very low levels of a neonicotinoid. These
low levels can be found in commercial inverted corn syrup, which is often fed to the bees. Another
important finding is that various types of pesticides, including fungicides, which were though to be
harmless to bees, completely change to microflora in fermented pollen in the comb, known as bee
bread. The newly abundant bacteria can directly affect bee health, or indirectly keep them from con-
suming sufficient protein in the pollen, weakening their immune system. Combinations of pathogens
and parasites, and of pathogens and pesticides, are also causing many bee losses. As a result of this
research and due to practical experience in the field, most beekeepers are investing considerably more
in protein supplements to try to circumvent and compensate for these new problems. Since bee losses
have also increased considerably in Brazil, local researchers are currently investigating how these
new findings apply to apiculture with Africanized bees.
Financial assistance from FAPESP and CNPq.

29
SI MPÓSIO 3
Population genetics of solitary and social bees
Coordenador: Marco A. Del Lama

30
Successful maintenance of a stingless bee

population despite a severe genetic bottleneck
Denise Araujo Alves1,2, Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca2, Tom Wenseleers3
1
Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
2
Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil
3
Zoological Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
Stingless bees play an important ecological role as pollinators of many wild plant species in the
tropics and have significant potential for the pollination of agricultural crops. Nevertheless, conser-
vation efforts as well as commercial breeding programmes require better guidelines on the amount
of genetic variation that is needed to maintain viable populations. In this context, we carried out a
long-term genetic study on the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris to evaluate the population viability
consequences of prolonged breeding from a small number of founder colonies. In particular, it was
artificially imposed a genetic bottleneck by setting up a population starting from only two founder
colonies, and continued breeding from it for a period of over 10 years in a location outside its natural
area of occurrence. We show that despite a great reduction in the number of alleles present at both
neutral microsatellite loci and the sex-determining locus relative to its natural source population,
and an increased frequency in the production of sterile diploid males, the genetically impoverished
population could be successfully bred and maintained for at least 10 years. This shows that in sting-
less bees, breeding from a small stock of colonies may have less severe consequences than previously
suspected. In addition, we provide a simulation model to determine the number of colonies that are
needed to maintain a certain number of sex alleles in a population, thereby providing useful guide-
lines for stingless bee breeding and conservation efforts.

31
Bombus morio is still resistant to habitat loss

Flavio de Oliveira Francisco, Maria Cristina Arias
Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências - USP
The Brazilian Atlantic forest is considered one of the top 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world
due to its high level of endemism. Before European colonisation, rain forests covered the vast ma-
jority of Brazilian territory. This biome dominance has been drastically depleted by human occupa-
tion, especially during the 19 and 20th centuries. Currently, the Atlantic forest is reduced to 7.5% of
its pre-colonisation area. The process of forest fragmentation may have decreased bee populations
leading to negative consequences to pollination of native flora. Our objective was to characterize the
population genetic status of Bombus morio from fragmented areas. We analyzed a total of 659 indi-
viduals from 24 populations by sequencing two mitochondrial genes (COI and cytB) and genotyping
14 microsatellite loci. From a total of 392 bp of COI plus 403 bp of cytB, one hundred haplotypes
were determined and genetic diversity was high in 22 populations. The populations TSAM and IVIT
showed reduced genetic diversity. We also found that the genetic diversity was not related to the area
size. Genetic differentiation tests showed similarity between neighbor populations. Microsatellites
data revealed high genetic diversity. The number of alleles per population ranged from 3.3 to 9.8
(mean = 7.6) and values of expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.56 to 0.75 (mean = 0.72). How-
ever, low values were found for TSAM and IVIT populations. No correlation was found between
nuclear genetic diversity and the area size. Microsatellites also revealed low genetic structure in
most population comparisons, except for those with TSAM and IVIT. Our results are an indicative
that males of B. morio may have long-range dispersal capability. Such behavior certainly may con-
tribute to avoid inbreeding in populations confined to forest fragments. However, gene flow between
populations seems to occur only when populations are connected by areas of undisturbed forest act-
ing as corridors. IVIT is an island 12 km far from the nearest island and 38 km from the mainland.
TSAM is in an area of intensive sugar cane production, where Atlantic forest fragments are few and
small. The geographic or ecological isolation found in these two populations has already affected
their genetic variability. Our results indicate that connection among forest fragments is of extreme
importance to the maintenance of B. morio dispersal, and that the consequences of future fragmenta-
tion are the increase of the isolation and the decrease of population survival rate.
Financial support: FAPESP (2004/15801-0; 2008/08546-4; 2010/50597-5)

Keywords: Bombus morio, islands, population genetics, microsatellites, mtDNA

32
Fine scale genetic structure of Euglossa and

Eulaema populations (Hymenoptera: Apidae:
Euglossini) from southeastern Brazil
Léo Correia da Rocha Filho, Natália dos Campos M. Cerântola, Gabriele A. Freiria, Carlos Al-
berto Garófalo, Marco Antonio Del Lama
1 Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av.
Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
2 Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washing-
ton Luis Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
Euglossini bees are among the main pollinators of plant species in tropical and subtropical
forests in Central and South America. We assessed through microsatellite loci the gene variation and
genetic differentiation between populations of four abundant Euglossini species populations sampled
during two consecutive years in two areas, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (Núcleo Picinguaba) and
Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta, Ubatuba, state of São Paulo. There was no significant genetic dif-
ferentiation between the island and continental samples of Eg. cordata, El. cingulata and El. nigrita,
but a significant gene differentiation between continental and island samples of Eg. stellfeldi was
detected. The absence of populational structuring of three out the four species studied corroborates
previous reports on those bees, characterized by large populations, with high gene diversity and gene
flow and very low levels of diploid males. But the Eg. stellfeldi results clearly point that dispersal
ability is not similar to all euglossine bees, and different conservationist strategies must be developed
to these bees. The fine-scale genetic structure of Euglossa cordata male populations was also assayed
through the genotypic data at twelve species-specific microsatellite loci, inferring the number of full-
sib groups per site. A certain degree of female phylopatry can explain the observed fine-scale genetic
structuring of the Euglossa cordata male populations.
Keywords: Population Genetics, Euglossini, effective population size, microsatellites

Apoio: Fapesp (Processo 2004/15801-0)

33
Genetic diversity and population declines

in solitary bees: Is there a pattern?
Margarita M. López-Uribe1, Bryan N. Danforth2
1 Department of Entomology, Cornell University
mml82@cornell.edu
2 Department of Entomology, Cornell University
bnd1@cornell.edu
Declines in bee populations worldwide have raised concerns about the consequences of pol-
lination loss for natural and agricultural ecosystems. Thus, identifying causes for these declines and
designing strategies for bee conservation and management is currently one of the major goals in bee
conservation biology. Fragmentation, habitat loss, agricultural intensification, and invasive species
have been identified as major extrinsic factors causing bee decline. However, intrinsic life-history
traits, such as low dispersal ability, low reproductive rates, non-random mating and genetic factors,
may play an important role as drivers of bee population decline. In particular, the presence of haplo-
diploidy and a single locus complementary sex determination may lead to high production of diploid
males under conditions of low genetic variability and high levels of inbreeding. Because diploid
males are inviable or sterile, they represent a large genetic load in a population and may initiate and/
or accelerate local population extinction. Our goal was to investigate evidence for low genetic vari-
ability and high levels of inbreeding in natural populations of solitary bees that have life-history traits
that make them prone to the detrimental effects of bee genetic factors. We present preliminary results
from two studies in solitary bees (Colletes inaequalis and Peponapis pruinosa) where genetic data
show contrasting evidence regarding levels of genetic diversity at the population level. Our results
indicate that even though historical events are often neglected, they play a major role when explain-
ing current patterns of genetic diversity in bees. Even though both, C. inaequalis and P. pruinosa, are
present in agricultural/suburban areas with significant human intervention and land-use change, we
found no evidence of diploid males or restricted gene flow among populations.

34
Conservation genetics of Meliponini bees

Helder Canto Resende1*, Tânia M. Fernandes-Salomão2, Mara G. Tavares2, Lucio A. O. Campos2.
1
Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Universidade Federal de Viçosa,
UFV Campus Florestal. Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brasil. CEP 35.690-000.
2
Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos. Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV. Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. CEP 36.570-000
*Corresponding author. E-mail address.helder.resende@ufv.br
Abstract.
The conservation genetics studies the consequences of population reduction in order to preserve
species as dynamic entities able to adapt and maintain in the long term. We reviewed studies of popu-
lation genetics applied to the conservation of the tribe Meliponini bees, with special focus on Melipo-
na bees. In general, these studies using molecular markers RFLP, ISSR, isoenzymes, microsatellites
and DNA sequences to evaluate the reduction of heterozygosity, loss of genetic diversity, structuring
of populations and the resolution of taxonomic uncertainties. The results of different studies indicate
that small populations are often endogamic and suffer loss of genetic diversity, which endangers their
survival. This is the case of Melipona capixaba, endangered species, which has low genetic diversity
and very low observed heterozygosity compared to other stingless bees more widely distributed. The
same occurs with the species M. rufiventris, M. mondury and M. mandacaia. The fragmented popula-
tions also have high fixation indices, indicating the reduction of gene flow between subpopulations
and their genetic differentiation. In this case, the current pattern of diversity must be explained by
long-term historical divergence. Another important aspect is that the taxonomic status of some groups
are not clearly defined. Phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies suggest, for example, that M. rufi-
ventris, M. flavolineata and M. scutellaris may represent complexes of cryptic species with some rare
and endangered species. We conclude that for an adequate management of endangered populations is
necessary to define management units for concentrating efforts on viable populations, conserving the
existing genetic variability in remaining populations.
Financial support: CNPq, FAPEMIG, CAPES.

Keywords: stingless bees, Melipona, Conservation genetics.

35
SI MPÓSIO 4
Developmental plasticity and the evolution of sociality
Coordenador: A. Roberto Barchuk

36
Morphogenesis of the compound eye in the

Honey Bee, Apis Mellifera
Marco Antonio D. S.1, Hartfelder K.2
Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade São Paulo, Brasil
dsmarcoantonio@usp.br
Developmental mechanisms governing compound eye development in insects have been

broadly studied in Drosophila melanogaster, where the retina is formed from an imaginal disc at-
tached to the larval brain. However little is known about eye development in other insects, most of
which do not have such imaginal eye discs. Through a comparative histological and gene expression
analysis of eye development in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, we intended to elucidate questions
about developmental plasticity underlying the strong sex and caste-specific differences in eye size,
as well as to contribute to evo-devo aspects. Optic lobe development occurs by neuroepithelial fold-
ing initiating from a differentiation center in the larval brain. From this center, the medula, lamina
and lobula arise at the same time in drones and workers. Two steps mark the differentiation of the
lamina (i) its origin as a ventral fold from the medula, this coinciding with the first peak of roughest
expression during the feeding stage of the fifth larval instar, and (ii) 24 hours later, the appearance
of hexagonal ommatidia coinciding with a second peak in roughest expression. Upon including
further candidate genes related to insect eye development [small optic lobe (sol), eyes absent (eya),
minibrain (mnb), sine oculis (so), embryonic lethal, abnormal vision (elav) and epidermal growth
factor receptor (egfr)] we found distinct expression peaks for sol, eya, mnb and so, with timing and
relative transcript levels differing between drones and workers. Whereas these four genes showed
a relatively synchronous pattern of expression in drones in the fifth larval instar, this was not so in
workers. Furthermore, in worker prepupae sol was higher expressed in workers than the other three
genes, and also in comparison to drones. Both sexes showed a strikingly similar expression pattern
for elav, except for some delay in drones. In contrast, egfr expression was found to occur earlier in
drones. In conclusion, the relationship in the timing of morphological events with gene expression
patterns revealed differences possibly related to mechanisms underlying development of the highly
dimorphic compound eye in the honey bee.
Financial support: CNPq e FAPESP

37
Nutrition, genes, and the differential brain

morphogenesis in honeybee castes
Lívia M.R. Moda1,2, Joseana Vieira2, Ana D. Bomtorin1, Anna C. Freire2, Vanessa Bonatti1,2,
Marcela Laure1, Angel R. Barchuk1, Zilá L.P. Simões2,3
Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo.
Depto. Biologia Celular, Tecidual e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas,
Universidade Federal de Alfenas.
Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto,
Universidade de São Paulo.
The differential feeding offered to worker and queen larvae of the honeybee Apis mellifera
shapes a complex endocrine response cascade that ultimately sets up differences in brain morpholo-
gies. Brain development analyzed at morphological level through L3 to L5 larval instars revealed an
asynchrony between queens and workers. At L4 are identifiable in the mushroom bodies of queens
two well formed structures, pedunculi and calyces, both present in workers only at L5. Further mor-
phological analysis using EdU incorporation revealed a larger area of proliferative neuroblasts in
fifth instar queens brains when compared to those of workers. Analyses of gene expression using
oligonucleotide microarray hybridizations showed 16 differentially expressed genes between queens
and workers at L4 [a developmental stage characterized by the greatest differences in juvenile hor-
mone (JH) titers between castes], and qPCR analyses of brains from L3 to L5S1, evidenced group of
genes with specific expression patterns (tsp5D; dac, kr-h1 and atx-2; fax, shot, EphR and crc). Shot,
whose expression is required for axon extension, mushroom bodies morphogenesis and cell prolif-
eration in Drosophila, was found to be differentially expressed in fourth instar queen larvae, when
compared to worker larvae and also fax, a gene involved in axon outgrowth regulation in Drosophila
embryos was in L5S1 instar queen larvae significantly more expressed. In addition, kr-h1, an early
JH response gene involved in neuronal remodeling in Drosophila, was found also significantly more
expressed in L5F2 instar queen larvae. Our results describe the localization of such important pro-
teins and mRNAs in brains of workers and queens: shot mRNA was localized in queen’s L4 brain,
surrounding nuclei of both hemispheres, whereas in workers this staining only appears in the fifth
instar. The protein was immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of cells near the antennal lobe neuropiles
and proximal to Kenyon cells in L4 queen’s brains. Additionally, in some cases Shot is colocalized
with actin-F. Since its transcription profile resembles that of JH titers, it might be under JH regula-
tion, a downstream physiological product of the Tor pathway, which regulates the cellular growth in
reaction to the availability of nutrients. Taken together, our results contribute to explain the observed
faster brain development in queens suggesting shot and kr-h1 as key players in the differential brain
morphogenesis induced by differential feeding in honeybees.
Financial Support: FAPEMIG (APQ-01714-10), CNPq

(Proc. No 473748/2008-8; 473157/2010-1), FAPESP (Proc. 2011/03171-5; 2009/00810-7).

38
Whole transcriptome by Next-generation

sequencing to analyze Caste Determination
in Melipona Stingless Bees
Carlos Ueira-Vieira
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia
The bees of genus Melipona have a singular caste determination mechanism with genetics
components and food influence. After mass provisioning and after egg laying by queen the broad
cell is sealed. Differences in food quantity and quality are not detected in brood combs. Kerr in 1948
proposed a genetic model to Melipona caste determination, queen are heterozygous for two pairs of
genes. These two genes probably encoding protein related to Juvenile Hormone (JH) metabolism. Al-
though a lot of researches about caste determination in Melipona up to date the sequence of these two
genes are unknown. In recent work our group analyzed the JH titer in different Melipona scutellaris
larval stages and found three different groups classified in higher, medium and low JH titer and the
statistical analysis corroborates with Kerr hypothesis (Higher = double heterozygous, medium= het-
erozygous for one gene, low= double homozygous). In an attempt to identify the putative two genes
proposed by Kerr, we used the SOLiD sequencing system to identify the repertoire of whole RNA
in the M. scutellaris larvae and corpora allata glands. A total of 23,023,048 reads was obtained in
corpora allata library and 22,131,876 in whole larva library. The transcripts were mapped using four
reference genomes (Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Nasonia vitripenis and Drosophila melano-
gaster) by BioScope WTA Analysis. Some corpora allata transcripts showed similarity with enzymes
of JH synthesis pathway. The annotation of larvae transcripts showed similarity with enzymes of JH
synthesis and degradation pathway, brain metabolism, odorant binding protein, olfactory receptors,
biomolecules metabolism, hexamerin, RNAi machinery and microRNA. This work is a new contribu-
tion to elucidate the Melipona caste determination using Next-generation sequencing technologies.
Financial Support: FAPEMIG, CNPq, CAPES, UFU.

39
microRNA-mRNA expression patterns in fat

bodies of honeybee females are linked to the
regulation of reproductive status
Karina Rosa Guidugli-Lazzarini 1; Flávia Cristina de Paula Freitas1; Liliane Maria Fróes de
Macedo1; Francis Morais Franco Nunes1; Zilá Luz Paulino Simões2
1
Depto de Genética, FMRP-USP; 2Depto de Biologia, FFCLRP-USP
In honeybee colonies, queens are engaged in reproduction, activating their large ovaries after
mating. Workers, by contrast, are normally sterile, but they maintain functional ovaries, which could
be activated in queenless condition. In both females, the reproductive status of each caste seems to
be under control of gene regulatory networks. Besides the differential expression of coding genes,
emerging studies have pointed out the relevance of microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs
(21-24 nt), in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes implicated in a wide range of biological
processes. Herein we identified potential genetic interactions involved in the regulation of reproduc-
tion in honeybee females. First, we selected 47 miRNA expressed in worker active ovaries from an
Illumina sequencing dataset. We searched their putative binding sites against 3’ untranslated regions
of abdomen-expressing mRNAs related to ovary physiology. Discovered miRNA-mRNA interac-
tions allowed us to predict a gene network. Mapmodulin and tyramine receptor genes as well as
ame-miR-316 were the most connected nodes. In order to validate some of identified molecular in-
teractions, we investigated the expression profiles of selected miRNAs and putative target genes in
fat body samples of reproductive and non-reproductive females of both castes. We focus our gene
expression analysis on fat body tissue because it is capable to alter its functions in accordance to indi-
vidual needs. And also, due to its characteristics as alternate metabolic and maintainer metabolic ho-
meostasis, the fat body represents an important target for studying the regulation of various biological
processes. As results, the overall miRNA levels were higher in reproductive females. Specifically, we
observed significant differences in the expression of the miRNAs, ame-miR-184 and -275. Related
to target genes, we observed that mean levels of Mlc-2 (myosin regulatory light chain 2) and Ubq
(ubiquitin) were significantly higher in fat body of non-reproductive queens, in an antagonistic man-
ner to expression of their predicted regulatory miRNAs, ame-miR-278 and -375. Together, our com-
putational and experimental findings support the existence of molecular pathways governing ovary
activation in both castes, and open new ways for investigations related to honeybee reproduction.
Financial Support: FAPESP (2011/03171-5); FAPESP (2011/10133-2); CNPq (161917/2011-9)

40
Mechanisms of plasticity in the honeybee

Elizabeth J. Duncan and Peter K. Dearden
Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago & National Research Centre
for Growth and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56,
Dunedin, Aotearoa-New Zealand.
The defining characteristic of eusocial insects, such as the honeybee (Apis mellifera), is the re-
productive division of labour, where only one female caste is reproductively active. For this division
of labour to function, mechanisms must have evolved to constrain reproduction in the worker caste.
In the worker caste of the honeybee, reproductive constraint is conditional; in the absence of queen
mandibular pheromone (QMP), worker bees can activate their ovaries and lay unfertilised eggs.
This is an example of phenotypic plasticity, whereby an animal changes its morphology and
behaviour in response to an environmental stimulus. Ovary activation in the honeybee requires a re-
markable remodelling of adult tissue in response to an environmental stimulus (the loss of QMP). We
are using the conditional activation of worker bee ovaries to investigate the molecular mechanisms
that control and stabilise phenotypic plasticity in the honeybee. Using several approaches, includ-
ing high-throughput sequencing to measure gene expression, we have uncovered mechanisms that
regulate phenotypic plasticity. These mechanisms also inform our understanding of the function and
evolution of reproductive constraint in the worker honeybee.

41
SI MPÓSIO 5
Bee Pathology
Coordenador: David De Jong

42
Disappearing keystone of agriculture???

Role of pathogens and stress in the decline
of honey bee colonies and potential
impact on other pollinators
Diana L. Cox-Foster,
Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of
America.
Pollinators like honey bees are essential for production of many crops and health of ecosystems.
As such, these non-target insects can be considered keystone species essential for both environmental
and agricultural sustainability. In the last few years, researchers have determined that populations
of native pollinators and the number of managed honey bee colonies are declining. Since 2006, an
approximate loss of more than 30% of honey bee colonies has occurred annually. In 2006, a new
malady “Colony Collapse Disorder” or CCD was identified, in which losses within a single apiary or
operation can range from 35 to over 80% of the colonies. These levels of loss are alarming to many
different audiences and raise concerns as to how to protect this critically important species. For losses
associated with CCD, subsequent epidemiological analysis indicates that the mortality of honey bee
colonies is due to multiple factors that include pathogens, environmental stress through pesticide
exposure, and nutritional stresses. Pollinators are exposed to agrochemicals, microbial pesticides,
and GMO gene products thru pollen and water. Our research has found that agrochemicals can alter
viral infections and gene expressions, with these changes reflecting the survival of honey bees (a non-
target species) following exposure to low-level pesticide exposures. The impacts on mortality are
predicted to affect the survival of over wintering colonies. We have also found that other pollinator
species are infected and impacted by many of the same viruses found in honey bees (including those
associated with CCD). Potentially declines in native pollinators may also result from an interaction of
factors impacting diseases in and survival of these species. The overall fate of pollinators is important
not only for agricultural production but also for ensuring the health of our natural ecosystems.

43
Management Practices to Control Main Diseases

of Honey Bees in Argentina.
Basualdo Marina1, Palacio M.A2, Figini E.1 ,Bedascarrasbure E2.
1 Fac. Cs. Veterinarias. UNCPBA. PROAPI, Univesitario. 7000 Tandil, Bs.As. Argentina.
mbasu@vet.unicen.edu.ar
2 INTA-PROAPI
American foulbrood (AFB) caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae was first recorded in
Argentina in 1989; since then a prevalence of 30% in 1993 was recorded in some areas and colonies
losses were important. During the 1990s, AFB control program was developed to reduce the preva-
lence of the disease. The program included the use of colonies selected for hygienic behaviour (HB),
the detection or identification and withdrawal of affected hives, shaking infected beehives or the use
of sanitary package bees, the disinfection of contaminated beehive materials. The honey bee genetic
program developed in Argentina by Proapi (National Integrated Project of Beekeeping Development)
in order to obtain local ecotypes with brood disease tolerance by evaluating hygienic behavior has
been the main tool for the control. Each year, selected queens are sent to queen breeders that use this
genetic to produce mated queens and queen cells to head nuclei, package bees and hives confectioned
following specific Proapi protocols. A group of beekeepers with a high initial AFB prevalence in their
apiaries that used this genetic as part of a strategy for AFB control could decreased AFB incidence
from 24.3% to 0.16% after 11 years without using antibiotics and preserving honey quality.
Varroa is still a problem in tropical and temperate areas of Argentina. In tropical areas where Afri-
canized honey bee is present, prevalences between 5 to 20 % have been reported. In some temperate ar-
eas mites have developed coumaphos resistance and colony losses related to Varroa have been reported.
The use of different approved acaricides each year (rotation), monitoring of mites popula-
tions before and after the treatment, use of organic treatments (some of them developed in the
country) are the basis of the strategy for varroa control.
Selective breeding of honey bees stocks tolerant to varroosis is one of the most important chal-
lenges to keep Varroa destructor populations in a low level without the use of chemical control. A
network for evaluating these honeybee populations for Varroa tolerance has been created.
Nosema apis and ceranae have been reported in the country. The high virulence of N. ceranae
in European haplotype C bees of Argentina in laboratory assays has been confirmed. Though massive
colony losses have not been reported as in other countries, variable mortality levels and specially
population decrease in colonies has been reported in some areas at the end of winter and beginning of
spring. This show that the level of virulence in individual honey bees does not necessarily correlate
with that of the colony. Research with alternative treatments for Nosema control is been developed.

44
Problemas atuais na Sanidade Apícola

no Sul do Brasil
Aroni Sattler
Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Agronomia - UFRGS
aronisattler@yahoo.com.br
A partir de 1989 iniciamos um programa de monitoramento da sanidade dos apiários do Rio

Grande do Sul com o objetivo de localizarmos com a antecedência necessária possível focos de
novas doenças nas nossas abelhas. Em 2001 constatamos pela primeira vez a presença de esporos
da Cria Pútrida Americana (Paenibacillus larvae) num estabelecimento apícola no Rio Grande do
Sul, mais precisamente em mel e pólen importados, mel em favo de cria e em abelhas que esta-
vam pilhando restos do entreposto, no entanto ao investigarmos apiários num raio de 10 km do
estabelecimento não constatamos sintomas clínicos da doença. Ao comprovarmos a ocorrência
do primeiro foco de Cria pútrida Americana no estado do Paraná com sintomas clínicos caracte-
rísticos em colméias a partir de agosto de 2006 o Ministério da Agricultura do Brasil comunicou
oficialmente à OIE (Organização Internacional de Epizotias) sobre o episódio em 24 de novembro
de 2006. Desta forma a apicultura brasileira começa a escrever uma nova página sobre a sanidade
dos seus apiários, cujas conseqüências podem ser minimizadas, caso o monitoramento preventivo
das doenças e as medidas de controle sejam adotadas com a agilidade necessária. Simultaneamen-
te, vários relatos nos meios de comunicação internacional, nos dão conta de perdas expressivas de
colméias no continente americano e europeu, cujas causas ainda não foram totalmente elucidadas.
No inverno e primavera de 2006 e novamente em 2008, especialmente no Rio Grande do Sul, as
perdas de colméias foi de aproximadamente 40%, mas não se pode atribuir a esta mortandade
as mesmas causas da CCD. No nosso caso ficou evidente que o inverno prolongado e muito frio
aliado com uma primavera chuvosa e irregular causou uma desnutrição acentuada nas colméias,
tornando-as ainda mais sensíveis ao nível alto de nosemose e varroase. Aliado a fome que afeta
também o sistema imunológica das abelhas, vários casos foram relatados, nos quais o histórico
regional e local comprova a presença dos agrotóxicos de forma aguda.
No caso do serviço de polinização, especialmente nos pomares de macieiras no Rio Grande do
Sul em 2008, verificamos o péssimo estado nutricional das colméias em função do manejo deficiente
por parte do apicultor aliado ao clima desfavorável no outono e inverno. Além disso, verificamos que
o uso de agrotóxicos foi permanente em função do clima. A utilização de vários princípios ativos apa-
rentemente inócuos às abelhas, mas por serem lipossolúveis, portanto, capazes de se armazenarem na
cera dos favos, nos colocam frente a uma nova situação de risco para os polinizadores.
Em agosto de 2009 visitamos apiários nos municípios de Palmeira, Bocaina do Sul, São Joa-
quim e Bom Retiro na região do planalto de Santa Catarina. Constatamos perdas que em alguns
apiários chegaram a 80% das colméias com um quadro sintomatológico semelhante ao encontrado
no ano anterior no Rio Grande do Sul, mas com níveis superiores de nosemose (50%) e varroase
(30%). No mês de setembro de 2009 visitamos apiários em Içara no litoral catarinense, encontran-
do um quadro semelhante ao anterior, onde uma família de apicultores que trabalhava com 4000
colmeias, havia perdido 25% deste total. Novamente, nestes apiários também encontramos níveis

45
altos de nosemose e varroase. Considerando que os apiários desta família haviam permanecido nos
bosques de eucalipto do litoral durante o outono e parte do inverno, pode-se concluir que parte do
problema está relacionado com a dieta protéica desequilibrada em sua composição de aminoácidos.
Em outubro de 2009, a convite do Sebrae/ES visitamos apiários nos municípios de Domingos
Martins e de Aracruz. Nos apiários investigados constatamos a ocorrência de varroase com níveis
que variaram 2 a 20% de operárias parasitadas e também encontramos o ácaro varroa na forma jo-
vem e de adulto sobre cria operculada. Da mesma forma, nestes apiários constatamos a ocorrência de
nosemose (Nosema ceranae) em 28% das colmeias. Em material coletado em apiários no Rio Grande
do Sul em 2009 comprovou-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência do microsporídeo Nosema ceranae.
Em outubro de 2011 acompanhamos o serviço de polinização em pomares de macieiras em
Vacaria/RS e constatamos a utilização de defensivos agrícolas, mesmo no período da floração,
com um efeito repelente às abelhas. Considerando que milhares de colmeias do Rio Grande do Sul
e Santa Catarina são utilizadas no serviço de polinização das macieiras, o efeito de doses sub-le-
tais dos agrotóxicos deve ser considerado com mais um fator de sinergia que leva aos altos níveis
de mortandade constatados nos últimos anos.
Recentemente, informações pessoais, dão conta do despovoamento de colmeias na ordem de 20
a 80% em apiários de apicultores profissionais de Santa Catarina, cujas causas permanecem indefini-
das, mas que, parcialmente, podem estar relacionadas ao uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos, que em
doses sub-letais comprometem o sistema imunológico das abelhas e o poder nutritivo do pão de abelha.
Considerando o monitoramento de apiários que conduzimos nos 3 últimos anos, ficamos em
dúvida se a nossa abelha africanizada ainda apresenta o mesmo grau de resistência às doenças e
a mesma capacidade de enxameação e repovoamento de apiários que se verificava anteriormente
e em que proporção a responsabilidade pode ser atribuída aos fatores ambientais e de manejo
proporcionado pelos apicultores.

46
New and exotic bee diseases – a threat for

Brazilian apiculture and agriculture
David De Jong, Dejair Message
Depto. de Genetica, FMRP-USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP
Though the Africanized bees in Brazil are known for their rustic nature and capacity to resist
or tolerate most bee diseases and parasites, recently introduced pathogens and pests have caused
considerable losses. Additionally, exotic bee pests that are already causing considerable mortality in
other countries in the Americas, Europe and Africa have the potential to cause considerable damage
to the bees in Brazil. The varroa mite, which for a long time was not a problem in this country is now
a cause for concern in the two southernmost states. Whether it is a primary or a secondary factor in
colony mortality is not yet clear. Two factors contribute to the greater impact of this mite on the bees.
The first is that the Varroa jacobsoni, now known as Varroa destructor, originally introduced to Brazil
was from Japan, and fortunately a relatively less virulent mitotype than what was found in Europe.
Later, a more virulent mitotype, known as the Korean mitotype was also found in this country and
now predominates, with very few isolated locations that still have the Japanese mitotype. A clear dif-
ference is found in the reproductive success in drone brood. Originally, only about 50% of the female
mites invading worker brood cells effectively reproduced. Currently over 85% of the female mites
reproduce. A second factor that apparently has affected the ability of the bees to tolerate these mites
is the introduction of new bee viruses, including Israeli acute paralysis virus. Another important new
pathogen that has been associated with considerable bee losses in Brazil is Nosema ceranae, which
is often found at high infection rates in dying colonies. The bacterial brood pathogen, Paenibacil-
lus larvae, which causes American Foulbrood, was found in Brazil over 10 years ago, but is not yet
considered established, though it has caused considerable losses in neighboring Argentina since 1990.
New threats include the small hive beetle, which is well established in the USA and is already found
in Mexico. Unfortunately, Brazil lacks sufficient diagnostic labs in order to provide a clear diagnosis
of the bee disease situation in the country. Financial assistance from FAPESP and CNPq.

47
SI MPÓSIO 6
Trophic niche and bee/plant interaction
Coordenadoras: Isabel Alves do Santos/ Claudia Inês da Silva

48
Temporal variation in a plant-pollinator

network from Mendoza, Argentina.
Natacha P. Chacoff
Understanding patterns of temporal variation in plant-pollinator networks and their underly-

ing causes has important implications for mechanisms of evolution and resilience of communities
and ecosystem services to environmental change. Plant-pollinator interactions are among the most
studied ecological interactions. In the last decade, the use of networks for describing community
wide plant-pollinator systems has captured the attention of ecologists and resulted in an upsurge of
studies. These studies have yielded generalities about network structure. Still, temporal variation in
these networks has been largely ignored. Here we use quantitative plant-pollinator networks spanning
five years with two main objectives: 1) to quantify inter-annual variability in species composition,
occurrence of pairwise interactions and overall network structure; 2) to explore two possible mecha-
nisms responsible for this variability, namely phenological shifts and “rewiring” of interactions. We
sampled the plant-pollinator network in the Monte desert of Argentina. We observed 791 different
interactions among 55 species of plants and 160 species of animals. Of these interactions, a majority
were observed only in a single year (63%) and very few were consistently observed across all years
(2%). We found that community composition and the occurrence of interactions varied considerably
across years. To disentangle interaction turnover from species turnover, we calculated the number of
possible interactions (those observed in at least one year) that were realized given that the interacting
partners were present in the same year. We found that only around half of these possible interactions
were observed. For variance in network structure, we observed significantly less variance across
years in connectance, average number of links and evenness than expected from null models. Lastly,
we found that Bray-Curtis distance in interactions did not correlate with distance in flowering phe-
nology (i.e., phenological shifts) for pairwise combinations of years. In summary, this study shows a
high turnover in interactions regardless of temporal overlap of interaction partners. The flexible na-
ture of these interactions suggests that networks may be more robust than previously assumed. It also
highlights the need for multiple years of data to capture the variability of plant-pollinator interactions.

49
Adult pollen and nectar needs of a solitary bee

(Nomia melanderi) (Apiformes: Halictidae)
James H. Cane1, Heidi E. M. Dobson2, and Brendan Boyer2
1
USDA-ARS Pollinating Insect Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5310
2
Department of Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362
Pollen and nectar constitute the diets of most bees. Larvae of solitary and many social spe-
cies are fed this diet as mass provisions provided by their mothers or sisters, respectively. Among
some highly eusocial bees, considerable pollen and nectar is consumed by adult nurse bees too,
who transform it into nutritious and homogeneous glandular secretions that are fed to young larvae
and queens. In contrast, the dietary intakes of adult non-social bees have been unknown, particu-
larly for pollen. Like social nurse bees, adult females of solitary bees also have daily metabolic
outlays. Their large eggs are packed with proteins and lipids, plus many ground-nesting solitary
bees daily waterproof new nest cells with a lipid-rich secretion (some also put this in the provision).
Obviously, nectar is needed to fuel flight of both sexes too. I will present new insights for pollen
and nectar consumption by adult solitary bees from recent work with the bee Nomia melanderi.
For adult males, lifetime nectar needs and resulting pollination service are estimated. For nesting
females, we characterize the quantities and schedule of pollen consumption as constrained by nest
provisioning needs and floral availability, and place it in context of their overall foraging efforts
and resultant pollination of Medicago (Fabaceae).

50
Pollination networks: mosaics of small worlds

Marco A. R. Mello
Universität Ulm
Mutualisms between animals and plants play a vital role in the generation and maintenance of
biodiversity, and network theory has helped us understand more about these interactions in multi-
species systems. Some interesting discoveries have been made showing what pollination networks
are “small worlds”, with similar emergent properties as other mutualisms (such as seed dispersal) and
even other kinds of complex system (such as the Internet). In this talk, I will summarize the current
knowledge on pollination networks and show novel results about how specialized pollination sys-
tems, such as those formed by oil-collecting bees or buzz pollinators, differ from each other and form
a mosaic of “tiny worlds” with some striking features related to guilds and functional roles. I will also
discuss how network studies could make better use of natural history information, in order to reach a
more solid understanding of mutualistic communities.

51
Amplitude e sobreposição de nicho

entre espécies de abelhas com diferentes
estratégias de forrageamento
Cláudia Inês da Silva, Maurício Meirelles do Nascimento Castro, Kátia Paula Aleixo, Letícia
Biral de Faria, Elisa Pereira Queiroz, Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonseca & Carlos Alberto Garófalo
Uma das abordagens comumente adotadas em estudos sobre nicho ecológico de espécies
é a análise dos recursos alimentares utilizados pelas mesmas. A maioria das espécies de abelhas
depende diretamente de recursos florais para sua sobrevivência. Dentre esses recursos, o pólen, o
néctar e os óleos florais são constituintes importantes da dieta das abelhas, sendo respectivamente
fontes de proteínas, carboidratos e lipídeos, essenciais aos estágios larval e adulto. O objetivo do
presente estudo foi avaliar, por meio da análise polínica, a amplitude e a sobreposição dos nichos
tróficos em termos da ocorrência e proporção das plantas usadas na dieta de três espécies de abe-
lhas simpátricas (Centris analis, Frieseomelitta varia e Scaptotrigona aff. depilis). C. analis é uma
abelha solitária e especializada, que diferentemente das demais espécies estudadas coleta óleos
florais, além de pólen e néctar. F. varia e S. aff. depilis são espécies sociais, com colônias perenes
e classificadas como generalistas. O forrageamento em F. varia é feito individualmente enquanto
que em S. aff. depilis é feito em grupo. Para identificar as plantas utilizadas na dieta das abelhas,
foram colhidas amostras de grãos de pólen das corbículas de F. varia e S. aff. depilis e de resíduo
alimentar nos ninhos de C. analis, após a emergência da abelha. As amostras foram coletadas men-
salmente ao longo de um ano no campus da USP de Ribeirão Preto. O material polínico foi aceto-
lisado e identificado por comparação com os grãos de pólen de espécies de plantas depositados na
Palinoteca do Lab. de Palinoecologia da FFCLRP/USP. No total foram identificadas 138 espécies
vegetais nas amostras. S. aff. depilis e F. varia apresentaram o maior número real de espécies de
plantas (S) na dieta (S= 86 e 77, respectivamente), quando comparadas à espécie solitária C. analis
(S=49). Embora a dieta de F. varia tenha apresentado o menor S, quando comparada à dieta de S.
aff. depilis, estas plantas estiveram presentes com maior equitatividade (F. varia: J’=0,71; S. aff.
depilis: J’=0,69). Assim, F. varia apresentou maior diversidade na sua dieta (H’=4,474) quando
comparada a S. aff. depilis (H’=4,435). Consequentemente, F. varia apresentou mais espécies
vegetais importantes para sua dieta (Saparente=22,22) do que S. aff. depilis (Saparente=21,75). C. analis
teve uma planta considerada espécie-chave em sua dieta, ou seja, uma espécie representando mais
de 45% de grãos de pólen nas amostras. A existência de uma espécie de planta dominante fez com
que a equitatividade para C. analis fosse baixa (J’= 0,43), resultando em uma baixa diversidade
(H’= 2,437), ou seja, em um nicho trófico mais estreito, contendo poucas plantas importantes (Sa-
parente
= 5,41). O padrão de sobreposição dos nichos tróficos foi mantido entre os índices qualitativo
(Ojk, variando de 0 a 1) e quantitativo (PS, variando de 0 a 100), sendo os valores menores entre
C. analis e as espécies sociais (Ojk=0,277), e maiores entre estas últimas (Ojk=0,639). Quando a
sobreposição de nicho foi comparado levando em conta a proporção das plantas usadas na dieta
(PS), C. analis e F. varia apresentou o menor valor de sobreposição (PS=0,93), ou seja, menos de
1% das plantas foram intensivamente exploradas por essas duas abelhas. C. analis e S. aff. depilis

52
também apresentou um valor baixo (PS=0,86). Quando analisada PS entre as duas espécies de
abelhas sociais a sobreposição foi mais baixa (PS=21,75) do que aquela observada pelo índice
qualitativo (Ojk=0,639). Os dados obtidos nesse estudo mostram que embora as espécies de abe-
lhas apresentem itens comuns em suas dietas, elas tendem a utilizá-los em diferentes proporções.
A estratégia de forrageamento de cada espécie de abelha estudada pode ser um dos fatores funda-
mentais para a coexistência entre elas na área.

53
Especialização na dieta de Centris (Paracentris)

burgdorfi Friese, 1900 (Apidae, Centridini)
Claudia Inês da Silva, Elisa Pereira Queiroz, Letícia Biral de Faria, Isabel Alves-dos-Santos
Centris (Paracentris) burgdorfi é uma espécie com ampla distribuição no Brasil. Em outubro
de 2010 foi localizada uma agregação dessa espécie em dunas petrificadas (tipo falésias) no Deserto
dos Anjos na cidade de Natal, RN. Com acesso aos ninhos de C. burgdorfi foi possível examinar o
pólen e identificar as plantas utilizadas na alimentação de adultos e imaturos desta espécie. As infor-
mações sobre a dieta foram obtidas por meio de observação direta de visita às flores e análises dos
grãos de pólen amostrados no corpo das fêmeas, de células em construção, de células operculadas e
de fezes de imaturos. Um total de 61 amostras de material polínico foi analisado. O material polínico
foi acetolisado e as lâminas se encontram no Lab. de Palinoecologia da FFCLRP-USP, em Ribei-
rão Preto. Oito espécies de plantas foram identificadas nas amostras: Chamaecrista tipo hispidula
(Chamaecrita hispidula + Chamaecrista flexuosa), Chamaecrista sp.1, Mimosa misera (Fabaceae),
Krameria tomentosa (Krameriaceae), Cuphea flava (Lythraceae), Hyptis sp. (Lamiaceae) e Stilpno-
pappus cearensis (Asteraceae). Os grãos de pólen mais frequentes nas amostras foram aqueles per-
tencentes às Chamaecrista tipo hispidula, Cuphea sp., Krameria sp.e Chamaecrista sp.1, sendo que
as três primeiras foram observadas em 100% das amostras e a última espécie em 93%. Com relação
à similaridade entre as amostras, com exceção das duas células de cria A34 e A8 que apresentaram
respectivamente 32% e 17,5% pólen de Mimosa misera, todas as outras amostras foram semelhantes
entre si em 85%. Utilizando a análise de agrupamento de Bray-Curtis, dois agrupamentos principais
foram formados pela dominância de Chamaecrista tipo hispidula e Chamaecrista sp1. Essas duas
espécies representam fontes exclusivas de pólen, e juntas somam 78,2% dos grãos de pólen presentes
nas células de cria. A principal fonte de néctar foi Cuphea flava, representando 18,86% dos grãos de
pólen identificados nas amostras. Grãos de pólen presentes em baixa proporção foram considerados
isolados ou ocasionais, que aderiram ao corpo da fêmea durante seu vôo de forrageamento por outros
recursos (como o néctar) e foram transportados para o ninho. A única espécie identificada como for-
necedora de óleo para C. burgdorfi foi Krameria tomentosa, embora na área estudada existam vários
representantes da família Malpighiaceae, como por exemplo, duas espécies de Byrsonima. Os resul-
tados indicam que Centris burgdorfi é uma espécie estreitamente oligolética, pois utiliza pólen apenas
de Chamaecrista (2-3 espécies) para alimentar suas larvas.
Agradecimentos: IBUSP, FFCLRP-USP, CNPq, Capes-PNDP e FAPESP.

54
SI MPÓS IO 7
Comparative biology: paths to be followed for the

understanding of bee diversity
Coordenador: Eduardo A. B. Almeida

55
A supermatrix approach to resolving bee

higher-level phylogeny
Shannon M. Hedtke, Sebastien Patiny, Bryan N. Danforth
The relationships among the seven families of bees remains controversial. Morphological stud-
ies have generally suggested that the phylogeny of bees is rooted near Colletidae, while many mo-
lecular studies have suggested a root node near (or within) Melittidae. Previous molecular studies
have focused on a relatively small sample of taxa (~120 species) and relatively small sample of genes
(five at most). By contrast, there is an enormous amount of DNA sequence data currently available in
Genbank that has not been comprehensively analyzed in the context of higher-level bee phylogeny.
We used a bioinformatics pipeline implemented in Perl to download, align, concatenate, and analyze
all available protein-coding nuclear gene data in Genbank as of October, 2011. Our matrix consists
of 20 genes, 22693 aligned nucleotide sites, for 1798 bee and apoid wasp species representing 376
genera. One potentially problematic feature of this approach to resolving phylogeny is that, while the
matrix is large in terms of number of genes and taxa, there are a significant amount of missing data:
only 15% of the matrix is actually populated with data. Our maximum likelihood analysis resolved
the relationships among and within the bee families with relatively high levels of support. All bee
families were recovered with bootstrap proportion over 0.98 and relationships among families were
recovered with bootstrap proportions of 0.88 or greater (e.g., Colletidae+Strenotritidae+Halictidae
and Megachilidae+Apidae). Our analysis supports the placement of the root of bees along a branch
to a monophyletic Melittidae. Our topology places Andrenidae sister to the remainder of the bee
families, but this result is not strongly supported based on statistical tests using maximum likelihood.
Our study illustrates the potential for using bioinformatics approaches to higher-level phylogenetics.

56
The “Heads-or-Tails” of Egg Deposition among

Cleptoparasitic Apinae Or How the Melectini
and Ericrocidini Deposit Their Eggs
American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
rozen@amnh.org
Both the Melectini and Ericrocidini (Apidae: Apinae) are comprised of large-bodied clepto-
parasitic bees, not surprising because hosts of both tribes also tend to be large bodied. Ericrocidini
are restricted to the New World, occurring as far north as the southern United States. Melectini
and Ericrocidini are largely allopatric with the area of overlap occurring in the Southwest US and
northern Mexico. Melectines are most diverse in the Palearctic region but extend to the tip of South
Africa as well as to Australia. The relationship of these tribes one to another has been uncertain,
with an anatomical study of adults and larvae by Roig-Alsina and Michener (1993) suggesting a
sister-group pairing based on larvae and adults, later questioned by Michener (2007). Recently
Cardinal et al. (2010) using molecular data proposed that the two tribes were quite separate though
both belonging to the same large molecular clade.
A recent investigation into the biology and immature-stage anatomy of the cleptoparasitic Me-
soplia sappharini Melo & Rocha-Filho (Ericrocidini), Rozen et al. (2011) revealed the egg deposi-
tion of this species in Costa Rica. Its large, elongate, sausage-shaped egg is slipped through a small
hole in the closure of the vertical brood chamber of Centris flavofasciata Friese and attached by one
end to the inner closure surface, shortly after the host has closed her cell. After depositing the egg,
the cleptoparasite patches the hole with moist sand.
More recently, Rozen and Ding (in press), working in Beijing, China, discovered that Melecta
duodecimmaculata (Rossi) also deposited its egg through a small hole (later sand-filled) in the closure
of the vertical cell of Anthophora melanognatha Cockerell and attached it by one end to the closure
surface. This kind of egg attachment has not been observed among any other cleptoparasitic Apidae,
suggesting a startling behavioral synapomorphy. But is it?
Rozen will show that the Mesoplia egg is glued by it anterior end to the closure while Melecta
egg is attached by its posterior end, thus imply different female behavioral gymnastics for egg place-
ment. Furthermore egg eclosion is yet another behavior difference between these two exemplars of
their respective tribes, as he too will explain.

57
Ethological relationship within Meliponina, with

emphasis on Partamona and Parapartamona
Gisele Garcia Azevedo
Departamento de Biologia/UFMA
In the stingless bees (Meliponina) the cell provisioning and oviposition process (POP) proceeds
along a behavioral sequence which involves: 1) brood cells construction 2) brood cells provisioning
3) brood cells oviposition by the queen, and 4) brood cell sealing (Sakagami, 1982; Zucchi et al.,
1999). Despite considerable quantitative progress in the study of POP details in many taxa, phylo-
genetic approaches on this subject remain largely speculative. Main reasons stem on the evidence
that very little is known on the intrageneric diversity of the POP, and because very high ethological
diversity has been detected even in systematically very stable genera. In fact, comparative studies in
Plebeia (Drumond et al., 1996 a, b; Drumond et al., 1997; Drumond et al., 1998; Drumond et al.,
2000) Frieseomelitta (cf. Zucchi, 1993), Tetragonula (Yamane et al., 1995), Scaura (Mateus et al.,
1999), Tetragonisca (Bego et al., 1999; Azevedo et al., 1999) have demonstrated wide variation of
the POP traits, indicating cases of remarkable uncoupling between taxonomic and ethological traits.
Phylogenetic proposals consider Parapartamona either as a synonym, as a subgenus of
Partamona (Michener, 1990, 2000, respectively) or as a distinct genus (Moure, 1951, 1961; Camar-
go, 1989; Camargo & Pedro, 1992 a,b; Bravo, 1992; Moure, 1992; Roubik et al., 1997; Pedro, 1998;
Pedro & Camargo, 2003; Camargo & Pedro, 2003; Rasmussen & Cameron, 2007, 2010). This work
aims mainly at analyzing comparatively the POP of Partamona and Parapartamona species, looking
for possible behavioral differences that may contribute to clarify their relationships.
The species studied were: 1) Partamona helleri; 2) P. seridoensis; 3) P. vicina; 4) P. mulata, 5) P.
ailyae; 6) P. nhambiquara; 7) P. epiphitophyla and 8) Parapartamona vittigera. Data collection was based
on direct observation of behavioral traits (cf. Sakagami, 1966) and the use of a video-recorder, as well.
The studied species of Partamona showed slight behavioral differences. They shared the same
ethological syndrome CcPcBf, that is, brood cells constructed and provisioned successively (CcPc)
and the number of cells oviposited by the POP was variable (Bf) (Sakagami et al., 1964; Azevedo et
al., 2000a). The interactions between the queens and workers were more ritualized than aggressive,
and consisted mainly of attempts by the workers to hinder the queen’s progression. Even though some
POP studied taxa presented high ethological diversity, the behaviors here described showed little vari-
ation that may characterize Partamona as a behaviorally very stable taxon. Besides, the systematics
of Partamona has been recently revised and little morphological variation was found too, which turns
the phylogeny of this group very complex (Pedro, 1998; Pedro & Camargo, 2003). Apparently, slight
behavioral variation of the POP traits is rare among the stingless bees. Indeed, besides Partamona the
only taxon fulfill this condition is Melipona. These examples signal to the necessity of approaching
POP details by enlarging knowledge on its intrageneric diversity.
Although Parapartamona vittigera shows the same ethological syndrome (CcPcBf) as Partamona
species, it differs from these species by the queen’s generalized behaviors relative to fresh brood cells.
Moreover, her locomotion is faster, more agitated and continuous, while inter-castes interactions are
also more aggressive, and based on different sequences of darting behavior (Azevedo et al., 2000 a,b)

58
The studied genera also differ in relation to nesting habits and nest’s architectural traits. Al-
though the species of both genera build their nests inside cavities, Partamona species are, in general,
associated with termites, except P. helleri and P epiphytophila. On the other hand, P. vittigera build
their nests within cavities located at the base of trees as described by Bravo (1993) in P. brevipilosa
and P. zonata. The shape of the entrance and the presence of the vestibulum are complex structures
which characterize the nests of Partamona. The nests of Parapartamona do not show these structures
being similar to the others Meliponini.
The phylogenetic analysis of the obtained data produced forty-five equally parsimonious trees,
with 60 steps, CI = 0.73 and RI = 0.85. The analysis recognized the monophyly of Partamona,
Parapartamona, Melipona and Scaptotrigona + (Nannotrigona + Paratrigona). However, the re-
lationships among theses branches were not clearly established. The main differences among pro-
duced cladograms are related to different positions of Parapartamona and at some extent the sister-
group relation between Partamona and Parapartamona, could be recognized. These results support
the phylogenetic proposal by Camargo & Pedro (1992), Roubik et al. (1997), Pedro & Camargo
(2003), Camargo & Pedro (2003), Rasmussen & Cameron (2007, 2010), considering Partamona and
Parapartamona as distinct genera.
Reference
Azevedo, G.G.; Zucchi, R. & Silva-Matos, E. V. 1999. Variabilidade intragenérica do processo de
postura das células de cria em Tetragonisca (Apidae, Meliponinae). Anais do XXVII Encontro
Anual de Etologia, Botucatu – SP, p. 137.
Azevedo, G.G. & Zucchi, R. 2000a.. The cell provisioning and ovipostion process (POP) in some
species of Partamona (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Proceedings of the XXI Internac-
ional Congress of Entomology, Foz do Iguaçu – PR, p. 872.
Azevedo,G.G. & Zucchi, R. 2000b. Relações etológicas entre Partamona Schwarz e Parapartamona
Schwarz (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Anais do IV Encontro Sobre abelhas, Ribeirão
Preto- SP, 4:258 – 264.
Bego, L. R. Grosso, A..F. & Zucchi, R. 1999. Oviposition behavior of the stingless bees XXIV. Eth-
ological relationships of Tetragonisca angustula angustula to other Meliponinae taxa (Apidae,
Meliponinae). Entomol. Sci., 2(4): 473-482.
Bravo, F. 1992. Sistemática e distribuição de Prarapartamona Schwarz (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Me-
liponinae). Rev. Bras. Entomol., 36(4):863-878.
Bravo, F. 1993. Descrição dos ninhos de Parapartamona zonata (Smith,1854) e Parapartamona
brevipilosa ( Schwarz, 1948) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) coletados nos Andes Equa-
torianos. Rev. Bras. Entomol., 37(4):779-785.
Camargo, J. M. F. 1989. Comentários sobre a sistemática de Meliponinae (Hymen. Apidae) Anais do
XIV Simpósio Anual da ACIESP, suplemento (68): 41-61.
Camargo, J. M. F. 1992a. Sistemática de Meliponinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae): sobre a polaridade e
significado de alguns caracteres morfológicos. In: Anais do Encontro Brasileiro sobre Biologia
de Abelhas e outros insetos sociais. Naturalia, (nº. especial): 45-49.
Camargo, J.M.F. & Pedro, S.R.M. 1992b. Systematic phylogeny and biogeography of the Meliponi-
nae (Hymenoptera, Apidae): a mini-review. Apidologie, 23: 509-522.
Camargo, J.M.F & Pedro, S.R.M. 2003. Meliponini neotropicais: o gênero Partamona Schwarz, 1939
(Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae) – bionomia e biogeografia. Rev. Bras. Entomol., 47(30): 311-372.

59
Drumond, P. M.; Zucchi, R.; Mateus, S.; Bego, L. R.; Yamane, S. & Sakagami, S.F. 1996a. Ovi-
position behavior of the stingless bees. XVII. Plebeia (Plebeia) droryana and an ethological
comparison with other Meliponine taxa. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Japanese Journal of En-
tomology, 64:385-400.
Drumond, P. M.; Zucchi, R.; Yamane, S. & Sakagami, S. F. 1996b. Oviposition behavior of the sting-
less bees. XVIII. Plebeia (Plebeia) emerina and P. (P.) remota with a preliminar ethological
comparison of some Plebeia taxa (Apidae, Meliponinae). Bulletin of Faculty of Education,
Ibaraki University (Natural Science), 45: 31-55.
Drumond, P. M.; Bego, L. R.; Zucchi, R.; Yamane, S. & Sakagami, S. F. 1997. Oviposition process
of the stingless bees. XIX. Plebeia (Plebeia) poecilochroa with highly integrated oviposition
process and small colony size. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). Japanese Journal of En-
tomology, 65:7-22.
Drumond, P. M.; Zucchi, R.; Yamane, S. & Sakagami, S.F. 1998. Oviposition behavior of the sting-
less bees.XX. Plebeia (Plebeia) julianii which forms very small brood batches (Hymenoptera,
Apidae). Entomol. Sci., 1:195-205.
Drumond, P. M.; Zucchi, R. & Oldroyd, B. P. 2000.Description of the cell provisioning and ovipo-
sition process of seven species of Plebeia Schwarz (Apidae, Meliponini), with notes on their
phylogeny and taxonomy. Insectes Sociaux, 47:99-112.
Mateus, S., Nogueira-Neto, P. & Zucchi, R. 1999. Diversidade etológica do processo de postura das
células de cria em espécies do gênero Scaura (Apidae, Meliponinae). Anais do XXVII Encontro
Anual de Etologia, Botucatu – SP, p.137.
Michener, C. D.1990. Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 54:75-164.
Michener, C. D. 2000. The Bees of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 913p.
Moure, J. S. 1951. Notas sobre Meliponinae (Hymenoptera-Apoidea). Dusenia, 2(1):25-70.
Moure, J. S. 1961. A preliminary Supra-specific classification of the world Meliponinae bees (Hym.,
Apoidea). Studia Entomol., 4(1-4):181-242.
Moure, J. S. 1992. Notas sobre o genêro Parapartamona Schwarz (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Acta Biol.
Par., 21(1,2,3,4):121-134.
Pedro, S. R. M. Meliponini Neotropicais: O Gênero Partamona SCHWARZ, 1939 (Hymenoptera, Api-
dae): Taxonomia e Biogeografia., Ribeirão Preto, 1998. 219p. Tese de Doutoramento – Faculdade
de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade Estadual do Estado de São Paulo.
Pedro, S.R.M & Camargo, J.M.F. 2003. Meliponini neotropicais: o gênero Partamona Schwarz, 1939
(Hymenoptera, Apidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol., 47 (supl.1): 1 – 117.
Rasmussen, C. & Cameron, S. A. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of the old world stingless bees (Hy-
menoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) and the non-monophylya of the large genus Trigona.
Rasmussen, C. & Cameron, S. A. 2010. Global stingless bee phylogeny supports ancient divergence,
vicariance, and long distance disperse. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 99: 206–232
Roubik, D. W.; Lobo, J. A. S. & Camargo, J. M. F. 1997. New stingless bee genus endemic to Central
American cloudforests: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications (Hymenoptera: Apidae:
Meliponini). Syst. Entomol., 22:67-87.
Sakagami, S. F. 1966. Techniques for the observation of behaviour and social organization of sting-
less bees by using a special hive. Pap. Avul. Depto. Zool., 19:51-162.
Sakagami, S. F. 1982. Stingless bees. In:. Herman, H. R. (ed). Social Insects, vol. 3, pp. 361-423.
Academic Press, New York.

60
Sakagami, S. F.; Beig, D. & Akahira. 1964. Behavior studies of the stingless bees, with special ref-
erence to the oviposition process. III. Appearance of laying workers in an orphan colony of
Partamona (Partamona) testacea testacea (Klug). Jap. J. Ecol., 41(2):50-57.
Yamane, S.; Heard, T. A & Sakagami, S. F. 1995. Oviposition behavior of the stingless bees (Apidae,
Meliponinae) XXI.Trigona (Tetragonula) carbonaria endemic to Australia, with a highly inte-
grated oviposition process. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 63:275-296.
Zucchi, R. 1993. Ritualized dominance evolution of queen-worker interactions and related aspects
in stingless bees (Hymenoptera,Apidae). In: Inoue, T. & Yamane, S. (eds), Evolution of Insect
Societies, pp.209-249. Hakuhinsha, Tokio.
Zucchi, R.; Silva-Matos, E. V.; Nogueira-Ferreira, F. H. & Azevedo, G.G. 1999. On the cell provi-
sioning and oviposition process (POP) of the stingless bees - Nomenclature reappraisal and
evolutionary considerations (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) Sociobiology,34(1):65-86.

61
One or many species: phylogeography and

speciation in Schwarziana stingless bees
Gabriel A. R. Melo1,2, David R. Luz1
1
Departamento de Zoologia. Universidade Federal do Paraná.
Cx. postal 19020. CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
2
E-mail: garmelo@ufpr.br
Abstract.
The processes involved in the formation of independent evolutionary lineages, usually treated
as species, can generate a complex pattern of entangled relationships among the incipient lineages.
Phylogeographic methods have made possible to use molecular data to test hypotheses of species
delimitation based on morphological evidence. Here a recent phylogeographic study conducted with
Schwarziana, a South American genus of stingless bees with subterranean nests, is used as a model for
understanding the recent evolution of the Neotropical bee fauna. The results of the phylogeographic
analyses support recognition of different lineages within the current widespread species S. quad-
ripunctata, in strong congruence with the patterns of variation observed in the external morphol-
ogy of the workers. The different lineages, however, should not necessarily be treated as distinct
species. The main problems involved in the recognition and delimitation of species are discussed.

62
Assessing the impact of climatic changes on

neotropical pollinators: Comparative multi-locus
phylogeography of three orchid bee species
Margarita M. López-Uribe1, Kelly Zamudio1, Carolina Cardoso2, Bryan N. Danforth1
1 Cornell University, 2 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
mml82@cornell.edu
Investigating the impact that past climatic and geologic events had on the demographic his-
tory of extant species can aid developing predictions about species responses to upcoming climate
changes. Orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini) play an important ecological role in the maintenance of
plant species in lowland neotropical forests as long-distance pollinators in these ecosystems. Because
of their tight association to wet lowland tropical forests, orchid bees are good biological models to
test predictions about demographic changes associated to past dry tropical climate periods driven by
Pleistocene glaciation. In this study, we investigate the impact of Pleistocene climate change on the
distribution of genetic diversity in three widespread orchid bee species (Eulaema bombiformis, E.
meriana and E. cingulata). Using a combination of ecological niche modeling, seven DNA markers
and Bayesian methods, we test explicit species-specific spatial phylogeographic hypotheses of the
evolutionary history of these three Eulaema species. We identified five major climatically stable ar-
eas throughout the neotropics: southern Central America, Choco region, northern Amazon, southern
Amazon and the Atlantic forest. Even though the size and connections between these stable areas var-
ied intraspecifically, all refugia were consistently present across the three species. Molecular data re-
vealed strong phylogeographic structure from the mitochondrial markers but panmixia from nuclear
markers strongly indicating male mediated gene flow. We conclude that the geographic distribution
of these neotropical bee pollinators was reduced during the dry Pleisteocene climate periods but high
male mediated gene flow helped populations quickly recover from these bottlenecks. Currently, these
Eulaema species have very large effective population sizes and high levels of gene flow across their
transcontinental distribution. Our results indicate that these orchid bee species may be resilient to
future climate change in the neotropics due to their high dispersal capabilities.

63
SI MPÓSIO 8
Pollination
Coordenador: Breno Freitas

64
Using the Oil-collecting Bee Centris

(Heterocentris) analis (Hymenoptera: Apidae:
Centridini) for Pollination of Acerola
(Malpighia emarginata DC) Increases Yield
Breno Magalhães Freitas, Celso Braga Magalhães
Many recent studies have pointed out a variety of floral visitors as potential pollinators of
different crops. However, the pollination effectiveness of those floral visitors is seldom supported
by data showing real increment in crop productivity. For the acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C.),
studies have proved the importance of oil-collecting bees as its main pollinators, and assumed the
absence of pollination deficits. In the present work we aimed to study the introduction of trap-nest
blocks containing nests of Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius) to the fruit productivity of ac-
erola cultivated in Ubajara, Ceará, Brazil. The research was carried out from July to October 2010,
and consisted of monitoring, collecting and identifying floral visitors in two areas containing 10
varieties of acerola, with and without the introduction of 242 trap nests inhabited by C. analis. Bees
were counted and collected by sweep nets in transects walked among the lines of the orchards and
fruit production per plant, area and variety were recorded. Centris bees were the most frequent floral
visitors and accounted for 64% in the area where nests were introduced and 11% where they were
not. During the experiment, the number of trap nests inhabited by C. analis increased 38%, reaching
381 in October. There was a significant increase (p <0.05) in fruit production either for plant, area
and variety, averaging 286.6%. It was concluded that C. analis is an efficient pollinator of acerola; it
is possible to use acerola orchards to multiply populations of C. analis for pollination purposes; it is
possible to increase the number of bees C. analis and to reduce pollination deficits in acerola orchards
by the introduction of inhabited trap nests, and that the introduction of these nests of C. analis for pol-
lination in areas of commercial cultivation of acerola can provide real gains in productivity.
Keywords: bee rearing, trap nests, pollination, crop pollination, bee pollination, crop production.

65
Towards sustainable crop pollination

in the UK: a combined field, modeling,
socio-ecological approach
Koos Biesmeijer and Chiara Polce
NCB Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands: koos.biesmeijer@ncbnaturalis.nl
and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
It is widely acknowledged that pollination is a key ecosystem service, vital to the maintenance
of both wild plant communities and agricultural productivity. Over three quarters of the major world
crops benefit from insect pollination, with an economic value of approximately €150 billion glob-
ally and about €500 million in the United Kingdom. Despite this importance, our current knowledge
about the pollination requirements of crops, the pollination potential of different pollinators and the
impact of environmental changes on pollination has significant gaps. These gaps prevent progress
towards designing effective policies to secure sustainable pollination service provision. Our proj-
ects combines cage and field studies to find which species contribute to pollination and whether
pollination deficits are found. We developed and evaluated species distribution models using high
resolution pollination records, environmental information and primary data, to fill the incomplete
knowledge of where wild crop pollinators occur in the UK. Our results demonstrate satisfactory
model performance for wild pollinators characterised by different environmental requirements, geo-
graphical ranges and number of available records. We show how this information can be used to
identify areas of potential pollinator deficits using the current distribution of UK focal crops, which
include members of all major crop categories. Detailed model predictions will help us improve our
understanding of current and future pollination service provision within UK, whilst the general mod-
elling framework may potentially be applied to other geographical areas.

66
Gef Pollinators Project - pollination,

biodiversity and food security.
Helio Jorge da Cunha
Gerente do Projeto “Conservação e Manejo de Polinizadores para a Agricultura Sustentável por
meio de uma Abordagem Ecossistêmica”, Fundo Brasileiro para Biodiversidade – FUNBIO
helio.cunha@funbio.org.br
To ensure the maintenance of pollinator services in agricultural ecosystems, it is necessary to

increase the knowledge of benefits and services promoted by pollinator diversity and the factors that
influence their populations. For this it is necessary to identify management practices that:
- reduce negative impacts of human activities on pollinators;
- promote conservation of the diversity of native pollinators;
- preserve/restore natural areas necessary for pollinator services in agricultural systems;
- promote quality improvement of living for rural communities.
Aiming such actions FAO has developed the project: “Conservation and Management of
Pollinators for Sustainable Agriculture through an Ecosystem Approach”, financed by the Global
Environment Facility (GEF).
In Brazil GEF Pollinators Project was initiated in 2010, coordinated by the Ministry of the En-
vironment and implemented by the Brazilian Fund for Biodiversity.
Activities for the following seven crops are supported in sub-projects: Apple, Brazil Nut, Caju,
Canola, Cotton, Melon, and Tomato. It also performs actions related to:
- habitat fragmentation effects over agricultural productivity;
- conservation status of pollinators;
- monitoring pollinators biodiversity;
- establishment of a pollinators taxonomy network;
- development of a pollination and pollinator database;
- evaluation of pollination deficit at target crops;
- assessing the impact of pesticides on pollinators.
Another important aspect is the analysis of the socioeconomic situation of the farms where the
experiments of the project are established. Such analysis seeks to address issues related to the level
of knowledge by farmers on: environmental issues, the role of pollination in agricultural production,
effects of pesticides, and importance of native forests for the maintenance of agricultural landscapes.
In its second year of work the project has accumulated preliminary results that will be pre-
sented at the event.

67
Use of Stingless Bees for the Pollination of

Mini Watermelon in Greenhouse
Isac Gabriel Abrahão Bomfim, Antônio Diego de Melo Bezerra, Alexandre Campos Nunes,
Fernando Antonio de Souza Aragão, Breno Magalhães Freitas
The growth of protected cultivation in Brazilian agriculture has led crops traditionally culti-
vated in open field to greenhouses, which, in turn, prevent the access of indispensable pollinators
to flowers of many of these crops. Thus, it is necessary to identify suitable pollinators for confined
environments. The stingless bees have been pointed out as the ideal pollinators for use in these con-
ditions in Brazil. Aiming to evaluate the performance of these bees as pollinators under greenhouse
conditions, colonies of two stingless bee species (Melipona subnitida Ducke and Scaptotrigona sp.
nov.) were introduced in an automated plastic greenhouse during the flowering of mini watermelon
[Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &Nakai]. The performance of these bees was evaluated based
on the adaptive and foraging behavior, and their pollination efficiency on seeded and seedless mini
watermelon types under protected environmental conditions. Melipona subnitida did not adapt to
the enclosure and did not show any interest to the crop under the experimental conditions. How-
ever, Scaptotrigona sp. nov., collected floral resources since the second day after its introduction in
the greenhouse, prioritizing the nectar collection. Foragers of Scaptotrigona sp. nov. showed an es-
sential behavior for the pollination of seeded and seedless mini watermelon, as they visited stami-
nates and pistilates flowers from both types of mini watermelon. As a consequence of this behavior,
pollination efficiency of this species varied from 80.95% to 88.89% for seeded and seedless mini
watermelon types, respectively. Therefore, the pollination requirements for maximum fruit produc-
tion for both mini watermelon types were 84.62% for hand geitonogamous-pollination in the case
of seeded type and 88% for hand cross-pollination in the case of seedless type. The present study
showed that Scaptotrigona sp. nov. is an efficient and suitable pollinator for use in the pollination
of mini watermelon in protected cultivation.
Keywords: stingless bees; pollination; mini watermelon; greenhouse.

68
The value of male bees in pollination:

Peponapis bees and cultivated Cucurbita
James H. Cane
Males can comprise a substantial fraction of the bees that visit flowers, particularly at floral
hosts of those bee species that are taxonomic floral specialists for pollen. Despite the prevalence of
male bees in a number of pollination guilds, contributions of male bees to host pollination have been
largely overlooked or ignored. In this study, males of the squash bee Peponapis pruinosa Say are
shown to be effective pollinators of the cultivated squash Cucurbita pepo. Seven sequential visits
from male P. pruinosa maximizes squash fruit set and fruit growth rate. Because of the huge pollen
and nectar rewards produced per flower, bee densities of one bee per 3-5 flowers is sustainable. At
these densities, all pollination is readily achieved within their first hour of morning foraging and mate
searching. Male pollination efficacy and their abundances at squash flowers were sufficient to account
for most C. pepo production at our study sites, and by extrapolation, to 2/3 of all 87 U.S. farms and
growing squashes that were surveyed by collaborators in the Squash Pollinators of the Americas Sur-
vey. Comparable abundances have been reported from Santa Catarina State in Brasil.

69
SI MPÓSIO 9
Students Symposium 1
Coordenadora: Ana Durvalina Bomtorin

70
“Development and analysis of the effect of

protein diets as nutritional supplements for
honey bees (Apis mellifera)”
Aline Patricia Turcatto
Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto/Dept. Genética
Bees need nutrients for development, brood rearing and colony growth. Currently, in some
regions, a lack of pollen has become a serious problem, negatively affecting the development of the
colony. Our objective was to develop and test artificial diets, made with easily obtained and inex-
pensive ingredients, as protein supplements for colonies of Apis mellifera. The experiments were
conducted at the research apiary of the Genetics Department of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão
Preto of the University of São Paulo. The nutritional value of the pollen substitute diets was inves-
tigated in adult bees reared on these diets in cages from zero to seven days of age. Hemolymph was
collected from 10 bees for each diet at zero days (recently emerged) and after seven days. The pro-
tein concentration in the hemolymph was measured for method Bradford(1976). Among the diets,
T1 (soy meal, rice meal, sugar cane yeast, sucrose and water), T2 (quinua, sucrose and honey), T3
(soy meal, corn meal, sucrose and honey), T4 (soy meal, ground lentils, and sucrose), and T5 (soy
meal, rice meal, sugar cane yeast and honey) gave protein levels that were not significantly differ-
ent those provided by the positive control (bee bread) (P>0.05). All of the diets, except the negative
control (sucrose), significantly improved the protein levels in the bees compared with the levels in
the newly emerged bees. (P=0.036). Diet D1 (made from albumin, soybean extract and sucrose) did
not give significantly different protein levels compared to the positive control (p>0.05), demonstrat-
ing that it was nutritionally adequate. However, diet D2 (brewers yeast, soy milk, rice meal and su-
crose) gave significantly lower protein levels than the positive control (p=0,027). Diets D1 e D2 and
the positive control significantly improved protein levels compared to those in the newly emerged
bees (P=<0.001). Diet D3, made from corn meal, was significantly better than the negative control
(sucrose), but it did not significantly increase the protein levels in the hemolymph compared to the
levels in the newly emerged bees, demonstrating that it is not a suitable pollen substitute for honey
bee nutrition. We concluded that all of the diets tested, except for diet D3, were efficient as protein
supplements and would be useful for feeding bees during dearth periods.

71
Hairy legs: Differential gene expression during

leg disc development in honey bee
(Apis mellifera) larvae.
Carolina Gonçalves Santos, Klaus Hartfelder
The worker hind legs of highly eusocial honey bees and stingless bees have specific structures
adapted to pollen collection and transport, these being the corbicula, pollen comb and pollen brush.
Caste differentiation in honey bees is trigged by a switch in larval diets during the early develop-
mental stages which leads to the differential gene expression responsible for the queen and worker
unique characteristics. We used a suppressive subtractive methodology, RDA, to identify genes dif-
ferentially expressed during hind leg development. In the queen library, 35% of the sequences were
classified as similar to Drosophila sequences, 18% showed similarity with transcripts computation-
ally predicted or assembled from other honey bee EST projects and next generation sequencing
data, 7% were similar to stem loop micro RNAs from different species, and 40% of the sequences
represented unpredicted, novel honey bee genes. For workers, 24% of the US were classified as
similar to Drosophila sequences, 26% as predicted or honey bee TSA sequences, 14% as similar
to stem loop micro RNAs, and 36% as unpredicted, novel honey bee genes. Considering the com-
plexity of the hind legs in honeybees it is not surprising the possible novel genes identified in both
libraries. A total of 20 US were chosen from both libraries for RT-qPCR analysis. tenectin, echinoid,
immunoglobulin-like and fibronectin were overexpressed in queens, although only the first one was
originally identified in the queen library. C-type lectinI and two other unpredicted sequences (here
called Group 3.1 and Group 2.14) from worker library had higher expression in this caste, confirm-
ing the RDA library. Two other unpredicted sequences (Group 1.37 and Group 3.8), first identified in
the queen library, showed an overexpression in the worker imaginal disc. Interestingly, all sequences
overexpressed in queens are related to cell adhesion.

72
Occurrence of sexuals and mating frequency

in queenright colonies of Tetragonisca angustula
Latreille (Apidae, Meliponini)
Prato, M1., Soares, A. E. E2.
1 Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia da FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão
Preto, SP, Brasil. mauroprato@gmail.com
2 Depto. Genética da FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
Queen, worker and male production was studied during one year in three queenright colonies
of Tetragonisca angustula kept in wooden observation boxes in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. We sampled
brood combs monthly and noticed that the number of brood cells and production of individuals were
synchronous among colonies. Although the production of queens did not vary significantly, the fre-
quencies of workers, males and the number of cells in each comb varied significantly over the year.
The production of males was highly seasonal, occurring mostly from February to April, coinciding
with the period of intense brood cells production. In periods when there were few brood cells, the
production of workers and males were positively correlated, but when the number of brood cells was
high, the production of workers and males were negatively correlated. The production of sexuals was
higher in late summer (February to April) what coincides in Ribeirão Preto with the end of a wet and
warm season, thus it is hypothesized that in this period the colonies increased their food supplies and
were able to produce more sexuals. All the queens reared in royal cells what allowed a high degree of
accuracy and precision in the number and timing of queen production. Thus, the colonies had a very
low investment in queens resulting in a male biased investment. Although the production of queens
did not vary significantly, the production of males was seasonal; indicating that production of queens
is less influenced by seasonal factors. Although the frequency of queens has not varied in time, the
seasonal availability of males affected the mating frequency and the time spent since emergence until
fertilization of queens. In the colonies studied, the population dynamics was highly seasonal and the
mating success depended on the male production, according to the season.
Keywords: stingless bees, reproductives, mating success, seasonal production of males

73
Genes cuticulares diferencialmente expressos

durante eventos da metamorfose de Apis mellifera
Michelle Soares¹*, Angel Barchuk², Ana Simões3, Zilá Simões1, Márcia Bitondi1
1
USP, FFCLRP, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, Brazil, 2UNIFAL, ICB, Alfenas, 37130-000, Brazil,
³UFABC, CECS, São Paulo, 09210-170, Brazil
*miprioli@pg.ffclrp.usp.br
A cutícula dos insetos é composta principalmente por uma variedade de proteínas que interagem
com filamentos de quitina, um polímero de N-acetilglicosamina, para formar um envoltório rígido que
protege e dá forma ao organismo. O crescimento dos insetos depende da renovação periódica da cutícu-
la, que se desprende durante a apólise e é digerida enquanto a epiderme sintetiza uma nova cutícula
substituta. Tal renovação caracteriza a muda e metamorfose e é coordenada por hormônios, com de-
staque para os ecdisteróides. O atual trabalho objetivou caracterizar a expressão diferencial de genes
do tegumento (cutícula e epiderme subjacente), além de elucidar aspectos de regulação e função no
contexto da muda e metamorfose, com foco nos genes codificadores de proteínas estruturais e enzimas
cuticulares. Para este fim, utilizamos o tegumento de fases específicas da muda pupal-adulta, isto é, de
pupas (Pw), de pupas em apólise (Pp) e de adultas faratas (Pbl) para análises de microarrays de cDNA.
As análises dos microarrays mostraram 761 e 1173 genes diferencialmente expressos nos tegu-
mentos de adultas faratas (Pbl) em comparação com pupas (Pw) ou pupas em apólise (Pp), respectiva-
mente. A categorização destes genes, segundo os critérios do Gene Ontology, distinguiu totalmente o
tegumento de adultas faratas (Pbl) dos tegumentos de pupas (Pw) ou pupas em apólise (Pp) tanto em
relação ao critério “Processo Biológico” quanto em relação à “Função molecular”, evidenciando grande
mudança na expressão gênica durante a construção do exoesqueleto definitivo nas adultas faratas (Pbl).
Os microarrays mostraram aumento estatisticamente significante da expressão de 24 genes cu-
ticulares no tegumento de adultas faratas. Este resultado foi validado por RT-PCR em tempo real
(qRT-PCR) para 23 destes genes (AmelCPR3, AmelCPR4, AmelCPR6, AmelCPR14, AmelCPR15,
AmelCPR17, AmelCPR23, AmelCPR24, AmelCPR25, AmelCPR28, AmelCPR29, AmelCPR30, apd-
1, apd-2, apd-3, CPLCP1, Am-C, Am-D, AmelTwdl1, AmelTwdl2, GB12449, GB12811 e GB11550),
e por RT-PCR semiquantitativa para o gene Amlac2. Além disto, a maior expressão de outros 2 genes
cuticulares (AmelCPR1 e AmelCPR2) em adultas faratas foi demonstrada por qRT-PCR. Estes genes
cuticulares positivamente regulados no tegumento de adultas faratas (Pbl) devem estar envolvidos com
a formação e diferenciação do exoesqueleto definitivo. O aumento da expressão gênica neste período
da muda (Pbl) é regulado pela variação do título de ecdisteróides e ocorre enquanto o título deste hor-
mônio decai, após ter atingido o pico indutor da apólise na fase de desenvolvimento precedente (Pp).
Ao contrário, as análises por qRT-PCR mostraram que 2 outros genes cuticulares (AmelCPF1
e AmelCPR1) são negativamente regulados no tegumento de adultas faratas em comparação com
pupas, sugerindo que são específicos de cutícula pupal. Estes genes foram inibidos pelo aumento
dos níveis de ecdisteróides, que induz a apólise.
Vinte e um entre os 24 genes cuticulares diferencialmente expressos nos microarrays codificam
proteínas pertencentes às famílias CPF, CPR, Apidermina, CPLCP, Análoga a peritrofina e Tweedle.
Os outros 3 genes diferencialmente expressos (GB12449, GB12811, GB11550) não tinham sido ainda

74
caracterizados como genes cuticulares. Dois deles, GB12449 e GB12811, foram sequenciados para
validação da predição e para a caracterização das respectivas estruturas genômicas. Experimentos de
hibridação in situ com sonda fluorescente (FISH) nos permitiram localizar altos níveis de transcritos
destes genes no citoplasma de células da epiderme de adultas faratas, sugerindo fortemente sua natu-
reza cuticular e envolvimento na construção do exoesqueleto definitivo.
O presente estudo consiste na primeira análise global de expressão de genes do tegumento de
uma espécie de himenóptero social. Os resultados apresentados levaram à identificação de genes com
expressão associada à muda pupal-adulta e formação do exoesqueleto definitivo. Este trabalho contribui
com novos dados moleculares para o aprofundamento do conhecimento da metamorfose de A. mellifera.
Apoio Financeiro: FAPESP (07/04314-9)

75
EcR responsive genes and miRNAs during

Apis mellifera pupal development
Mello, TRP1, Freitas, FCP1, Pires, CV1, Pinheiro, DG1, Simões, ZLP1
1: Departamento de Genética – Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – Universidade de São Paulo
Insects development and metamorphosis are controlled by complex molecular mechanisms

triggered by hormone action. The two most studied hormones involved in these processes are 20-hy-
droxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH). However, recent studies have been suggesting that
many of their mechanisms of action are still unclear, and the more it is known about the members of
their molecular cascades, such as transcription factors and miRNAs, the closer we get to understand
them. In this study, we tested the effects of 20E and JH treatments on the expression of both isoforms
of 20E receptor: EcR-A and EcR-B in the fat body of Apis mellifera worker pupae. While 20E caused
a decrease in EcR-B expression; JH slightly up-regulated both isoforms. To analyze in large scale the
genes and miRNAs that are responsive to EcR regulation, we knocked-down its expression by RNAi
targeting both isoforms. dsRNA was injected in the abdomen of worker pupae and GFP dsRNA was
used as control. The reduction of EcR-A and EcR-B expression were of 79,8% e 74,9% respectively.
Two pools of total RNA, one of 12 bees treated with dsEcR and another of 12 bees treated with ds-
GFP, were sent to North Carolina University to have their mRNAs and small RNAs sequenced using
the Illumina Platform. We identified 375 differentially expressed genes (DEG) (P ≤ 0,01). Cuticular
genes, genes related to extracellular matrix and cytochrome P450 genes are among the DEG. Krup-
pel homolog 1, a transcription factor that regulates 20E signaling, was more expressed in dsEcR
library. One hundred and five miRNAs and 100 miRNAs were sequenced in the dsGFP and dsEcR
libraries respectively. Among the 10 miRNAs with bigger differences between the libraries, four are
involved in apoptosis control: miR-29b, miR-263, miR-263b and miR-375. Many of the miRNAs
identified are specific of bees, showing the importance of new studies to unravel 20E-regulated tran-
scriptional pathways during honeybee development.
Financial support: FAPESP: 2008/10757-3, 2011/03171-5

76
SI MPÓSIO 10
Behavioural ecology of bees
Coordenador: Fábio S. Nascimento

77
Sperm mixing or last male precedence?

Paternity in polyandrous, territorial
wool-carder bees, Anthidium manicatum
Eltz, T., Pasternak, V., Brandt, P., Lampert, K.P., Leese, F.,
Department for Animal Ecology, Evolution, and Biodiversity, Ruhr-Universität Bochum,
Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum
thomas.eltz@rub.de
Multiple mating is rare in female bees, both solitary and social, but appears to be the rule in the
megachilid tribus Anthidiini. It has been suggested that polyandry may be favored in these solitary
bees by male defense of floral resources. In the European wool-carder bee Anthidium manicatum,
e.g., males establish small territories around forage plants (mostly Lamiaceae) from which they chase
away all flower visitors except conspecific females. Females copulate repeatedly with territory own-
ers while gathering pollen and nectar, and their foraging success is likely increased by male resource
defense. However, resource defense can only evolve if males also benefit, i.e. have a realistic chance
to father offspring of females even if those have previously mated with other males. We tested the
hypothesis of last male sperm precedence in cage experiments with A. manicatum. Breeding females
were enclosed with successive groups of males to allow resource defense and mating, and paternity of
brood was investigated at the end of the experiments using six newly isolated and highly polymorphic
microsatellite markers. Preliminary results [the study is ongoing] show that brood is always fathered
by the males enclosed with a given female at the time of brood cell construction, i.e. indicate that
last male sperm precedence is the rule. Sperm storage and mixing, as in polyandrous honeybees, ap-
pears unimportant in A. manicatum. Our results are consistent with the notion that resource-defending
males have a continuous chance to father offspring even in previously mated females, and that male
resource defense may have favored the evolution of polyandry in anthidiine bees.

78
Body size and resource fluctuation in stingless

bees (Apidae, Meliponini)
Felipe Andrés León Contrera1, Jamille Costa Veiga1, Cristiano Menezes2, Giorgio Cristino Venturieri2
1
Universidade Federal do Pará – Instituto de Ciências Biológicas
2
Embrapa Amazônia Oriental – Laboratório de Botânica
The resource fluctuation in the environment as well the food stores of the colonies are important
factors that influence stingless bee biology, particularly the body size of individuals. In this group,
body size is a relevant feature, correlated with the foraging range of individuals and colonies, and
also with the food gathering capacities of individuals. In this presentation we show that worker body
size in [i]Melipona flavolineata[/i], an Amazonian stingless bee, has a seasonal plasticity; in the rainy,
dearth period, workers experience a diminishing in their intertegular distance, but also have an incre-
ment on their corbiculae size. In the dry season, which is the richer period for colonies, with more
resources in the environment, workers have an increment on intertegular distance but have the area of
the corbiculae diminished. This pattern results in workers flying smaller distances in the rainy season,
but being able to collect more pollen per unity of weight. In the richer dry season, workers can explore
can collect more pollen in each foraging trip, but since they can explore larger areas, this allometric
variation on body size helps the colonies to restore their food stores.

79
Individual learning in chemical recruitment

communication in stingless bees
Stefan Jarau
University of Ulm, Institute for Experimental Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11,
89069 ULM, GERMANY
Stingless bees have developed a variety of signals that are used by foragers to inform their
nestmates about the existence and/or the location of a food source. The most effective and accurate
recruitment mechanism is the guidance of nestmates along pheromone spots deposited by foragers
on a certain stretch from the food towards the nest. The pheromones originate from the bees’ labial
glands and are composed of a variety of carboxylic acid alkyl esters and terpene esters. Furthermore,
they show species- as well as nest specific compositions and recruited workers are mainly attracted
by their nestmates’ pheromone in the field, while the pheromones deposited by foreign workers are
largely ignored. The preference for pheromones deposited by members of a worker’s mother colony
probably helps to avoid competition for resources. At least in aggressive species, avoiding bees from
other colonies is adaptive because it circumvents costly combats between the foragers. Such combats,
when happening, can lead to dozens or hundreds of dead bees from the involved colonies. An interest-
ing question is how the foragers recognize their nestmates pheromone. In the species Scaptotrigona
pectoralis and S. subobscuripennis we investigated whether recognition of colony specific phero-
mones is based on an innate mechanism, i.e. genetically fixed, or whether the bees have to learn their
specific pheromone blend. We placed brood combs of the two species into nests of the respective con-
generic species and tested whether workers, once they have reached forager age, are attracted by the
pheromone of their genetic sisters (from their mother colony) or by the pheromone of workers from
the foster colony in which they had hatched. A significant majority of workers chose the pheromone
collected from bees of the nest they lived in, even if it was the pheromone of the other species. Chemi-
cal analyses showed that the pheromone blend of bees that hatched in a foreign colony differed from
that of their congeneric nestmates. Thus, bees living in a foster colony were attracted by a pheromone
that differed from their own one rather than by the pheromone of their genetic sisters. These results
show that stingless bees do not innately recognize their nest specific pheromone blend, but that they
learn it within the colony. The underlying mechanisms may be similar to learning of floral odors and
communication by means of food marking pheromones in stingless bees may have evolved from the
use of odors emitted by a resource in order to locate it.

80
Cognition: the route of a forager worker bee.

Ana Carolina Roselino
During the life span of the bees, they need to know: what do they do? When and where to do?
Remarkably, they know! Despite of stereotyped processes, the decision-making, the coordinating
task, as foraging activity, must be considered behaviours from a cognitive perspective. Moreover,
we could arise questions as: how an insect brain supports such behavioural flexibility, in order to
search explanations of cognitive functions. The major line of this speech is the foraging behaviour
of a stingless bee (Melipona scutellaris). The foraging for food is one of the most important bio-
logical processes, since foraging individuals need to collect food to sustain themselves and their
not-foraging nestmates. Social bees, such as stingless bees, are an excellent example to study the
complexity of the multi-factorial traits of foraging behaviour. Age, previous experience, and the
specific response threshold of an individual, as well as environmental factors, are parameters that
modulate the onset, the continuity, and the end of foraging processes. I addressed the following
three questions as way to point out the cognitive approach of stingless bee foraging: (1) do foragers
make use of previously experienced scent information when searching for food? (2) In which way
do the bees’ own scent marks influence their foraging decisions? And, (3) what is the neuroana-
tomical basis for scent perception in stingless bees?

81
SI MPÓSIO 11
The rebirth of morphometrics and its applications
Coordenador: Tiago M. Francoy

82
A triangulated approach used to delimit

the species within the genus Austroplebeia
(Apidae: Meliponinae)
Megan HALCROFT1, Anne DOLLIN2, Tiago FRANCOY3, Robert SPOONER-HART1, Anthony
M. HAIGH1, Markus RIEGLER4
1
School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney,
Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
2
Australian Native Bee Research Centre,
North Richmond, NSW 2754 Australia
3
Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo,
São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
4
Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney,
Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC NSW 1797 Australia
megan@beesbusiness.com.au
The current descriptions for the species within the genus Austroplebeia Moure 1961 are inad-
equate as a tool for the identification of specimens in either the field or the laboratory. A triangulat-
ed approach was undertaken in an attempt to better delimit species / groups within Austroplebeia.
First, morphological data based on worker bee colour and size were analysed, which separated
morphologically similar groups. Next, drones collected from nests representing these groups were
dissected and their genitalia were imaged using scanning electron microscopy. Then, data for the
geometric morphometric analysis of worker wing venations were obtained. Finally, molecular
analysis, using mitochondrial rDNA segment 16S, was conducted on workers from representative
nests for each group. The four datasets were compared, resulting in the separation of two distinct
species, with a large unresolved species complex.
Morphology – colour – 16S (rDNA) – drone genitalia – geometric morphometry – species

83
Genetic-morphological variability of Melipona

subnitida (Apidae, Meliponini) populations
in northeastern Brazil.
Vanessa Bonatti, Flavio de Oliveira Francisco, Maria Cristina Arias, Zilá Luz Paulino Simões,
Tiago Mauricio Francoy
The Melipona subnitida bee is an endemic species to northeastern Brazil, with a wide geo-
graphical distribution. These bees are extremely important for local people, since they are adapted to
adverse environmental conditions, are very promising when multiplied, and present good potential
for honey and pollen production, allied to their ecological importance as pollinators. However, these
bees are currently largely threatened due to the destruction of their habitat and their natural nests
for honey collection. Despite its relevance, population studies of stingless bee species are still very
scarce, as well as the urgency in understanding the structure and dynamics of their populations for
monitoring and species conservation. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate M. subinitida vari-
ability in different localities in northeastern Brazil through geometric morphometrics of the forewing
and sequencing of COI mitochondrial gene fragment. We collected workers from 95 colonies from
Areia Branca – RN, Barreirinhas – MA, Parnaíba – PI, Fortaleza – CE, Jandaíra – RN and Mos-
soró – RN. To analyze the pattern of wing venation, we used approximately 10 workers per colony,
and 11 landmarks were plotted on each wing. The results showed groups structures with separation
statistically significant (α<0,0001) except between Areia Branca and Jandaíra. The cross-validation
test correctly identified 88,89% of individuals within their respective areas. Molecular analysis iden-
tified 11 haplotypes and presence of high number of exclusive haplotypes among the populations.
The nucleotide diversity (π) of 0,00543 and haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0,79. Both morphological
distances and molecular results indicated that variability among the sampled populations is related
both to the environment in which samples were collected and to the geographical distance between
these locations, indicating the existence of locally adapted ecotypes. However, when compared to the
distances among other Melipona species, they distances are not great enough as for different species.

84
Geometric Morphometrics of Populations of

Mourella caerulea on Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Juliana Stephanie Galaschi Teixeira1, Sidia Witter2, Tiago Maurício Francoy3.
1
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Brasil.
2
Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
3
Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades – USP, Brasil.
Bees are the main responsible for crops pollination service, as for maintenance of native eco-
systems. The global process of fragmentation, loss of habitats and climate alterations are the main
threats to bee species diversity. These effects are maximized on species with less dispersion capacity
through disrupted areas, which have restricted distribution, need large territories to survive or are
rare or in extinction danger. Variability studies in population from cold areas are extremely impor-
tant to forecast new scenarios related to pollinators conservation. Geometric morphometrics is an
important tool on population studies, used to characterize the population diversity of a species with-
in its geographic variation. Mourella caerulea is a stingless bee species with distribution restricted
to south of South America, in regions with low temperatures and field areas. In Brazil its distribution
is restricted to Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná states. It’s a monotypic genus and the
only stingless bees to present a blue metallic tegument. They are floral visitors of many native plants
of Pampa biome and play important roles on crops pollination as onions, corianders, carrots, canola
and others. Its nidification is on ground, occupying pre-existed holes of dead plants roots. The
reduction of native fields due to agriculture expansion plus inadequate management of soil could
destroy or cover the nests of M. caerulea. These factors associated to pesticide use are the most
important threats to this species, that is already in danger of extinction on Paraná. Here we present
the preliminary results of population diversity of M. caerulea, using geometric morphometrics of
wings to determine the diversity based on morphologic variability and possible population refuges
through their distribution. Until this moment twenty workers per nest of M. caerulea were collected
in the cities of Candiota, Turuçu and Viamão. All nests were on crop areas. To analyze the patterns
of fore wing venation, 14 anatomic landmarks were plotted in the right forewing of each forager.
The discriminant analysis classified correctly 96.52% of the bees on their respective location and
89.75% in a cross validation test. The morphologic distances between populations represented by
Mahalanobis distances shows that variability of populations is comparable to geographic distances
between groups, indicating they are isolated by distance.
Supported by: FAPESP

85
Morfometria geométrica em estudos

sobre abelhas eussociais no brasil:
possíveis aplicações e o cenário atual
Edilson Divino de Araújo
Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Laboratório de Genética e Conservação de Recursos Naturais –
GECON – DBI/UFS, São Cristóvão-SE. Email:edaraujo@pq.cnpq.br
Morfometria geométrica é o estudo da covariação da forma com os diversos fatores subja-

centes. Seu desenvolvimento nas últimas décadas conseguiu objetivar a avaliação quantitativa das
variações morfológicas. Isto é possível através da aplicação de técnicas biométricas e ferramentas
computacionais que permitem a captura e a análise de dados, principalmente sob a forma de ma-
trizes de coordenadas de marcos anatômicos. A geometria de um espécime não está limitada aos
dados lineares das antigas técnicas morfométricas, que não forneciam a precisão e a riqueza dos
dados geométricos, nem possibilitavam a adequada separação de informações relativas à forma e
ao tamanho das estruturas. A morfometria geométrica permite uma análise rigorosa da variação
da forma de estruturas em organismos diversos, além de incluir um conjunto de técnicas robustas,
rápidas e de baixo custo que permitem identificar as variações (ou a identidade) de forma de estru-
turas morfológicas. Atualmente existe um crescente interesse no uso da morfometria geométrica
nos estudos envolvendo espécies de abelhas eussociais no Brasil. As abelhas eussociais são abun-
dantes e apresentam uma ampla faixa de tamanho e forma do corpo, além de possuírem estruturas
anatômicas planas com muitos marcos anatômicos. Um grande número de estudos envolvendo
questões de determinação das castas e sexo, distância de vôo e exploração dos recursos naturais,
filogenia, identidade de espécies, haplodiploidia, eussocialidade, seleção de parentesco, comporta-
mento, variação e extinção populacional, vem sendo acumulados durante as últimas seis décadas
no Brasil, fazendo das abelhas eussociais um grupo privilegiado para estudos morfométricos. Essa
apresentação pretende mostrar os diversos estudos que foram desenvolvidos nos últimos anos en-
volvendo morfometria geométrica e avaliar o cenário atual, apontando possíveis linhas de pesquisa
com abelhas em que a morfometria geométrica pode ser utilizada.

86
Fuzzy Logic and Statistic Aanlisys Applied for

Bees Classification
André Riyuiti Hirakawa, Bruna Elisa Zanchetta Buani, Tiago Mauricio Francoy
Department of Computer Engineering, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo.
This paper proposes an alternative solution to solve the problem of classification of bees spe-
cies from the development of an algorithm based on Geometric Morphometrics and by the analysis
of landmark shapes in the images obtained from the bees wings. The algorithm implemented for this
purpose is based on the k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) and Fuzzy kNN (Fuzzy k-Nearest Neighbor)
applied to data points of two axis coordinates obtained from landmarks. The present proposal also
includes methods of selecting and classifying landmarks to be input in the algorithm implemented
by mathematical method that applies the calculation of the Most Significant landmarks and the deter-
mination of the Order of Significance. The classification process includes feature selection, unsuper-
vised clustering, data mining, data processing analysis, statistical approaches and Procrustes analysis.
The main contribution of this work is the modification of k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm and the ap-
plication of Fuzzy kNN for the solution of the classification problem. The case study to evaluate the
algorithm was applied to the data set that includes the species: E. (Euglossas) Chaly, E. Flammea, E.
Ignita, E. Imperialis and E. Orellana. The test results show that the classification of samples in group
reached up to 90% of certainty. The classifications between species reached 97% of certainty.

87
SI MPÓSIO 12
Bees and climate changes
Coordenadora: Vera L. Imperatriz-Fonseca

88
Diapausa Reprodutiva
em Meliponídeos
Márcia de Fátima Ribeiro
Diapausa reprodutiva é um fenômeno que algumas espécies de abelhas sem ferrão do sudeste e sul
do Brasil apresentam. Ele é composto de uma série de comportamentos característicos, como a interrup-
ção da construção de células de cria pelas operárias e da postura pela rainha. Na palestra estes aspec-
tos serão abordados e suas possíveis alterações em virtude das mudanças climáticas serão discutidas.

89
The pollen and the protein of the larval food of

Melipona subnitida during the dry season
Nunes-Silva, P.1, Silva, C.I.2 & Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L.1
1 – Universidade Federal do Semi-Árido (UFERSA)
2 – FFCLRP - Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Pollen is an important source of protein for bees and it is mainly used to feed larvae. The of-
fer of this resource may vary seasonally in the environment, influencing both foraging and brood
production by bees. This seasonal variation is typical of the semi-arid region of Caatinga, where
Melipona subnitida is found. The aims of this study were: verify the existence of variation in protein
content of M. subnitida larval food during the dry season; verify the floral origin of pollen used to
provision brood cells in this period; and analyze how its utilization occurs, considering diversity and
frequency of pollen grains throughout the period of study. The colonies were installed at the meli-
ponary of UFERSA, in Mossoró-RN. We collected the larval food of seven colonies monthly from
November 2011 to March 2012. The total amount of protein of the larval food was determined by
the micro Kjeldahl technique. The larval food used for pollen analyses was acetolized and the pollen
grains were identified to species level. These grains were also quantified and classified in dominant
(>45%) or important (13 a 45%). We found no difference in the percentage of protein of larval food
when comparing different months (Friedman ANOVA: 7.314; N=7, df=4, p=0.12). However, the
variation coefficients of November, December and January were higher. We found 29 pollen types
and only 11 of them occurred on all months sampled: Mimosa quadrivalvis, Senna obtusifolia,
Eucalyptus sp, Senna macranthera, Anadenanthera colubrina, Psidium guajava, Senna trachypus,
Mimosa arenosa (Mimosa caesalpinifolia, Mimosa paraibana), Mimosa tenuifora, Pityrocarpa mo-
niliformis and Type Chamaecrista. Only P. moniliformis and Type Chamaecrista were classified as
important. Monthly there was no dominant species and in January there was no important species.
The important pollen types were: November: P. guajava, M. tenuifora and Type Chamaecrista; De-
cember: M. tenuifora; February: A. colubrina, Senna sp1 and P. moniliformis; March: M. arenosa
(M. caesalpinifolia, M. paraibana), P. moniliformis and Type Chamaecrista. During the dry season
M. subnitida colonies decrease the production of brood cells. Considering this, instead of reducing
the quality of larval food (protein content) in this period of resource shortage, these bees adjust the
amount of brood produced as strategy. The higher variation in the protein content among colonies
during the critical months indicates that colonies may differ in relation to their internal conditions,
as food storage, foraging and amount of brood produced. The occurrence of the same pollen types
in all months studied indicates that bees use the pollen stored in the colony during the rainy season
to provision cells in the dry season. This suggests that bees might be affected by the longer dryer
seasons that are predicted by climate change models.

90
Assessing the status of wild and managed

honeybee populations in Europe
Dr. Rodolfo Jaffé
Education Director, Proyecto Sanöma, Venezuela. Email: rojaff@gmail.com
The destruction of natural habitats coupled with the dissemination of bee pathogens has
caused a drastic decline in honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations around the world, jeopardizing
the functioning of natural ecosystems, reducing crop yields and causing important economic loss-
es. Aiming to assess the extent of these declines we used genetic markers to estimate the density
of honeybee colonies in natural and agricultural landscapes of Europe, Africa, and central Asia.
Because honeybee populations in Europe were found to be mainly composed of managed bees,
we then assessed the current magnitude and nature of the beekeeping industry in the continent. We
gathered beekeeping statistics and surveyed apicultural practices in 33 European countries, finding
that the size of beekeeping operations has a profound influence on the local abundance of beehives.
The density of managed hives showed a clear political, rather than geographical distribution across
the continent, illustrating that socioeconomic and political aspects also affect the size of managed
honeybee populations. In the light of severe declines in beekeeping activities in various European
countries, we suggest the promotion of beekeeping as a way to compensate for habitat loss and
ensure adequate pollination of wild plants and crops.

91
Adaptive Thermal Strategies of Bees

Michael Hrncir
Departamento de Ciências Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró-RN, Brasil
michael@ufersa.edu.br
Social bees can be found in many terrestrial environments, ranging from cold temperate climate
zones to hot desert-like habitats. One key to the ecological success of these animals is their ability
to regulate the temperature within their nests or, alternatively, to adjust their colony life according
to the climatic conditions of the environment. Some social bees are capable of maintaining the nest
temperature within narrow species-specific boundaries despite large variations in ambient tempera-
ture. Honey bee (Apidae, Apini, Apis sp.) colonies, for example, are able of regulating the brood nest
temperatures within the range of 33-36°C, even at ambient temperatures below the freezing point or
above 45°C. In the case of Apis species, colony homeostasis, achieved through active mechanisms of
thermoregulation, is crucial for the successful development of immature bees. Although adult indi-
viduals tolerate ambient temperatures between 5°C and more than 40°C, an incubation temperature
of 33-36°C is indispensable for the survival of the larvae and pupae and for their subsequent perfor-
mance as adults. It remains a chicken-and-egg-question whether the necessity for stable brood-tem-
peratures drove the evolution of active thermoregulatory mechanisms, or whether the capacity of ac-
tive thermoregulation resulted in narrowing down the acceptable range of incubation temperature. In
contrast to the honey bees, the stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) show a limited capacity of actively
regulating their nest temperature. In this group of highly eusocial bees, temperature stability within
the colony relies basically on the selection of well-isolated nesting locations, and on the construction
of isolating layers, predominantly the involucrum enveloping the brood area. This restricted capacity
of the Meliponini to maintain colony homeostasis has been suggested the principal cause for their
limited geographic distribution, which is restrained to tropical and subtropical habitats. Few studies,
so far, aimed at investigating nest temperatures or the thermal tolerance of this bee group, or, more
importantly, the necessity of stable nest temperatures for colony development. Although temperatures
in the brood area have been shown to be generally higher than temperatures in the nest periphery, col-
ony temperatures vary with ambient temperature (poikilothermic behaviour of colonies). In addition,
recent studies indicate a low mortality of stingless bee brood at temperatures between 25°C and 37°C
as well as an acceleration of development with increasing incubation temperatures. On the one hand,
the limited capacity of active thermoregulation in this bee group, and the consequent poikilothermic
behaviour of colonies, might be related to a reduced necessity of maintaining stable brood tempera-
tures. On the other hand, the variation of brood temperature and, consequently, of development-speed
with ambient temperature might be an adaptive strategy of this bee group regarding variations in food
availability. In the tropics and subtropics, usually, food sources are more abundant during the hotter
and more humid seasons in the course of the year. Thus, an accelerated colony development during
periods with high ambient temperatures will result in a quick increase in number of workers either
collecting food or executing in-hive tasks related to food-processing. Low ambient temperatures and,

92
consequently, low incubation temperatures, will retard colony development and, thus, diminish the
need of resources during periods of low food availability.
CNPq 481256/2010-5, 304722/2010-3

Key-words: stingless bees, honey bees, thermoregulation, nest temperature, adaptive strategy

93
Current and future geographical distribution of

jandaíra: preliminary analysis
Tereza Cristina Giannini1*, André Luis Acosta1, Fernando Zanella2, Tiago Mauricio Francoy1,
Antonio Mauro Saraiva1, Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca1
1. Universidade de São Paulo; 2. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
*giannini@usp.br
Abstract
Jandaíra (Melipona subnitida Ducke) is a typical bee species of dry areas of Northeastern
Brazil. To investigate their relationship with extreme environmental conditions, we surveyed mu-
seums and academic literature in search of reported occurrence points. These points were used
to characterize the climate and topographical extremes of jandaíra distribution. Besides, species
distribution modelling was used to build a map of potential areas of occurrence, i.e., environ-
mentally suitable areas to its occurrence. This approach aimed to delimitate new survey areas for
data acquisition. Besides, modelling was also used to forecast the distribution of this species to a
future scenario, considering the impact of predicted climate changes, and to determine areas that
can eventually be used for conservational purposes according to the postulated scenario. Results
showed that jandaíra occurs in areas with low averages of precipitation and high temperatures. Po-
tential occurrence areas considering current conditions were found in some areas of the Northeast
including the Maranhão State coast and central-eastern regions of Bahia. The latter area was also
emphasized as a forecast suitable area to jandaíra under future climate conditions.
Keywords: climate change, potential occurrence areas, survey, conservation, dry tropical for-
est, Melipona subnitida
Introduction
Stingless bees are important insects for pollination of cultivated crops and plants of natural sys-
tems (Heard 1999). In Brazil, due to the territorial extent and diversity of ecosystems, the rearing of
these bees presents great potential for local economy, especially for sustainable development activi-
ties (Cortopassi-Laurino et al. 2006).
The jandaíra (Melipona subnitida Ducke), a northeast stingless bee species, is considered well
adapted to dry climates, although details of this adaptation have not yet been studied. The extent of
its geographical distribution needs to be better delineated since a more precise identification of cli-
mate and topographical thresholds of its distribution could provide important data for the analysis of
its tolerance to extreme conditions. Moreover, understanding the current geographical distribution
also brings the possibility of determining the areas of future occurrence, considering climate change
scenarios. This can provide valuable information about the potential impact of climate change on its
distribution, and also, the determination of conservational areas.
Geographical distribution modeling has been successfully applied to establish potential areas
of occurrence under current conditions, and to forecast the impact of climate change (Giannini et al.
2012). This type of modeling aims to determine the habitat suitability for the species presence. It uses

94
reported occurrences points, which are combined with layers of environmental data. The species suit-
able areas are plotted on a map, and correspond to their areas of potential occurrence, i.e., areas where
the proper environmental requirements can be found.
The objectives of this study are to: 1) determine certain parameters of climate and topographical
areas of occurrence of the jandaíra bee, considering the current available information; 2) determine
the current areas of potential occurrence of this species; 3) forecast the potential occurrence areas us-
ing a scenario of future climate change.
Material and Methods

The occurrences of jandaíra species were obtained from the literature, experts, surveys and from
a data provider on the Internet (speciesLink). As this species can be reared outside its natural occur-
rence area, we get information about some specimens to check their records. This led us to exclude on
this analysis some records from eastern Paraíba and Pernambuco states, in areas in the Atlantic forest
dominium. To characterize the environmental conditions of occurrences points, we used seven envi-
ronmental layers. These layers are available as ‘raster’ files, which are common to GIS (Geographical
Information System) tools, and consist in a georreferenced grid where each cell contains a specific
value attributed to it. The following environmental layers were used to characterize the climate and
topographical occurrence points: six climate layers (Annual Mean Temperature; Mean Temperature
of Warmest Quarter; Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter; Annual Precipitation; Precipitation of
Wettest Quarter; Precipitation of Driest Month); and one layer of altitude (Hijmans et al. 2005).
To model species distribution, we used 19 layers of bioclimatic variables that consider the
temperature and precipitation averages of the last 50 years, with a resolution of 30 sec-arc (see
details on Hijmans et al. 2005) and the projection of the same layers to the year 2080. This future
scenario was created by the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (Ramirez and
Jarvis 2008) considering a more moderate climate change scenario (A1B - IPCC 2001). According
to this scenario, the studied area (see Figure 1) will present an approximate average increase of 4oC
of Annual Mean Temperature and a decrease of 100mm in the Annual Precipitation. These values
are only an average of the total analyzed area since the differences of these variables, considering
future shifts, are calculated to each cell of 30 sec-arc.
We used the Maxent (Maximum Entropy) algorithm (Phillips et al. 2006). To estimate the ac-
curacy of the model, we used the area under curve (AUC) of receiver-operating curve (ROC) that
estimates the success and failure of the predictions during the modeling process on a set of test data
(20% of data) (Fielding and Bell 1997). AUC values vary from 0 to 1; the nearest to one means the
highest accuracy. The maps were built using ArcGIS 10 (ESRI Inc.).
Results and Discussion

We found 56 occurrence points on the data sources, most of them occurring in the Brazil-
ian Dry Tropical Forest in the Northeast region (Figure 1). The following average, maximum and
minimum values characterize some of the environmental conditions of these points: a) Annual
Mean Temperature=26, 28, 22oC=; b) Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter=27, 29, 24 oC; c)
Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter=24, 27, 20oC; d) Annual Precipitation=802, 1545, 413mm;
e) Precipitation of Wettest Quarter=485, 802, 188mm; f) Precipitation of Driest Quarter=20, 85,
4mm; g) Altitude=163, 517, 4m. When comparing to previous analysis related to other four species
of Melipona (M. bicolor bicolor, M. bicolor schencki, M. scutellaris, M. fasciculata) occurring on
different areas (the first two in the south-southwest regions of Brazil, the third in the Bahia State,

95
and the fourth in Maranhão) (Saraiva et al. 2012), these results show that jandaíra occurs in areas
with the highest average temperature and the lowest average precipitation.
Results obtained in modeling showed excellent quality, resulting in a 0.98 AUC. The potential
occurrence areas, considering the current climate conditions, are shown in Figure 1A. The map il-
lustrates the potential occurrences predominantly in northeastern Brazil, extending to the west, up
to the coast of Maranhão state. However, the model suggests a low probability of occurrence in the
interior of this state. Towards the east coast, the model shows potential areas on the coast and interior
of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Alagoas, and in the interior of Paraíba. The coast of Paraíba has
a low probability of jandaíra occurrence. The interior of the state of Pernambuco shows areas with
medium probability of occurrence only. The model also emphasized an isolated area in Northeastern
Bahia, which corresponds approximately to the region of Feira de Santana, in which the model sug-
gests a high probability of occurrence; however, there is no record of its occurrence in this area. The
following areas are suggested for future surveys: around the coast of Maranhão, Ceará and Sergipe, as
well as in interior areas of Maranhão to Piauí, where the model shows regions with low and medium
probability of occurrence. Likewise, the areas of south of Ceará, interior of Pernambuco and in the
Northeastern-central area of Bahia are also suggested. According to the model, especially the latter
area would be of great interest to the species in the future (see details below).
The areas of future potential occurrence, considering the scenario used, are shown in Figure 1B.
There is a reduction in areas with high probability of occurrence in the confluence of Rio Grande do
Norte and Ceará, mainly, and a small expansion to the west of Ceará, on the Piauí border. Moreover,
there is an increase in areas with high probability in Eastern-central Bahia. According to the model,
conservation sites could be investigated in the current range of occurrence and also especially in those
areas in Eastern-central Bahia, since the model suggests an increase in climate suitability for this spe-
cies in the future. However, it is necessary to ensure that these areas do not show the occurrence of
the species by historical factors, even if environmental conditions are favorable.
Finally, it is important to emphasize that this is a preliminary result based on occurrence data
currently available. The analysis can be refined as new points were obtained through new surveys or
the incorporation of existing data, which are not yet available in the databases. Other future scenarios
can also be used, aiming to build an ensemble forecasting of results.
Acknowledgments
Embrapa MP2 02.11.01.029.00.00 (Projeto Jandaíra) and Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Bio-
diversidade e Computação (Biocomp USP).
References
Cortopassi-Laurino, M.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L.; Roubik, D. W.; Dollin, A.; Heard, T.; Aguilar, I.;
Venturieri, G. C.; Eardley. C.; Nogueira-Neto, P. Global meliponiculture: challenges and oppor-
tunities. Apidologie v. 37, n.2, p. 275-292. 2006.
Fielding, A.; Bell, J.A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation pres-
ence/absence models.Environmental Conservation v. 24, n. 1, p. 38-49. 1997.
Giannini, T. C.; Acosta, A. L.; Saraiva, A. M.; Alves Dos Santos, I.; De Marco Jr., P. Construção
de cenários futuros para o uso e conservação de polinizadores. In: Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.
L.; Canhos, D. A. L.; Alves, D. A.; Saraiva, A. M. Polinizadores no Brasil. EDUSP, São
Paulo, p. 301-314. 2012.

96
Heard, T. A. The role of stingless bees in crop pollination. Annual Review of Entomology v.44, p.
183–206. 1999.
Hijmans, R.; Cameron, S.; Parra, J.; Jones, P.; Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate sur-
faces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, v. 25, n. 15, p. 1965-1978. 2005.
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel of Change. Climate Change 2001. Cambridge University Press,
UK. 2001.
Phillips, S.; Anderson, R.; Schapire, R. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distribu-
tions. Ecological Modelling, v. 190, n. 3-4, p. 231-259. 2006.
Ramirez, J.; Jarvis, A. High resolution statistically downscaled future climate surfaces. International
Centre for Tropical Agriculture. 2008. Disponível emhttp://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org.
Saraiva, A. M.; Acosta, A. L.; Giannini, T. C.; Carvalho, C. A. L.; Alves, R. M. O.; Drummond,
M. S.; Blochtein, B.; Witter, S.; Alves dos Santos, I.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L. Influência
das alterações climáticas sobre a distribuição de algumas espécies de Melipona no Brasil. In:
Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L.; Canhos, D. A. L.; Alves, D. A.; Saraiva, A. M. Polinizadores no
Brasil. EDUSP, São Paulo, p. 349-360. 2012.
Figure 1. Distribution modeling of Melipona subnitida showing the areas of potential occur-
rence A) Currently and in B) Future scenario. The future scenario was forecast using a moderate
scenario of climate changes (A1B – IPCC 2001) to the year 2080.

97
SI MPÓSIO 13
Global analyses of bees
Coordenadoras: Zilá L. P. Simões/Márcia M. G. Bitondi

98
Nutritional regulation of division

of labor and honey bee health
Miguel Corona
Division of labor is a complex process that is the result of the integration of diverse signals that
regulate colony demography in response to colony needs. Among those signals, are the effects of
primer pheromones and nutritional conditions, which affect division of labor by changing the physi-
ology of the workers. In honey bees, there are important dietary differences associated to task perfor-
mance, which are translated into behavioral-specific physiological stages by means of a nutritionally
sensitive regulatory gene network that includes vitellogenin, juvenile hormone and the insulin–IGF-
1/target of rapamycin (IIS/TOR) pathway. Since life expectancy of foragers is reduced compared to
nurses, the time of the nurse to forager behavioral transition ultimately determines the worker lifes-
pan. However, it is yet unknown whether the reduced lifespan of a worker when foraging is the result
of higher mortality risk, increased exposure to predators and pathogens, or is genetically determined
in order to optimize the resource allocations of the colony. We explored the hypothesis that a poor
nutritional condition, obtained by pollen deprivation, induces increased foraging behavior, decreased
immune function and higher susceptibility to pathogens. We found that nutritionally induced changes
in the worker’s behavioral state have a major effect in the expression of immune genes and virus load.
The implications and future directions of these findings will be discussed during my presentation.

99
Members of molecular signaling pathways

underlying hind leg development in honeybee castes
Bomtorin, AD1*, Barchuk, AR2, Cristino ,AS3, Laure, MAFB1, Simoes, ZLP4
1
Depto de Genetica, FMRP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
2
Depto Biologia Celular, Tecidual e do Desenvolvimento, Institute of Biomedical Sciences,
Federal University of Alfenas, Brazil
3
Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia
4
Depto de Biologia, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
*
anadurvalina@usp.br
Beyond the physiological and behavioural characteristics, differences in appendage morphol-

ogy between the workers and queens of Apis mellifera are pre-eminent. Some appendage specializa-
tions in the hind legs of honeybee workers, which are highly specialized pollinators, deserve special
attention. The hind tibia of worker has an expanded bristle-free region used for carrying pollen and
propolis, the corbicula. In queens this structure is absent. Although the morphological differences
are well characterised, the genetic inputs triggering the development of this alternative morphology
remain unknown. Microarray analysis detected 1952 differentially expressed genes (DEG) during
workers and queens hind leg development. The gene expression signature of both castes reveals a
similar pattern of genes controlling development. At the beginning of the last larval instar were de-
tected only 15 DEG between the castes whereas at pre-pupal stage there are 97. We identified a set of
genes up-regulated in workers related to sensory organ development in Drosophila corroborating the
hypothesis that the bristles presents in the workers’ hind leg are mechanosensorial. In queens, there is
an up-regulated gene (GB18794), which is known to be positively regulated by the TOR pathway and
part of the RNA PolI Complex. Moreover, at the beginning of the last larval instar, Ultrabithorax ac-
tivators are more expressed than in prepupae and early pupae, a time when Ultrabithorax expression
is approximately 25 times higher. Within the gene expression signature we identified a cluster formed
by genes in which Ultrabithorax, Twist and Zeste binding sites are over-represented. Furthermore, we
have shown that Ultrabithorax localization during leg development recapitulates the bristles localiza-
tion in the tibia/basitarsus of the adult legs. Our findings suggest the existence of a complex dynamics
at the level of mRNA transcription control driven by TOR and Hox pathways activating different set
of genes and ending in caste-specific morphologies and behaviours in the honeybee.
Financial support: FAPESP; CNPq

100
MicroRNA regulation of olfactory learning and

memory in honeybees.
Alexandre Santos Cristino
We identified genes differentially expressed in the honeybee brain associated with olfac-
tory learning and memory processes. The behavioural experiment consists in groups of bees
trained to respond to an olfactory stimulus by extending their tongue out. This experimental
paradigm is known as proboscis extension reflex (PER) and works in the same way as classic
‘Pavlovian’ conditioning. Associative learning of odours was used to test whether there are dif-
ferences between learning (association between odour and sugar) and non-learning (exposure
to air without odour association) bees. Each group was conditioned with 12 trials spaced over 2
days, to ensure long-term-memory formation. Immediately after conditioning, the brains were
dissected and RNA extracted for microarray and qPCR analyses. A total of 53 genes were found
to be differentially expressed in the odour-conditioned groups. Interestingly most of these were
down-regulated, with only 19% being up-regulated. A total of 16 genes were validated from
three independent biological replicates using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR)
analysis. Among the most interesting down-regulated group were genes involved in chromatin
remodelling (Histone-1, Histone-2B), RNA interference (Headcase), cell shape (Actin, Heat-
shock 83), protein transport (Sec61β) and metabolism (Asparagine Synthetase) suggesting that
changes in basic cellular processes had occurred in the brains of trained bees. In a computational
analysis we found down-regulated genes enriched with binding sites for many known microR-
NAs (miRNAs). We then constructed miRNA-target network showing the down-regulated genes
share a number of binding sites for different miRNAs. Interestingly, there was a significant
negative correlation between the number of miRNA target sites and the decreasing levels of
gene expression (R = -0.49; t = -2.5, df = 20, P<0.05), indicating that these miRNAs might be
responsible for the inhibition of a number of genes in trained bees. Certain miRNAs were then
selected for further investigation based on their number of connections in the miRNA regula-
tory network. All seven highly connected miRNAs identified by computational predictions were
up-regulated in trained bees showing evidences of miRNA control over those down-regulated
genes. Of particular interest are miR-124, miR-210, miR-928 and miR-932 as they have been
previously documented to be associated with key processes in synapse formation or behavioural
differences. Previous studies have shown that miR-124 and miR-210 are up-regulated in bees
performing different behavioural tasks in a hive, such as brood care and foraging, respectively –
and that miR-928 and miR-932 are embedded in neurological genes, such as ether a go-go (eag)
and neuroligin 2 (Nlg2), respectively. Both host genes have been associated with synaptic func-
tion and the perception of smell. In situ hybridizations showed that miR-210 and miR-932 are co-
expressed mainly in higher brain centres such as the Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies where
most of the neuronal processing involved with long-term memory takes place. miRNAs are
highly conserved among higher eukaryotes and are known as key regulators of gene expression
in most cellular processes. They are essential for embryonic development and organ formation
and for more specific processes such as synapse formation and cognitive function. axonogenesis

101
and dendritogenesis, as well as the formation of synapses. We suggest that modules of miRNAs
may regulate synapse development during learning and memory processes. Understanding the
mechanisms by which these molecules act therefore promises a shift in our understanding of
brain plasticity mechanisms, including the functional role of miRNAs in learning and memory.

102
Bioinformatics analysis of non-coding RNA

candidates in hymenopteran species
Alexandre Rossi Paschoal1, Francis Morais Franco Nunes2, Alexandre dos Santos Cristino3,
Flávia Freitas, Zilá Luz Paulino Simões2, Alan Mitchell Durham1
1
Bioinformatic Program, Institute of Mathematic and Statistic, University of Sao Paulo - USP,
Matão Street, 1010, SP, Brazil
2
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
3
The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
4
Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Brazil
Until the end of the last century, very little attention was given to non-coding RNA (ncRNA).
Currently, it is known that ncRNAs are largely transcribed from many regions in the genomes and
producing many different classes of non-coding RNAs. These ncRNAs classes can act as regula-
tors of a large number of cellular processes. Identifying ncRNAs plays an increasingly important
role in understanding the regulatory activities in the cell. In this context, bioinformatics approaches
can play an important role, being an important initial step of the ncRNA functional characterization.
In Hymenopteran genomes, there is lack of knowledge related to the functional characterization of
ncRNAs. We present a bioinformatics analysis for the characterization of non-coding RNAs in two
Hymenopteran genomes (the honey bee, Apis mellifera and the jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis) and
the Diptera Drosophila melanogaster, which includes: (i) prediction of ncRNAs by comparative anal-
ysis between nearest organisms; and (ii) in silico functional annotation of the candidates identified. In
the first step, more than 20 thousand ncRNA candidate regions were identified by our pipeline. In the
second, we used a set of five different annotation modules. From all the candidates, our results pres-
ent 3% of false-positive rates and 60% candidates were classified as belonging to a known ncRNA
class. Finally, we found that 30% of candidates annotated as a microRNA showed additional expres-
sion evidence by using EST and RNA-Seq expression datasets. We believe that this bioinformatics
analysis can help to improve the biological knowledge about RNomics in Hymenopteran genomes.

103
Bee Proteomics: Answering old

questions with not so old tools
André F. Ditondo Micas
Departamento de Genética, FMRP/USP, Brazil
Honeybees play important roles in cultivated and wild plant pollination with huge implica-
tion in economy and food production. Although in the past decades, great advances were obtained
in the field of honey bee biology, the molecular biology remained poorly characterized when com-
pared with the profound knowledge accumulated for other model organisms like mice and Dro-
sophila. Since no more than ten years, the honeybee proteomics has diversified, using different
technologies of mass spectrometry, usually starting with 2D gel electrophoresis (2DE) followed
by MALDI (Matrix-associated Laser Desorption). The 2DE can provide the resolution of complex
protein mixtures thus showing a complete picture of the protein expression, molecular mass and
isoelectric point, which makes it possible to access the physiological status of the sample in a more
trustworthy way than that offered by mRNA quantification.
Thus, using this not so recent technique we can answer questions that the quantification of
mRNA alone is not able to answer. Aiming to explore, at the molecular level, the process of exoskel-
eton differentiation in the honey bee, we characterized the protein patterns of the integument (cuticle
and subjacent epidermis) during the larval, pupal and pharate adult stages. To this end, we used 2DE
gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). We observed a huge change in the elec-
trophoretic profiles as the integument melanized and differentiated toward the adult stage. A less acid
protein profile could be clearly observed in the samples prepared with the integument of the pharate
adult stages. A total of 64 proteins were identified, 14 of them carrying chitin-binding motifs (four
presenting chitin-binding receptor domain), 2 proteins from the class of cuticular apidermins and two
proteins similar to cuticle proteins from different insect species. The changing electrophoretic profiles
could be correlated to the molting ecdysteroid hormone titer variation, thus highlighting its effect on
the integument protein expression. Interestingly, 21.86% of the proteins showed post-translational
modifications strongly indicating that this is a frequent process in the cuticle construction, which
offers a higher protein diversity to face the challenges imposed by the environment. Taken together,
these data show a broad scenario of the changing protein pattern in the integument during molting
events, metamorphosis and construction of the adult exoskeleton in the honey bees. Furthermore, the
quantitative differences in the expression of proteins in the integument of workers and drones may
explain the typical morphology of the respective exoskeletons.

104
SI MPÓSIO 14
Conflict, coordination and cooperation in stingless bees
Coordenadores: Denise de Araújo Alves/ Michael Hrncir

105
Stingless Bee Foraging - a model system

to study coordination, cooperation and
conflicts in social insects
Michael Hrncir
Departamento de Ciências Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró-RN, Brasil
michael@ufersa.edu.br
In analogy to higher organisms that are composed of numerous single cells, colonies of
eusocial insects are frequently considered “superorganisms”, in which the workers adopt the role
of the somatic cells. Yet, in contrast to multicellular organisms, colonies of eusocial insects have
no (or only a weak) central control that regulates the behaviour of their subunits. The amazing
coordination among the individuals is a result of self-organization processes based on interac-
tions, feedback loops, and local information from nestmates or the environment. Without doubt,
among the best-studied examples concerning self-organization processes that drive social insect
colonies is the coordinated collection of food. In this context, the stingless bees (Apidae, Meli-
ponini) have gained increasing scientific interest in recent years due to the huge variety of forag-
ing strategies and underlying communication and recruitment mechanisms. To date, however,
only a rather small sample of the more than 400 described species of this predominantly tropical
group of highly eusocial bees has been investigated in some detail. Even so, a broad spectrum of
signals and local cues involved in the successful coordination of foraging processes has been de-
scribed within the past two decades. In stingless bees, organized food-collection on colony level
is the result of individual foraging decisions based on both nest-based information (vibratory
signals, olfactory and gustatory information transferred through trophallaxis, or the simple pres-
ence of food scents in the nest) and field-based information (signals and cues at the food source,
such as pheromone marks, olfactory cues, or visual cues). Yet, the overlap in food niches among
coexisting Meliponini inevitably leads to interspecific conflicts at feeding sites. Here, differences
in foraging strategies and underlying recruitment mechanisms between species are important for
the spatiotemporal partitioning of common resources. In general, meliponine foraging strategies
can be described in terms of three basic foraging traits: recruitment ability (solitary or group
foraging), individual aggressiveness (present or absent), and local enhancement in heterospecific
encounters (attraction or avoidance). Among the possible combinations of these traits, a highly
successful strategy is aggressive group foraging. Here, mass-recruiting aggressive species form
dense forager groups through local enhancement, and attack everything at or near the exploited
food patch. Consequently, these bees “extirpate” less aggressive group foragers or solitary forag-
ing species at the food patch and, thus, are able to monopolize clumped and rich resources. In
order to benefit from such foraging bonanzas, non-aggressive scramblers that forage individually
or in small groups need to get to the food patch prior to others, or as long as the population den-
sity of potential competitors is low. This first-come/first-serve strategy of non-aggressive scram-
blers calls for an elevated capability, compared to aggressive mass-recruiters, of discovering new
resources and of learning and memorizing the spatio-temporal characteristics of food plants. In

106
short, the selective pressure to maximize food collection led to the evolution of a rich variety of
foraging foraging-related traits among the Meliponini, which renders this bee group a model sys-
tem for studying conflicts, coordination, and cooperation in social insects.
Key words: stingless bees, superorganism, self-organization, competition, foraging

107
Chemical profiles of stingless bees: footprints of

local environment and global history
Sara D Leonhardt1, Nico Blüthgen2, Helen Wallace3, Claus Rasmussen4, Thomas Schmitt2
1
University of Lüneburg, Germany,
2
Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany,
3
University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia,
4
University of Aarhus, Denmark
The highly social stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are a species-rich group found in tropical
and subtropical regions where they rank amongst the most important pollinators. Besides pollen and
nectar, they also collect large amounts of plant resins which they use for nest construction, defense
and to transfer resin-derived compounds to their body surfaces, thereby increasing the diversity and
complexity of their chemical profiles. We collected stingless bees from three different continents
(Asia, Australia and America) and compared their chemical profiles. We further matched their chem-
istry with their genetical phylogeny for both the genetically produced glandular compounds and the
environmentally derived resin compounds of their chemical profiles. We found resin-derived com-
pounds to be a predominant characteristic of paleotropical stingless bees, where eleven out of twelve
species had significant amounts of these compounds in their chemical profiles. By contrast, only 41
% of the neotropical species studied enriched their profiles with resinous compounds. Phylogenetic
relatedness was best explained when both genetically produced and resin derived compounds were
considered. When only resin-derived compounds were analyzed, the resulting chemical pattern was
best explained by the geographic distribution of bees, indicating unique resin tree floras on each
continent. To better understand the role of resin-derived compounds for stingless bees, we compared
resin foraging, the prevalence of resin-derived compounds in nest material, and defensive properties of
resin-derived compounds on the bees’ body surfaces for two Australian bee species. Australia is unique
in comprising stingless bees of two genera with likely different geographic origins: Tetragonula from
Asia and Austroplebeia from Africa/America. Whereas Tetragonula bees have a high proportion of
resin-derived compounds in their chemical profiles, Austroplebeia bees are lacking such compounds.
We found that species of the two genera strongly differed in their collection behavior and usage of res-
in, with Austroplebeia bees being more vulnerable to predatory attacks than Tetragonula bees, suggest-
ing that resin-derived compounds represent an important component in the chemical ecology of bees.

108
A morphologically specialized soldier caste

improves colony defence in a
Neotropical eusocial bee
Cristiano Menezes, Christoph Grüter, Ayrton Volet Neto,
Vera Imperatriz-Fonseca & Francis L.W. Ratnieks
Physical castes are well known in ants and termites, but until now there has been no equivalent
example in social bees or wasps. Here we report the first eusocial bee with a physical soldier caste.
In the neotropical stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula, nest-defence is performed by guards which
hover near the nest entrance or stand on the wax entrance tube. These are highly specialised compared
to most other social bees in that they guard the entrance for a long period of their life and show excep-
tional abilities to detect intruders. We show that guards are 30% heavier than foragers and of different
shape: foragers have relatively larger heads and wings, while guards have wider legs. These guards
or soldiers are reared in low numbers, but benefit the colony via their superior ability to fight workers
of the obligate robber bee Lestrimellitta limao, an important natural enemy of T. angustula colonies.

109
Pollen foraging and brood cell construction in

Melipona subnitida (Apidae, Meliponini): the effect
of the amount of pollen stored within the nest
Camila Maia-Silva1, Michael Hrncir2 & Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca1,2
1
Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e
Letras de Ribeirão Preto, CEP: 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil. 2Departamento de Ciências
Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, CEP: 59625-900, Mossoró-RN, Brasil
In social bees, the two principal food sources are carbohydrates, obtained predominantly
from nectar, which are important for the energy supply of the adults, and proteins, obtained mostly
through pollen, which are essential for the development of bees. In honey bees (Apini, Apis mel-
lifera), pollen collection depends on several factors, above all the colony’s pollen needs. When pol-
len is in short supply, colonies of these bees rapidly increase the collection of this resource in order
to replenish their stocks. In stingless bees (Meliponini), by contrast, the increase in pollen collec-
tion has been argued to depend on the availability of this resource in the environment. Thus, pollen
availability and not colony pollen needs should drive the foraging activity. In this context, the aim
of the present study was to investigate the pollen collecting-activity of colonies of Melipona subni-
tida following changes in the amount of pollen stored in the nest. For this, we investigated pollen
foraging and brood cell-construction both in the absence of pollen pots (P-) and in the presence of
extra pollen (P+). The experiments were conducted on the campus of Universidade Federal Rural
do Semi-Árido/UFERSA in Mossoró/RN. We used six experimental colonies (E) and six control
colonies (C) in two different experimental situations: experiment 1 (colonies without pollen pots,
P-) in which all pollen pots were removed from experimental colonies, and experiment 2 (colonies
extra pollen, P+) where we added 17g of pollen (equivalent of pollen stored in one pot) to the ex-
perimental colonies. Control colonies remained unaltered with regard to their pollen storage during
the experiments. Each experiment was divided into two stages: (1) control situation (SC), a period
of two days prior to the respective experimental manipulations, and (2) experimental situation (SE),
a period of two days after the manipulation of the experimental groups (P-, P+). In both SC and SE
we observed the pollen foraging between 5:00 and 17:00h, and registered the number of brood cells
built per day. The amount of pollen stored in the colonies of Melipona subnitida did not influence the
maximum number of bees colleting pollen. In both experiments (P-, P+), there was a slight decline
in foraging in the experimental groups but without statistical significance (experiment 1, P-: Paired
t-test, CSC – CP-, p = 0,108; ESC – EP-, p = 0,36; experiment 2, P+: Paired t-test, CSC – CP+, p = 0,01;
ESC – EP+, p = 0,098). However, the absence of pollen pots as well as the presence of extra pollen,
affected the rate of brood cells constructed per day. In the experimental groups, the number of brood
cell constructed decreased significantly in P-, whereas it increased significantly in P+ (experiment 1,
P-: Paired t-test, CSC – CP-, p = 0,652; ESC – EP-, p = 0,044; experiment 2, P+: Paired t-test, CSC – CP+,
p = 1,0; ESC – EP+, p = 0,025). Our results indicate that stingless bees (Melipona subnitida), unlike
honey bees, do not immediately intensify pollen collecting-activity when this resource is in short
supply within the nest. However, the colonies of Melipona subnitida responded to pollen-stress/

110
extra-pollen by rapidly decreasing/increasing the brood cell construction. Thus, in contrast to honey
bee colonies which adjust their foraging activity depending on the amount of pollen within the nest
(demand-regulated foraging), stingless bee colonies regulate their brood cell construction according
to the availability of stored pollen (offer-regulated reproduction).

111
Reproductive skew, male parentage and social

parasitism in the facultatively polygyne eusocial
bee Melipona bicolor
Denise Araujo Alves1,2, Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca2, Johan Billen3, Tom Wenseleers3
1
Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
2
Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil
3
Zoological Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
Stingless bees are highly eusocial bees which are typically characterised by having colonies
that are headed by one single-mated queen. A major exception to this pattern, however, is found in
the stingless bee Melipona bicolor, where several queens may coexist and share reproduction inside
the colony. Here we determine for the first time the detailed sociogenetic organisation of M. bicolor
colonies and test various ultimate theories with respect to the adaptive benefits of polygyny in this
species. We show that across 9 colonies, queen number varied from 1 to 3, but that for the polygyne
colonies there was a very high skew in reproduction among the different queens. This resulted in a
mean effective maternity of 1.1, and in workers collectively being more highly related to the sons of
other workers (r = 0.35) than to the sons of the queen(s). In line with this, we found that a significant
proportion of the adult males, 37.4%, were the sons of the workers rather than of the queen. Finally,
we show that polygyny did not increase colony productivity, although there were two cases where the
adoption of a new queen could have been caused by a declining fertility of the old one.

112
SI MPÓS IO 15
Students Symposium 2
Coordenadoras: Daniela L. Nascimento/ Aline Borba dos Santos

113
Sexual attraction of males to virgin

and physogastric queens of Tetragonisca
angustula – bioassays and chemical analysis
Charles Santos
The semiochemicals are the major systems used by social insects to communicate. The queens
of stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) have several exocrine glands that produce chemical substances
responsible for mediating interactions between them and their workers. However, few studies have
analyzed these compounds in a reproductive context. The present study analyzed abdominal glands
and identified compounds of possible sexual attraction to males Tetragonisca angustula. Virgin queens
(12 days old) were created in vitro and the physogastric queens were collected from active nests.
Firstly, bioassays were performed in three males aggregations using cages that allowed or not the
passage of volatiles. As the attraction of males to the experimental treatments of the two queens was
detected, we used the technique of dynamic headspace for 2 hours (N=1, replicates), detecting two
esters by GC-MS: isopropyl hexanoate (HI) and hexyl hexanoate (HH). Abdominal extracts revealed
that HI and HH were in the abdomen. Then, Dufour and tergal glands of both queens were dissected
and analyzed by GC-MS (triplicate). The Dufour gland of physogastric queens consisted mainly of
esters, including HI and HH, with dodecil acetate as majority. The Dufour glands of virgin queens
constituted solely by the tetradecil octadecenoate. In tergal glands of both queens, the identified sub-
stances were: HI and HH, nonanol, nonadecanone, alkanes, alkenes, isomers of methyl-alkanes and
9.13-dimethyl-C25. Isomers of methyl-C33, pentadecanone, dodecil acetate, tetradecil octadecenoate
were only found in tergal glands of virgin queens. Butyl hexanoate and 9.13-dimethyl-C25 were pres-
ent in tergal glands of physogastric queens. Therefore, Dufour and tergal glands of virgin and phy-
sogastric queens of T. angustula are sources of attractive compounds to males. Because both queens
release such compounds (HI and HH) outside of their intranidal social contexts and probably without
reproductive meanings, HI and HH may play important role to the workers as well.

114
Foraging of Frieseomelitta varia (Lepeletier,

1836) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)
in a urban landscape
Kátia Paula Aleixoa, Letícia Biral de Fariab, Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonsecac,
Carlos Alberto GARÓFALOa, Cláudia Inês da SILVAa
a
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo -
katialeixo@usp.br
b
Instituto de Biociências - Universidade de São Paulo
c
Departamento de Ciências Animais – Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido
Cities provide resources to the animal species that live in them or in their surroundings. This
realisation has stimulated an increasing number of ecological studies on urban environments, es-
pecially regarding the interaction between plants and pollinators. We investigated the use of floral
resources by Frieseomelitta varia, a stingless bee species, in an urbanized area in Ribeirão Preto,
Brazil. To assess the availability of potential food sources which could be exploited by this species,
and how these food sources were distributed throughout the year, the flowering plants present in the
surroundings of an experimental meliponary were evaluated from March 2010 to February 2011.
Concurrently, so as to identify the plants visited by F. varia, the pollen loads from incoming forag-
ers were collected, acetolised and identified by comparison with pollen grains deposited in col-
lection of Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto. Flowering plants occurred
throughout the year, with some seasonal variation around April. The workers collected resources
from 77 plant species, but only three of them were extensively exploited. Species Delonix regia
(Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. (Fabaceae), Poincianella pluviosa (DC.) L.P. Queiroz. (Fabaceae) and Ceiba
speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna (Malvaceae) accounted for 42% of pollen grains quantified during
the year, showing that F. varia has some degree of food source selectivity. Forty eight of the 77
plants visited are used in urban landscaping, which highlights the importance of ornamental plants
in the maintenance of F. varia colonies. The information presented in this study can inform the de-
sign and management of urban gardens which effectively attract and support pollinators.
Key-words: stingless bee; pollinator conservation; urban ecology; urban gardens; pollen; resources

115
The mechanisms of temperature regulation in

nests of the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris
(hymenoptera, apidae, meliponini)
Roldão, Y. S. & Nascimento, F. S.
Social insects are specialized to maintain an “optimal” temperature of their nests. The mecha-
nisms of thermoregulation in stingless bees are kept passively through adapted structures of the nest,
such as the involucrum. This is a layer of wax that involves the brood area, retaining the temperature
adequate to the colony development. However, it is believed that this mechanism is also actively
improved by a generation of metabolic heat from pupae and larvae, and probably from adults near
the brood area. The aim of the present study was to understand the cycle of temperatures inside
the stingless bee nests and to investigate the heat production inside the brood area. We measured
the temperatures of Melipona scutellaris nests and analyzed the heat production. The temperatures
inside the nest were recorded by thermometers (data-loggers) connected to sensors, thus it was
possible to record each five minutes the temperatures. After, we developed brood combs and wax
of the nest inside of styrofoam boxes, in an incubator (B.O.D.) with 25ºC, 27ºC and 29ºC tempera-
tures. We observed that the temperatures of brood area were higher than the temperatures periph-
ery nest (outside involucrum). The temperatures verified in brood area were 30,7ºC±0,3, but the
maximum and minimum temperatures were verified 31,7ºC and 30,0ºC, respectively. The periphery
nest temperatures were 27,4ºC±0,4, 28,1ºC (maximum) and 26,8ºC (minimum). Additionally, we
observed that the temperature of the comb box maintained the temperature close to the incubator
independent to the variations introduced to the incubator, in all temperatures. While the incubator
kept the mean temperature at 25ºC, the combs box showed mean temperature of 25,7ºC±0,09.
Likewise, when the incubator maintained the constant temperature of 27,0ºC and 29,0ºC, respectively,
the combs boxes presented the temperature of 27,4ºC±0,14 and 29,4ºC±0,10. The box with wax
from the nest presented the similar temperature variation compared with the incubator, the mean
temperatures were 25,0ºC to incubator x 25,0ºC wax box; 27,0ºC to incubator x 27,1ºC wax box and
29,0ºC to incubator x 29,1ºC wax box. Therefore, the temperature varied according to the incubator
temperature, with a time delay by the insulating layer. This suggests that the immatures present in
the brood area store may release thermal energy elevating the temperature in the brood area.

116
Acerola pollinators and their nesting activities

Morgana Silveira Sazan, Carlos Alberto Garófalo
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nesting activities of solitary bees that utilize pre-
existing cavities in an area of 3.0 ha with an acerola plantation (Malpighia marginata) located
in the municipality of Indaiatuba, State of São Paulo. Trap-nests used in this study consisted of
tubes made with black cardboard, with the posterior end closed with the same material. The tubes
measured 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0 cm in length and 0.6 cm in internal diameter and were inserted into
horizontal holes drilled into wooden plates. Other kind of trap-nest consisted of bamboo canes
of different length and diameter which are inserted in a PVC tube. The plates with the cardboard
tubes and the PVC tubes were arranged on iron stands installed at six sample sites. In each iron
stand were installed 20 cardboard tubes of each size and 24 bamboo canes. The trap-nests were
inspected once a month and the traps with completed nests by females of species of potential pol-
linators of Acerola were kept at their original places and the adult emergences were recorded. After
emergence, the bees were released. The data were collected from September 2010 to January 2012.
In the study area M. emarginata flowering season occurred from October 2010 to February 2011.
Centris analis and Centris tarsata were the potential pollinators of Acerola crop that occupied the
trap-nests. C. tarsata nested (n= 87 nests) in bamboo canes from September 2010 to February 2011
and from September 2011 to January 2012. C. analis occupied trap-nests of cardboard and built
246 nests from January 2011 to January 2012. Centris tarsata females had a shorter activity period
than that of C. analis. However, the match between the activity period of that bee species and the
flowering period of M. emarginata suggests that it is the best candidate for studies leading to the
development of a wild bee species as a manageable crop pollinator.

117
Frequency and temporal dynamics in the oil

plants and oil bees interaction.
Carlos Eduardo Pinto1 , Isabel Alves-dos-Santos 1,2
1
Programa de Pós-Graduacão em Entomologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ri-
beirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo (eduepronto@gmail.com).
2
Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (isabelha@usp.br)
Plan-pollinator interactions may vary in species composition and in the pair’s interaction over
time, being relative to abundance. We studied the interaction between plant that produce floral oil
and oil-collecting bees in the cerrado vegetation, with the objective of verify the temporal varia-
tion in species composition and topology of the oil plants and oil bees network. During the summer
season of two years we identified and observed oil plants in 30 plots. We took note of the number
of open flowers, time and date of the visits. The number of visited flowers was also counted and the
visitor were collected. GLMs analyses were made to know which of the variables used explain the
number of visits. We compared the similarity in species composition and the participance of poten-
tial mutualists. The plant-pollinator interaction was composed of five plant species, 16 bee species
and 144 interactions. The similarity in species composition between the two years was low, 51%.
Considering the whole network, the participation of potential mutualists on the first year was 25%
and 75% on the second year. In evaluating the floral visits, we found out that the number of visits
was explained by the number of open flowers observed in each individual, regardless of plant spe-
cies visited. We demonstrated that the identity of interacting pairs, the network size and connectance
have ranged over time. The maximum size of the network occurred between November and De-
cember for the two year sampled, when both the number of species and the number of interactions
have reached the peak. Most studies of networks of plant-pollinator consider only the abundance of
individuals. Our study shows that the number of open flowers could be a good way to evaluate the
establishment of interactions.
Key words: Centridini, Malpighiaceae, pollinators, network, phenology, mutualist.

118
SI MPÓS IO 16
Nutrition and health of bees
Coordenadora: Michelle M. Moraes

119
Honeybee Nutrition
Karl Crailsheim and Robert Brodschneider
University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Austria
In a honeybee colony different generations live at the same moment. It is special to these
insects that the two food consuming stages, the larvae and the adults are consuming different food
during the duration of their stage. Queens, drones and workers again differ in their food demands.
According to their individual needs and depending on the amount of work a bee has to do, nutri-
tion differs, eg. a forager just staying in the hive during a rainy day has less consumption than one
intensively foraging. More interesting is the fact, that the quality and amount of larval food deter-
mines if a queen or a worker arises from a larva, that drone larvae are nourished differently and that
young larvae receive a differently composed food compared to old larvae. During the lifetime of a
worker the food consumed differs. Composition depends on the function an individual has while
passing the stages of age polyethism. Thus a nurse bee consumes a lot of pollen to produce jelly,
wear as a wax producer consumes more honey and nectar to produce wax. The careful management
of resources bees are performing is influenced and interfered by the management of the beekeepers.
Classically the latter gain honey and replace it by sugar, but they also use them for intense pollina-
tion work or have to keep them in areas with badly balanced food for longer periods. In this case
humans have to compensate deaths and the bees then have to cope with the new situation. Benefits
and problems in this regard have to be investigated more deeply.

120
Evaluation of natural diets of Honey Bees

(Hymenoptera: Apidae) by protein measurement
of fat body and hemolymph.
Basualdo M1,, Barragans 1,2
1
Fac. Cs. Veterinarias. UNCPBA. PROAPI, 2 Becario de la ANPCyT, Campus Univesitario.
7000 Tandil, Bs.As. Argentina. mbasu@vet.unicen.edu.ar
Diets comprised of pollens with low crude protein (LCP) high crude protein (HCP) and diet
containing no protein were used to compare the protein contents in hemolymph (H) and fat bodies
(FB) of caged worker bees. Protein content in hemolymph and fat bodies were determined spec-
trophotometrically at 595 nm by Bradford method (1976), using bovine serum albumin for the
standard curve determination, at different ages of adult life. The Vitellogenin Quantification was
realized by electrophoresis separation of the proteins in 7% of polyacrylamide gels run under dena-
turing conditions by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
The weight of fat bodies and bees was measured periodically days during the assay. Bees fed HCP
had the highest levels of protein in H and FB. A progressive rise in protein titer was observed from
0 d-old bees to the end of assay for protein diets. In 9 d-old bees for all diets there was higher pro-
tein concentration in the FB compared to in the H. In bees fed the HCP diet, the levels of protein
in H and FB were similar by the time bees reached 21 d old. For bees fed LCP diet, these levels
were not the same until the bees reached 25 d-old. Vitellogenin contributes on average 32% of the
protein spectrum in bees fed HCP and 17% in LCP. The results suggest that caged bees that do not
nurse larvae build up fat body regardless of diet. The determination of total protein or vitellogenin
concentration in the hemolymph of 13d old bees and protein concentration of fat bodies in 30 d-old
bees could be good indicators of honey bee’s nutrition.

121
Honey bee crepuscular foraging behavior:

exploitative competition with native
bees on Spondias mombin
Liedson Tavares Carneiro1,2 Celso Feitosa Martins¹
1
Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB, Depto. de Sistemática e
Ecologia/CCEN, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
2
email: liedson.tavares@gmail.com
The invasion of the generalist species [i]Apis mellifera[/i] within Neotropical ecosystems may
disrupt plant-pollinator interactions. This negative effect has been demonstrated on some plant taxa
including Anacardiaceae which comprises many economically important species as [i]Spondias
mombin[/i]. The flowers of Anacardiaceae species generally have morphologically non-specialized
features, being visited by generalist pollinators such as stingless bees. During a five-year (2007-
2011) study on the pollination ecology of [i]S. mombin[/i] we observed an impressive crepuscular
visitation by honey bees and a low frequency of native bees on its nocturnally dehiscent flowers.
Thus, we evaluated the effect of the honey bee crepuscular foraging behavior on the abundance of
the [i]S. mombin[/i] native flower visitors and on the amount of pollen foraged, the main floral re-
source produced. Furthermore, we performed pollination treatments to test the fruit set in the [i]S.
mombin[/i] population under this intensive visitation by honey bees. Twenty one bee species visited
the inflorescences, including nocturnal, crepuscular and diurnal bees. Although the nocturnal and
crepuscular bees [i]Megalopta amoena[/i] and [i]Ptiloglossa goffergei[/i] foraged earlier, the honey
bees harvested most of the pollen available before sunrise. Only 5% of the pollen grains produced
by the flowers were left to the stingless bees after the honey bees’ visitation. Additionally, a three
to thirty-five fold increase in abundance of native bees, mainly stingless bees ([i]Scaptotrigona aff.
tubiba[/i], [i]Frieseomelitta doederleini[/i], [i]Melipona scutellaris[/i] and [i]Plebeia flavocincta[/i]),
was produced on the inflorescences by delaying experimentally the pollen availability and excluding
honey bees from visiting the flowers at dawn. These results indicated that the preemption by Afri-
canized honey bees reduced the foraging benefit of the late-arriving stingless bees. Nevertheless, the
honey bees were the effective pollinators of [i]S. mombin[/i].
CNPq/CAPES

122
The role of useful microorganisms for stingless

bees and stingless bee keeping
Menezes Cristiano1*, Vollet Neto Ayrton2, León Contrera Felipe Andrés 3, Venturieri Giorgio
Cristino 1, Imperatriz-Fonseca Vera Lucia 2,4
1
Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA, Brasil
2
Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
3
Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
4
Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
Bacteria, molds and yeasts associated with bees have been studied for a long period. Al-
though they seem to play an important role for bee nutrition and protection against harmful micro-
organisms, few studies have focused on their function and this subject is still very controversial.
Although stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) share many similarities with Apis mellifera, this
diverse group still conceals many particularities that have not been explored at all. Here we discuss
the role of non-pathogenic microorganisms from stingless bee colonies and we focus on their ap-
plicability to stingless bee keeping. Our aim is to stimulate studies on functional aspects of micro-
organisms from stingless bees and their products where upon microorganisms are involved.

123
SI MPÓSIO 17
Propolis
Coordenador: Ademilson Espencer E. Soares

124
Própolis – um novo olhar:

do campo ao interior da colméia.
Ademilson Espencer Egea Soares, Omar Arvey Martinez
Depto. de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP.
e-mail: aesoares@fmrp.usp.br
A produção de resinas pelas plantas está associada a fatores climáticos, alterações de pH do solo,
ocorrência de minerais, notadamente de ferro, estímulos externos, como a herbívoria, ocorrência de
galhas, fungos endofíticos e que são percebidos pelas abelhas que as coletam, modificam e depositam
no interior da colméia como estratégias de prevenção de doenças e ocorrência de patógenos. A estrita
relação das abelhas com a coleta de resinas foi um dos fatores que asseguraram o desenvolvimento da
eusocialidade. A percepção dos sinais liberados pelas plantas e o seu reconhecimento pelas abelhas,
é variável entre as operárias de diferentes colmeias e tem sido demonstrado que existe um compo-
nente genético importante nesse comportamento passível de ser selecionado. A avaliação inicial de 50
colméias em um apiário comercial revelou que 40,4% apresentaram comportamento higiênico maior
que 90% e que a média de produção de própolis de 56, 82,7 e 115,4 gramas para colmeias com duas,
quatro e seis laminas respectivamente. Através de técnicas padronizadas de manejo, troca constante
de rainhas, produção de zangões e inseminação instrumental é possível produzir rainhas selecionadas
para uma maior produtividade na coleta de própolis. O Brasil é um grande exportador notadamente
da “própolis verde” produzida em Minas Gerais e necessita suprimir um mercado internacional cada
vez mais ávido por uma maior quantidade e de melhor qualidade. Dentro deste cenário as resinas das
abelhas indígenas também poderão ser importantes por suas aplicações em área médica.

125
Própolis brasileira - diversidade e bioprospecção

Esther Margarida Alves Ferreira Bastos
Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.
embastos@funed.mg.gov.br
A propólis é substância resinosa processada por abelhas Apis mellifera, a partir de resinas
vegetais e ou óleo essenciais, pólen, cera e pequenas concentrações de açúcares. Grãos de pólen e
outros fragmentos de vegetais, encontrados na própolis, podem ser indicadores das espécies botâni-
cas visitadas pelas abelhas para coleta de resinas. A própolis verde produzida em Minas Gerais, foi
caracterizada em sua análise microscópica por marcadores botanicos, tricomas glandulares e tectores
e fragmentos de epiderme de Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim do campo) determinados através de
análise comparativa (BASTOS, 2001; OLIVEIRA et al, 1999). Observações da visitação das abelhas
a esta planta, foram realizadas e assim descrito o modo como a coleta de resina é realizada. As abelhas
com auxílio de suas mandíbulas cortam os ápices vegetativos e alcançam os tricomas glandulares e
ductos secretores que estão repletos de compostos secundários-resinosos, com suas patas vão forman-
do bolotas verdes, contendo fragmentos epidérmicos, tricomas glandulares e de cobertura , os quais
constituem os marcadores botânicos que determinam a origem botânica da própolis verde produzida
no Estado de Minas Gerais (BASTOS, 2001). Parâmetros biológicos associados a interação Apis
mellifera x Baccharis dracunculifolia foram estudados visando elucidar o fornecimento de resina da
espécie para a produção de própolis verde pelas abelhas no Estado de Minas Gerais. A necessidade
de identificar a origem botânica da própolis brasileira produzida por abelhas Apis mellifera, torna-se
imperiosa no sentido de tentar padronizar as diversas própolis comercializadas. A padronização é um
dos elementos capitais para se avaliar a qualidade nutricional e medicamentosa deste produto apícola.
Cumpre lembrar que no Brasil a padronização e consequentemente a avaliação da qualidade das
diversas própolis comercializadas está, ainda, em via de elaboração, sem que, haja contudo um
consenso sobre o assunto. Sendo o Brasil um grande exportador de própolis verde, principalmente
destinada do Japão, ficou evidente a necessidade de melhor conhecer cientifícamente a origem
botânica, a composição química e as atividades biológicas da própolis produzida no Pais. O Brasil
produz própolis advinda de diversas fontes botânicas, variando com o ambiente e o tipo de veg-
etação. A exemplo da própolis negra e amarela produzida em Minas Gerais, própolis vermelha no
litoral nordestino e propolis verde na caatinga do Ceara. Estas variacoes de coloracao e ambiente
de producao, refletem na constituição química, atividade biologica destas propolis. Estudos biopro-
spectivos necessitam ser desenvolvidos, com o objetivo de estabelecer uma padronização para os
diversos tipos de própolis produzidos no Brasil, o que virá favorescer a atividade apícola e conse-
quentemente a comercialização no mercado interno e externo.
Referências Bibliográficas
BASTOS, E. M et al. Indicadores de la calidad y del origen botanico del propoleo producido por
abejas Apis mellifera en areas del cerrado Estado de Minas Gerais. VI Congresso Latino Ame-
ricano de Apicultura, agosto, 1998. México.
BASTOS, E. M et al. Botanic Origin of Green Propolis. Honey Bee science, 21 (4): 179- 180. Tama-
gawa University, Tokyo, 2001.

126
LOUVEAUX, J.; MAURIZIO, A : VORWOHL, G. 1970. Methods of melissopalynology. Bee World,

Cardiff, 51: 125- 138.
OLIVEIRA, V.D.C; BASTOS, E. M. Aspectos morfoanatômicos da folha de Baccharis dracunculi-
folia DC. (Asteraceae) visando a identificação da origem botânica da própolis. Acta. Bot. Bras.
12(3): 431- 439, 1998.
WARAKOMSKA, Z; MACIEJEWICZ, W. Microscopic analysis of Propolis from Polish regions.
Apidologie, 23, 277-283, 1992.

127
Potencial da própolis para desenvolvimento

de novas drogas
José Maurício Sforcin
Depto. Microbiologia e Imunologia, IB - UNESP - Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP
A própolis é um produto resinoso, elaborado pelas abelhas a partir de diversas partes das plantas,
e tem despertado a atenção dos pesquisadores em virtude de suas inúmeras propriedades biológicas.
A eficácia deste produto, já demonstrada em diferentes protocolos in vitro e in vivo, sugere seu poten-
cial terapêutico. A tentativa de elaborar uma nova droga ou medicamento a partir deste apiterápico é
bastante promissora; no entanto, antes de se estabelecer estratégias para a utilização deste produto nat-
ural ou de seus derivados, estudos mais detalhados são necessários, incluindo: a) a natureza química
das amostras de própolis, identificando os principais grupos químicos deste produto; b) eficácia da
própolis, a qual pode ser comparada a controles positivos ou negativos nos ensaios biológicos, para
comparar e estimar a eficiência da própolis; c) concentrações a serem utilizadas in vitro, bem como o
período de ingestão ou tratamento com própolis in vivo. Também seria necessário avaliar possíveis
interações da própolis a outras terapias, visando sua aplicação em humanos ou animais, e investigações
clínicas se fazem necessárias para avaliar o potencial da própolis seja em indivíduos saudáveis ou
pacientes, para compreender melhor em quais condições a própolis, bem como seus compostos
isolados, podem promover a saúde.

128
Os mecanismos de letalidade envolvidos

na ação antifúngica da própolis
Patrícia Alves de Castro1, Marcela Savoldi1, Ricardo Almeida1, Diego Bonatto2, Mário Henrique
Barros3, Maria Helena S. Goldman4, Andresa A. Berretta1, Goldman Henrique Goldman1.
1
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, 2Centro de Biotecnologia da UFRGS, Uni-
versidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 3Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Bio-
médicas, 4Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo.
andresaberretta@hotmail.com
O presente trabalho avaliou a atividade antifúngica da própolis, com o objetivo de ampliar

os conhecimentos acerca das vias metabólicas de morte celular em fungos, como S. cerevisiae e C.
albicans, e também em relação à utilização da própolis como uma terapia antifúngica mais efetiva.
Inicialmente, utilizou-se S. cerevisiae e foi observado que ela é capaz de induzir uma resposta de
morte celular apoptótica. No entanto, a exposição aumentada promove um correspondente aumento
na resposta tipo necrose. Verificou-se ainda que o citocromo c, mas não a endonuclease G Nuc1p, está
envolvido na morte celular mediada por própolis em S. cerevisiae. O gene da metacaspase YCA1 é im-
portante para a morte celular induzida por esta substância natural. Para elucidar as funções dos genes
que poderiam ser necessários para a sensibilidade à própolis em eucariotos, realizou-se um screening
da coleção completa com cerca de 4.800 cepas haploides com genes únicos deletados de S. cerevisiae.
Foram identificadas 138 cepas que apresentaram diferentes graus de sensibilidade à própolis quando
comparadas com a cepa do tipo selvagem correspondente. Na análise deste screening por biologia de
sistemas e também através do perfil transcripcional de S. cerevisiae exposto à própolis, foram obser-
vados genes envolvidos na cadeia de transporte de elétrons mitocondrial, da acidificação vacuolar,
da regulação negativa da transcrição do promotor da RNA polimerase II, da regulação da macroau-
tofagia associada com a proteína alvo para vacúolo e da resposta celular à privação de nutrientes. Os
estudos de validação indicaram que a sensibilidade da própolis é dependente da função mitocondrial
e que a acidificação vacuolar e autofagia são importantes para a morte causada por própolis em leve-
duras. Para C. albicans, foi observado que a própolis inibe o crescimento de todos os seus morfotipos
(levedura, hifa, e pseudohifa) e também a sua trasição dimórfica.

129
R E SU M OS

130
ECOLOGIA DE ABELHAS NATIVAS

131
A SINGLE FLORAL SCENT COMPOUND

ATTRACTS OLIGOLECTIC BEE
POLLINATORS: THE ASSOCIATION
BETWEEN Hydrocleys martii
(ALISMATACEAE) AND Protodiscelis palpalis
(COLLETIDAE, NEOPASIPHAEINAE)
Autores: Airton Torres Carvalho1*; Stefan Dörterl,2; Clemens Schlindwein3
Instituição: 1*Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - UFPB;
2Department of Plant Systematic, Uni Bayreuth, Germany; 3Departamento de Botânica - UFMG
Contato: 1*Uni Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, 58059-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil;
2Department of Plant Systematic, Uni. of Bayreuth 95440,Germany; 3Uni. Federal de Minas
Gerais, Av.Antônio Carlos,6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Email: carvalhoairton@yahoo.com.br
Volatile compounds produced by flowers are important for triggering attraction responses in
plant-pollinator mutualisms. It is probable that taxon-specific floral markers allow the oligolec-
tic bees to discriminate host from non-host flowers. The interaction between Hydrocleys martii
(Alismataceae) and the oligolectic bee Protodiscelis palpalis (Colletidae, Neopasiphaeinae) is
interdependent in ephemeral aquatic environments in semi-arid northeastern Brazil, even though
in the Atlantic Forest region bees of this species visit flowers of Hydrocleys nymphoides. We
used dynamic headspace to sample floral scents and GC-MS analysis to characterize the volatiles
emitted by flowers of both H. martii and H. nymphoides. The main compounds in the analyzed
samples were tested in field conditions to evaluate their attractiveness to bees of P. palpalis. The
floral scent of H. martii yielded 22 compounds, while that of H. nymphoides was comprised of
only 13. However, some compounds were exclusive to one species or another, and each species
exhibited a characteristic scent profile. Methoxylated benzenoids were the dominant floral scent
components in both species. ρ-Methylanisole and 3,4-dimethoxytoluene were the most
abundant compounds, comprising a total of 80.7% and 65.5% of the floral scent discharge of H.
martii and H. nymphoides, respectively. Authentic standards of ρ-methylanisole, 2-me-
thoxy-4-methylphenol, 3,4-dimethoxytoluene and 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene were tested in dual
choice bioassays using artificial flowers constructed of yellow and blue adhesive paper. Artificial
flowers baited with ρ-methylanisole alone attracted significantly more bees to artificial
flowers of both colors than unbaited flowers. Our findings indicate that a single volatile com-
pound attracts female bees of P. palpalis, demonstrating that it is the most important channel of
communication between these specialized pollinators and their specific floral host flowers. Our

132
study reinforces the recent findings indicating that specific compounds in complex floral scent
bouquets are crucial for ofactory-mediated location of host-plants by oligolectic bees.
Apoio: CAPES; CNPq

Área: Ecologia de abelhas nativas
Palavra chave: odors - pollination - ofactory-mediated - synomones - host location

133
ON THE DEFINITION OF THE SPATIAL

STRUCTURE OF EUGLOSSINE
BEES´ COMMUNITIES
Autores: Alejandro Parra-H1*; Carlos Alberto Garófalo1
Instituição: 1*Ecologia e Evolução de Abelhas - Departamento de Biologia - Faculdade de
Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP-Brazil
Email: varnishpt@gmail.com
Different statistical approaches have been implemented in biology for describe patters such
as diversity, richness, composition and, in general, for differentiate species arrangements within an
environment. One of these criterions is the analysis of variance and its derivate linear model. Never-
theless the utility of this test, it is needed that the data fulfil some requirements for being suitable its
appliance, fact that in ecology is hard of accomplish. The orchid bee tribe Euglossini is a Neotropical
group of pollinators with large flight ranges that has been studied since the 60’s by using chemical
baits for male attraction. This methodology difficult the interpretation of several aspects of its ecology
and biology because it’s not necessary clear how geographical, seasonal and environmental differ-
ences reflect natural community phenomena. With the aim of describe factors influencing the spatial
distribution of the orchid bee community we design a sample system for the obtaining of replicated
and randomized samples in two natural reserves of São Paulo State: Vassununga e Serra do Japi. For
each reserve were chosen three types of vegetation across an altitudinal gradient in where three sites
for baiting were disposed, registering temperature for each sample. Diversity was measured using
the H diversity index proposed by Mac Arthur. At Vassununga it ranges from 0.19 to 0.36, n=116
and in Japi ranges from 0.24 to 0.36, n=97. Regional diversity varies from 0.21 to 0.37, N=213. We
registered a richness of nine species at Vassununga and seven at Japi with a regional diversity of 11
species in both areas. By implementing multiple linear models we detect that regional diversity is best
explained for each site by means of type of vegetation (p=0.001) and elevation (p=0.05). Local diver-
sity was better explained too by the environmental conditions but in addition to the hour of collection
(p=0.05). Diversity became significantly explained when the model includes the other environmental
variables. It suggests that for our ecological and spatial resolution, the threshold for community struc-
ture is detectable only when interactions occurred between the species assemblage and these levels.
Apoio: CAPES; CNPq

Palavra chave: Cerrado - Semi deciduous forest - Flood plain forest - Euglossini - AOV

134
BEES VISITORS OF TOMATO (Lycopersicon

esculentum Miller) IN OPEN FIELD
Autores: Alexandre Oliveira Resende Santos¹*; Bruno Ferreira Bartelli¹; Marcela Yamamoto²;
Fernanda Helena Nogueira-Ferreira¹
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; ²Universidade Estadual de Goiás
Contato: Rua Ceará s/n°, 38400-902, Campus Umuarama, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brasil
Email: alexbio.ufu@gmail.com
In open cultivated areas, the increased agricultural production can be achieved by the presence
of natural pollinators. In this sense, the community of bees visiting flowers of tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum Miller var. Forty) was surveyed and the behavior of these insects on flowers were ob-
served to identify potential pollinators. The study was conducted in an area of commercial cultivation
of tomatoes, located in São Felix-MG (18°38´ 8.3´´S/47°34´52.26´´W). The crop inter-rows were
covered by chance with a total sampling effort of 16 hours during February and March 2012. Bees
were collected with an entomological net, sacrificed in a death chamber containing ethyl acetate,
pinned and identified. A total of 89 bees belonging to 11 genera were collected. The most abundant
genus was Paratrigona (n=37), followed by Melipona (n=16), Apis (n=11) and Exomalopsis (n=10).
Bombus, Exomalopsis, Melipona, Oxaea and Xylocopa was observed performing the buzz pollina-
tion, a behavior characteristic of some bees that visit flowers with poricidal anthers, such as tomato.
Of these, we highlight Melipona, which is strongly associated with forest formations and more abun-
dant among those who carried out the buzz pollination. Paratrigona, despite showing a pollen thief
behavior, by inserting glossa and antennas in holes previously made in the anthers sides, eventually
touched stigma with the head, also showing itself as a potential pollinator of tomato. The results pro-
vide relevant information to determine the effective pollinators of tomato and show the importance of
maintaining natural areas near agricultural crops, since these areas are font of pollinators.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CNPq, CAPES

Palavra chave: pollinators - tomato - behavior - pollination - Cerrado

135
EFFECT OF TOXICITY OF NECTAR

AND POLLEN OF AFRICAN TULIP TREE
(Spathodea campanulata) ON Melipona
fasciculata AND M. seminigra
(APIDAE, MELIPONINI)
Autores: Ana Carolina Martins de Queiroz *, Giorgio Cristino Venturieri, Giulia Rury Venturieri,
Moises Cordeiro Mourão de O. Junior
Instituição: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental
Contato: Trav. Eneas Pinheiro s/n Caixa Postal 48 Belem-PA CEP 66095-100
Email: carolina@cpatu.embrapa.br
Spathodea campanulata is an African tree, which was introduced to Brazil for ornamental pro-
poses. It is known that this tree is related to insect mortality, including bees, however, is not known
how its nectar end pollen could affect neotropical meliponines. This study aimed to evaluate the tox-
icity of nectar and pollen of S. campanulata on Melipona fasciculata and M. seminigra. S. campanu-
lata inflorescences were collected at Embrapa scientific station, located in Belém, Pará State, Brazil.
The nectar and pollen was extracted from unvisited flowers. 240 young worker bees were collected
randomly from two species from five different boxes located at Embrapa’s scientific meliponary. The
insects were confined in transparent plastic boxes with approximate volume of 225 cc, for at least two
days. In each box was placed ten bees, repeated tree times, under the following treatments: T1-feded
with S. campanulata nectar; T2-feded with sucrose syrup (11%) (control group); T3-feded with su-
crose syrup (11%) and S. campanulata pollen; T4-feded with sucrose syrup (11%) and pollen of the
species itself (control group). The results showed that the test group T1 (nectar) achieved the highest
mortality among all treatments. The treatment using pollen (T3) showed a higher mortality than the
control group (T4). The experiments showed that the nectar and pollen of S. campanulata present
toxicity to the stingless bees tested.
Apoio: Embrapa
Palavra chave: bee - mortality - stingless bee - meliponiculture - toxic

136
POLLINATION SERVICES FOR

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE:
ECOLOGICAL MODELING
APPLIED TO Passiflora edulis.
Autores: Andre Luis Acosta1*, Paola Marchi1, Tereza Cristina Giannini1, Vera Lúcia Imperatriz-
Fonseca1, Antônio Mauro Saraiva2
Instituição: 1* Instituto de Biociências. Universidade de São Paulo; 2 Escola Politécnica.
Universidade de São Paulo
Contato: Laboratório de Abelhas da USP; Rua do Matão, trav. 14, n. 321, Cidade Universitária,
São Paulo - SP, CEP:05508-900
Email: andreluisacosta@usp.br
Brazil is the largest producer of passion fruit in the world, and its trade has great importance to
the Brazilian economy. The species Passiflora edulis corresponds to 95% of the passion fruit market.
This species is cross-pollination dependent, which can be performed manually in the absence of pol-
linators. However, natural pollination, mediated by large bees, is costless and the improvement of
pollination services leads to a more ecologically-friendly production, increasing the quality (visual
and nutritional) and quantity (numbers and weigh) of fruits, providing better income and adding more
value to this commodity. Aiming to develop an ecological method to evaluate important areas to sus-
tainable agriculture of P. edulis and its main pollinators (14 species of the genus Bombus, Centris,
Epicharis, Eulaema, Oxaea and Xylocopa), we used ecological modeling (MaxEnt) and geospatial
analysis (ArcGis). Climate databases and species occurrence points were obtained from virtual pro-
viders, such as Worldclim, GBIF and speciesLink. We estimated the areas with the highest habitat
suitability of P. edulis and its pollinators. These areas represent the best places to sustainably produce
P. edulis, with low probability of weather negative impact, and reduced demand for agricultural in-
puts and human intervention, such as irrigation and manual pollination. Results showed maximum
suitable areas to P. edulis and its pollinators mainly in the Brazilian southeast (SP and MG States) and
midwest (MS and GO), as well a large area throughout the east coast. Other areas with high suitabil-
ity can be found in the north (Amazon River Basin) and south (PR). All these areas can be suggested
as important areas to P. edulis sustainable production and also important areas to conserve its main
associated pollinators. This approach can be applied to help in the decisions regarding agriculture
management, valuation of pollination services and to encourage the conservation of native pollinator
species.
Apoio: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2011/12779-7), Núcleo de

Apoio à Pesquisa da Universidade de São Paulo - BioComp
Palavra chave: Passion fruit - pollinators - agriculture - geographical distribution - sustainability

137
MONITORING EUGLOSSINE BEES

(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
AS BIOINDICATORS IN A
FRAGMENT OF CERRADO.
Autores: André L. Gobatto¹*; Fatima R. N. Knoll¹
Instituição: Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho”.
(UNESP - BAURU)
Contato: Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil.
Email: andre_gobatto@hotmail.com
The monitoring of bees along time permits one assessment of the influence of ecological fac-
tors associated with variations in abundance, pointing to the influence of human activities in forest
fragment. The purpose of this research was to develop, implement and test a monitoring protocol of
euglossine bees on a method for observing and counting to avoid interference in the populations stud-
ied, rather than the removal of individuals from the population. Data were analyzed to determine the
variation in abundance and changes in the seasonality of bees in a temporal dimension, with an inter-
val of 12 years. The study was conducted in Permanent Preservation Area Vargem Limpa in Bauru,
SP whose total area of conservation measures about 1200 hectares. Native vegetation is savannah
with predominant Cerrado. The climate is Cwa (Köeppen), tropical with two defined seasons, a rainy
and a drier. We established six sampling stations at intervals of 100 m, starting from the edge. At each
station, were placed three traps, each containing a pure essence of eugenol, eucalyptol and vanillin.
Sampling was conducted in 2011, biweekly, during the morning. Bees found inside the traps were
released, were found dead individuals prepared for preservation. The results were compared to data-
base search performed in the same area between the August/1996 July 1999 and 2010 each month.
The abundance was greater 1997-98 (29%), followed by the year 2010 (26%), 2011 (24%), 1998-99
(14%) and 1996-97 (7%). In all the years were sampled 2264 male euglossine bees belonging to four
genera:Eulaema (89.9%), Euglossa (9.4%), Exaerete (0.5%) and Eufriesea (0.1%). Comparing the
relative abundance were not found of these genero, between the years of 2011 and the first year of
study (Kruskal Wallis, p> 0.05).
Apoio: -
Palavra chave: Orchid bees - monitoring protocol - abundance - seasonality - chemical baits

138
POPULATION ASSESSMENT OF ORCHID

BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE)
DURING THE DRY AND WET SEASONS
IN A CERRADO AREA AT THE
PARQUE ESTADUAL DO BIRIBIRI,
MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL
Autores: Brenda Barbosa Rocha; Anete Pedro Lourenço
Instituição: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas-FCBS, Universidade Federal dos Vales do
Jequitinhonha e Mucuri
Contato: Rodovia MGT 367 – Km 583, nº 5000, 39100-000 Diamantina/MG, Brazil
Email: anete.lourenco@ufvjm.edu.br
Surveys of orchid-bee fauna in Cerrado areas are very scarce, making difficult to understand the
diversity and the distribution of these bees in this domain. The main goal of this work was to analyze
the species richness and abundance of orchid-bees in a Cerrado area at the Parque Estadual do Biribiri
(PEBI) in the dry and wet seasons, using a rapid survey. To this end, five sites at PEBI were sampled
during 10 days in July 2011, and during the same period in December 2011. All sites were sampled
simultaneously using bait-traps containing one of the seven aromatic compounds (1,8- cineole, euge-
nol, vanillin, benzyl acetate, methyl trans-cinnamate, β-ionone and methyl salicylate). A total
of 512 male euglossine bees, belonging to 7 species and 3 genera were collected. In the dry season
only 182 bees (6 species) were collected, whereas in the wet season 330 bees (5 species) were col-
lected. Euglossa leucotricha was the most abundant species (56.6%) followed by Eg. melanotricha
(28%) in the dry season. The most abundant species in the wet season was Eulaema nigrita (77.3%)
followed by Eg. leucotricha (11.5%). Eg. aratingae and Eg. securigera were captured only in the dry
season, whereas Eufriesea auriceps was registered only in the dry season. El. nigrita was the most
abundant species in December probably because the high precipitation during the period of collec-
tion. Although the short sampling period, using this method the species richness found in this work
was similar to other inventories carried out in the Cerrado domain.
Apoio: Rede ComCerrado; FAPEMIG; UFVJM; IEF

Palavra chave: bait-trap - aromatic compound - Euglossina - seasonality - Cerrado

139
MEGACHILIDAE BEES (HYMENOPTERA,

APOIDEA) IN TRAP NESTS IN THE RESERVA
BIOLÓGICA UNIÃO, RJ
Autores: Bruno Nunes da Silva Mello; Maria Cristina Gaglianone
Instituição: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense
Contato: Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Brasil
Email: bnmello@hotmail.com
Megachilidae bees are still poorly studied in the Neotropics. The aim of this study was to analyze
the diversity, seasonality and parasitism of Megachilidae species nesting in trap nests in the ReBio
União (RJ), a remnant of tropical rain forest of approximately 2547ha. We used trap nests installed
at 1,5m above the ground in 12 sampling points. Monthly from March/2008 to October/2010, closed
trap nests were replaced in the field and taken to the laboratory for the daily monitoring of the emer-
gence of insects. Species of Megachilidae (17) built 108 nests, from which emerged 286 individuals,
151 males and 135 females. We calculated that 84% of the estimated number of species (bootstrap,
S= 20,22) were sampled. Among the species sampled, eight were considered rare, seven intermediate
and two common. The most common species were Megachile (Chrysosarus) pseudanthidioides, M.
(Chrysosarus) sp1, M. (Ptilosarus) sp1 and M. (Pseudocentron) sp1, while Hypanthidium foveola-
tum, M. (Austromegachile) facialis, M. (Melanosarus) nigripennis and M. (Moureapis) sp1 were rare.
The Megachilidae species nested during 23 of the 32 months sampled, mainly in the rainy season. The
cleptoparasites Hoplostelis nigritula and Coelioxys spp parasitized 15% of the Megachilidae nests.
ReBio União presented a higher richness of Megachilidae bees compared to other areas of Atlantic
Forest, that we supposed is related to the good conservation of the area.
Apoio: PROCAD/CAPES; FAPERJ

Palavra chave: rain forest - Megachile - ecology - diversity - conservation

140
PHILOPATRIC AND DISPERSION

BEHAVIORS PERFORMED BY EMERGING
FEMALES OF CARPENTER BEES
IN TRAP-NESTS
Autores: Henrique Lomônaco Pedroso1*; Thiago Arduini Antônio 1; Camila Nonato Junqueira1;
Laíce Souza Rabelo1; Solange Cristina Augusto1
Instituição: 1* UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Contato: Rua Ceará S/N - Campus Umuarama - Bloco 2D – CEP: 38400-902
Email: henriquelomo@hotmail.com
Aspects of carpenter bees nesting biology such as females’ permanence in their maternal nest or
in the origin area are important to sustain pollination services in crop areas. Carpenter bees females
remain in maternal nests for up to 30 days after eclosion before they reach physiological maturity. Af-
ter this period they can leave the origin area (dispersal behavior ) or they can remain in the area where
they were born and founding new nest or even reuse maternal nest (philopatric behavior). Consider-
ing the importance of dispersal and philopatric behaviors by females in carpenter bees management,
the aim of this study was to assess dispersal and philopatric behaviors in X. frontalis and X. grisescens
nests maintained in trap-nests made of bamboo cane. The study was conducted at Água Limpa Exper-
imental Farm which belongs to Federal University of Uberlândia (Uberlândia - Minas Gerais) from
February/2012 to May/2012. Behavior aspects of 11 nests of X. grisescens and 8 nests of X. frontalis
were observed twice a month with an otoscope. For dispersal behavior we observed 44% (n=7) for X.
frontalis and 45% (n=10) for X. grisescens and for philopatric behavior we observed 46% (n=9) for
X. frontalis and 55% (n=12) for X. grisescens. There was no difference between the proportion for
both behaviors (chi-square= 0.011; df=1; p=0.917). Xylocopa frontalis presented a higher proportion
of maternal nest reuse (63%, n=5) comparing to X. grisescens (1%, n=1) (chi-square=3.893, df=1,
p=0.048). Based in our results, we believe that strategies with the aim of a balance between dispersal
and philopatric behavior and the nest reuse behavior play an important role to enhance and to main-
tain pollinators’ populations in crop areas.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CAPES/PROCAD

Palavra chave: solitary bees - trap-nests - Xylocopa spp. - pollination - bee management

141
MORPHOMETRIC STRUCTURE OF MALE

REPRODUCTIVE AGGREGATIONS OF THE
STINGLESS BEE Tetragonisca angustula
Autores: Charles Fernando dos Santos¹*; Tiago Maurício Francoy², Maria Cristina Arias³; Vera
Lúcia Imperatriz-Fonseca4,5
Instituição: 1Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Laboratório de Abelhas da USP, Instituto de
Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. 2Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades,
Universidade de São Paulo. 3Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de
Biociência,4,5Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade do Semiárido
Contato: Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária
Email: chasanto@gmail.com
Males of eusocial bees (e.g. Apis mellifera: Apini) may have subtle morphological differences in
size and symmetry between them that affect their reproductive strategies. In stingless bees nothing is
known about morphometric variation among males composing reproductive aggregations. This work
fills this gap by analyzing males Tetragonisca angustula (Meliponini) aggregated in five nests being
founded by workers, on the campus of Universidade de São Paulo/ Ribeirão Preto, in 2011. Measures
were taken of the width, height and distance between the compound eyes of the head of 351 males.
Measurements were made in the program TPSView. We conducted a principal components analysis
followed by discriminant analysis and, a posteriori, an similarity’s test using the Sorensen-Dice coef-
ficient to group those aggregations more similar to the presence/absence of males arising of the same
colonies . The physic distances between five aggregates were estimated in program ExpertGPS 4.52.
Five aggregates analyzed, three were taking place on the same day with two physically very close to
each other (NA26 and NA25: 10.41 m) and a third (NA23) far from these two (500 ±2 m). Summary,
the principal components 1 and 2 were respectively 47.62% and 32.50% being the width and height of
the heads responsible for the differentiation of the groups (Wilks lambda=0.818, p<0.001). Although
NA26 and NA25 were physically closer, NA23 aggregation was morphometrically closer to NA26
(D2=0.152, p=0.25) than NA26 and NA25 (D2=0.597, p<0.001). Even NA56 aggregation which has
occurred two weeks after the first three and distant 80.04 m, the males were more similar to NA26
aggregation (D2=0.122, p=0.68). The morphometric similarity between aggregates physically more
distant compared to those closer can be explained, in part, by the sharing of brother’s male simultane-
ously present in these aggregates and absent in others. The grouping formed by Sørensen-Dice index
(((NA25 + DANI) + NA23) NA26 +) + NA56) closely reflects the results of discriminant analysis for
morphometric structure of the aggregates.
Apoio: PROEX-CAPES; DS- CAPES; FAPESP

Palavra chave: Aggregations - Males - Morphometry – Reproductive Biology – Stingless bee

142
PATTERNS OF HABITAT USE BY

SOCIAL BEES (HYMENOPTERA,
APIDAE, MELIPONINI) IN AN ATLANTIC
RAINFOREST LANDSCAPE: MICHELIN
ECOLOGICAL RESERVE - BAHIA STATE
Autores: Daniela Monteiro¹*, Marília Dantas e Silva¹, Mauro Ramalho¹.
Instituição: ¹*Lab. de Ecologia da Polinizaçao – ECOPOL, Instituto de Biologia,
Universidade Federal da Bahia- UFBA.
Contato: Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, Campus de Ondina, CEP: 40170-290 Salvador - Bahia – Brasil.
Email: dannymonte@hotmail.com
Pattern of habitat use is a key aspect to determining species responses to landscape structure.
Habitats differ in quality, so that the spatial distribution of a species depends on its response to the
different habitats and habitat spatial configurations. Meliponini is a bee group with enough sensitivity
to notice these variations. Therefore, this study aims is identify the bee responses to different habitat
qualities in the Atlantic rainforest. This study is being carried out in the mosaic landscape of the Mi-
chelin Ecological Reserve- REM (13°50S, 39°15W), in Igrapiúna city, South Bahia State. The REM
size is approximately 3000ha, and it is formed by rainforest fragments allocated into rubber tree crops
[Hevea brasiliensis (Muell. Arg.)]. The social bee samplings were from January/2011 to July/2011.
Five replicates were sampled in two different habitats: rainforest in an initial stage (IS) and advanced
stage (AS) of regeneration. Into each replicate were placed eight attractive bait points and at 10m
distance from each other. The baits were made by mixing honey:water (1:2) and sprayed on about
1m2 of leaves surface: a 50 ml solution was sprayed every hour. The attracted bees were captured by
a standard insect net for five minuts per hour, from 8A.M to 12P.M. A total of 484 bees and nine Meli-
ponini species were recorded. Plebeia-4ssp and Partamona-3ssp genus were the most representative
species sampled. Plebeia droryana was the most abundant and frequent species (n=188 / FRQ=38%),
common in both habitats. There was no significant difference in species richness (p=0.6539) and
abundance (p=0.7546) in relation to the different habitats. The same occurred to the P.droryana abun-
dance (p=0.7563). Up to now, the spatial distribution indicates that the different habitats in REM are
similarly used by populations of Meliponini.
Apoio: FAPESB, CAPES, MICHELIN/BA.

Área: Ecologia de abelhas nativas.
Palavra chave: stingless bees - honey bait - Plebeia droryana - Atlantic rainforest - mosaic
landscape.

143
THE CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS

PROFILES IN THE STINGLESS BEE Melipona
scutellaris REFLECT TASK-RELATED
DIFFERENCES
Autores: Danielle Caroline de Jesus Santos¹*,
Maria Juliana Ferreira-Caliman¹, Fábio Santos Nascimento¹
Instituição: ¹*Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP.
Contato: Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil.
Email: daniellecaroline@usp.br
Members of social insect colonies employ a large variety of chemical signals during their life.
Of these, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) are of primary importance since they allow for the recogni-
tion of conspecifics, nestmates and even members of different castes. Several studies have shown that
CHCs are associated with particular task sets in workers of many social insects, whether in relation
to size (as in some ants) or age (as in worker honeybees). In both cases, workers performing distinct
tasks exhibit a distinct CHC profile. The aim of this study was to determine whether CHC profiles
vary according to the functional roles of workers of Melipona scutellaris, a stingless bee. We ana-
lyzed the CHC profiles of newly emerged workers, nurse bees (7 days and 14), workers performing
activities inside the nest (21 days) and foragers (28 and 35 days) by gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry. Principal components analysis was used to define the main compounds for comparison
and a stepwise discriminant function analysis was used to test whether combinations of variables are
useful for group prediction. The results reveal that nurse bees and 28 day old foragers do not different
significantly from each other (p > 0.005) whereas newly emerged workers and 35 day old foragers
separate into defined groups. These results suggest that a change in the CHC profile of workers is due
to exposure to factors outside the nest and are not tightly linked to physiological mechanisms that
modulate the transition from nursing to foraging roles.
Apoio: CNPq.
Palavra chave: Stingless bees - Cuticular hydrocarbons - Division of labor - Polyethism - Me-
lipona scutellaris.

144
PREFERENCE TO DIFFERENT SCENT

BAITS AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN
ACTIVITY OF MALE EUGLOSSINE BEES
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI)
IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
Contato: Rua Weslley Cesar Vanzo, 189, Ap. 101 Torre Mistral, 86050-500 Londrina, Brasil.
Email: dgiangarelli@hotmail.com
Male Euglossini bees have typically Neotropical distribution, with some species showing sea-
sonal activity. Herein, we analyzed seasonal patterns and preferences of orchid bee males in a rem-
nant of Dense Rain Forest, belonging to Atlantic Forest, located in the Salto Morato Natural Reserve/
RNSM (2340 ha), Guaraqueçaba municipality, state of Paraná. Samplings (n = 21) were carried out
from April/2009 to March/2010, between 9h00 and 13h00 (lasting three hours), in consecutive days,
in two different points at the RNSM, which were sampled simultaneously by two collectors. Bees,
attracted to scents eucalyptol, eugenol, vanillin, beta ionone, benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methyl
salicylate and methyl cinnamate, were collected with insect nets. We collected 355 males, belonging
to 13 species and four genera of orchid bees. All essences used were visited by males of these bees.
Eugenol was the most attractive fragrance (43%). This result was, probably, determined by the high
percentage (58%) of E. iopoecila, the most abundant species in the area (154 ind.), visiting this bait.
The period of highest abundance and diversity of euglossine bees in the study area occurred from
November to February. Euglossa iopoecila and Euglossa annectans were collected during all the
sampling period. Among the most abundant species, only Euglossa stellfeldi and Euglossa roderici
showed a clearer pattern of activity restricted to a short period (from November to February). The
other euglossine species or showed no seasonal and peculiar pattern of activity or were not consid-
ered in the analysis, since they were represented by few individuals (<6) in the sample. The results
revealed a positive correlation between both temperature and richness (p < 0.001) and temperature
and abundance (p < 0.05). Our results corroborate the findings of other authors, showing that in the
region euglossines showed a pattern of increased activity during the rainy season and higher average
temperatures.
Apoio: Procad/CAPES, Fundação O Boticário de Proteção a Natureza, *CAPES, UEL.

Palavra chave: Atlantic Forest - Orchid bees - Scent baits - Seasonal - Reserva Natural Salto Morato.

145
THE EFFICIENCY OF TWO METHODS

OF BAIT-TRAPPING, USING CHEMICAL
FRAGRANCES, FOR SURVEYING OF THE
EUGLOSSINE FAUNA (HYMENOPTERA,
APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI) IN A REMNANT OF
DENSE RAIN FOREST IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
Contato: Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid km 380, 86051-980 Londrina, Brasil.
Email: dgiangarelli@hotmail.com
Male euglossine bees frequently visit orchid flowers searching for chemical fragrances. Currently,
synthetic compounds based on orchid fragrances are used for attraction of euglossine males especially
through of the two methodologies: collection with entomological net and trap baits. However, some
studies have suggested that these methodologies differ in their efficiency. Thus, the aim of this study
was to evaluate the efficiency of both methods, in a survey of euglossine fauna carried out in an Atlantic
Forest fragment in southern Brazil. The study area is a dense rain forest remnant (2340 ha), located at
Reserva Natural Salto Morato (25°09’S; 48°16’W), Guaraqueçaba-PR. Surveys were performed from
December 2009 to July/2010 and October/2010, between 9h30min and 13h00 (three hours of sampling
per day). In the surveys eight different fragrances were used to attract bees. Two sites, distant about 200
m (A) and 400 m (B) from the border of the forest fragment, were surveyed simultaneously; in the site
A were displayed eight trap baits, while in site B, bees were captured by a collector handling an insect
net. Nine samplings were performed simultaneously in both sites. Our results revealed that the method
of direct collecting using entomological net was more efficient than bait traps, resulting in 128 males
captured versus 38 sampled in the traps. On average, 4.74 individuals per hour of sampling were cap-
tured with entomological net, while traps attracted only 1.4 individuals per hour. Also, nine euglossine
species were captured by direct collecting with entomological net and only five species were captured in
traps. Our findings show that the use of entomological net was more efficient than bait traps in surveying
euglossine fauna in the studied area, and suggest that the exclusive use of bait traps in orchid bee surveys
can produce bias in results, especially concerning to the species richness.
Apoio: Procad/CAPES, Fundação O Boticário de Proteção a Natureza, *CAPES, UEL.

Palavra chave: Atlantic Forest - Euglossine bees - Fragrance baits - Reserva Natural Salto
Morato – efficiency.

146
THE FLOWER VISITING BEES OF Senna

macranthera, Bauhinia blakeana AND Tecoma
stans IN LONDRINA, PARANÁ STATE,
SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Autores: Maria Cecilia Fiordoliva Ferronato, Eliza Tanaka, Natália Uemura, Silvia Helena Sofia.
Instituição: Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
Contato: Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86051-980, Londrina, PR.
Email: elizact@hotmail.com, shsofia@uel.br
Bees are the most important group of pollinators worldwide. In the last years, the conservation
of bees in urban areas has received a major attention of the scientific community, since it has been
showed that urban biotopes can support a wide diversity of these pollinators. Despite this, in Brazil
information regarding bees in urban biotopes is still scarce. The present study surveyed flower visit-
ing bees of three angiosperm species, which are relatively common in streets and parks in Londrina
(23º14’S; 51º14’W), northern Paraná state, present here: Senna macranthera (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.
Irwin & Barneby, Bauhinia blakeana Dunn and Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth. The samplings were
carried out in two localities in Londrina municipality (campus of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina
and another area, of about 20 ha, located near downtown), from March 2011 to October 2011, between
9:00 a.m and 15:00 p.m. The Bees were collected with entomological net during the flowering peak of
each vegetal species. Altogether, 30 individuals of each plant species were surveyed, totaling 72 hours
of sampling effort per species. A total of 493 individuals belonging to 21 species of bees were collected
in the flowers of these three species. Senna macranthera and Bauhinia blakeana were visited by 15
species of bee each, while Tecoma stans was visited by 10 species. Our results showed that these plant
species were especially important sources of food for the following bee species: Bombus morio:20,3%,
Trigona spnipes:16,7%, Xylocopa suspecta:14,2%, Epicharis flava:13,2%, Xylocopa frontalis:11,7%
which represented 76% of the 197 bees sampled in the flowers of Senna macranthera; Bombus mo-
rio:23,4%, Trigona spinipes:20,6%, Thygater armandoi:9,8%, Apis mellifera:9,8%, Trigona hyalina-
ta:7,6% Bombus pauloensis:4,9%, corresponded to 76% of the 184 visitors of Bauhinia blakeana; and
Bombus pauloensis:30,3%, Apis mellifera:30,3%, Trigona spinipes:14,3%, Bombus morio:8,9%, repre-
senting 84% of 112 bees collected in Tecoma stans.
Apoio: CAPES/Procad, Fundação Araucária, CNPq.

Palavra chave: Apoidea - Apidae - floral visitors - pollinator - urban area.

147
INFLUENCE OF NESTING SITES AND FOOD

AVAILABILITY ON NEST DENSITY AND
DISTRIBUTION AND SPECIES DIVERSITY
OF MELIPONINI (APOIDEA: APIDAE)
IN THREE VEGETATION TYPES OF
CERRADO IN ITIRAPINA-SP
Instituição: Instituto de Biociências – USP.
Contato: Av. Padre Arlindo Vieira, 3101 ap 56A, 04166-003 São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Email: fpioker@usp.br
Cerrado is formed by different vegetation types that compound a gradient of wood elements,
from grasslands to forests. In such biome, stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) can be responsible
from 30 to 50% of the flower-visitor interactions in Cerrado, but little is known about the distribu-
tion of their populations according to the different vegetation types. Knowledge of which factors lead
Meliponini to nest and foraging in such vegetation types can improve the understanding of their life
requirements and thus contribute to their conservation. The aim of this work is to compare stingless
bees nest density and distribution and species diversity and the associated factors, such as nesting
sites and food availability, among three Cerrado vegetation types (predominant grassland with few
shrubs, “campo sujo”; predominant shrubs with sparse trees, “campo cerrado”; and open forest, “cer-
radão”). The work was conducted in Itirapina, SP. We searched for nests in 30ha of “campo sujo”,
26ha of “campo cerrado” and 18ha of “cerradão”. We also sampled a 0.5 ha in each vegetation type
monthly for flower availability assessment. We found 50 stingless bees nests, the most abundant be-
ing the aggressive species Trigona spinipes (42 nests). Despite such aggressiveness, their nest spac-
ing was clumped at “campo cerrado”, which also presented most of the nests (n=19) and highest nest
density (0,73 nests/ha). The highest species richness was found at “cerradão” (n=5). The occupancy
rate of nesting sites was very low in the three vegetation types. Flowers were available throughout the
year, but clumped in patches, favoring the dominance of competitive species such as T. spinipes. Most
species found are common in areas with strong anthropogenic pressure. Characteristics of available
nesting sites, food and landscape use may be related to the low diversity found.
Apoio: FAPESP.
Palavra chave: Meliponini - Cerrado - nesting sites - floral resources - Trigona spinipes.

148
EVALUATION OF ATTRACTIVENESS OF
Solanum viarum DUNAL FOR BEES AND
CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT ITS USE IN
CROP CULTIVE’S EDGES
Autores: Felipe Gonçalves Brocanelli*; Gleiciani Bürger Patricio; Paula Carolina Mantagnana;
Bruno Barufatti Grisolia; Maria José de Oliveira Campos.
Instituição: Universidade Estadua Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” campus de Rio Claro -
Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia.
Contato: Avenida 24-A, 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, Brasil.
Email: felipe_brocanelli@yahoo.com.br
Deforestation and habitat fragmentation due mainly to agricultural expansion in Brazil, as well
as the decrease of pollinators diversity and abundance, observed in a world scale, attest the gravity of
the environmental problem we face nowadays. Strategies of management aiming the maintenance of
pollinators in agricultural areas are important and necessary to ease the impact of men over Nature.
This study took place in Rio Claro/SP and planned to investigate issues such as the evaluation of
the attractiveness of Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae) for bees and its potential as pollen source
around cultivated areas. The observation of visiting bees and a field study concerning the floral biol-
ogy of S. viarum were carried out along the flowering period of the species. At the end of observa-
tions, 82 bees were collected landed on flowers (70 Halictidae, 11 Bombus spp. and 1 Exomalopsis
sp.), all of them able to execute the “buzz” pollination. Pollen grains gotten from hind legs of each
collected bee were acetolyzed and mounted in glass slides. The number of represented plant species
in each pollen sample was evaluated. Qualitative and quantitative analysis showed the predominance
of grains identified as S. viarum; this plant played a major role in the diet of all bees compared to
other plant species, and its importance to these insects was confirmed through this study. S. viarum
is a very important pollen source in secondary habitats but is also a problem due to some biological
features, like fast and easy potential to spread, and potential competition with crops. Therefore, we
can conclude that the use of S. viarum on edges of cultivated areas may enhance attraction to bees,
but we must handle this species with great caution.
Apoio: Departamento de Ecologia - UNESP Rio Claro.

Palavra chave: Solanum viarum - pollen source - buzz pollination - palinology - floral biology.

149
BEE ASSEMBLAGES ON FLOWERS OF

COTTON: DETERMINING INDICATOR
SPECIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
RISK ANALYSIS
Autores: Carmen S.S. Pires1*, Fernando A. Silveira2, David A. Andow3, Carolina F. Cardoso2, Edison
R. Sujii1, Débora P. Paula1, Eliana M. G. Fontes1, Joseane P. da Silva1, Sandra M. M. Rodrigues4.
Instituição: 1*Embrapa Cenargen; 2Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais; 3Department of Entomology – University of Minnesota; 4Embrapa Algodão.
Contato: Laboratório de Ecologia, Semioquímicos e Biossegurança - Embrapa Recursos Genéticos
e Biotecnologia. Caixa postal 02372, CEP: 70770-900, Brasília-DF, Brasil.
Email: f.a.silveira.ufmg@gmail.com
Ecologically-based methodologies are important tools for choosing species for environmen-
tal risk analyses (ERA). We suggest that effects on pollination services might be evaluated using
geographically widespread, common pollinator species, while effects on pollinator diversity may
be expressed on rare species. The following questions were evaluated here: 1) Are field inventories
necessary to list candidate species for ERA? 2) How much sampling is necessary to identify the geo-
graphically widespread and common bees?; and 3) How much sampling is necessary to characterize
the endemic, rare bees? We compared a list of cotton pollinators generated from the literature with
cotton field samples from the Cerrado. The literature list comprised species of the Cerrado belong-
ing in genera known to visit cotton in other countries, and species known to visit other malvaceous
plants in the Cerrado. During 344 hours of sampling at eight sites, we recovered 3,470 bees from
74 species. Similarity between the literature and the field data was lower than 0.24, indicating that
inventories are necessary. Rank abundance curves showed that Apis mellifera dominated the bee as-
semblages at all sites. Native bee assemblages were dominated by one species, followed by up to
six moderately abundant and widespread species. Indirect ordination of common species using PCA
revealed that there was relatively little inter-annual variation in bee assemblages. Randomizing sites,
we found that the most common 3-4 species at 2-3 sites generated the most correct determinations of
the three most common native species, and minimized incorrect determinations. Rare species were
aggregated within sites. The species/area relationship showed no hint of saturating, so considerably
more sampling would be necessary to characterize rare bee assemblages, which is a major limitation
for assessing effects on rare species. However, the rate of accumulation of rare bee species may be a
useful ERA endpoint for evaluating effects on bee diversity.
Apoio: CNPq, FACUAL, FINEP, GEF/FAO, FAPEMIG.

Palavra chave: Gossypium hirsutum latifolium - pollination - wild bee - cotton crop - bee as-
semblage comparison.

150
RAPID SURVEY OF ORCHID BEE FAUNA

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) IN A CERRADO
AREA IN THE PARQUE ESTADUAL DO RIO
PRETO, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL
Autores: Francisco Medeiros Martins*; Nathália Ribeiro Henriques; Anete Pedro Lourenço.
Instituição: *Departamento de Ciências Biológicas-FCBS, Universidade Federal dos Vales do
Jequitinhonha e Mucuri.
Contato: Rodovia MGT 367 – Km 583, nº 5000, 39100-000 Diamantina/MG, Brazil.
Email: chiquinhommartins@hotmail.com
Euglossina bees have an exclusively Neotropical distribution and are known as orchid bees,
because males are able to collect fragrant substances mainly of Orchidaceae. However, these bees
may collect fragrances in other plant families, giving them the status of important pollinators. The
main goal of this study was to determine the abundance and species richness of orchid bees at Parque
Estadual do Rio Preto (PERP), São Gonçalo do Rio Preto-MG, using a rapid survey method. To at-
tract males it was used bait traps containing one of the 7 aromatic compounds: 1,8- cineole, eugenol,
vanillin, benzyl acetate, methyl trans-cinnamate, beta-ionone and methyl salicylate. All 7 aromatic
baits were distributed in 5 different sites on PERP and were available 24h/day, during 6 consecu-
tive days of October 2011. A total of 453 bees were collected belonging to four genera (Euglossa,
Eulaema, Eufriesea and Exaerete) with a total of twelve species. The Euglossa species was repre-
sented by Eg. melanotricha (n=118), Eg. leucotricha (n=55), Eg. imperialis (n=19), Eg. securigera
(n=18), Eg. fimbriata (n=6), Eg. aratingae (n=5), Eg. truncata (n=5) and Eg. stellfeldi (n=1). The
Eulaema was represented by 2 species: El. nigrita (n=46) and El. marcii (n=34). Only one species
represented Eufriesea, Ef. nigrohirta (n=145) and only one collected individual corresponded to the
Exaerete genus, belonging to the Ex. dentata. In a previous work it was noted that this study area has
10 species of euglossine bees. The present study revealed 9 of these 10 species, and 3 more that had
not been previously collected. Thus, the species richness of euglossine bees in PERP is 13 species.
This work complements the knowledge about the diversity of euglossine bees in the PERP. Moreover,
it indicates that a rapid survey using bait traps has high efficiency when different sites of an area are
surveyed simultaneously.
Apoio: Rede ComCerrado, UFVJM, Instituto Estadual de Florestas-IEF.

Palavra chave: Euglossina - aromatic compounds - bait traps - bee diversity – Cerrado.

151
DAILY FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF Melipona

quadrifasciata anthidioides LEPELETIER
(HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE; MELIPONINI)
IN CRUZ DAS ALMAS, BAHIA STATE
Autores: Eliaber Barros Santos1; Gesline F. de Almeida2; Patricia Faquinello2; Meiby Carneiro
de Paula Leite3; Carlos Alfredo Lopes de Carvalho3; Filipe Costa Lima4
Instituição: 1Scientific Initiation, 2Researcher and Ph.D student (PNPD/CAPES, Fapesb), 3Ph.D,
Professors, 4Graduate Student in Agronomy. Insecta Research Group, CCAAB, Federal University
of Recôncavo of Bahia – UFRB
Contato: 710 Rui Barbosa street, Zip Code 44380-000 – Cruz das Almas – Bahia, Brazil.
Email: geslinefa@yahoo.com.br
Flight activity of stingless bees is defined as the entrance and exit of individuals in the colony
with or without material, and it is directly related to biotic and abiotic factors. This study describes
how environmental factors influence daily flight activity of Melipona Mandaçaia in a meliponary
of UFRB - Cruz das Almas/BA. Therefore, it was used four colonies installed in rational hive (FO-
INPA model), which is a hive made of wood divided in three parts, nest , top nest , and honey pots,
all under the same conditions. These colonies were classified as strong colonies, according to general
conditions: population size, brood comb, and number of food pots. These were monitored from Feb-
ruary/2012 to May/2012, as: activity entrance, exit, waste exit, entrance with wax, mud, resin, and
pollen. The monitoring time was between 5A.M. and 6P.M. (5 repetitions/colony). During this time,
temperature and humidity were recorded from the external environment. Mean and standard devia-
tion and the correlation with environmental factors were calculated using the Origin 6.0 program.
The entrance and exit flight activities showed similar patterns in all analyzed colonies. At 5A.M.,
more bees leave than enter, and the activity is for exiting waste and pollen. All activities are recorded
from 6A.M. to 9A.M. and it decreases throughout the day. There were a positive correlation between
humidity and entrance and exit activities (R: 0.96155, R: 0.89676) and negative correlation between
temperature and entrance and exit activities (R: -0.91252, R: -0.91252). Thus, the higher humidity,
the higher entrance and exit of bees in the colony, and the higher temperature, the lower entrance and
exit in the colony. Mandaçaia collect pollen and mud all day, but in high temperatures (35oC) and low
humidity (42%) of the external environment, the sampled number decrease substantially.
Apoio: PIBIC, CAPES, FAPESB

Palavra chave: Flight activity - Mandaçaia - Environmental factors - Humidity - Temperature

152
DEVELOPMENT OF THE
Melipona rufiventris AND Melipona
quadrifasciata COLONIES IN A NATURAL
REGENERATION AREA
Autores: Giselle Alves Martins, Jaqueline Eterna Batista, Fernanda Helena Nogueira-Ferreira
Instituição: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Contato: Campus Umuarama, Bloco 4QJU
Email: giselleamartins@gmail.com
According to the scenarios of degradation of natural environments, reforestation with exotic

species is recommended for restoration because it allows the regeneration under plantations. Re-
generation may be favored in pollination by bees. This study aimed to monitor the development of
colonies of stingless bees in an forest area of Pinus.
Melipona rufiventris and Melipona quadrifas-
ciata nests were introduced in a understory regeneration in the Floresta do Lobo in Uberlândia-MG.
The development of the nests was assessed by mapping of the combs and observation of the external
activity workers, quarterly, from 2011/October to 2012/May. The temperature and relative humidity
were also measured in each of the 17 evaluations, subdivided on the initial, intermediate and final
phases. The average construction of brood cells to M. rufiventris increased from 2.5 to 3.4 cells by
comparing the initial and intermediate and eventually to 2.0 cells in the final evaluation. In this nest
the variations of external activity in the considered phases was 7.8, 13.4 and 0.2 workers respec-
tively. In M. quadrifasciata the average construction of brood cells was 4.0, 8.0 and 4.4 cells in the
considered phases and external activity was 21.0, 21.1 and 2.0 workers. The temperature and relative
humidity remained almost constant with averages of 23.1ºC and 68.8%, respectively. The two species
of bees showed the same pattern of development throughout the study. Environmental conditions may
have affected this result, because the small spacing between the Pinus, provides a shady and humidity
spot. The sparse vegetation in the area may have influenced the weakness of nests due to limited food
availability. This reinforces the importance of maintaining natural areas preserved in the around the
plantations.
Apoio: CNPq, FAPEMIG

Palavra chave: Adaptive plasticity, Pinus, Savannah

153
THE POLLEN SPECTRUM OF THE PROPOLIS

OF STINGLESS BEE TUBI - Scaptotrigona aff.
postica LATREILLE, 1807 (HYMENOPTERA:
APIDAE: MELIPONINI) – IN BARRA DO
CORDA, MA, BR
Autores: Helder Rocha de Souza1,3; Angela Maria da Silva Corrêa2; Maria Amélia Vitorino da
Cruz-Barros2; Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque3
Instituição: 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade
Federal do Maranhão; 2Núcleo de Pesquisa em Palinologia, Instituto de Botânica, Secretaria do
Meio Ambiente de São Paulo; 3Laboratório de Estudos Sobre Abelhas (LEA/UFMA)
Contato: Av. dos Portugueses s/n 65085-580 São Luís-MA, Brazil.
Email: heldersouza.br@gmail.com
Pollen analysis is a good tool for defining the phytogeographical origin of resins and quality of
the propolis. Their identification and assemblage provide an image of the regional vegetation. Pollen
grains adhere to the resins when collected by the bees or come from harvested pollen inside the hives.
Samples of propolis from four stingless bee colonies of Scaptotrigona aff. postica Latreille, 1807
“Tubi”, installed on a meliponary in Barra do Corda, in the geographical center of Maranhão state
were studied from April to June/2011. Four monthly samples were taken by colony, with seven-day
intervals, in order to obtain the propolis for analysis. Four samples of 0.5g were made from 0.125g of
each colony and were processed through the standard methodology for propolis, which uses ethanol
for extraction, followed by treatment with KOH and an acetolysis methodology. Three slides of each
sample were prepared and brought to the optical microscope for counting. 500 pollen grains from
each sample were counted and the data were interpreted considering the totality of grains. The results
showed that: (i) 88 pollen types were found (ii) the amount of pollen types ranged from 24 (April) to
35 (July) (iii) a frequency of 81 pollen types were considered sporadic (26.5 % of total), 15 present
in all samples; (iv) Anacardiaceae family: Anacardium sp. (3.4 %); Melastomataceae (3.8 %) and
Fabaceae: Mimosa sp1 (13.7 %), Mimosa sp2 (6.9%) and Anadenanthera sp. (8.1 %) are uncommon
pollen types; (v) and Rubiaceae: Borreria sp. (37.6 %) represent the frequent pollen types.
Apoio: FAPEMA, CAPES

Palavra chave: pollen spectrum - propolis - resins - stingless bees - tubi

154
PROTEIN VALUES OF POLLEN COLLECTED

BY THE STINGLESS BEE Melipona
quadrifasciata (APIDAE)
Autores: Hipólito F. P. Neto1*; Geusa S. Freitas2; Ivan de Castro1;
Vera L. I. Fonseca1; Carlos A. Garófalo1
Instituição: 1. Department of Biology, FFCLRP-USP, Brazil; 2. Department of
Genetics, FMRP-USP, Brazil
Contato: Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Bloco K, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
Email: hipolitopaulino@yahoo.com.br
Melipona quadrifasciata is a species of stingless bee native from southeast of Brazil. This group
of bees has an important role as pollinator and estimates indicate that 40-90% of native tree species re-
quire its pollination service, according to the ecosystem. Pollen constitutes the unique protein source
to bees, its availability and nutritional quality is fundamental to conservation and maintenance of bee
species. Due to the high level of destruction of natural environments, the M. quadrifasciatacolonies
are rare on the remaining fragments of native forest and probably suffer with the seasonal scarcity of
floral resources. This study focuses in analysis of protein value of the pollen from plant species used
as food resource by M. quadrifasciata during the autumn and winter (seasons with fewer flowering
species) and the partial results presented here represent four months of collect in the campus of USP
Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil (May to August/2010). Pollen samples collected from corbiculas were pre-
pared for analysis using the standard acetolysis technique. Pollen types were assessed qualitatively
and identified based on published keys and reports. Protein value of these same samples was verified
according to Bradford’s analysis adapted to pollen. Were found 23 pollen types with predominance of
Leguminosae, Myrtaceae and Solanaceae. Myrtaceae species occurred every month, confirming other
studies that indicate this family as the main protein source for this species at the time. There was an
evident pollen predominance from species with protein concentration higher than 20% on May and
June and lower protein value on August (month with resource offering still more scarce). The values
ranged from 6,01 to 31,43%, presenting means of 23,42 ± 1,95% ( ± SD; n = 5), 23,30 ± 8,89% ( ±
SD; n = 13) e 13,74 ± 4,05% ( ± SD; n = 14) to May, June and August, respectively.
Apoio: CAPES - PNPD

Palavra chave: Pollen - Palinology – Melipona quadrifasciata – pollen resource – protein
values

155
SEASONAL CYCLE, RATE OF PARASITISM

AND SEX RATIO OF Epicharis (Epicharoides)
picta (Apidae: Centridini)
Instituição: Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa¹;
Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa²
Contato: Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-000VIÇOSA - MG - Brasil
Email: beehugo@gmail.com
To evaluate parasitism rate, sex ratio and seasonal cycle of E. picta, 10 emergence-traps of
50cm X 50cm were set up in the dense nesting aggregation of E. picta with an area 150m², located in
Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Traps remained there between 20/01 and 20/05 2011. There were found
264 individuals in the emergence-traps: 211 of E. picta (79,9%), 23 of Rhathymus friesei (8,7%) (Api-
dae: Rhathymini), 18 of Tetraonyx sexguttata (6,8%) (Coleoptera: Meloidae); 7 of Physocephala sp.
(2,6%) (Diptera: Conopidae) and 5 of Tetraonyx aff. lycoides (1,8%). Bees of E. picta emerged from
28/01 to 15/04. E. picta males emerged between 28/1 and 01/04 while females between 21/02 and
15/04. Females were active in the aggregation until the beginning of May. This is a protandric species.
Protandry is common among solitary bees. Females mated soon after its emergence can immediately
start nesting activities, reducing the possibility of being preyed and parasitized. The parasitism rate in
general was 1:3,98 and for each species were: R.friesei:E. picta 1:9,17; T. sexguttata:E. picta 1:11,72;
Physocephala sp.:E. picta 1:30,14 and T. aff. lycoides:E. picta 1: 42,2. Of 211 individuals from E.
picta emerged in the traps, 111 were males (52,6%) and 100 were females (47,4%) which represent a
sex ratio of 1:1,11. The phenology of parasites were synchronized with E. picta and Rhathymus friesei
was the most abundant parasite. The phenology synchrony among parasite:host may have importance
in the specialization of parasites. Researches that use emergence-traps to evaluate the relation be-
tween species of Epicharis and its parasites, seasonal cycle and sexual ratio are scarce. Emergence-
traps were effective in this study.
Apoio: CNPq; FAPEMIG

Palavra chave: Oil-collecting bees - Natural enemies - Centridini - Rhathymini - Emergence-traps

156
FORAGING Tetragona clavipes

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE):
RESOURCES AND INFLUENCE OF
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
Autores: Iago Pedro Filipin1*; Fátima do Rosário N. Knoll1
Instituição: *1, 1 Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Campus of Bauru, SP
Contato: Av. Eng. Luiz E. C. Coube 1-14 Vargem Limpa 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brasil
Email: iagofilipin@hotmail.com
The stingless bee Tetragona clavipes (Fabricius, 1904) presents a wide geographical distribu-
tion in the Neotropical region, being present in all regions of Brazil. The objective of this work was
studied the influence of meteorological factors on the external activity of the foragers in a beehive
kept beneath natural conditions, on the UNESP’s campus, Bauru, SP. The observations were made in
the summer (from November/2011 to January/2012) totaling 120 samples and five repetitions. From
beginning until the end of activity the foragers that came in and leave in the beehive were related
with the meteorological factors in the time of the samples were obtained. Daily activity occurred
from 7:00 to 18:00, remaining high and constant at 12:00 to 16:00 hours. Most foragers who left
were involved with foraging (98.8%) and fewer with the removal of waste (1.1%) and transport of
building materials 0.1%). The foraging was greater for the collection of nectar (85.6%) than pollen
(9.2%) and resin (5.3%) and, in general, these ratios were maintained throughout the time of day. The
minimum temperature output was 18 º C and relative humidity of 80%, the period of greatest activity
occurred between 25° and 28° C temperature and 45% and 61% relative humidity. The flight activity
showed significant and positive correlation with temperature (r = 0.54, p = 0.001) and negative with
relative humidity (rs = -0.50, p = 0.001). The other factors considered, wind speed and atmospheric
pressure, showed significant and negative correlation (r = -0.42, p = 0.001 and rs = -0.42, p = 0.001,
respectively), solar radiation showed no significant correlation for foraging, although it has been in-
strumental in closing the daily activities.
Apoio: UNESP - PROEX

Palavra chave: Tetragona clavipes- Stingless bee – External activity - Summer - Resources

157
QUEEN CHOICE IN THE STINGLESS BEE

Melipona flavolineata (APIDAE, MELIPONINI)
Autores: Jamille Costa Veiga¹*; Cristiano Menezes²
Instituição: ¹*Instituto de Ciências Biológicas – UFPA; ²Laboratório de Botânica – Embrapa
Amazônia Oriental
Contato: ¹Av. Augusto Corrêa, nº 01, 66075 110, Belém, Pará, Brasil.
Email: jal.cveiga@gmail.com
The queen choice by eu-social bees is under strong selective pressures, since choosing a low
quality queen would affect the fitness of a colony. In honeybees (Apini), there is a direct fight between
competing queens and workers show little influence in this decision. But in stingless bees (Meliponini),
the choice is made by the workers, which kill several queens until a new one is accepted. The aim of
this study was to test if workers use queen size as a parameter for this choice. To test this hypothesis we
compared the size of virgin queens with size of physogastric queens of Melipona flavolineata. The vir-
gin queens represent the population from where the workers choose their queen; whereas physogastric
queens represent the chosen population. If the size is not important for this choice process, we would
expect no difference between the sizes of these groups, since choice would be random. We measured
the head width as a size parameter of 30 virgin queens (from 13 colonies) and 30 physogastric (from
30 colonies). Although we did not find a significant difference (tHW: -1.7943; df: 58; p = 0.0779),
the physogastric queens were in average smaller than virgin queens (Physo = 3.142 ± 0.135; Virgin
= 3.211 ± 0.161), showing that smaller queens are chosen more often than bigger ones. Several addi-
tional parameters could also be used by workers to access the quality of a queen, such as pheromones,
ability to escape from workers attacks, ability for hiding, etc. The results we found are not conclusive,
but indicate that in Melipona genera there may have adaptive advantages for choosing smaller queens.
This could have consequences on the selective pressures acting on variability of virgin queen sizes and
could also influence the evolution of caste determination systems.
Apoio: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental

Palavra chave: selective pressure - queensize - criteria for choosing – smaller queens - morphometry

158
DIVERSITY OF TRAP-NESTING BEES IN

A MOSAIC LANDSCAPE IN CHAPADA
DIAMANTINA – BAHIA, BRAZIL
Autores: Jeferson Gabriel da Encarnação Coutinho1, Lady Catalina Angel-Coca1, Juliana
Hipólito1, Thiago Mahlmann2, Blandina Felipe Viana1
Instituição: 1. Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Abelhas, Programa de Pós-graduação em
Ecologia e Biomonitoramento, Universidade Federal da Bahia (LABEA/ECOBIO/UFBA); 2.
Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos (BIOSIS/UFBA)
Contato: Rua Barão de Geremoabo, s/nº, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia,
CEP: 40.170-110, está locado no Departamento de Zoologia do Instituto de Biologia da UFBA.
Email: jeferson.gabriel@gmail.com
The Chapada Diamantina National Park is currently the largest conservation area outside the
Brazilian Amazon region (1.520km2 extension). This huge area is home to a large amount of veg-
etation types/landscapes, which can be characterized as a mosaic landscape, where microclimatic
conditions or habitat structure related to the local flora could explain the behavior of many organisms
and thus the community structure. To access bee´s community and its relationship with environment,
trap nests are largely used, been important as a valuable tool to collect these pollinators, important
for maintaining biodiversity through pollination a key process for conservation. In this context, we
aimed to analyze a possible correlation between vegetation types and bees in Chapada Diamantina,
Mucugê, Bahia, Brazil. Trap nests were placed in 12 sampling points in three vegetation types (cer-
rado, grassland and rocky field), with differences in density of herbaceous, shrubs, trees, rocky and
sandy soil, and foliage at 1, 2, 3 meters above ground. To reduce the matrix dimensionality of the
environmental variables we used PCA followed by a multiple regression analysis analyzing the axes
relationship by the reduced vector of species ordination (NMS1). The density of shrubs and the per-
centage of rocky density were the variables that most explained the structural variation in the first two
components (68%). The multiple regressions of PC1 and PC2 with the NMS revealed no significant
relationship (p> 0.05). The results indicate that although there was variation in habitat structure of the
sampled points, such a change does not reflect in changes in the community structure of trap nesting
bees. Even with high diverse landscapes, such variation does not seem to be important to distinguish
the community of bees, which may occur in a different scale.
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: landscape - trapnest - bees - community - Chapada Diamantina

159
EUGLOSSINI BEES IN A SEASONAL

SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST OF VITÓRIA
DA CONQUISTA, BA.
Autores: Moana Americano-Santos, Jéssica Figueredo-Campos, Letícia Gozzer, Lucas Ramos
Caeiro, Juliana Novais Farias, Jéssica Fernandes Padre, Raquel Rodrigues Silva, Thalana
Souza Santos Silva, Raquel Pérez-Maluf.
Instituição: Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia
Contato: Estrada do Bem Querer km 04, 45093-900, Bairro Santa Marta,
Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil.
Email: jessicafigueredo@biologa.bio.br
The Euglossini bees form a group with approximately 200 species. They are distributed in five
genus, with most of the species associated with the Tropical Forests. They possess a robust body, in-
tegument with metallic brightness and long glossa. In males specifically, the posterior tibia are modi-
fied for the collection of fragrant substances. This study aimed to show the diversity of male euglos-
sine in the plateau of Vitoria da Conquista, which has altitude of 930m. The capture of the species was
conducted in two areas of seasonal semideciduous forest, with the use of odoriferous traps, using ten
points in each area. Three fragrances were tested - eugenol, eucaliptol and salicylate of metila. The
study took place between December of 2010 and April of 2012. In total, 197 individuals were collect-
ed: Eufriesea cf. nosdestina (179), was the largest representatative, followed by: Euglossa aff. mixta
(6), Euglossa truncata (4), Eufriesea auriceps (2), Eulaema niveofasciata (2), Euglossa securigera
(1) and Euglossa spp. (3). This was the first register of Ef. cf. nordestina in Bahia, however, they are
considered by some authors as synonymous with the species of Ef. auriceps. This may explain their
absence from previous research carried out in Bahia. These species, as well as Eg. truncata, are found
in humid tropical forests. The species El. niveofasciata is endemic to the Atlantic Forest and also
presents a problem in their classification as they are considered by some authors as synonymous with
El. bombiformes. Eg. securigera is widely distributed, recorded in both the Amazon and Atlantic For-
est. Eg. aff. mixta has a pan-neotropical distribution and also typical of humid forests.
Apoio: Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia.

Palavra chave: caatinga - atlantic forest - ecotone - Euglossini - Eufriesea cf. nosdestina.

160
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF HONEY PRODUCED BY
Melipona quadrifasciata COLONIES
RECEIVING FOOD SUPPLEMENTS.
Autores: Josiane A. Carvalho1*, Flávio Cruz1, Rubens M. de Castro1, Angel R. Barchuk2,
Isabel R.V. Teixeira1.
Instituição: 1Federal Institute of Sul de Minas (IFSULDEMINAS) - Campus Muzambinho; 2 Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas.
Contato: Estrada Muzambinho, Bairro Morro Preto, Muzambinho, CEP 37890-000 - MG, Brazil;
Email: jusyany@hotmail.com
Because of the need of using non-Apis bee species to complement honeybee pollination services,
and the possibility of diversifying bee product exploitation, native stingless bees have critical economic
and environmental value. Their domestication, however, is a high-energy consuming task, particularly
when aimed to exploiting some of their products (honey, propolis, etc.) or using them for basic biology
research. Here, we tested the influence of 4 commonly used food supplements on the physicochemi-
cal characteristics of honey produced by Melipona quadrifasciata: D1: Sucrose solution; D2: Sucrose
solution+lemon-juice; D3: Sucrose solution+honey; D4: Sucrose solution+honey+AminomixTM. Ex-
periments were carried out from Oct/2011-Jan/2012 (spring/summer) in the Meliponary of IFSULDE-
MINAS, Muzambinho, Minas Gerais (21°22’S, 46°31’W; 1,048 m). Colonies were fed three times a
week with 100mL of food supplement. There were used four colonies/treatment, 05 honey samples
each. Honey from different treatments varied in acidity, with means ranging from 1.4±0.61v/p (D1)
to 7.0±0.69v/p (D2), with the honey from the control colonies with 3.9v/p (p<0.05), and thus, close
to what has been already reported. pH ranged from 3.46±0.28 (D2) to 3.98±0.19 (D4). The only al-
teration from the control levels of proteins (0.028±0.015%) was found in D1 honey, which showed a
relatively reduced proportion of these biomolecules (0.013±0.007%; p<0.05). Reducing sugars were in
augmented levels in D3 honey (27.6 ± 5.5%), while D2 honey showed the lowest levels (12.6±3.3%).
Interestingly, the opposite was found for non-reducing sugars: D2 honey 32±7.4%, and D3 honey
9.4±4.8% (p<0.05). In addition, while control honey showed high average levels of ash (2.3±2.07%;
4-fold greater than the “standards”), all treatments resulted in unusual low levels (0.02-0.1%; p<0.05).
Finally, we did not find differences in moisture content among samples (71.2±10.9-79.5±8%), which
were surprisingly high. Results show that the supplement with amino acids, vitamins, and minerals
(D4) is the best in mimicking the honey produced in natural conditions.
Acknowledgment: Laboratório de Bromatologia do IFSULDEMINAS - Campus Muzambinho for

the physicochemical analyses and José M. Souza – FURNAS, MG.
Apoio: IFSULDEMINAS
Palavra chave: Melipona quadrifasciata - physicochemical characteristics - Honey - Diets
– Nutrition.

161
MONITORING OF SURVIVAL RATE OF

STINGLESS BEES IN RESERVE RPNH
MOUNT SINAI (MAUÁ DA SERRA-PR)
RESCUED FROM THE FLOODING AREA OF
THE DAM MAUÁ (TELÊMACO BORBA-PR).
Autores: Juliana Benassi Marinho1*, Juliana Rodrigues Casoni1, Edson A. Proni1, Oilton J. D.
Macieira1, Willian Luiz da Cunha2.
Instituição: 1*Universidade Estadual de Londrina; 2RPPN Monte Sinai.
Contato: CCB-BAV Campus Universitário, C.P. 6001, CEP 86051-900; Londrina, PR; Brasil.
Email: juhbenassi@hotmail.com
The construction of dams results in a region of flooding which causes the loss of some areas and
decrease the potential for biodiversity. The rescue and monitoring the survival rate is due to decreased
ability to shift some animal species that make them susceptible to suffer directly the effects of reser-
voir filling. The Mount Sinai RPNH initially received 41 trunks containing nests of species Tetrag-
ona clavipes,Tetragonisca angustula,Melipona marginata,Plebeia droryana,Plebeia remota,Frisella
schrottkyi and Scaptotrigona bipunctata that were housed one part in a meliponary and another on a
track called track bees. Activity was observed in the nests from the arrival in the RPNH and moni-
toring of foraging was conducted during two weeks. Later were recorded survival rates of offspring,
queens and workers. The results showed that 59% had high foraging activity, 34% did not survive and
7% despite survive showed low activity. Nests with low activity were opened and inspected and those
with conditions of survival were transferred to rational boxes. Comparing the results obtained with the
literature, there was a high rate of survival for the species of bees rescued.
Apoio: RPPN MONTE SINAI MAUÁ DA SERRA-PR; PROPPG-UEL-LONDRINA-PR

Palavra chave: stingless bees - survival rate - fauna rescue - biodiversity - flooding area.

162
FILAMENTOUS FUNGUS GROWS INSIDE

BROOD CELLS OF Melipona Bees
AND IS EATEN BY LARVAE.
Autores: Kamila de Sousa Leão¹*, Cristiano Menezes², Joyce Caroline da Silva Teixeira³, Juliane
Brito da Silva³.
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal do Pará, ²Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, ³Universidade Federal
Rural da Amazônia.
Contato: Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Guamá. CEP 66075-110. Caixa postal 479. Belém, PA, Brasil.
Email: kamilabelha@gmail.com
Stingless bee colonies are inhabited by a high diversity of microorganisms, but most of them
are still unknown. Recently, filamentous fungus of Monascus genus was found inside brood cells of
Scaptotrigona depilis and they are ingested by the larvae. The aim of this study was to test whether
this fungus occurs in other stingless bee species and if they are also ingested by the larvae. The occur-
rence and the quantity of fungus in brood cells with different larval stages were verified in colonies of
Melipona flavolineata, M. fasciculate and M. seminigra. Recently built brood combs containing eggs
and larval stages were collected and 50 brood cells were opened and verified. This was repeated with
three colonies of each species. The fungus was present in seven out of the nine studied colonies. They
were not found in two colonies of M. seminigra. In colonies where they occurred, they were not found
in cells containing recently laid eggs. They proliferated in cells containing eggs which were about to
hatch or in cells with one day old larvae. The largest amount of fungus was found in cells containing
two and three days old larvae. In cells with older larvae the amount of fungus was much smaller and
disappeared in cells with six days old larvae. In colonies of M. fasciculate the fungus proliferated
earlier than in other studied species. The present study shows that Monascus sp. also occur in other
stingless bee genus and is also ingested by the larvae. Contrary to S. depilis larvae, which need to eat
fungus to survive, M. seminigra seems to not depend on this fungus, since two studied colonies did
not have any fungus and these colonies were healthy.
Apoio: Embrapa; Capes.

Palavra chave: Stingless bees - Filamentous fungus - larvae - microorganisms – colonies.

163
ORCHID BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE:

EUGLOSSINA) IN AN URBAN AREA
IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF JUIZ DE FORA,
MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL.
Autores: Karine Vieira¹, Paula Netto², Mônica Lyra¹, Fabio Prezoto1.
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; 2Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Contato: Rua Olga Goliath Munck 40, Bairro São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.
Email: karinemunck@yahoo.com.br
The Euglossinae comprise a distinct and homogenous group within the Apidae (Hymenoptera:
Apoidea) and play an important role in the reproductive biology of many Neotropical plant species.
Male bees are noteworthy for collecting aromatic essences, which are probably involved in the repro-
ductive behavior of the group. The objective of the work was to inventory the fauna of Euglossinae
bees in an anthropic area of the campus of Federal University of Juiz de Fora, MG, along the dry
and rainy seasons, to analyze and to evaluate the preference of males for attractive scents, expanding
knowledge about the behavior of these bees in urban areas. The study was conducted from September
2010 to September 2011, where bait traps proposed by Campos et al (1989) - with adjustments, were
exposed from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., along the edge of a small forest on the campus, near the buildings and
streets. Each trap contained an aromatic essence (cineole, vanillin, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate).
Climatic data were recorded every hour and the collected specimens were identified. 49 individu-
als were collected, belonging to two genera and three species. Eulaema nigrita was the most abun-
dant species (85.7%), followed by Eulaema cingulate (12.2%) and Eufriesea sp. (2.1%). The highest
abundance occurred in March and April, with 13 and 19 individuals respectively. This increased
abundance is probably due to high temperatures, light and humidity of this time. The opposite was
recorded in May, June and August (dry season) which in total only three individuals were collected.
All the essences used were effective in attracting Euglossinae males, but vanillin was the most attrac-
tive (n = 22), with 44.9% of the collected bees. Eucalyptol attracted 42.8% (n = 21), benzyl acetate
10.2% (n = 5) and methyl salicylate only 2.1% (n = 1).
Apoio: Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental (LABEC), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.

Palavra chave: Euglossina - urban area - aromatic essence - reproductive behavior - abundant species.

164
EFFECTS OF SCALE (METACOMMUNITIES

VERSUS LOCAL COMMUNITIES) IN THE
PROPERTIES OF BEE-PLANT NETWORKS
Autores: Laércio P. Amaral-Neto¹*, David R. Luz¹; Sabrina B. L. Araújo2, Isabela G. Varassin3,
Gabriel A. R. Melo¹
Instituição: ¹*Laboratório de Biologia Comparada de Hymenoptera, Departamento de Zoologia,
Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação,
Universidade Federal do Paraná, 3Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica,
Contato: Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba-PR, Brasil
Email: biologia.neto@gmail.com
Many mechanisms have been proposed as explanations of observed patterns in mutualistic net-
works; however, the effect of spatial distribution of species has been little considered. Since most spe-
cies show a patchy distribution pattern, the interactions are restricted to the places where the involved
species co-occur. To evaluate the effect of scale (metacommunities versus local communities) in the
properties of mutualistic networks, two independent sets of bee-plant networks were analyzed. One
set was based on two separate surveys conducted in two sites in the Parque Estadual de Vila Velha
(Paraná), and the other on a single survey conducted also in two separate sites in the Parque Nacional
da Serra do Itajaí (Santa Catarina). For each set, the analyses were conducted separately for each site
(local community) and pooling the entire data set in a single matrix (metacommunity). We compared
nestedness, modularity, network specialization index (H2´), species specialization index (d´) and bee-
plant dependence. Species d´ and dependence were compared among species that co-occurred in both
communities of the same metacommunity. In the unified networks, nestedness and H2’ had mean
values between those of the two separate communities, while modularity and number of modules de-
creased. Some species varied significantly in their values of d’, being classified as generalists (d´<0.4)
in one local community and more specialist in the other (d´>0.7). In the metacommunity these species
had intermediate values (d´≈0.5). Bee species showed different levels of plant dependence between
local communities, including changes from extreme dependence (a single plant species visited) to
complete independence of a given plant species. This variation was hidden in the metacommunity
networks. Modules in metacommunities were larger because smaller modules in separate local com-
munities were merged due to species in common between them. Networks analyzed at metacommu-
nity scale are more suitable for a broader comprehension of community structure and habitat resil-
ience. On the other hand, this approach may have a coarse resolution for aspects related to strength of
selective pressures and properties of interactions in different habitat patches.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavra chave: Bee-plant networks - Metacommunities - Modularity - Specialization in-
dex – Nestedness

165
POLLEN SOURCES USED BY Tetrapedia

curvitarsis AND Tetrapedia diversipes
IN CERRADO AREAS.
Autores: Laíce Souza Rabelo1*; Eliza Siqueira Campos1; Esther Margarida Alves Ferreira
Bastos2; Maria Cristina Gaglianone3; Solange Cristina Augusto1.
Instituição: 1*Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento de Abelhas, Instituto de Biologia,
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; 2Laboratório de Recursos
Vegetais e Opoterápicos, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; 3Laboratório
de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos
dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
Contato: Rua Ceará, s/n, Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
Email: laicesr@gmail.com
Tetrapedia bees are specialized in collecting floral oils that are used for brood cells construction,
and by some species, for larval provision. Species of this genus, as Tetrapedia curvitarsis (tc) and
Tetrapedia diversipes (td), nest in trap-nests and, in general, present overlap in period of activity and
type of substrate occupied. Considering the similarity in nesting biology of these two bee species and
their sympatric occurrence, this study aimed to identify the plants used as pollen sources for them, to
determine food niche width of each species, and to verify similarity and evenness in the use of sources
by females in two Cerrado areas (Uberlândia- MG). The larval food samples, obtained from active
nests (6 of each species) during wet season in 2010 and 2011, were acetolyzed. We identified 12 pol-
len types (tc = 10 and td = 6). The main pollen sources used for both species were Kielmeyera type (tc
= 58.00% and td = 56.01%) and Baccharis sp. (tc = 28.20% and td = 37.30%). The food niche widths
were H’tc = 1.162 and H’td = 0.945 and evenness values were J’tc = 0.505 and J’td = 0.528. They pre-
sented high similarity (85.73%) in the use of sources. Both species exploited abundantly pollen grains
characterized by large polyads (Kielmeyera type) and very ornate grains (Baccharis sp.), which may
be associated with morphological adaptations in bee’s scopa. These morphological adaptations could
also influence the similarity in the use of pollen sources, since the two species belong to the same
genus and probably present similar structures. Thus, these results associated with records of use of
similar pollen grains in other regions, suggest the fidelity of this bee group to these pollen sources.
Apoio: FAPEMIG; PROCAD/CAPES

Palavra chave: oil bees - trap-nest - pollen analysis - large polyads - ornate grains

166
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF
POPULATIONS OF Eulaema cingulata
(FABRICIUS) FROM DIFFERENT ATLANTIC
FOREST FRAGMENTS IN THE STATE
OF RIO DE JANEIRO
Autores: Laís Cabral da Cunha ¹*; Willian M. Aguiar²; Moema Rubia S. Patriota¹; Maria Cris-
tina Gaglianone³, Silvia Helena Sofia¹
Instituição: ¹* Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Universidade Estadual de Feira
de Santana²; Universidade Federal Fluminense³
Contato: Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86051-980 Londrina, Brasil¹; Av.
Transnordestina s/n, km 3, Novo Horizonte 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Brasil²;
Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28016-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Brasil³
Email: lais_cbl@hotmail.com
Geometric morphometrics analysis has been recognized useful tool on bee population studies.
In the current study, this analysis was employed to estimate measures of the right forewing of males
of Eulaema cingulata (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossina) sampled in seven Atlantic Forest frag-
ments in the state of Rio de Janeiro. E. cingulata is a euglossine species widely distributed through
Brazilian territory and usually found in forest fragments showing different degrees of environmental
disturbance. Since differences in environmental conditions are usually expected in forest fragments
of different sizes, the aim of this study was to evaluate possible variations in forewing sizes of E.
cingulata males sampled in the following forest fragments: UNI (3600 ha), CAR (1200 ha), CAB
(900 ha), ITA (630 ha), MICO (200 ha), ELP (140 ha) and FSJU (2-6 ha). Excepting for fragment
FSJU (n=23), thirty individuals of each fragment were analyzed. The right forewings were mounted
on a microscope slide and photographed with a digital camera attached to a stereomicroscope. For
the geometric morphometrics analysis, 12 homologous landmarks were manually plotted at the wing
vein intersections using the software tpsDig-version 2.04. Centroid size analysis showed extremely
significant statistical differences (Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis, Hc= 44.96, p<0.000001; post hoc
Mann-Whitney test) between some pairs of populations, as follows: a) centroid size of ITA popula-
tion was statistically higher (Mann-Whitney, p<0.000001) than those found for bees from other frag-
ments, excepting ELP population; b) forewing sizes of UNI population were significantly superior
(Mann-Whitney, p<0.000001) regarding to populations of CAB and FSJU; c) the centroid size of
population of this small fragment was significantly smaller (Mann-Whitney, p<0.000001) than those
found for UNI and ITA populations. Overall, these results indicate that these populations contain in-
dividuals with significant differences regarding wing size.
Apoio: PROCAD/CAPES, RIO RURAL/GEF, FAPERJ/UENF, UEL (PIBIC/IC)

Palavra chave: Morphometry - Forewings - Orchid bee - Euglossina - Eulaema cingulata

167
SURROUNDING’S EFFECT ON THE

POLLINATORS COMMUNITY OF
Bertholletia excels IN A PLANTATION
AT CENTRAL AMAZON RAIN FOREST
Autores: Marcelo Casimiro Cavalcante1, Breno Magalhães Freitas2, Márcia Motta Maués3
Instituição: 1. Doutorando em Zootecnia, Depto. de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal do Ceará
(UFC); 2. Professor do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC); 3.
Pesquisadora da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (CPATU - Belém).
Contato: Universitdade Federal do Ceará- UFC, Departamento de Zootecnia, C.P.: 60.021-970.
Tel.: 85 3366-9697
Email: marcelufc@yahoo.com.br
This study was carried out at the Aruanã farm, Amazonas State, Brazil, in 3,600 ha of cultivated
Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Bompl.), in the Central Amazon Rain Forest aiming to investigate
the effect of the surroundings of Brazil nut monoculture on the richness and abundance of its potential
pollinators. Data were collected from October to December 2009, using six trees in two different areas:
three in an area intercalated with plots of secondary vegetation (“capoeira”) and three in an area with-
out natural vegetation plots. We observed 17 species of bees visiting the flowers: Xylocopa frontalis,
Xylocopa sp.1, Xylocopa sp.2, Epicharis flava, Epicharis conica, Epicharis umbraculata, Epicharis zo-
nata, Centris denudans, Centris americana, Centris ferruginea, Eulaema meriana, Eulaema mocsaryi,
Eulaema cingulata, Eufrisea purpurata, Eufrisea flaviventris, Bombus transversalis and Megachile
sp.1. Considering all floral visitor species present in the areas with and without “capoeira”, we found
dominance in the abundance of four species: X. frontalis, representing 58.82% of the total, followed by
El. flaviventris (19.86%), El. mocsaryi (10.95%) and El. meriana (2.13%). Richness and abundance of
bees visiting the flowers of Brazil nut trees at the community level did not differ between areas with and
without “capoeira” plots (p>0.05). However, considering only the four most abundant bee species, a
contingency table showed that they have a great dependence to the area with secondary vegetation plots
(x2=221,194 e X20,05, 3= 7,815). Thus, the greater abundance of bees found in the area with “capoeira”
may result from the influence of the surroundings. The presence of secondary vegetation plots in the
crop had no effect on species richness and abundance of bee floral visitors. However, there was a depen-
dency between the four most abundant bee species in the presence of the tracks.
Apoio: Rede sobre Polinização da Castanheira, CNPq 556406/2009-5.

Palavra chave: Abundance - Layout - Pollination - Richness - Secondary vegetation

168
EXTERNAL ACTIVITY OF MANDAÇAIA

(Melipona mandacaia) IN DRY AND WET
PERIODS IN PETROLINA (PE)
Autores: Francimária Rodrigues, Márcia de Fátima Ribeiro, Cândida Beatriz da Silva Lima,
Juliara Reis Braga
Instituição: UNIVASF e EMBRAPA SEMIÁRIDO
Contato: BR 428, Km 152, Zona Rural, 56302-970, Petrolina, Brasil (Embrapa)
Email: maribbee@yahoo.com.br
Knowledge on pattern of bees’ external activity is crucial in crop pollination programs. The ob-
jective of this work was to obtain information on flight activity of mandaçaia Melipona mandacaia in
Petrolina, PE. The observations were performed at intervals of 30 minutes, for 10 minutes, from 5:00
pm to 18:10 pm for five consecutive days, respectively in the dry period (DP: 08-12 August, 2011) and
wet period (WP: 19-23 March, 2012) of the year. At the entrance of a mandaçaia colony maintained
in the Laboratory of Bees (Embrapa Semiárido), was counted the number of bees that entered the nest
carrying pollen, mud, resin and without loads in corbicula (assumed as nectar collection). The number
of bees that left the nest carrying material (garbage) or nothing was recorded too. In the DP were ob-
served 313 bees entering the nest, distributed as follows: 64.2% (pollen), 33.5% (nectar), 1.0% (mud),
1.3% (resin); and 338 leaving the nest, being 12.7% (garbage) and 87.3% (no load). In the WP, 739
bees were registered: 22.0% (pollen), 58.1% (nectar), 6.0% (mud), 13.9% (resin); and 1,065 leaving:
20.2% (garbage), 79.8% (without load). The values were significantly higher in WP than in the DP,
except for pollen, that presented an inverse relationship (Mann Whitney, p< 0.05 for all comparisons,
n= 270). This could be explained by the greater availability of pollen in the DP. In general, tempera-
ture and relative humidity were factors that had the greatest influence on bees’ activity. Concerning
temperature, the larger activity was observed between 20.4-21.6ºC (DP), and 22.9- 27.1ºC (WP). For
relative humidity, the highest activity was observed between 66.1-71.9% (DP), and 62.5 -77.3% (WP).
Additionally, in both periods the foraging activity was more intense during the morning, suggesting
that agricultural practices must be avoided at this time in order to not affect the bees’ activities.
Apoio: CAPES (Master’s grant to F. R) and EMBRAPA (IC’ grant to J.R.B); financial sup-
port: BNB/FUNDECI (2008/111) and PROBIO.
Palavra chave: mandaçaia - (Melipona mandacaia - external activity - meliponiculture -
stingless bees

169
DENSITY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF

NESTS OF MELIPONINI (HYMENOPTERA:
APIDAE) IN ATLANTIC RAINFOREST
FRAGMENTS IN SOUTHERN
BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL
Autores: Marília Dantas e Silva1; Daniela Monteiro1; Mauro Ramalho1
Instituição: 1Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinizaçao-ECOPOL.
Instituto de Biologia - Departamento de Botânica-Universidade Federal da Bahia
Contato: Campus Universitário de Ondina. Rua Barão do Jeremoabo s/n – Ondina, 40170-115
Salvador,Bahia, Brasil
Email: ailirambio@hotmail.com
Meliponini are eusocial, generalist-opportunistic stingless bees that represent most of the flow-
er-visiting insects in tropical ecosystems. Variable responses are showed in relation to vegetation
disturbance, associated with changes in habitat quality, and especially with the resource provision. As
Meliponini reproductive units are social colonies, the nest census allows more accurate measurement
of the effective populations size. However, few studies on structure of stingless bees community in
tropical rainforests have been carried out using this methodology. The present study aims to analyze
the Meliponini nest density and spatial distribution, assessing the trends in abundance variation and
species richness between Atlantic rainforest areas in different regeneration stages. This study area is
situated in the Michelin Ecological Reserve(MER) Southern Bahia. The nest census was carried out
from July/2007 to January/2010. Two different habitats were selected: rainforest in an initial stage
and advanced stage of regeneration (four replicates in each habitat). Four samplers carried out the
searching from 7 A.M. to 3 P.M.. Points were randomly seleted to establish plots (25cm x 25cm each),
totaling 64 plots (4ha) in each replicate. In 32 ha of rainforest were found 91 nests (2.8 nests / ha)
distributed in eight genus and 12 species. All accounted, the Meliponini group showed a low response
to the heterogeneity in rainforest habitats, with no significant difference between both habitats in
relation to species richness, abundance, and spatial distribution of nests. Both rainforest regenera-
tion stages apparently provide adequate resources (food and nesting substrates) for the Meliponini
community maintenance in MER. This fact probably benefits the species dominance that carry out
aggressive patrolling of potential nesting cavities.
Apoio: Michelin; CAPES; FAPESB-APR0114/2006; CNPq- 481113/2004-5 e 478271/2008; ECOPOL

Palavra chave: stingless bees - aggressiveness - uniform distribution - nesting - swarming

170
DIET OF IMMATURE Euglossa (Euglossa)

townsendi COCKERELL, 1904 (APIDAE,
EUGLOSSINI) IN HYGROPHILOUS FOREST
Autores: Maurício Meirelles do Nascimento Castro1*; Carlos Alberto Garófalo1;
José Carlos Serrano1; Cláudia Inês da Silva1
Instituição: 1*Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP
Contato: Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
Email: mauriciomnc21@gmail.com
It is very important to identify the plants visited by bees in a given area to know what and how
much of the floral resources are being exploited by them in that place. Euglossa townsendi females
are hardly observed in flowers and males are rarely attracted by chemical baits. However, females of
these bees are commonly found nesting in trap-nests (TN) made with bamboo canes, which makes
this method an alternative to sample and study this species. For this reason, TN were placed in an area
of hygrophilous forest in the municipality of Guatapará-SP, Brazil between March 2010 and February
2012. The TN occupied were taken to the laboratory and after the emergence of all individuals, the
pollen material remaining in the brood cells were collected and exposed to the process of acetolysis
for later identification. The pollen grains of the brood cells were identified by comparison with the
pollen of plants that bloomed in the area during the study period. Six nests of Eg. townsendi, founded
in December (n = 1), January (3) and May (2), were studied. In total were analyzed samples from
54 cells in which 22 families of 14 pollen types were distinguished. The family best represented was
Fabaceae with five species, followed by Convolvulaceae, Melastomataceae and Bignoniaceae with
two species each and Solanaceae with one species. Melastomataceae was found in 100% of the sam-
ples being also the most dominant, representing 75% of all pollen identified, followed by Myrtaceae
(83.3%, 4.67%), Solanaceae (67%, 10.14%) Bignoniaceae (67%, 2.24%), Fabaceae-Mimosoideae
(50%, 3.43%) and (Rubiaceae) (50%, 1.46%). These results indicates that immatures of Eg. towswndi
feed preferentially of the pollen of Melastomataceae and secondarily of Solanaceae, Myrtaceae and
Fabaceae-Mimosoideae. The nectar sources were represented by species of only two families, Bigno-
niaceae, and Rubiaceae.
Apoio: FFCLRP convênio CAPES/PROAP 56/2007; FAPESP - 2010/10285-4; CAPES

-PNPD - 02958/09-0
Palavra chave: Trap-nests - pollen - floral resources - Euglossa townsendi - acetolysis

171
SPECIES OF EUGLOSSINE MALES

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) IN
FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES OF THE
ATLANTIC FOREST FROM BAHIA
Autores: ¹*Maxwell S. Silveira, Rose S. Amorim¹, Blandina F. Viana¹
Instituição: ¹*Univrsidade Federal da Bahia
Contato: Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Abelhas,Instituto de Biologia,
Rua Barão de Geremoabo, 147 Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador
Email: silveira.m.s@bol.com.br
Fragmentation and habitat loss are the major threats to natural landscapes. The intensive use of
natural environments reduces the forest cover and cause isolation, promoting functional changes in
ecological interactions and biodiversity loss. Euglossine bees are very sensitive to reduction of forest
cover, representing important indicators of habitat loss in fragmented landscapes. This study presents
the species richness of euglossine male in fragmented landscapes of the Atlantic Forest from Bahia.
The study was conducted in landscapes with dimension of 6x6 km and different proportions of forest
cover (15%, 25%, 40% and 55%.). We selected 16 random sample points, eight points within for-
est fragments and eight points in open areas. At each point were installed five traps made with PET
bottles, each trap with a fragrance (eucalyptol, eugenol, methyl salicylate, benzyl acetate and vanil-
lin). The landscape with a higher proportion of forest cover (55%) had the higher species richness (15
species), then the landscape with 40% forest cover (11 species.) Landscapes with lower proportion of
forest cover (25% and 15%) had lower species richness (six species and five species, respectively).
The reduction of forest cover decreases habitat availability and increases the isolation, causing a de-
cline in species richness of euglossine males in the landscapes studied.
Apoio: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Cnpq

Palavra chave: Pollinators - orchid bees - bees - habitat loss - fragmentation

172
TIME OF ACTIVITY OF EUGLOSSINE

MALES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN
FRAGMENTS OF ATLANTIC FOREST AND
COASTAL FOREST IN STATE OF CEARÁ
Autores: Michelle de Oliveira Guimarães1*; Breno Magalhães Freitas1 e Daniel de Freitas Brasil1
Instituição: 1* - Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)
Contato: Av. Mr Hull, s/n - Campus do Pici - São Gerardo - 60021-970 - Fortaleza, CE - Brasil
Email: michelleguima@gmail.com
Daily activity of males of euglossine was studied in the municipalities of Guaramiranga, Mu-
lungu and Pacoti mountainous region of the Massif Baturité and in Fortaleza located in the Coastal
Region, all located in the state of Ceará. The data collections were performed monthly, from 8:00 a.m.
to 4:00 p.m., on four consecutive days during the period November 2009 to November 2010 with the
objective to verify the activity, throughout the day, the males of these bees, attracted by bait-odor, in
fragments of Atlantic Forest and Coastal Forest. To the attraction of males were used the essences:
methyl salicylate, eucalyptol and vanillin. The individuals attracted to the essences were captured in
bait-traps made of PET plastic bottles of two liters. In total, 1345 were sampled Euglossine males in
the four areas of study belonging to three genera and eight species. Males were collected throughout
the day, but the most visits to baits occurred from 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. In all areas sampled males
were more active in the morning, with more activity in the range of 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m., concen-
trating 38.69% of those attracted to baits, followed by hours of 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m., with 24.27%.
The lower frequency of visitors of the essences (14.56%) occurred between the hours of 14:00 p.m. to
16:00 p.m. Eulaema nigrita, the most abundant species, was active during the whole day in the four
study areas and Euglossa Carolina, the second most frequent, showed greater activity in the period
from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. in the three areas of the Maciço de Baturité, while in Fortaleza his great-
est activity occurred between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. Works of species of Euglossine
surveys should be performed preferably in the morning, due to higher activity of males at this time.
Apoio: Capes; CNPq

Palavra chave: Euglossina - daily activity - essences - males - bait-traps

173
PALINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY

ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES USED BY
BUMBLEBEE Bombus brevivillus IN
ITS NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Autores: Mikail Olinda de Oliveira*¹; Marcelo Casimiro Cavalcante¹; Breno Magalhães Freitas¹
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) - Centro de Ciências
Agrárias/Departamento de Zootecnia
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, S/N, Fortaleza - CE
Email: mikail_olinda@yahoo.com.br
Bombus brevivillus is an endemic species to vegetation in Ceará, Brazil. This bumblebee is

becoming less common throughout its natural range in Ceará and intense deforestation may play
a role in its disappearance. The objective of this study was to obtain information on the ecological
resources used by the neotropical bumblebee Bombus brevivillus in its natural environment in the
county of Itatira, Ceará by means of palinological analysis. In August 2011, pollen samples from
four B. brevivilus colonies were collected and placed in glycerinated gelatin and mounted on micro-
scope slides (Wodehouse method) to compare with a collection of reference slides. The occurrence of
classes was determined counting 4096 pollen grains. Results showed that the species Chamaecrista
duckeana (Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae) was predominant to the bees diet with 3160 pollen grains
(77,14%), isolated important were Senna splendida (Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae) with 659 pollen
grains (16,08%) and occasionally isolated Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) with 197 pollen grains
(4,80%) and Momordica charantia (Curcubitaceae) with 80 pollen grains (1,95%). It is concluded
that the Leguminosae subfamily Caesalpinioideae is a major component of the protein diet for B.
brevivilus colonies in their natural range in Itatira, Ceará, representing 93,22% of pollen grains col-
lected by workers at that time of the year.
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae - Bombus brevivillus - Chamaecrista duckea-
na - Bumblebee

174
STINGLESS BEES AND THEIR FLORAL

SOURCES IN CORUMBA-MS, PANTANAL
SUL-MATO-GROSSENSE
Autores: Monique Campos , Priscilla Pessoa de Oliveira, Adriana Takahasi, Edgar Aparecido
Costa, Aline Mackert
Instituição: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus do Pantanal
Contato: Avenida Rio Branco, nº 1.270
Email: moniquecamposcontato@yahoo.com.br
Pantanal is characterized by Cerrado and wetlands areas, which determined very specific veg-
etation. The bees, which are key-elements to preserving the biodiversity of this biome, once they have
close relationship with fanerogamic plants, have poorly been studied at this area. This study aims to
surveying the nectariferous or polliniferous species visited by Stingless bees in two areas of Pantanal,
located at Corumba-MS, coordinates (18°.59’.56.47’’S / 57°37’.34.24’’O) and (19°.03’.42.09’’S /
57°33’47.90’’O), the first one localized at urban and second close to a forest remnant area, respec-
tively. We captured flower visitors by walking at the study areas from 7 to 11 a.m. with observations
ranging from April 2011 to March 2012. A total of 137 Stingless bees were collected visiting plants
of the families Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Oxaladaceae, Fabaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Big-
noniaceae, Acanthaceae, Solanaceae, Bromeliaceae, Caparidaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Por-
tulacaceae, Apocynaceae and Mimosaceae. The Trigona genus visited 64,71% from the Botanical
families cited above, Tetragonisca 29,41%, Oxitrigona 29,41%, Scaptotrigona 23,53% and Plebeia
17,65%. The results showed that Stingless bees are less abundant at urban area, which suggests the
importance of forest conservation to keep the abundance of this important group of bees. The contri-
bution of this research was to add new information about Stingless bees species presented at Pantanal
Sul-Mato-Grossense and the fanerogamic plants visited by them.
Apoio: CNPq – Processo: 564107/2010-7

Palavra chave: Stingles bees - fanerogamic plants - pollination - Pantanal Sul-Mato-Gros-
sense - Trigona

175
POLLINATING BEES MONITORING IN

AREAS OF TOMATO CROP IN NORTHWEST
REGION OF RIO DE JANEIRO STATE
Autores: Giselle Braga Menezes¹; Nikolas Dias¹*; Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
Instituição: ¹Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF) / Centro de Biociências e
Biotecnologia (CBB) / Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais (LCA)
Contato: Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, 28013-600 Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ, Brasil
Email: nikolas_dias@hotmail.com
Agriculture intensification and habitat destruction can result in drastic changes in pollinator’s
populations, threatening the pollination services. To identify and quantify the decline of pollinators
is recommendable to monitoring systematically. This study aims to evaluate and monitor temporally
and spatially the presence of native bee fauna in tomato crops located in two study areas (Cambiocó
and Prosperidade), utilizing colored pan traps. The activities have been carried out at municipality of
São José de Ubá-RJ from August/2010 to August/2011. The samplings resulted in 33 species of bees
collected in pan traps, 11 of them collected in 2010 and all of them in 2011. Blue pan traps attracted
almost 70% of the bees in both years and 22-30% of them were collected in yellow ones. Buzz-pol-
linating Augochlorini, an important group of tomato pollinators, was the richest tribe and Emphorini
(two species) was the most abundant one in both study areas. Melitoma segmentaria was the only spe-
cies sampled in all studied areas, accounting for 25 to 67% of the bees collected in the crop areas. Apis
mellifera was the most abundant species in 2010 and in 2011. Species of Centris, Epicharis, Bombus,
Exomalopsis, Megachile and Xylocopa were captured only in 2011. The mean abundance of bees
ranged from 1,2 to 2,0 bees per crop in each sampling in 2010 and from 3,2 to 5,3 per crop, in 2011.
The similarity in composition of species was 64% between the years and 76% between the areas.
Therefore our results show that tomato crops can attract bee species relatively common in open areas
and a long-term monitoring is necessary to evaluate the influence of landscape on this community.
Apoio: UENF/LCA; CNPq-Rede de Polinizadores; FAO/GEF/FUNBIO; Rio Rural/SEAPPA

Palavra chave: Bees monitoring - Augochlorini - Tomato crops - Pan traps - Rio de Janeiro state

176
THERMAL TOLERANCE OF WORKERS OF

THE STINGLESS BEE Melipona subnitida
Autores: Noeide da Silva Ferreira¹*; Michael Hrncir²
Instituição: ¹*Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal,Universidade Federal Rural do
Semiárido; ²Departamento de Ciências Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido;
Contato: Av. Francisco Mota, 572, 59625-900 , Mossoró/RN , Brasil
Email: noeidebio@gmail.com
Knowing the thermal tolerance of bees is crucial for understanding both the physiological and
behavioural adaptations evolved to persist in their natural environment, and, consequently, may aid
in developing conservation strategies and management plans directed at sustainable beekeeping. In
the present study, we investigated the thermal tolerance of the stingless bee Melipona subnitida. This
species is endemic to the Caatinga, a semi-arid region in Northeast Brazil characterized by elevated
ambient temperatures during the entire year. We studied groups of adult workers, subjected to differ-
ent thermal treatments in BOD incubators. Experimental group G1 (N=54 individuals): temperature
increasing from 30°C to 44°C; rate of increase: 2°/day; individuals supplied with water and sugar
syrup. G2 (N=130): same temperature regime as in G1; supplied with sugar syrup only. G3 (N=98):
temperature decreasing from 25°C to -1°C; rate of decrease: 2°/day, supplied with water and sugar
syrup. Every day, we registered mortality rate and consumption of water (when present) and sugar
syrup. The range of thermal tolerance of M. subnitida (defined as temperature range without signifi-
cant mortality) was between 5°C (G3) and 42°C (G1) or 40°C (G2). Lethal temperatures (TL50: mor-
tality rate > 50%) were TL50 low = 0°C (G3) and TL50 high = 42°C (G1, G2). Water consumption
increased at temperatures above 38°C (G1), and decreased gradually with decreasing temperature
(G3). Sugar syrup consumption varied independently of temperature in experimental groups G1 and
G3 (syrup and water), but increased gradually with increasing temperature in G2 (syrup only). Our
results indicate that workers of M.subnitida tolerate a broad range of temperatures and, most impor-
tantly for this species, withstand high temperatures close to the lethal thermal limit. Furthermore, our
data point to the importance of water consumption for increasing the upper limit of thermal tolerance
in workers of this stingless bee species
Apoio: CNPq: 481256/2010-5, 304722/2010-3 ; CAPES

Palavra chave: stingless bees - Caatinga - thermal tolerance - lethal temperature - Meli-
pona subnitida

177
ACTION OF PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES

ON THE RESPIRATORY METABOLISM
OF Trigona spinipes (FABRICIUS, 1793)
(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE).
Autores: Oilton J. D. Macieira, Edson A. Proni, Juliana Benassi Marinho, Juliana Rodrigues Casoni.
Instituição: Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
Contato: CCB-BAV Campus Universitário, C.P. 6001, CEP 86051-900, Londrina, PR, Brasil.
Email: macieira@uel.br
The pyrethroid insecticides are currently the most widely used because they have low acute
toxicity in mammals and non-persistence in the environment. Despite the advantages it is known that
pyrethroids are not selective and also eliminate the non-target organisms. Oxygen consumption is a
quantitative expression of the physiological activity of an organism can be used as an indicator of the
physiological effect of an insecticide on an insect. Trigona spinipes, known as arapuá is a stingless
bee species that can be considered efficient pollinators of crops such as onions, garlic and many other
cultures. The technical compounds Ripcord, Talcord and Belmark were applied topically in pronotum
bees in doses corresponding to the lethal dose to 50% of a sample and the oxygen consumption was
determined by Warburg apparatus. The results showed that all the compounds caused an immediate
increase in respiratory rate and over time caused a decline of the breathing causing the death of the
bees.
Apoio: PROPPG UEL LONDRINA, FAPESP

Palavra chave: insecticides - stingless bees - respiratory rate - pyrethroids - oxygen consumption.

178
EUGLOSSINA BEES (HYMENOPTERA,

APIDAE) IN THE PARQUE ESTADUAL DO
IBITIPOCA, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL
Autores: ¹*Paula Netto; ²Fábio Prezoto
Instituição: Pós-graduação em Entomologia - Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Departamento de
Zoologia - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
Contato: Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário - CEP 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais
Email: paula_netto@hotmail.com
Euglossina bees are important pollinators of many neotropical species of plants. Their males
show the behavior of collecting aromatic compounds. The use of these compounds has been used
to survey Euglossina bees in different regions of Brazil. This work aims to survey Euglossina bees
on Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, comparing differences on: richness and abundance of species in
two physiognomic formations (Atlantic Forest and “Campo Rupestre”), seasonality and hours of
activity of bees. The study was conducted from January to December 2010. It was collected 162
Euglossina males belonging to three genera and six species. The forest area had the highest rich-
ness and abundance when compared to “Campo Rupestre” (H’=0.58; J’=0.36 for the first area and
H’= 0.29; J’= 0.27 for the second one). The similarity of species composition of the two sampled
areas was low (QS = 0.4), this is probably due to differences of each physiognomic environment.
The species Eulaema nigrita was the dominant species in both areas. Euglossina bees were more
active during the warm months of the year, coinciding with the rainy season. During the dry sea-
son, characterized by cloudy days, with high incidence of sawmill, males activity was very low or
absent. Temperature was correlated with the abundance of males. The relative humidity was cor-
related with the abundance only in the “Campo Rupestre” area. Males were active throughout the
day of collection, showing the highest activity at 1:00 p.m. Among the attractive compounds, eu-
calyptol was the most attractive in terms of abundance (83%). In relation to diversity, Eugenol and
vanillin were more attractive than eucalyptol, attracting four and three species respectively. The
methyl salicylate attracted only Eulaema cingulata, while the benzyl acetate was not attractive.
This study is the first survey of Euglossina accomplished in PEIB, contributing to the knowledge
of some patterns of these bees “Campo Rupestre”.
Apoio: FAPEMIG
Palavra chave: orchid bees - abundance - fragance - attractiveness - Campo Rupestre

179
THE CAATINGA WILD BEE FAUNA

ASSOCIATED TO COTTON INTERCROPS
IN SEMIARID AREAS OF
PARAÍBA STATE (BRAZIL)
Autores: Viviane C. Pires¹; Rafael Ferrari¹*; Karoline R. S. Torezani²;
Wallyson A. Rodrigues²; Rodolfo C. Arantes¹; Amanda M. Dias¹;
Fábio A. Albuquerque²; Fernando A. Silveira¹; Carmen S. S. Pires²
Instituição: ¹Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG; ²Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa
Agropecuária – Embrapa; ³Universidade de Brasília – UnB
Contato: Av. Antônio Carlos, nº 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG
Email: raf_ferrari@hotmail.com
Agroecologic cotton fields in the semiarid areas of Paraíba state (Brazil) are intercropped with
food crops such as bean, sesame, peanut and corn. Intercropping favors the increase of insect diver-
sity, which improves the production system through their pollination and biologic control services.
Here, we investigate the contribution of the wild bee fauna of the surroundings of a cotton field to
the flower-visiting assemblage of bees on cotton flowers. Bees were collected weekly on cotton flow-
ers, between July and August 2010 and April and June 2011, in the municipality of Prata, totaling 95
hours. During the same period, the local wild bee fauna was surveyed on flowers of native plants and
weeds in the crop vicinities, with the aid of hand nets. Two Malaise traps were also employed, one
inside and other outside the crop. Additionally, in 2011, pan-traps were arranged in three sampling
units 15 meters away from each other in two parcels, one outside and other inside the crop. Each
sampling unit consisted of one pan of each of three colors - yellow, blue and white. Of a total of 66
wild-bee species, 59 were collected outside and inside the cotton field (but not on cotton flowers) by
all methods together, while 17 were recorded on cotton flowers. Of these, 10 species were collected
both on the cotton flowers and out of them. The three most abundant species on cotton flowers were
Ptilothrix plumata (42% of the specimens), Melitomella cfr. murihirta (22%) and Diadasina riparia
(8%). Seven species were collected exclusively in flowers and cotton. These species were represented
in the samples by one specimen each. Similarity between the cotton-flower visiting assemblage and
the local fauna was of 0.4 (Morisita index). Our data supports the idea that surrounding vegetation is
useful for cotton-flower visitors and, on the other hand, that cotton may be an additional food source
for a significant portion of local wild-bee faunas (26% of it in our case).
Apoio: CNPq; FAO/GEF/UNEP; Fapemig

Palavra chave: pollination - conservation - faunistic survey - insect-plant interaction - floral resource

180
BEES COLLECTED ON PAN TRAPS

IN RANGEDOR ECOLOGICAL STATION,
SÃO LUÍS, MARANHÃO
Autores: Albeane Guimarães Silva¹*; Simone Melo Dos Santos¹; Rafael Sousa Pinto¹; Patricia
Maia Correia De Albuquerque¹; Marcia Maria Corrêa Rego¹
Instituição: ¹Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Laboratório de Estudos sobre Abelhas (LEA)
Contato: Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus do Bacanga
Email: rafael_spinto@hotmail.com
Bees are the main group of pollinators of Angiosperms, and the preservation of its fauna has
been considered an important factor for the maintenance of these plants. This study aimed to observe
the attractiveness of bees in different colors of pan trap in the Rangedor Ecological Station, in São
Luís, MA. They were collected every fifteen days (from May/2010 to April/2011), with colored pan
traps in green, yellow, blue and white (5 cm height and 15 cm in diameter)colours. The pan traps were
distributed five meters distant from each other within five points of open vegetation, totaling 20 sam-
ples. Each plate was filled with approximately 150 ml of water and 3-4 drops of detergent to break the
surface tension of water. After 48 hours the collected material was sorted, stored in containers with
70% alcohol and labeled with their respective colors. The bees were separated into morphospecies
for identification. We collected 404 specimens of bees. The pan traps of the blue color attracted more
bees (44% of the total bee captured), followed by white (30%) and yellow (25%). Andrenidae was the
family with the highest number of individuals, representing 83,6% of the bees. Callonychium brasil-
iensis was the most abundant species with 337 individuals. In addition to the Apoidea (Hymenoptera),
17 other orders were also recorded on the plates. This methodology can’t be used for inventory of all
the species of an area, because only a few groups are captured.
Apoio: CNPq/UFMA
Palavra chave: Pan traps - Andrenidae - Callonychium brasiliensis – Colored plates - Rangedor

181
PLANT SPECIES VISITED BY Melipona

subnitida, ON THE ILHA GRANDE DOS
PAULINOS, TUTÓIA, MARANHÃO
Autores: Rafael Sousa Pinto¹*; Marcela de Matos Barbosa¹; Irene Aguiar Santos²; Patricia Maia
Correia Albuquerque¹; Márcia Maria Corrêa Rêgo¹
Instituição: ¹Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Laboratório de Estudos sobre Abelhas (LEA);
²Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
Contato: Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus do Bacanga
Email: rafael_spinto@hotmail.com
The bee, Melipona subnitida, known as jandaíra, has wide distribution at caatinga of Brazil
and it was rediscovered in Maranhão in 2006. The plants visited by those bees at Ilha Grande dos
Paulinos are being identified trough pollens analyses from the pollen stored on their nests. In April
2012 some samples of pollen and honey (10 ml each) were collected from three colonies of Jandaira.
Pollen slides were prepared using the acetolysis method of Erdtman. It was counted about a 1000 pol-
len grains by sample, to set their classes and their percentages of occurrence. Myrtaceae’s family has
7 species, Leguminosae-Mimosoideae (4) and Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (3). In the pollen pots
29 pollen types occured. There weren’t dominant species. Myrcia sp. (Myrtaceae) (26.8%), Myrcia
sp.2 (Myrtaceae) (38.6%) and Eugenia sp. (Myrtaceae) (16.6%) were acessory species. On honeys
samples there were 23 pollen types. Type 6 (Mimosaceae-Papilionoideae) was dominant (58,1%).
Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (Mimosaceae-Mimosoideae) (18,2%) was acessory and Spermacoce ver-
ticillata (Rubiaceae) (8,3%) was important isolated pollen. Melipona subnitida usually visits many
plant species, but it shows preferences for Myrtaceae’s family to collect pollen and Leguminoseae
family to collect nectar.
Apoio: Fapema
Palavra chave: Delta of Parnaíba - pollen - honey - jandaíra - Myrtaceae

182
PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF POLLEN TYPES

PRESENT IN THE POLLEN OF Melipona
quadrifasciata anthidioides IN A MELIPONARY
ON THE ITATIBA-SP REGION
Autores: Weslley Melchior Gama¹*, Ricardo Costa Rodrigues de Camargo²,
Luiza Ishikawa Ferreira¹, Daniel Storer¹
Instituição: ¹*PUC-Campinas; ²Embrapa Meio Ambiente
Contato: Rodovia SP 340, Km 127,5 - Tanquinho Velho - Jaguariuna-SP
Email: weslley.snipes@ig.com.br
Bees are insects of the order Hymenoptera, belonging to the family Apidae, which is divided
into four tribes, which were: the Apíneos, the stingless bees, the Bombíneos and Euglossine bees.
Only the stingless bees have no stinger and its creation is called meliponiculture. These insects use
pollen from flowers as a source of protein to feed their young, and the forage flowers, prove their
pollination. The link between angiosperms with pollinators is of extreme importance, because na-
tive bees are responsible for 40% to 90% of the pollination of native trees. Therefore this study aims
to conduct a survey of pollen types present in the pollen of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides .
Samples were collected directly from the pollen pots in five colonies, monthly during three months
(june, july and august) in Itatiba meliponary-SP. The samples were analyzed at the Laboratory of Pal-
ynology of the Botanical Institute of São Paulo, by the method of Maurizio and Louveaux (1965). We
identified seven pollen types, recognizing six genders represented in five families, and one unidenti-
fied. The most frequent pollen types (> 45%) were Melastomataceae and Solanum. The low variety of
pollen types could be related with the dry season when occurred the samples collect what reinforcing
the need that the collects must occur during the whole year throughout the year.
Apoio: Embrapa Meio Ambiente, PUC-Campinas

Palavra chave: stingless bees - pollen analysis - pollen - melipona quadrifasciata anthi-
dioides - Palynology

183
THE ORCHID-BEE FAUNA (HYMENOPTERA:

APIDAE) FROM A CERRADO AREA,
MINAS GERAIS BRAZIL: THE EFFECT
OF SEASONALITY AND HABITAT IN THE
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE.
Autores: Rodrigo Assunção Silveira1; Reisla Oliveira1; Cristiane Martins1; Juliana Pereira1;
Yasmine Antonini1
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP
Contato: Rua Professor Francisco Pignatário, 370, Ouro Preto, Brasil
Email: rodrigoanamaste@hotmail.com
Euglossine bee is a group composed of approximately 200 species distributed in five genera.
Male Euglossine bees were sampled with chemical baits from July 2011 to Abril 2012 at tree sites
(“cerrado” strictu sensu, riparian forests and outcrops ironstone) in Parque Estadual do Rio Preto,
Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Male Euglossine bees were collected at a five-fixed spot in each site, 500
meters apart each other, between 09:00 and 16:00. Each site was sampled once a month, in a single
day. Six aromatic compounds were used for attract Euglossine bees: benzyl acetate, 1,8- cineole, eu-
genol, methyl trans-cinnamate, methyl salicylate, and vanillin. They were used to saturate cotton wads
inside a bottle (used as a trap), distant from each other at least 2 m. The substance to which each bee
was attracted and the local and day it was collected were recorded. We collected 1536 bees of 17 spe-
cies. Euglossa melanotricha was the most abundant (n=577), followed by Eug leucotrhicha (n=244)
and Eug. Securigera (n=218). This species, togheter with Eulaema cingulata and Eul. Nigrita were
the most constant, been collected in 8 of the 10 sampled months. Eufrisea auriceps, Euglossa cordata
and Eug. Townsendi were rare, since were found in only one sample. Highest abundance was found
during raining season (n=1145). The highest abundance was found in Site-2 (cerrado), followed by
Site-1(riparian forest) and Site-3 (ironstone outcrops). The highest richness however was found on
site 3 followed by site 1 and 2. Richness and abundance was higher in wet season (n=1249, s=15).
Both the richness and the species composition at the study area suggest that the Cerrado domain has
been underestimated concerning the orchid bee fauna and comparisons with Atlantic Forest sites sug-
gest a relatively high diversity of Orchid bees in this hot spot Brazilian Biome.
Apoio: PIP/UFOP - 007/2011

Palavra chave: Hymenoptera - Euglossina - Cerrado - Seasonality - Habitat

184
INTERACTION RECORD OF MALES OF

EUGLOSSA Latreille, 1802 AND FLOWERS OF
ANGELONIA SALICARIIFOLIA Bonpl
Autores: Samuel Boff1*, Diego de Marco2, Paola Marchi3 & Isabel Alves-dos-Santos3
Instituição: 1 Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de
Biologia; 2 Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências,Departamento de Botânica; 3
Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Labora
Contato: Rua do Matão, 321, travessa 14, 05508-900 - São Paulo - SP – Brasil
Email: sboff@usp.br
The male of orchid bees are known to forage for fragrance in flowers especially orchids, which
he probably uses to attract the females. We report males of Euglossa Latreille, 1802 searching for aro-
matic compounds in the flowers of Angelonia salicariifolia Bonpl (Plantaginaceae), which is known
to provide floral oil to oil-collecting bees. The interaction was recorded in the garden of the Bee Labo-
ratory at the University of São Paulo and also in the farm Morro do Capim, in Sete Barras, SP. It was
observed that all the visits to the flowers were illegitimate, since they do not contact the reproductive
organs. Flowers were collected for structural analysis using light and scanning electron microsco-
py. The secretion produced by glandular trichomes was histochemically analyzed to determine their
composition. The observed individuals used the last two pairs of legs to hold the flower, scraping its
surface, specially the edges of the abaxial portion in the lateral and lower lobes with the combs of the
forelegs. During the visits, its antennae touched the surface of the petal. While leaving the flower, the
contents were transferred to the mid and hind legs during the flight. Structural analysis of flowers of
A. salicariifolia revealed the presence of glandular trichomes throughout most of the pedicel, calyx
and corolla, concentrating mainly in the apex of the abaxial portion of the lateral and lower lobes of
the corolla, the local where the Euglossa males scrape. In this region, some of the trichomes have a
slightly different structure and this may be related to the type of secretion produced. Histochemical
analyzes indicate the production of aromatic compounds consisting mainly of lipids and phenolic
compounds. The analyze of the exactly composition is in course and may assist us in understanding
the exudate collected by the Euglossamales.
Apoio: CAPES; FAPESP

Palavra chave: Male of Euglossini - Plantaginaceae - trichomes - light and scanning electron
microscopy - aromatic compounds

185
STINGLESS BEE NESTS

(Apidae, Meliponini) AT THE UFV Campus
Autores: Santos Henrique Brant Dias¹*, Talitta Guimarães¹, Lúcio Antônio de Oliveira Campos¹,
Weyder Cristiano Santana¹.
Instituição: ¹Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV
Contato: Alojamento Pós 2032, 37560-000 Viçosa - MG
Email: santoshenriqueb.dias@yahoo.com.br
The stingless bees are an important group of pollinators. Thus, it is necessary to preserve these
species of bees and nesting sites, especially in areas already disturbed.
The objective of this work was to find of bee nests, determine the substrates used for nest-
ing and identify the species of stingless bees found on the campus of Federal University of Viçosa
(UFV). The UFV campus is located in the “Zona da Mata Mineira” (S 20 º 45´ W and 42 º 52´) with
1611.30 ha and a building area of 31.8 ha. We found 106 nests of Meliponini comprising 12 species
in 10 genera. The substrate most frequent was tree (62), followed by lamp-posts (21), buildings (18)
in air conditioning units (2) in soil (1), door (1) and energy box (1). Rare species found were Schwar-
ziana quadripunctata (1), Cephalotrigona capitata (1), Plebeia lucii (1) Most frequent species were
Tetragonisca angustula (25), Trigona spinipes (4), Trigona hyalinata (3), Partamona helleri (19),
Friesella schrottkyi (9), Plebeia droryana (12), Tetragona clavipes (4), Scaptotrigona xanthotricha
(5), Nannotrigona testaceicornis (22). This study found great diversity of species of stingless bees
on the campus of UFV and low number of nests of some species. However the total number of nests
in the urbanized area was small compared to other places in literature, probably due to human action
and low availability of nesting sites for these bees.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CAPES, CNPq e FUNARBE/UFV.

Palavra chave: Meliponini - Bee nests - Nesting sites - Urbanized area - Bee census

186
PRODUCTION OF MALES AND QUEENS IN

Scaptotrigona aff. depilis COLONIES UNDER
DIFFERENT FOOD CONDITIONS
Instituição: *Instituto de Biociências - USP
Contato: Rua do Matão trav. 14, n. 321 - 05508-900 - São Paulo - SP - Brasil
Email: sheinak@gmail.com
The production of males and queens in Meliponini is related to intrinsic and extrinsic colony
factors. As few studies approach this subject in experimental ways, the aim of this study was to
experimentally assess the influence of the amount of food in the production of sexual offspring in
Scaptotrigona aff. depilis. Fifteen standardized colonies were set up and divided in five groups.
Groups 2C and 2A received 210ml of sugar syrup and 14g of Apis mellifera pollen weekly, while
groups 1C and 1A received half of this diet. Colonies from groups 2C and 1C were kept confined,
whereas colonies from 2A and 1A were opened. Group CO did not receveid any artificial food
and the colonies were opened. During three months of experiment (Summer), 50% of the combs
were sampled and the number of cells and the frequency of males and royal cells were inspected.
The groups were compared applying Two-Way ANOVA over ranks. There was difference among
groups in relation to cell production. This was significant for confinement, (F = 13,8; p = 0,004),
however only marginally significant for food quantity (F = 4,02; p = 0,052). Despite a significant
difference in sexual offspring production among groups, this was due to confinement (Fmales= 6,1;
p = 0,04; Froyal cells = 7,67; p = 0,02), since food amount did not cause difference (Fmales = 0,56;
p = 0,59; Froyal cells = 0,61; p = 0,56). The small variation in royal cell production is according
to other descriptive studies and to the species features. On the other hand, it was expected a direct
influence of the amount of food on male production, which was not observed. This could be related
to the short term experiment and the colonies being in an establishing phase, so that resources were
allocated to growth, instead of reproduction.
Apoio: FAPESP (2011/03698-3)

Palavra chave: food - resource allocation - reproduction - sexual offspring - stingless bees

187
QUEENLESS COLONIES OF Tetragonisca

angustula (APIDAE:MELIPONINI) AND THE
PRODUCTION OF GIANT MALES
Instituição: *Instituto de Biociências - USP
Contato: Rua do Matão trav. 14, n. 321 - 05508-900 - São Paulo - SP - Brasil
Email: sheinak@gmail.com
Egg laying by workers in the presence of the queen is a known process for many species of
stingless bees resulting in the production of male worker offspring. Tetragonisca angustula is an
exception because workers although developing fertile eggs in queenright conditions only lay these
eggs during orphanhood. In 2011, after thirteen colony divisions five colonies of T. angustula were
kept orphans (two in February, Feb1-2, and three in April/May, Apr/May1-3). The colonies presented
cell construction and egg laying by workers. The onset of the oviposition was different between the
two observed periods (approximately a week in February, and more than a month in April/May).
Despite the high productivity (maximum number of combs = 12), a high rate of cell destruction was
observed in all colonies, suggesting a conflict over male production among workers . In two of the
colonies, the oviposition time length was 74 (Feb1) e 94 days (Apr/May2). The total orphanage time
length was 134 ± 19 days (n = 3: Feb 1, Feb2 and Apr/May2). Based on these data, workers lifespan
was estimated in 100 days (five times the species mean), and the ovary activation time length was
estimated in 40 days, exceeding the usual interval (around 15 days). In addition to normal male pro-
duction all five colonies presented giant male production in “royal cells” (max = 4 cells), suggesting
that this could be a frequent pattern which would not depend on the time of the year. The intertegular
distances of two giant males were 1,7 and 1,4 larger than that from normal males (n = 20). This is
the first record of giant male production in T. angustula. The production of “royal cells” in queenless
colonies was also observed in Scaptotrigona postica and Plebeia saiqui and the reason behind giant
male production is still unknown.
Apoio: FAPESP (2011/03698-3)

Palavra chave: giant males - “jataí” - orphanage - stingless bees - worker reproduction

188
POLLEN: THE SOURCE OF

STEROIDS IN STINGLESS BEES AND ITS
PARTICIPATION IN THE COMPOSITION
OF GLANDULAR SECRETIONS.
Autores: Maria Juliana Ferreira-Caliman, Sidnei Mateus, Fábio S. Nascimento, Ronaldo Zucchi
Instituição: Universidade de São Paulo
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes, 3900; Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: jucaliman@pg.ffclrp.usp.br
Steroids are essential molecules in the membrane lipid composition and precursors of impor-
tant steroid hormones that regulate many developmental processes. Insects are unable to synthesize
steroid de novo and thus all phytophagous insects depend from an exogenous source of steroids for
growth, development and reproduction. The steroid requirements of social bees are not fully known
due to the fact that there is not a well-defined diet available throughout the year with regard to floral
resources. Several studies have attempted to describe the major steroids present in pollen. 24 - methy-
lenecholesterol is considered the main steroid present in many types of pollen and it is found in high-
est relative proportion in steroid queens and workers of honey bees. It is also present in their man-
dibular and hypopharyngeal glands. Our study aimed to characterize the steroids present in pollen
stored in Melipona marginata and Melipona scutellaris colonies, as well as evaluating their presence
in the mandibular, hypopharyngeal and cephalic salivary gland secretions. We analyzed the chemical
composition of pollen stored in the colonies and the composition of the cephalic glands of workers
in three phases (newly emerged, nurse bees and foragers, N= 10 pair of glands for all groups) by gas
chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results showed that the pollen is the source of steroids
as campesterol, fucosterol and sitosterol. We concluded that these phytosteroids contribute in the
composition of the three glands analyzed, which are present mainly as gland secretion of nurse bees.
Apoio: This study was supported by grants from Capes and Fapesp (Proc. 04/09479-8).
Palavra chave: stingless bee - steroids - cephalic glands - pollen - gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry.

189
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE

CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS
COMPOSITION OF Melipona marginata
LEPELETIER, 1836
(HYMENOPTERA, MELIPONINI)
WORKERS, MALES AND QUEENS
Maria J. FERREIRA-CALIMAN1*; Tiago FALCÓN2; Sidnei MATEUS1; Ronaldo
ZUCCHI1;Fabio S. NASCIMENTO1
Instituição: 1* Faculdade de Filosofia,Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP; 2 Faculdade de
Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Contato: Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900; Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
Email: jucaliman@pg.ffclrp.usp.br
The outer covering of terrestrial insects consists of a thin layer of lipids. The main compounds
are hydrocarbons whose primary function was to prevent dehydration and fit a protection barrier
against microorganisms and chemicals. Several studies have been shown that the mixture of hydro-
carbons is also important to characterize specie, sexes and colonies, helping an individual to identify
other individuals. Aims of the present study were to characterize the chemical profiles of workers,
males and gynes of Melipona marginata to see how it behaves among caste and sex of this specie.
For characterization of cuticular profiles we analyzed 15 males, 15 gynes and 15 workers (all newly
emerged) from each colony (3 colonies) by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results
showed that cuticular profiles were composed by alkanes, alkenes and methyl alkanes that varied
quantitatively and qualitatively according to caste and gender. The multivariate analysis showed that
cuticular profiles clearly separate the males, queens and the workers (Wilks Lambda p < 0.00001).The
classification matrix based on the discriminant analysis separated 100% of workers, 97.33% of gynes
and 93.33% of males. According to the Mahalanobis distance the workers were more closed to the
males than compared with the gynes (WxM=15.37, WxG=78.91, p < 0.001). Moreover, the distance
between gynes and males was lower than the distance between gynes and workers (GxM=26.44, p <
0.001).These results confirm that proposed by other authors about the differences between the cuticu-
lar chemical profile in individuals from different castes and genders.
Apoio: Capes and Fapesp (Proc. 04/09479-8)

Palavra chave: stingless bee - Melipona marginata - males - gynes - cuticular hydrocarbons

190
POTENTIAL POLLINATORS MONITORING

OF AN APPLE CULTIVAR AT IBICOARA,
CHAPADA DIAMANTINA - BA.
Autores: Uiré Lopes Penna, Blandina Felipe Viana, Catalina Angel, Eduardo Freitas Moreira,
Rafaela Lorena Silva Santos
Instituição: Universidade Federal da Bahia
Contato: Rua Barão de Geremoabo, Av. Adhemar de Barros - Campus da UFBA,
Instituto de Biologia, Ondina
Email: uire_lp@hotmail.com
Human activities as intensive agriculture, inadequate land use practices and natural areas con-
version cause pollinator populations reduction, endangering pollination services, situation called pol-
lination crisis. However, we do not know the magnitude of the crisis because there are no global
monitoring programs. Therefore, the FAO and GEF are developing monitoring programs in different
crops at some countries around the world. The apple is one of them; it depends on cross pollination
that is made mainly by bees. The objective of this work is monitoring the Hymenoptera community
inside and around an apple cultivar at different vegetal structures. The study area is located in the
Bagisa farm, in Cascavel district, Ibicoara-BA. From the center of the cultivar ten sample points
there were established at 200, 400, 600, 800, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 e 2000m from
the middle. The selected points contained a variety of vegetal structures. The sample method used is
Coloured Pan Traps of three colors: white, blue and yellow. At each point it was set a transect of five
triangles, each triangle has 5m of side and were made of three bowls, totalizing 15 bowls per transect.
The pan traps are installed during 24 hours once time every month, throughout a year. Currently, we
have made ten campaigns and analyzed two. Among the colors, the one which captured more was
blue, followed by white and finally yellow. There were collected 326 hymenopterans, the most repre-
sentative family was Apidae, followed by Halictidae. Hymenoptera abundance was higher inside the
cultivar, followed by the points dominated by grass. The lower abundance values were obtained in
places dominated by trees. We think this is because of the lower vision capacity of the insects in these
points. The last results are partial and represent just almost 20% of the total effort.
Apoio: FAPESB
Palavra chave: Pan Traps - Hymenoptera - Monitoring - Pollination - Bees

191
BIOLOGIA E MANEJO DE
ABELHAS AFRICANIZADAS

192
SIDE-EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID
ON LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR OF
AFRICANIZED HONEYBEE
Autores: Andrigo Monroe Pereira¹*; José Chaud-Netto²; Odair Correa Bueno¹; Osmar Malaspina¹
Instituição: ¹*Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, IB - UNESP/RC;
²Departamento de Biologia, IB - UNESP/RC
Contato: Av. 24A, 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
Email: andrigompereira@yahoo.com.br
Modern agriculture increasingly depends on the use of chemical substances to control a variety
of pests. Foraging honeybees are, therefore, directly exposed to such chemicals, but also the rest of
the colony may be affected. Lethal effects are evident, but some effects, caused by sublethal doses
are difficult to measure. Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide known for its strong toxic effect.
In Brazil, neonicotinoids are widely used against numerous terrestrial insects such as insect pests of
crops. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of acute lethal and sublethal doses of imida-
cloprid on behavior of adult Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) under laboratory conditions. In
the beginning of the tests, the LD50 was estimated. The locomotor activity was analyzed in a wooden
box with 6 lanes where honeybees could walk and a glass front allowing observation. The speed of
each bee to cover a portion was measured. The tests were made 1, 4 and 24 hours after the topical
application of this drug at doses corresponding to LD50, LD50/10 and LD50/100. Just the dose cor-
responding the LD50 impaired the locomotor behavior 1 hour after application. However, in the tests
analyzed 4 and 24 hours after administration, the dose corresponding to LD50 and LD50/10 affected
the motor functions. Both effects, slow and high speed, were observed. The formation of possible
toxic metabolites may be related to the time of action for this insecticide.
Apoio: CNPq
Área: Biologia e manejo de abelhas africanizadas
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - Behavior - Imidacloprid - Neonicotinoid - Insecticide

193
EFFECT OF SOCIAL CONTEXT

ON OVOGENESIS IN
Apis mellifera L. QUEENS
Autores: Bruno Berger*; Carminda da Cruz-Landim
Instituição: Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP -
Universidade Estadual Paulista
Contato: Avenida 24A, nº1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
Email: parameciumsp@yahoo.com.br
In Apis mellifera the size of worker population and physiological quality depends of queen
ovaries development and oviposition taxes. A very common practice in beekeeping is the production
of virgin or artificially inseminated queens for sale. Therefore, is important for the usual beekeeping
practices understand how the colonial environment affects the ovogenesis in queens ovaries. Experi-
mental results, obtained by observing the development of ovogenesis in virgin queens maintained
in orphanage colonies and out of it, caged in small box with few workers differences in ovarian
morphology. The presence of two types of controls acts on the queens` ovary function: an internal,
physiological and an external resulting from social interactions. If the queen is kept out of the colony
and prevented from mating, the ovarian cysts advances only until initiation of differentiation between
oocytes and nurse cells, and the ovaries begin of show signs of degeneration. However, when the
queen is maintained in nursery colonies, the ovarian oogenesis progresses until the differentiation
of nurse cells and oocytes are complete and beginning of follicles stage showing nurse and oocytic
chambers. Therefore, the colonial environment is important for the development of ovogenesis in
queen’s ovaries. However, although some authors believe that the colonial environment is essential
for early development of oogenesis, our results showed that even in queens caged out the colony it ad-
vances until early stages of differentiation of nurse cells and oocytes. In both cases, when the queens
are maintained virgins to an age that exceed the one proper for mating, the oogenesis stop and ovaries
start involution. In conclusion it is clear that the social iterations are important for the preparation of
the virgin queen for future eggs maturation, but the mating-timing is crucial for preservation of the
ovary integrity and further egg productivity.
Apoio: FAPESP 2009/17218-3

Palavra chave: Honeybee queen - Oogenesis - Mating - Social interactions - morphology

194
ANALYSIS OF THE ANTENNAL LOBES

OF LARVAE OF A. mellifera AFRICANIZED
EXPOSED TO THIAMETHOXAM
Autores: Daiana Antonia Tavares1*, Thaisa Cristina Roat1, Stephan Malfitano Carvalho1, Elaine
Cristina Mathias Silva Zacarin2, Osmar Malaspina1
Instituição: 1Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Center for the Study of Social Insects
(CEIS), Rio Claro , SP, Brazil; 2Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR), Laboratory of
Structural Biology and Functional (LABEF), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
Contato: Av. 24-A 1515.
Email: daiazoo@rc.unesp.br
The bees of the species Apis mellifera Africanized have great economic and ecological im-
portance, as they contribute to the pollination of crops and natural areas and produce commercially
important products such as honey, beeswax, propolis and royal jelly. Currently, several studies have
shown that insecticides can also reach non-target insects such as bees. Among the most widely used
insecticides highlight the thiamethoxam, which acts on the nervous system insects. One of the struc-
tures in the brain of A. mellifera are the antennal lobes, which receive stimuli from the antennas.
Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of sublethal doses of the neonicotinoid insecticide
thiamethoxam in the brain (the region of the antennal lobes) of larvae of A. mellifera Africanized
after acute exposure and sub-chronic oral, by histological and immunohistochemical techniques
(Hsp90). The results revealed that after the morphological analysis of the brain, the region of the
antennal lobes of larvae of both treated groups when compared with larvae in the control group,
showed no signs of any changes in their morphology. The results revealed by immunohistochemical
tests for the marking of Hsp90 proteins, no differences between the groups treated with the control
group, since in all groups showed a marking for the Hsp90 protein. Thus, one can conclude that
through the techniques used in this study, sublethal doses of the insecticide thiamethoxam did not
change the morphology and activity of Hsp90.
Apoio: Fapesp 2012/01498-0.

Área: Biologia e manejo de abelhas africanizadas.
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - brain - Hsp90 - Antennal lobes – thiamethoxan.

195
BOTANICAL SURVEY OF BEE FLORA IN THE

CAMPUS OF UNIVASF IN PETROLINA (PE)
Autores: Eva Monica Sarmento da Silva1*; Heidy Carvalho dos Santos1; Maria de Fátima
Pereira de Souza1; Márcia de Fátima Ribeiro2.
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco-Univasf; 2Embrapa Semiárido.
Contato: Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Colegiado Acadêmico de Zootecnia,
Rodovia BR 407, km 12 – Lote 543 –Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho, s/nº “C1”.
Email: evasarmento@yahoo.com.br
This work had as objective to evaluate the floral sources available in a caatinga area as food
source for honey bees grainsApis mellifera, in order to give subsidies to the development of sustain-
able bee keeping in Petrolina (PE). The study was conducted in the Experimental farm of the campus
of Agrarian Sciences of UNIVASF. The collection of the botanical material was done each 15 days,
from December 2010 to May 2011, trough walks in tracks of 1.500m. The plant species collected
were in blooming and were being visited by honeybees at that moment. To be sure on the sources col-
lected by the bees, five of them were collected at the moment they were entering the hive with pollen
loads. Honey samples were also collected in five hives to make melissopalinologic analyses. The pol-
linic types were analyzed qualitative and quantitatively, being classified according to the percentage
of occurrence as dominant, accessory, or isolated pollen. In the analysis of pollen grains of the corbic-
ulae it was verified the presence of pollen grains of all plants collected during the experiment. Yet for
these analyses, the plant species were classified according to the amount of pollen grains during the
analyzed months. In December 2010 and January of 2011, there was accessory pollen of Euphorbia-
ceae, both with 20%. For February, March, April and May 2011, the family Fabaceae was dominant
with 59%. Practically in all months were found isolated pollen. The families of larger incidence in the
honey samples were Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae. Therefore, these are the most indicated species to
be inserted in not cultivated areas in order to have beekeeping production.
Apoio: CNPq.
Área: Biologia e manejo de abelhas africanizadas.
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - melissopalinologic analyses - plant species - pollinic types
- pollen grains.

196
FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF AFRICANIZED

HONEYBEE Apis mellifera IN STANDARD
WATERMELON FIELDS IN RUSSAS-CE
Autores: Isac Gabriel Abrahão Bomfim¹,²; Antonio Diego de Melo Bezerra¹,²; Victor Magalhães
Monteiro¹; Rômulo Augusto Guedes Rizzardo¹; Fernando Antonio de Souza Aragão²; Breno
Magalhães Freitas¹
Instituição: 1. Universidade Federal do Ceará; 2. Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical
Contato: 1. Av. Mister Hull S/N; CEP-60021-970; 2- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical-CE, C.
Postal 3761, Brasil.
Email: isacbomfim@yahoo.com.br
This study aimed to assess the foraging behavior of Africanized honeybee (Apis mellifera) in
pistilate and staminate flowers of the standard watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) variety “QUETZALY”.
Variables as the density of bees visiting the flowers during the day, the time spent/visit, number of
flowers visited/minute/trip, and the number of visits/flower during 10 minutes were evaluated in a
experiment that was carried out in the county of Russas-CE during the month of October 2010. The
data were collected in a delimited area of 25m x 50m within a watermelon field of three hectares, with
a density of three beehives/ha placed across the border of the field. The results showed that the bees
concentrated their foraging during 6:00 and 12:00, with the highest frequency of visitation between
7:00 and 9:00 in the morning (average of 8 bees/100 flowers), although the flowers begin to open at
5:30 and only close completely 14:30. In visits typically for nectar, 6.02s and 8.56s per staminate and
pistilate flower, respectively. It was also observed that bees visited an average of 7.7 flowers/min/trip,
being 96.3% and 3.7% of the visits for staminate and pistilate flower, respectively. This preference
should be a reflection of the offer of these flowers in the area, since there is a ratio between 7.5 to 11.5
staminate flowers for each pistilate flower/m² in a watermelon field. Staminate flowers received more
visits between 7:00 and 8:00 (2.83 visits/10 min), about an hour earlier than the peak of visitation in
pistilate flower, which took place between 8:00 and 9:00 (3.71 visits/10 min). Thus, we can suggest
that Africanized honeybees with this foraging behavior maximize the transferring of pollen from sta-
minate flowers to pistilate flowers, considering that they visit a greater number of staminate flowers
before they visit pistilate flowers, where they spend more time per visit.
Apoio: FUNCAP; CNPq

Palavra chave: Africanized honeybee - foraging behavior - standard watermelon - staminate
flower - pistilate flower

197
MANAGEMENT IN THE HARVEST AND

QUALITY OF HONEY PRODUCED IN THE
BEEKEEPING OF THE NORTHERN REGION
OF CEARÁ STATE, BRAZIL.
Autores: José Everton Alves1*, José Almir Ferreira Gomes2, Jânio Angelo Félix1, José Elton Melo
Nascimento1, João Paulo de Oliveira Muniz1, Patrícia Matias Araújo1, Talícia Lima Marinho1.
Instituição: 1*Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú - UVA; 2Instituto de Educação, Ciência e
Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano.
Contato: Av. da Universidade, 850. Campus da Betânia, 62040-370, Sobral, CE, Brasil.
Email: professoreverton@msn.com
To obtain an excellent quality of honey, extreme care is required with combs to avoid alterations
and contaminations of the product with common dirty outside the hives. This work aimed to know the
management of colonies and honeycombs that imply loss in the quality of the honey in the apiaries
in the northern region of Ceará, Brazil. Technical visits to the apiaries (n= 51) were done to fourteen
municipalities where it was observed management techniques by the beekeepers in their colonies
(n=420), as well as to apply a questionnaire and follow some honey harvest during the year 2010.
Among other factors that may affect the quality of honey, it was found that 22.6% of beekeepers ap-
ply smoke on the combs making possible a contamination in the honey; 19.4% apply smoke in excess
attempting to calm the africanized bees; 61.3% lead parts of the hives directed to the soil and 41.9%
do not collect the honey in honey houses. Among the beekeepers who do not collect honey in honey
houses; six of them (46.2%) extract honey outdoors, on top of sand or clay, 12.3% of the harvest
occurred in rainy days and 93.3% of honey supers were carried in wheelbarrows without previous
hygiene. It was found that the distance between the apiary and honey house justifies the harvest to
occur in inappropriate places. Concerning personal hygiene it was observed that 70.9% of beekeepers
do not take showers before the process of extracting honey; 70.9% do not wear adequate clothes and
9.8% used gloves, masks and caps during harvesting honey. Finally, the management that beekeep-
ers give to their colonies and honeycombs during field and crop activities can damage the quality of
honey produced.
Apoio: EMATERCE
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera, beekeeper, honeybees, bee products, colonies management.

198
HONEY PRODUTIVITY IN APIARIES

OF THE NORTERN REGION OF CEARÁ
STATE, BRAZIL.
Autores: José Everton Alves1*, José Almir Ferreira Gomes2, Jânio Angelo Félix1, José Elton Melo
Nascimento1, João Paulo de Oliveira Muniz1, Patrícia Matias Araújo1, Talícia Lima Marinho1.
Instituição: 1*Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú; 2Instituto de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia
do Sertão Pernambucano.
Contato: Av. da Universidade, 850, Campus da Betânia, 62040-370, Sobral, CE, Brasil.
Email: professoreverton@msn.com
Commercial apiaries in the Northern Region of Ceará, beekeepers are in need of technical
assistance and training to enable them to get greater honey productivity. In semi-arid northeastern
region Apis mellifera colonies are able to produce up to 40 kg of honey annually. This work aims
to know the honey productivity and the factors that interfere in the production in the north region
of Ceará, Brazil. Technical visits were achieved to the apiaries (n=51) of fourteen municipalities
of the Northern Region of Ceará, where was applied a questionnaire besides the observation of
the management techniques adopted by the beekeepers and the state of the colonies (n=420). The
results showed that the annual average of productivity of honey was about 9.77+6.93 kg/colonies.
Considering that the apiaries are composed by an average of 8.4 hives and that the vegetation sur-
rounding is caatinga well preserved, the main causes of this low productivity and its respective
percentage of occurrence were: no beekeeper performs the annual exchange of queens (n=51);
74.1% of beekeepers do not replace old combs annually by beeswax foundation (n=51); 45.1%
of the colonies had their entrance blocked by herbaceous extract (n=420); 45.6% of the colonies
swarmed during the harvest period (n=420); 54.8% of beekeepers occasionally visit the apiary
(n=51); 91.3% of beekeepers do not artificially feed their colonies before the harvest period (n=51)
and 40.3% of the hives were in the sun during the whole day (n=420). In summary the production
of honey from apiaries in the northern region of Ceará may have a great growth only with the adop-
tion of techniques that make possible a good development of the colonies.
Apoio: EMATERCE
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera, beekeeper, honeybees, bee products, colonies management.

199
TESTING HONEYBEE QUEENS

REARING METHODS FOR APICULTURAL
AND RESEARCH PURPOSES IN
MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL
Autores: Marcos A.R. Farias, Rubens M. de Castro, Cézio A. Oliveira, Angel R. Barchuk, Isabel
R.V. Teixeira
Instituição: Federal Institute of Sul de Minas - Campus Muzambinho, IFSULDEMINAS,
Muzambinho; Depto. Biologia Celular, Tecidual e do Desenvolvimento, Institute of Biomedical
Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
Contato: Estrada Muzambinho, Bairro Morro Preto, Muzambinho, CEP 37890-000 - MG, Brazil;
Email: marcos_rfarias@hotmail.com
There are several apicultural practices that require queens to be produced artificially: colony en-
hancement and/or division, artificial insemination, etc. This need is also present in honeybee biology
research programs, and has augmented in the last years because of events of colony losses detected
worldwide. Since the acceptance of the transferred first larval stage queens to queen cells is a critical
step in obtaining newly emerged queens, we tested three commonly used methods of queen rearing:
i. Queenless hive: a standard Langstroth’s hive with ten combs containing brood, honey, and pollen;
ii. Nuc/hive: a normal hive with ten combs including honey, workers, brood, and queen. Over this is
placed a small hive with five combs, including two with brood, and two with honey and pollen; iii.
Hive/hive: two standard hives, one of them with a queen. Experiments were carried out five times in
two colonies (Africanized Apis mellifera) during February-May 2012 (summer/autumn) in the Cen-
tral Apiary of IFSULDEMINAS, Muzambinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil (21°22’S; 46°31’W; 1,048 m).
Weekly, L1 larvae (from JenterTM cage) were first grafted to a queenless hive, and the next day, two
bars with L2 larvae in recently made queen cells were transferred to one of the three hive systems to
be tested, where queens were reared until emergence. The acceptance hierarchy found was as follows:
Nuc/hive (90%), Hive/hive (84%), and queenless hive (79%, p<0.06 related to Nuc/hive). Queenless
hive system showed the highest sd= 17.20. We also tested the influence of the material the queen
cells are made of on the acceptance. A 24-replicate experiment showed that acrylic cells have 47%
(p<0.05) higher acceptance than those made of beeswax. The acceptance rate of the Nuc/hive system
and the acrylic cells, and their lower cost, make them the best combination for queen rearing.
Apoio: Financial Support: PROAP Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à

Saúde, UNIFAL-MG; CNPq Proc. No 473748/2008-8; 473157/2010-1; 157634/2011-6.
Palavra chave: Queenless hive - Nuc/hive - Hive/hive - acceptance - Apis mellifera

200
AFRICANIZATION OF Apis mellifera L. FROM

IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK
Autores: Katlin Fernanda Araujo1, Juliana Mosconi Magro1, Simone Aparecida dos Santos1,
Richarlyston Brandt Pereria2, Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo3, Claudete Aparecida Man-
golin1, Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki1*
Instituição: 1*Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual
de Maringá; 2Faculdade Anglo-Americano; 3Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual
de Maringá
Contato: Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário. CEP: 87020-900; Maringá-PR
Email: mccrtakasusuki@uem.br
Iguaçu National Park (INP) was created in 1939 with total area of 85,262 hectares is located
in Parana state, holds enormous richness of fauna and flora of the Atlantic forest. There is a lack
of information on the species of pollinating bees of the INP. The hybrid between the European and
African subspecies of Apis mellifera was called “Africanized”. The use of molecular markers allows
us to understand the process of honeybee Africanization in the Americas. The analyses of markers
for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been employed due to certain characteristics such as mater-
nal inheritance and facility to isolate the DNA. This study was carried out to analyse mitochondrial
DNA from eleven nests of A. mellifera Africanized from the Iguaçu National Park. The collected
honeybees were sacrificed and kept at -20°C until use. DNA isolation was performed with 10 adult
workers thorax from each nest. Mitochondrial analysis was carried out on a polymerase chain reac-
tion (PCR) produced from the mtDNA Cyt b and COI. Amplified DNA was digested with Bgl II,
EcoR I, Dra I, Bgl I, Xba I and Hinc II enzymes. Restriction Absence sites Bgl II in the region Cyt b
and the absence of Hinc II and Xba I in the region COI, showed that honeybees of Iguaçu National
Park have African mtDNA pattern. Molecular analysis results corroborate reports about the defen-
siveness of these honeybees in Iguaçu National Park, that is, indicates the presence of African genes
in these insects. Honeybees are exotic in this reserve therefore there is need to develop a program of
management and control.
Apoio: CNPq, CAPES

Palavra chave: honeybee - matrilines - mitochodrial DNA - PCR-RFLP - reserve

201
HONEY BEE QUEEN’S OVARIOLES

NUMBER IN TWO WEIGHT’S GROUP
Autores: Daiana A. De Souza1,2*, Tiago M. Francoy³ & Lionel S. Gonçalves2,4
Instituição: 1 - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – USP,
2 - Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP,
3 - Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidade – USP,
4 – CETEC/UFERSA Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido.
Contato: Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP14040-901. Ribeirão Preto – SP, Brasil
Email: daianasouz@usp.com.br
The influence of honey bee queen’s weight at emergence in her reproductive capacity is a long
time questioned. It is believed that have a positive correlation between weight and number of ovari-
oles, which allows the queen to perform the oviposition of a larger amount of eggs throughout her
lifetime. For this reason this study have propose of verify the number of ovarioles in two different
weight queen’s groups, less than 180 mg and more than 200mg, with africanized honey bees (Apis
mellifera). For this, newly emerged honey bees queens were carefully dissected and her ovary was
collected and postfixed in 3.7% neutral buffered formaldehyde for 24 hours, dehydrated in increas-
ing ethanol concentration, treated in xylenes, paraffin-embedded and sectioned. The ovaries sections
were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). After this, the slides with the ovariole’s sections was
photographed and counted facilitated by use of softwares. We found that heavy queens born with an
average 414 ± 68 ovarioles, while in light queens this average is 217 ± 35 ovarioles. This difference
is statistically significant (P = 0.001). This result is in agreement with other studies conducted with
other subspecies of honeybees and based the theory of better reproductive capacity of heavy queens.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavras-chave: Africanized honey bee; queen’s wheight; ovarioles number

202
BIOLOGIA DA POLINIZAÇÃO

203
FLOWER VISITORS OF CROTALARIA

(Crotalaria juncea)
Autores: Adilson Massei Junior1*; Francisco William Zera1; Darclet Teresinha Malerbo-Sou-
za2; Cláudio Luiz Faccio1; Gabriela Bonfá Frezarim3
Instituição: 1Alunos do curso de Agronomia do Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda; 2Professora
Doutora do Depto. de Ciências Agrárias, Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda; 3Aluna do curso de
Zootecnia da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal
Contato: Av. Dr. Oscar de Moura Lacerda, 1520, Jd Independência, 14076-510, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
The crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea) is a kind of faster growth and has been widely used as green
manure in rotation with different crops and soil enrichment. It is considered a plant honey, various
attracting insects in particular bees. The aim of this research was to investigate the foraging behavior
of different species of insects visiting the flowers of crotalaria. This experiment was conducted at the
Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda, in Ribeirão Preto, SP. After the onset of flowering, the crop was
under observation were evaluated where the insect species of flower visitors to this, one of each spe-
cies was collected and identified in comparison to the entomological collection of the institution. The
frequency of visits of insects during the day was obtained by counting every 50 minutes from 7:00
a.m. to 6:00 p.m., 10 minutes each time, through visual observation covering the site of the experi-
ment with three replications in different days. Only insects were observed visiting the flowers with
predominance of bees (Hymenoptera) (83.57%). The most frequent species was africanized honey
bee Apis mellifera (54.71%) followed by stingless bees Tetragonisca angustula (17.75%) and two
species of carpenter bees (11.11%). With regard to other insects were observed Lepidoptera (6.88%),
Hemiptera (5.55%), Coleoptera (1.45%), Orthoptera (0.98%), Vespidae (0.85%) and Diptera (0.72%).
Africanized honey bees were more frequent between 12:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. preferring to collect
pollen in the flowers and presents vibration behavior. Stingless bees T. angustula were more frequent
between 4:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. collecting both nectar and pollen and carpenter bees visited the flow-
ers during the day showing no frequency peaks and collecting only nectar. The crotalaria was visited
mainly by bees and is considered a good resource food for insects.
Apoio: Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda

Área: Biologia da polinização
Palavra chave: bees - crotalaria juncea - insects - resource food - flowers

204
FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF AFRICANIZED

HONEY BEES ON TROPICAL HYDRANGEA
(Dombeya wallichii)
Autores: Adilson Massei Junior1*; André Luiz Halak2; Darclet Teresinha Malerbo-Souza3;
Cláudio Luiz Faccio1; Gabriela Bonfá Frezarim4
Instituição: 1Alunos em Agronomia, Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda;
2Doutorando em Produção Animal, Uni.Est.de Maringá(UEM); 3Profa.Dra. Depto.
de Ciências Agrárias,Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda; 4Aluna em Zootecnia,
Fac. Ciências Agr. Vet.Jaboticabal
Contato: Av. Dr. Oscar de Moura Lacerda, 1520, Jd Independência, 14076-510,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
Email: juniormassei@superig.com.br
The present experiment was realized in flowerage of tropical hydrangea (Dombeya wallichii)
on Maringá, PR, Brazil, in 2010 July to study the insects involved in pollination, their behavior in
the flower (frequency and constancy). More frequent insects were recorded daily (counted during
one minute, every hour) since 7:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. with three replications. It was observed that
only Africanized honey bees Apis mellifera in the flowers of D. wallichii. These bees preferred to
visit flowers for nectar colletion (15.79%) and took on average 23.18 seconds to collect nectar and
15.79 seconds to collect pollen. Sugar concentration of nectar in degree Brix (°B) found in honey gall
(chat) bees, after collecting nectar, on 13 and 18 July were 10.32 and 10.82, respectively, showing no
significant difference between days. The Africanized honey bee is the only insect species observed in
the flowers of D. wallichii, being constant in the days and observed more frequently between 11:00
a.m. and 12:00 a.m. These bees prefer to collect nectar and this presents nectar 10.57 ºBrix sugars,
namely, 1:00 p.m. These flowers are a positive alternative to replace and/or complement the use of
artificial feeding in winter for increase the productivity of swarms and were considered an important
resource food for honey bees.
Apoio: Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda

Palavra chave: honey bees - Dombeya wallichii - nectar - pollination - Apis mellifera

205
OLIGOLECTIC AND BROAD POLYLECTIC

BEES AS POLLINATORS OF Echinodorus
(ALISMATACEAE) IN EPHEMERAL PONDS
IN SEMI-ARID BRAZILIAN CAATINGA
Autores: Airton Torres Carvalho1*; Clemens Schlindwein2
Instituição: 1*Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - UFPB;
2Departamento de Botânica - UFMG
Contato: 1*Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, 58059-900 João Pessoa, PB,
Brazil; 2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Email: carvalhoairton@yahoo.com.br
Specialized interactions between oligolectic bees and aquatic plants in ephemeral water bodies
are rare in semi-arid regions. In the Brazilian Caatinga, however, Hydrocleys martii (Alismataceae)
maintains an interdependent interaction with oligolectic bees of Protodiscelis palpalis (Colletidae,
Neopasiphaeinae). Previous bee surveys documented bees of Protodiscelis alismatis visiting flowers
of Echinodorus spp. (Alismataceae) in the same region, often syntopically in the same ponds with
H. martii. We studied the pollination of Echinodorus palaefolius in detail and sampled flower visi-
tors of other congenerics in order to assess whether these aquatic plants rely on oligolectic pollina-
tors for reproductive success. We performed controlled pollination tests and conducted observations
in the field and experimental garden. We determined the stability of the relationship Echinodorus/
Protodiscelis in 41 temporary ponds in different localities of the Caatinga. E. palaefolius has mor-
phologically simple flowers and produce abundant resources that are available to floral visitors for a
short and unpredictable period each year. The reproductive system of the species is incompatible and
plants depend on bee visits to set fruits. The flowers of E. palaefolius were frequently visited by bees
of only three species: the oligolectic P. alismatis and the broad polylectic Apis mellifera and Trigona
spinipes. This composition of pollinators was confirmed in different regions of the Caatinga. The
interaction between P. alismatis and E. palaefolius is highly specialized, similar to that of P. palpalis
and H. martii. We consider E. palaefolius reproductively less dependent to oligolectic pollinators,
because polylectic bees could replace P. alismatis when they are absent. However, bees of P. alismatis
were only absent in a single pond, revealing that this plant-pollinator association is highly stable in
the Caatinga. Furthermore, our data indicates that P. alismatis is the main pollinators of all species of
Echinodorus that occur in semi-arid regions of Brazil.
Apoio: CAPES; CNPq

Palavra chave: Protodiscelis - specialization - generalization - Colletidae - bee-plant interaction

206
COMPARATIVE DIVERSITY OF
NATIVE BEES IN ORGANIC AND
CONVENTIONAL FIELDS IN SERGIPE
STATE, NORTHEAST OF BRAZIL
Autores: Aline Borba dos Santos¹*; Fábio Santos do Nascimento¹
Instituição: 1*Laboratório de Comportamento e Ecologia de Insetos Sociais,
Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de
Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto,
São Paulo, Brasil, 55 (16) 36020587
Email: alineborba@usp.br, fsnascim@usp.br
The economic growth is the major issues discussed in the world; it’s need then the sustainable
development with use of less impacting forms of production. The agriculture shows a range of options
for trading as the production of tomatoes that in Brazilian territory is very know and important to ag-
ricultural sector, and is among cultures that use more chemicals. Due to increasing consumption and
need for greater production, management techniques can be adapted or associated to crops to devel-
opment aimed the crop increasing without affect the environment, also without chemical compounds
that prejudice the consumers’ health. A technique used is the pollination, it made by many types of
animals for increase the some species production, the combination of these animals with tomato crop
is an alternative to compounds chemical use that is natural and beneficial to humans. In the tomatoes
case, some studies have been conducted, but these observations are made principally in Southeast of
Brazil far from reality of the Northeast. To aim knowing the pollinators of tomato flowers, the dif-
ferences between traditional and organic cultivation and the associated vegetation, we collected visi-
tant insects between March and November 2008 in the municipality of Itabaiana and Areia Branca,
Sergipe state. Bee communities provide a pollination service for ecosystems, which is important for
environmental conservation and food production. Bees visiting tomato flowers were collected during
nine months in conventional and organic crops of a semi-arid region of Brazil. Although the species
richness was not significantly higher in organic crops (17 vs 12 species), the abundance of individu-
als in these fields was greater than in conventional fields (127 vs 38 individuals). Of the 20 species
collected, 14 potential pollinators were identified through behavioral observations. The results cor-
roborated previous data that organic systems are favorable for promoting the diversity of bee fauna.
Apoio: FAPESP – 2010/19449-0; PRODEMA/UFS; POSGRAP/UFS

Palavra chave: pollination - tomato - buzz pollination - bee diversity - species richness

207
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HONEYBEE

(Apis mellifera) AND NATIVE WILD BEE
FREQUENCIES AND COTTON
(Gossypium hirsutum, MALVACEAE) FLOWER
ABUNDANCE IN SMALL FARMS IN
PARAÍBA STATE (BRAZIL)
Autores: Viviane C. Pires¹; Amanda M. Dias¹*; Karoline R. S. Torezani²;
Wallyson A. Rodrigues²; Rafael Ferrari¹; Rodolfo C. Arantes¹; Fábio A. Albuquerque²;
Fernando A. Silveira¹; Carmen S. S. Pires².
Instituição: ¹Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG; ²Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa
Agropecuária – Embrapa; ³Universidade de Brasília – UnB
Contato: Av. Antonio Carlos, nº 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG
Email: amandamonik@yahoo.com.br
Despite the fact that cotton flowers may be autopollinated, their pollination efficiency may be
increased by bee visits. For this reason, knowing factors influencing bee frequency on cotton flowers
may be important for increasing this crop productivity. Here, we evaluated if the abundances of the
exotic honey bee and of native species varied with the increase of cotton flowering intensity. Data
were collected in the municipalities of Prata and Remígio (Paraíba state, Brazil), in 2011. Viable flow-
ers were counted in four 50-m lines of the crop, where honey bee and wild bee abundances on flowers
were separately evaluated. Bees were counted on flowers in four one-hour intervals between 09:00
and 13:00, in each sampling day (3 days in Prata; 9 in Remígio). Honey bee abundance was three
times greater than that of native bees (Z = 2.58; p < 0.01). Variation in flower abundance explained
about 60% and 40% of the variation of honey bee and of native bee abundances, respectively (R2 =
0.61, p < 0.01; R2 = 0.38, p = 0.03, respectively). Results seem to reflect the well-known preference
of A. mellifera for dense resources and its great recruiting efficiency. On the other hand, the low fre-
quency of native species and their weaker response to the fluctuation of cotton-flower abundance may
be due to their relatively low frequency in the sampling area. The increase in honey bee frequency
apparently did not influence native-bee abundance (r² = 0.18; p = 0.08). Despite their low frequencies,
native bees may be the only pollinator agents on cotton flowers, when these are relatively rare in the
beginning and end of the flowering seasons.
Apoio: CNPq; FAO; GEF; Fapemig

Palavra chave: pollination - cotton flowers - native bees - Apis mellifera - Caatinga

208
POLLEN HARVEST BY BEES IN A

DEGRADED AREA UNDER REHABILITATION
IN MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL
Autores: Ana Paula de Souza Medeiros Santos1*; Anete Pedro Lourenço2
Instituição: ¹*Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade
Federal dos vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri; ²Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade
de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos vales do Jequitinh
Email: anapaulabio2011@hotmail.com
The analysis of pollen harvested by bees to feed larvae and adults allows the study about the
food resources used by them. Besides that, it allows the identification of plants that are pollinated by
these insects. The main goal of this work was to identify the pollen types carried by bees of the genus
Bombus, Centris and Epicharis collected in an area in rehabilitation process in Diamantina – Minas
Gerais. We collected bees visiting flowers of exotic plant species (Ipomoea ramosissima, Passiflora
sp., Bixa orellana and Richardia sp.) and native species (Solanum lycocarpum). The pollen grains
were recovered from the body of 17 individuals belonging to 8 species of bees. The analysis revealed
26 pollen types, and 13 types were identified at least at the family level. Solanum lycocarpum (Sola-
naceae) type pollen was found in all species of bees, and presented high relative frequency in 62.5%
of the bee species. Ipomoea ramosissima (Convolvulaceae) pollen type was found in large quantities
in Bombus atratus and Centris bicolor. Pollen types of Passiflora sp., Bixa orellana and Richardia
sp. were not found in bees collected in these plants. However, several other pollen types were found
(type Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Myrtaceae, and others not yet identified)
at low frequency. Asteraceae was the family with the greatest diversity of pollen types. All together,
these results indicate that the native species Solanum lycocarpum and the exotic species Ipomoea ra-
mosissima are plants of major importance for these bees in the rehabilitation area. However, the bees
do not restrict their diet to these plants, which is revealed by other pollen types harvested by them. On
the other hand, the bees promote pollination of these plants in the area in recovery process.
Apoio: FAPEMIG; UFVJM; CAPES

Palavra chave: Bombus - Centris - Epicharis - pollen - degraded area

209
BEES AND OTHER INSECT VISITORS OF

FLOWERS IN CULTURE OF CUCUMBER
Cucumis sativus IN BARRETOS, SP
Autores: André L. HALAK1; Darclet Teresinha MALERBO-SOUZA2; Guilherme Ricardo de
Souza TOLEDO2; Gabriela Bonfá FREZARIM3; Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de TOLEDO1
Instituição: 1 Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM);2 Centro Universitário da Fundação
Educacional de Barretos (UNIFEB);3 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de
Jaboticabal (FCAVJ/UNESP)
Contato: Av. Colombo, 5.790 Jd. Universitário,Maringá - Paraná - Brasil • CEP 87020-900
Departamento de Zootecnia, PPZ, Bloco J-45 Email: andrehalak@yahoo.com.br
Cross-pollination is essential in the production of fruit plants monoecious species such as

cucumber (Cucumis sativus), culture of economically important and highly dependent on pollina-
tion by honeybees. This experiment was conducted on private property in Barretos, SP, in order to
verify the species of insect visitors to flowers of cucumbers, as well as the frequency and resource
collected. The experimental area was installed in August 2011, at a spacing of 1.0 m between rows
and 40 cm between plants. Flowering began about 40 days after planting. The frequency of visita-
tion and the use of insects collected (nectar or pollen), in male and female flowers, throughout the
day, were obtained by counting every 50 minutes from 7h00 a.m. to 5h00 p.m., 20 minutes each
time, through visual observation with five replications (five different days). Only insects were
observed visiting the flowers with predominance of bees (Hymenoptera) and sporadic visits of but-
terflies (Lepidoptera). Of the bee species observed, the most common were Africanized honeybees
A. mellifera (90.44% of observed species) but also stingless bees species were observed (9.56%):
Plebeia sp. (Mirim), Frisiomelitta sp. (Jam), Tetragonisca angustula (jataí) and one species of the
family Halictidae ( Augochloropsis sp). It was observed that 99.22% of Africanized bees visited
male flowers for pollen and nectar and only 0.8% visited the female flowers, being more frequent
in the morning (between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m.) and reducing the frequency in throughout the day.
The stingless bees showed a peak frequency at 1:00 pm, the hottest time of day. Were also observed
that the Africanized bees began gathering early (7:00 a.m.) and ended later (6:00 p.m.) compared
to stingless bees (8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., respectively).
Apoio: CNPq
Palavra chave: honeybees - visitors - pollination - insects - bees

210
FORAGE BEHAVIOR OF BEES AND OTHER

INSECTS ON GUAVA FLOWERS
Psidium guajava L. IN BRODOWSKI, SP
Autores: André L. HALAK*1; Darclet Teresinha MALERBO-SOUZA2; Gabriela Bonfá
FREZARIM; Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de TOLEDO1; Pamela Roberta de Souza¹
Instituição: *1 Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM); 2 Centro Universitário da Fundação
Educacional de Barretos (UNIFEB)
Contato: Av. Colombo, 5.790 Jd. Universitário, Maringá - Paraná - Brasil • CEP 87020-900
Departamento de Zootecnia, PPZ, Bloco J-45
Email: andrehalak@yahoo.com.br
The present experiment was realized in flowerage of guava (Psidium guajava L.) on Brodows-
ki, SP, Brazil, in September 2011 to study the insects involved in pollination, their behavior and fre-
quency on the flower. More frequent insects were recorded daily (counted during ten minutes, every
hour) since 7:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. with three replications. The insect visitors on guava flowers were
Africanized honey bee Apis mellifera (84.3%), carpenter bees Xylocopa sp. (6.7%), stingless bees
Trigona sp. (6.7%), insects of ordem Diptera (0.9%), Lepidoptera (0.7%) and Coleoptera (0.7%).
All the species of bees visited the flowers only to collect pollen in the morning from 7:00 to 11:00
am decreasing the frequency during this period. The behavior of buzz pollination was not observed
in species of bees visiting these flowers. Stingless bees Trigona due to their behavior and size have
not made contact with the female flower. Carpenter bees Xylocopa sp. although less frequent than
Africanized honeybees and due to the size and behavior is likely to be an efficient pollinating agent.
It was concluded that the most common insects in the flowers of guava are bees. Among the species
of bees stand out Africanized bees, Xylocopa sp and Trigona sp. These bees collected only pollen in
flowers of guava until 11:00 am and there were no bees on flowers in the afternoon. The Africanized
were the most frequent and showed behavior consistent with that of effective pollinatior. Stingless
bees T. spinipes were not considered pollinators of flowers of guava. Carpenter bees exhibited behav-
ior of pollinators but visiting the flowers in a small percentage of that culture. For this forage behavior
Africanized honey bees were considered an important pollinator in this crop.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - bees - insects - guava - pollination

211
FLORAL BIOLOGY, POLLINATION

REQUIREMENTS AND VISITORS
OF THE BRAZIL NUT TREE (Bertholletia
excelsa Bonpl., LECYTHIDACEAE)
IN TOME-ASSU – PA
Autores: Andrea Cristina Silva dos Santos1*; Márcia Motta Maués1; Fabrício da Silva Corrêa1;
Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura1
Instituição: 1*Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Laboratório de Entomologia.
Contato: Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, 66095-100, Belém, PA, Brasil.
Email: andreaufra@hotmail.com
The Brazil-nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Lecythidaceae) is considered a symbol of the
Amazon region due to the importance of its nuts to the extractive communities, traded in domestic
and international markets. In cultivated areas, the Brazil nut has shown an excellent performance,
but still requires studies on floral biology and pollination. Thus, the pollination biology was inves-
tigated from October to December of 2010 and 2011, with the aid of scaffolding towers (12-20m
high) at the Sasahara Farm (S02 33 39.3 W048 21 20.4) in Tome-Assu, PA, an agroforestry system
where the Brazil nut is the main component. The anthesis and duration of flowering, stigma receptiv-
ity, pollen viability, behavior and identification of floral visitors were characterized, and controlled
pollination tests were applied in protected flowers: spontaneous self-pollination (AE, n=540/1.672);
induced self-pollination (AI, n=657/1.566); cross-pollination (XE, n=880/1.716) and geitonogamy
(GE, n=742/1.443). As control, flowers were exposed to free pollination (PL, n= 564/2.343), data
from 2010/2011, respectively. Flowering occurred from October/2011 to January/2012, with a peak
between November and December/2011. The anthesis varied between trees from 01:00h to 05:30h.
The stigma was receptive from 07:00 to 11:00h, coinciding with the period of pollen release and vi-
ability (06:30 to 11:00h). We recorded initial formation of 29 fruits in 2010, nine by AE (1.6%), seven
by AI (1.06%); ten by XE (1.13%), two by GE (0.3%) and one by PL (0.2%). In 2011, only two fruits,
one by XE (0.058%), and one by PL (0.042%). As flowers visitors (not all are pollinators), were col-
lected 64 insects of the orders: Hymenoptera (Eulaema meriana, Xylocopa frontalis, X. aurulenta,
Apis mellifera, Trigonaspp., Bombus transversalis and wasps), Hemiptera (Pentatomidae) and Co-
leoptera (Staphilinidae and Chrysomelidade). The main pollinator was Xylocopa frontalis. The low
fruit-set in 2011 may be related to heavy rainfall recorded in that year.
Apoio: Rede sobre Polinização da Castanheira 556406/2009-05 CNPq & Projeto Polinizadores
GEF/UNEP/FAO Funbio.
Palavra chave: Agroforestry - receptive - viability - anthesis - Xylocopa frontalis

212
FLOWER VISITOR BEES OF THE

BRAZILIAN CHACO: RESOURCE
GATHERING AND POLLINATION
Autores: Camila Silveira de Souza1*, Camila Aoki2, Sebastião Laroca3, Marlies Sazima4,
Maria Rosângela Sigrist1
Instituição: 1*Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Botânica, Campo
Grande, MS, Brasil; 2Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus de Aquidauana,
Departamento de Biologia, Aquidauana, MS, Brasil; 3Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Instituto de Biologia, departamento de Botânica, Campinas, SP, Brasil, 4Universidade Federal
do Paraná, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
Contato: Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900, Laboratório de Botânica,
Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.
Email: camila_silveirasouza@hotmail.com
Chaco sensu strict in Brazil occurs only in Porto Murtinho, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) and until
now there is no publication about bees from the region. In this study we performed a survey of flower
visitor bees in the Steppic Savanna of wet Chaco, Porto Murtinho, from November/2009 to Octo-
ber/2010. Additionally, we checked the gathered floral resources and the pollination action of the bees
on the sampled flowers. We captured a total of 213 bee specimens, belonging to 26 species and five
families, on 54 plant species, enclosed in 23 families. The main families were Apidae (13 spp.; 146
specimens), Megachilidae (nine; 55), Halictidae (two; nine), Andrenidae and Colletidae (only Arhy-
sosage melanica and Ptiloglossa willink, respectively). The most represented genera were Megachile
and Centris with four species each, Xylocopa (three spp.), Pseudocentron and Ceratina with 2 species
each. The exotic Apis mellifera (68 specimens) and the native bees Tetragonisca angustula (23) and
Epanthidium bicoloratum (23) comprised 53.5% of all sampled specimens, since they occurred from
six to 12 months and they visited 37.6% of the sampled plant species. Nectar and pollen were col-
lected in the same proportions (47.2%), however oil was only collected in smaller proportion (5.6%)
by Centris varia and C. tarsata in two Malpighiaceae species. In 66.6% of visits the bees acted as
potential pollinators. The presence of A. mellifera as the most abundant species suggests some an-
thropization degree. The high percentage of potentially pollinator species indicates the importance of
the bee fauna in the reproductive success of Chaco plant species.
Apoio: CNPq; CAPES

Palavra chave: Angiosperms - Arid environment - Ecology - Herbaceous - Plant-insect interactions

213
FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF Bombus atratus

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE)
IN STRAWBERRY CROP (Fragaria x ananassa)
IN GREENHOUSE
Autores: Carlos Poveda, Marlene Lucía Aguilar, Diego A. Riaño, Maria Mercedes Perez
Instituição: Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
Contato: Cra 11 No 101-80 Bogotá, Colombia
Email: ecologiadeabejas@unimilitar.edu.co, Bombus atratus
The use of native bumblebee Bombus atratus has become an alternative to improve the quality
and production of differents crops. To evaluate the foraging behavior of Bombus atratus in strawberry
(Fragaria x ananassa) var. Ventana. We described different floral stages, duration of worker for each
visit and floral manipulation during pollination. Then, the fruits formed were collected from flow-
ers pollinated and self-pollinated and quality parameters were measured. Results showed that the
duration time of visit the B. atratus workers were 7,66 ± 2,24 seconds. The floral manipulation of B.
atratus during of visit can be of three ways: the workers make a circle, two circles or only are hold-
ing on to the flower without movements. Results showed that there can be up to four differentiated
stages. It was determined that the workers of Bombus atratus visit more often mature flower stage 2
(56% (40 visits). Also, during of workers visit, we found necrotic discoloration caused during a buzz
pollination. This study shows a high potential in the use of native bumblebees species Bombus atratus
for pollination of Strawberry.
Apoio: Universidad Militar Nueva Granada

Palavra chave: pollination - behavior - Bombus atratus - strawberry - workers

214
FLORAL BIOLOGY, VISITORS AND

POLLINATORS OF HIGHLANDS PASSION
FRUITS IN COLOMBIA
Autores: Daniel Melo Ortiz, Guiomar Nates Parra, Rodulfo Ospina, Catalina Angel, Julian Me-
dina
Instituição: UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA LABORATORIO DE
INVESTIGACIONES EN ABEJAS (LABUN)
Contato: COLOMBIA, BOGOTA, CARRERA 30 No. 45-03 DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA
Email: cardanielco@gmail.com
Colombia has 167 species of passion-fruits, 42 of them produce edible fruits. However only
nine are commercially cultivated and knowledge about floral biology, visitors and pollinators is lim-
ited. We have study the floral and reproductive biology of Passiflora liguraris and Passiflora edulis in
crops growing in Buenavista, Boyacá, Colombia. Through measurement and observation of morpho-
logical features in flowers we established 4 floral stages for both plants as a reference to estimate oth-
er parameters; these different stages can be easily recognized by the grade of the floral aperture and
orientation of sepals, petals, and styles. Both species have hermaphrodite flowers and produce nectar
as a reward for the visitors. P. ligularis produce nectar between 36 µL – 706 µL with sugar concentra-
tion from 32% to 37% whereas P. edulis produce nectar between 2,4 µL-122 µL with sugar concentra-
tion from 24% to 39%. Both species are highly self-compatible because hand self-pollinated flowers
set more than 90% of fruits although treatment with restrictions to pollinators visits has shown only a
20% of fruit set, demonstrating that the flower needs pollinators to transport the pollen grains because
those are heavy and sticky and the anthers are located below the stigma meaning a great difficulty to
wind transportation. For P. edulis we found 7 species as visitors in crops with less native surrounding
areas and 18 species in crops with indigenous vegetation nearby. For P. ligularis we found 13 differ-
ent species as visitors. Apis mellifera was the most frequent visitor with more than 90 % of the total
number of visits. Genera like Xylocopa, Epicharis, Eulaema and Bombus were more efficient pollina-
tors than A. mellifera due to the bee size that fits perfectly with the flowers sexual structures. However
A. mellifera is a good pollinator of P. edulis in crops with less natural surroundings.
Apoio: UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA

Palavra chave: POLLINATOR – PASSION FRUIT - FLORAL BIOLOGY - NECTAR -
POLLINATION

215
WHO ARE THE REAL POLLINATORS

OF GUARANA TREE?
Autores: Cristiane Krug, Marcos Vinicius Bastos Garcia.
Instituição: Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Laboratório de Entomologia.
Contato: Rodovia AM-010, Km 29, Zona Rural - CEP: 69010-970,
Caixa Postal 319 - Manaus/AM, Brasil.
Email: cristiane.krug@cpaa.embrapa.br
The guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) is an important and traditional
crop in the Amazon region, being a monoecious plant, with male and female flowers on same plant
in different branches with spatial and temporal alternating. Although several studies have been con-
ducted focusing the study of potential pollinators and floral biology of guarana, there is still a wide
lack of knowledge regarding the pollination biology of this important native species. In regard to
floral visitors, there is a gap of observations between 2 am - at the beginning of anthesis, and 6 am
- the time when the observations started in previous studies. According to those studies the most
effective pollinators species are the stingless bees, due to the number of individuals and behavior in
the flowers. In order to evaluate the presence of floral visitors during the time not yet observed, re-
lated to the beginning of anthesis, four samples were carried out between 2 and 8 am in two differ-
ent experimental fields of Embrapa in Amazonas state, in Manaus (26 and 09/27/2011) and Maués
(28 and 29/10/2011). In these two sites were observed the species Megalopta sp. (Halictidae) and
Ptiloglossa sp. (Colletidae), both of nocturnal / crepuscular behaviour, visiting in abundance the
guarana flowers. Megalopta is here registered for the first time as visitors of guarana flowers and
collected in both sites whereas Ptiloglossa was found only in Manaus. Megalopta and Ptiloglossa
were observed visiting guarana flowers from 3:30 to 5:15am and 04:45 to 6:15am, respectively.
Both species actively collected pollen and nectar, but Megalopta has a different behaviour, moving
slower than Ptiloglossa in its activities on flowers. Also was observed the mating behavior in Ptilo-
glossa sp. New research efforts are needed to clarify the pollination biology of guarana, including
the effective pollinators and its environmental services.
Apoio: EMBRAPA.
Área: Biologia da polinização.
Palavra chave: Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis - stingless bees - Megalopta - Ptiloglossa – polli-
nation.

216
FREQUENCY AND POLLEN COLLECTION

BY AFRICANIZED HONEYBEES IN
DIFFERENT CONVENTIONAL AND
TRANSGENIC HYBRIDS OF CORN
(Zea mays L.)
Autores: Darclet T. Malerbo-Souza*1, Claudio L. Faccio2, Adilson, Massei Junior2, André L.
Halak3, Julio C. Souza4.
Instituição: 1*Professora Doutora do Departamento de Ciências Agrárias do Centro Universitário
Moura Lacerda; 2Alunos do curso de Agronomia do Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda; 3Doutorando
da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), PR; 4Professor Assistente da FATEC, Jaboticabal.
Contato: Av. Dr. Oscar de Moura Lacerda, 1520, Jd Independência, 14076-510, Ribeirão Preto, SP.
Email: darclet@superig.com.br
This experiment was conducted at the Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda, in Ribeirao Preto,
SP, Brazil and aimed to evaluate the frequency and pollen collection of Africanized honeybees in dif-
ferent conventional and transgenic corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) in planting held in April 2012. Four
treatments were used: T1 - conventional maize, T2 – maize hybrid maize Cry IA (B) Mon 810/2720
BT YieloGard HYBRID; T3 - maize hybrid DAS - 01507-1 CRY 1F + Pat and T4 - maize hybrid
Maize Agrisure viptera/mir 162 Vip 3 a (a) + pmi. The frequency was evaluated in the morning be-
tween 9:00 to 10:00 am noting the number of bees collecting pollen in the tassels of the corn for five
minutes with three replicates (three different days). In each treatment, bees were collected and their
pollen loads removed and weighed on an analytical balance. These samples were frozen and later will
be assessed in relation to crude protein. It was observed that the conventional hybrid was the most
visited by bees (47.1% of visits) followed by transgenic hybrid used in treatment 4 (27.6%) and were
statistically different from the transgenic hybrids used in treatments 3 (18.4%) and 2 (6.9%). With
regard to load of pollen the results showed greater weight load of pollen (3.33 mg on average) in tas-
sels of transgenic hybrid used in treatment 4 followed by conventional hybrid (1.95 mg on average)
and transgenic hybrids of treatment 2 (1.60 mg) and treatment 3 (1.25 mg). It is concluded that areas
with transgenic corn hybrids were less visited by honeybees compared to the area with conventional
hybrid and were considered less attractive for these bees. However despite making less visits the
weights of pollen loads collected were similar or higher compared to conventional hybrid. Further
studies will be conducted with new transgenic hybrids.
Apoio: Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda.

Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - corn - transgenic – Zea mays – pollen.

217
FLOWER VISITING BEES OF ORGANIC

AND CONVENTIONAL TOMATO CROPS
(Solanum licopersycum L.)
IN NORTHERN PARANÁ STATE
Autores: Henrique Zotarelli Gomes da Silva, Diogo Mazzaro, Silvia Helena Sofia.
Instituição: Universidade Estadual de Londrina – UEL.
Contato: Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86051-980, Londrina, PR.
Email: diogomazzaro@hotmail.com
In Brazil, the tomato (Solanum licopersicum L.) is one of the principal crops of economic im-
portance. In this study we compared the abundance and diversity of bees in two different tomato agro-
systems: conventional and organic crops. The study areas were located in two farms, situated in Uraí
(organic crop) and Bandeirantes (conventional crop) municipalities, in the state of Paraná, southern
Brazil. The samplings were carried out from January/2011 to May/2011, between 9h00 to 13h00, to-
taling 31 hours of sampling effort. Bees were captured with an entomological net during their visits to
flowers of S. lycopersicum. The total of bees collected in both sites was 107 individuals (all females);
of these, 84 were captured in the organic crop and 23 bees in the conventional crop. In the organic
crop, bees belonging to Halictidae family were the most abundant (n = 46), followed by Apidae fam-
ily (n=10), while in the conventional crop the Apidae family was the most common (n = 12) in the
flowers of S. lycopersicum. The Shannon index found for both areas were H’= 2.588 (organic crop)
and H’= 1.891 (conventional crop). The species Centris tarsata (n=2), Xylocopa (Stenoxylocopa) spp.
(n=3), Apis mellifera (n=2) and Plebeia droryana (n=1) were collected only in Uraí (organic crop).
Differently, a female of Oxaea flavescens and two of Tetragonisca augustula were collected only in
the conventional crop area. The majority of bees surveyed in both crops performed buzz-pollination,
what make them possible pollinators of tomato crops in the studied areas. Our results suggest that the
organic crop sustained a higher abundance and diversity of bees visiting and pollinating flowers of
S. lycopersicum. However, since this is a preliminary study, further surveys including other areas of
conventional and organic tomato crops, are still necessary to reinforce our findings.
Apoio: PROCAD/CAPES, UEL, PIBITI-CNPQ/UEL.

Palavra chave: Apoidea - agrosystems - bee diversity - pollination - crop áreas.

218
INTERACTION BETWEEN BEES

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE)
AND SPECIES OF MALVACEAE
Autores: Elisa Pereira Queiroz1*, Milton Groppo2, Alba Regina Barbosa Araújo1,
Cláudia Inês da Silva2.
Instituição: 1*Universidade de Franca (Unifran); 2Universidade de São Paulo – FFCLRP.
Contato: Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 -
CEP 14040-901 - Bairro Monte Alegre - Ribeirão Preto – SP.
Email: elisa_queiroz@msn.com
Malvaceae is among the most important families of angiosperms for the maintenance of bees,
since most of their species produces resources such as pollen and nectar, which are used in the feed of
adults and larvae. Malvaceae is nowadays divided in nine subfamilies, and is represented in Brazil by
nearly 80 genera and 400 species, including some crop, such as cotton (Gossypium spp), and the “cu-
puaçu” (Theobroma grandiflorum) that are pollinated by bees. Studies have shown that some bee spe-
cies of Melissoptila have an oligolectic behavior in relation to plant species of the genus Sida. Species
of this genus, as well as other in subfamily Malvoideae, have pollen grains with ornamental elements
such as echinus, which adhere to the body of bees and optimize the process of collection and transpor-
tation. However, not all species of the family Malvaceae have pollen grains with elements as echinus.
The main of this study was to analyze the exine ornamentation of 17 species and investigate whether
they are pollinated by bees. The species studied belong to five subfamilies of Malvaceae, encountered
in hygrophilous forest, semi-deciduous forest and in an urbanized area: Bombacopsis glabra, Pachira
aquatica, Pseudobombax grandiflorum (Bombacoideae), Guazuma ulmifolia (Byttnerioideae), Tri-
umfetta rhomboidea, Apeiba tibourbou, Heliocarpus americanus, Luehea divaricate (Grewioideae),
Hibiscus rosa sinensis , Urena lobata, Abutilon striatum, Sida rhombifolia, Sida spinosa, Sida urens,
Sidastrum paniculatum, Wissadula parviflora (Malvoideae), and Basiloxylon brasiliensis (Sterculioi-
deae). All species presented the exine ornamented, but only in the species of the subfamilies Malvoid-
eae and Bombacoideae most of the species showed exine ornamentation with elements as echinus and
clava. All species are largely visited by bees Apis mellifera, Centris (Heterocentris) analis, Friesella
schrottkyi, Frieseomelitta varia, Scaptotrigona aff. depilis, Trigona hyalinata, Trigona spinipes, and
others. These bee’s species can be important to promote cross-pollination and reproductive success
in these plants species.
Apoio: Capes, FAPESP.

Palavra chave: pollen grains - Malvaceae - bees - pollination - exine ornamentation.

219
EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT
POLLINATORS ON
EGGPLANT CULTIVATIONS
Autores: Elizandra Goldoni Gomig*; Gleiciani Bürger Patricio; Bruno Barufatti Grisolia;
Paula Carolina Montagnana; Felipe Gonçalves Brocanelli; Maria José de Oliveira Campos.
Instituição: Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista
“Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP.
Contato: Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, Brasil.
Email: eligomig@yahoo.com.br
The understanding of plants dependence on pollinators and its needs on resources provided
by habitats is fundamental to guide the management of actions to conserve pollinator species and
pollination process. In this study we aimed to characterize the fauna of bees visiting eggplant
(Solanum melongena L., Solanaceae) and to identify the potential of each species in the effective
pollination of this plant. Observations were carried out in a small farm in Rio Claro, State of São
Paulo, Brazil, on Napoli cultivar, from April to July of 2006 and 2007. We studied the foraging be-
havior of visitors on flowers and carried out experiments with controlled visits to virgin flowers to
evaluate fruit production. Genus Exomalopsis, represented by three species, were the most repre-
sentative in number of visits to eggplant flowers in the two study periods, followed by two species
of Augochlora and then by Xylocopa grisescens, Centris tarsata, Bombus morio and B. atratus; a
smaller number of visits were registered for Pseudaugochlora graminea, Trigona spinipes, Apis
mellifera and Scaptotrigona depilis. Bee species differentiate from each other in the behavior of
flower manipulation. Large bees as Xylocopa, Bombus and Centris are able to vibrate the anther
cone as a whole, while the species of genus Exomalopsis and the Halictini vibrate the anthers one
by one. Apis mellifera, T. spinipes and S. depilis get pollen biting or scratching the anthers. The
experiments with controlled visitation demonstrated greater efficiency in fruit production for large
bees, which vibrate all the anthers at the same time, both in terms of number of visited flowers that
formed fruits and fruit weight, when compared to smaller bees which vibrate the anthers separately.
The results also indicated that large and small bees, which promote buzz pollination, can be con-
sidered complementary in the process of S. melongena pollination.
Apoio: Probio.
Palavra chave: S. melongena - buzz-pollinators - pollination effectiveness - agricultural
context – Solanacea.

220
BEE SPECIES FLORAL VISITORS AND

POTENTIAL POLLINATORS OF COTTON
(Gossypium hirsutum) AND SUNFLOWER
(Helianthus annuus L.) IN
NORTHEAST OF BRAZIL
Autores: Epifânia Emanuela de Macêdo Rocha*; Darci de Oliveira Cruz; Breno Magalhães
Freitas; Antonia Renata Lima Corrêa; Ana Carolina Costa Silva.
Instituição: * Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará.
Contato: Campus do Pici, CEP 60021-970, Fortaleza, CE. CP 12168.
Email: epifaniademacedo@yahoo.com.br
This work aimed to study diversity of floral visitors and potential pollinators of cotton (Gossy-
pium hirsutum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Northeast of Brazil. The research was carried
out in the experimental field of Embrapa Algodão situated in the municipality of Missão Velha, and
in the Universidade Federal do Ceará in Fortaleza, from October 2010 to September 2011. Eight bee
species were observed gathering resources in sunflower: Apis mellifera, Frieseomelitta doederleini,
Plebeia aff. flavocincta, Trigona spinipes, Melipona subnitida, Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) grisescens,
Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) aff. semiramis and Dialictus sp. These bees gathered pollen and nectar,
except X. (Neoxylocopa) grisescens that collect only nectar early in the morning. Cotton flowers can
be pollinated both by means of cross and self-pollination, but floral visitors can contribute to increase
crop productivity. Only five species of bees (Sarocolletes sp., Melissodes sp., Melitomella grisescens,
Trigona spinipes e Apis mellifera) and one Sphecidae visited cotton flowers, but other species were
caught in pan traps placed within patches of cotton. Floral visitors’ frequency to cotton flowers was
low in Missão Velha, although some native bees can be considered potential pollinators of this crop. It
is concluded that native bees species such as A. semiramis e M. grisescens are potential pollinators of
sunflower and cotton, respectively, in Northeast of Brazil. However, additional investigations about re-
productive behavior and nesting biology are required to develop management techniques for these bees.
Apoio: CNPq.
Palavra chave: pollinators - oil crops - foraging - pollination - native bees.

221
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPORAL AND

WEATHER VARIABLES ON THE FLIGHT
ACTIVITY OF THE STINGLESS BEE Melipona
flavolineata (APIDAE, MELIPONINI) AND ITS
ROLE AS POTENTIAL POLLINATOR OF THE
ASSAI PALM (Euterpe oleracea, ARECACEAE
Autores: Carolina dos Santos Araújo1, Felipe Andrés León Contrera1* Giorgio Cristino Venturieri2.
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; 2Embrapa Amazônia
Oriental – Laboratório de Botânica.
Contato: Rua Augusto Corrêa, No. 1, Campus Básico, Guamá CEP 66075-110 Belém – PA.
Email: felipe@ufpa.br
Workers of stingless bees collect resources outside the nest, such as pollen, nectar, plant resins
and clay. This external activity is influenced by the internal conditions of the colony as well as by the
climatic conditions. To identify the relationships between abiotic factors (temperature, time of day,
humidity) and the flight activity of the stingless bee Melipona flavolineata, five colonies were selected
from a meliponary installed in the midst of a culture of assai palms (Euterpe oleraceae, var BRS-Pará),
held on the campus of Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (CPATU), Belém/PA, Brazil. The external activity
was measured by the weekly counting of the number of bees returning to the nest carrying pollen or
nectar, for five minutes/nest/hour. The counts were initiated at 08:00h and finished at 16:00h. In addi-
tion, the indexes of relative humidity and temperature were recorded to correlate them with the flight
activity of the workers. The study was divided in two phases: flight activity at the time of the assai palm
fructification, and at the time of assai palm flowering, to verify the response of workers to the food sup-
ply by the assai palm. It was observed that nectar collection is negatively influenced by the increase of
temperature (Spearman: nectar[sub]fructification[/sub]: r: -0.22; p<0.05; nectar[sub]flowering[/sub]: r:
-0.12; p<0.05) while the pollen gathering is not (Spearman: pollen[sub]fructification[/sub]: r: -0.01;
p<0.05; pollen[sub]flowering[/sub]: p=n.s.). Regarding the collection of resources, it was higher during
the flowering season mainly at the period from 10:00 to 11:00h, coinciding with the time of offer of pol-
len by the flowers, and contrasting with the fructification period, whose peak was from 08:00 to 09:00h.
These data suggest that M. flavolineata has a potential use in agroforestry systems of assai palm, and can
be used for the pollination of the assai and for honey production in these areas.
Apoio: PIBIC-FAPESPA.
Palavra chave: weather - bees - external activity - pollen - time of day.

222
FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF FLOWER

VISITORS AND THE REPRODUCTIVE
SUCCESS OF Byrsonima Intermedia A. JUSS.
(MALPIGHIACEAE) IN BRAZILIAN SAVANNA
AREA OF DOURADOS-MS REGION
Autores: Filipe Ruiz Zambão¹; Valter Vieira Alves Junior².
Instituição: 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia e 2Conservação
da Biodiversidade da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados.
Contato: UFGD - Rua João Rosa Goes Nº 1761, Vila Progresso
Caixa Postal - 322 CEP: 79.825-070 Dourados – MS.
Email: filipezambao@hotmail.com
The plant species of the family Malpighiaceae and the bees that collect the oil are mutually
adapted, therefore the bees are benefited from a diet of high nutritional value and the plants are pol-
linated by them faithfully. This study identified and evaluated: 1) – the species of flower visitors of
Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) in the Brazilian savanna of Dourados-MS region;
2) – the frequency of visits; 3) – the resource(s) collected by them; 4) – the behavior variation during
the collection; 5) – the reproductive system of B. intermedia, trough tests of controlled pollination
rate, and 6) – the importance of bees as pollinators. They were sampled 344 bees, classified in 13 dif-
ferent species, distributed into 6 distinct genera, consisting in two families (Apidae and Halictidae)
with different frequencies and behaviors, therefore from different groups. Conformed as effective
pollinators contributing to the reproductive success of the “Murici”, the species that usually presented
large size (body length greater than 14 mm and width of the chest larger than 6 mm) and average size
(body length between 7 and 14 mm and width of the chest between 2 and 6 mm). Among all individu-
als sampled, 80,52% belong to the Centridini Tribe (Apidae), that collects oil and pollen, which in a
single visit must have contacted both flower reproductive structures. The self-incompatibility index
(ISI) and the reproductive efficiency (ER) found for B. intermedia showed that despite the high fre-
quency of fruit set by natural pollination followed by cross-pollination (xenogamy), also confirmed
the formation of fruit trough self-pollination, trough less frequently.
Apoio: CAPES; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodi-

versidade-UFGD.
Palavra chave: Murici - Pollination - Roproductive Biology - Centridini - Cross-pollination.

223
VALUE OF POLLINATORS FOR DIFFERENT

CULTIVATED SPECIES IN IFSUDESTE MG
Autores: Vanessa Bonfá Benevenuto Lodron, Flávia Monteiro Coelho Ferreira.
Instituição: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais,
campus Rio Pomba.
Contato: Av. Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão, s/n, Bairro Lindo Vale, Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais.
Email: flavia.coelho@ifsudestemg.edu.br
Pollination is very important for many cultivated species. Its knowledge as a service per-
formed by ecosystem can contribute to solve problems like disappear of bee species, reduction on
productivity of cultivated species and habitat degradation. Our aim was to value the service of pol-
lination by insects, mainly bees, for some important cultivated species in the Instituto Federal de
Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, campus Rio Pomba and in region of
Zona da Mata, southwest of Minas Gerais State. The study was developed on 2011 with Mangifera
indica L., Psidium guajava L., Cucurbita moschata D., Abelmochos esculentos L. and Coffea ara-
bica L. In all cultivated system the method of study was the pared experiment with and without
pollinators visit using bags of organza. The number of fruits produced by flower in each treatment
was quantified. Main pollinators identified in cultures are bees excepted to mango as the mainly
visitant was flies. The result shows that pollinators are essential for production in C. moschata that
not produced fruits without pollinators. For M. indica, A. esculentos and C. arabica the presence of
pollinators increased the productivity of plants in 63%, 61% and 5% respectively. For A. esculentos
pollination also increase in 42% the weight of fruits. For P. guajava no difference was verified be-
tween treatments although different conclusions could be found in literature. This result shows the
great importance of pollinators for these cultures. Now our objective is study other cultures, repeat
the experiments with P. guajava and make an estimative of value of pollination based on marked
prices. The knowledge of pollination service and its economic value based on the habitat as source
of bees make them an important conservation strategy.
Apoio: FAPEMIG.
Palavra chave: Pollination - conservation - strategy - cultivated species - ecosystem service.

224
IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATORS FOR

Abelmochos esculentos PRODUCTION
Autores: Vanessa Bonfá Benevenuto Lodron.
Instituição: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do
Sudeste de Minas Gerais, campus Rio Pomba.
Contato: Av. Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão, s/n, Bairro Lindo Vale, Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais.
Email: flavia.coelho@ifsudestemg.edu.br
The intensification of agriculture and the consequent simplification of the structure of natural
landscapes have an impact on the fauna of pollinators, resulting in a deficit of pollination to cultivated
and native species causing losses in yield and fruit quality. Abelmochos esculentos is an important
cultivated species in Zona da mata Mineira and few is knowing about its pollination. Our aim was to
value the service of pollination by insects for Abelmochos esculentos in Instituto Federal de Educa-
ção, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba, southwest of Minas Gerais State.
The study was developed on 2011 using pared experiment with and without pollinators visit in 40
flowers distributed in 20 plants. The frequency of fruits produced in each treatment was quantified
and the fruits produced weigh. During the experiment only Trigona species was observed visiting the
flowers. The presence of this pollinator increased the productivity of fruits in 61% and the weight
of fruits produced in 42%. This result shows the great importance of pollinators for this culture. So
is important to remember that changes in the landscape can affect the availability of pollinators and
pollination services.
Apoio: FAPEMIG.
Palavra chave: pollination - Abelmochos esculentos - fruit production - fruit weigh – con-
servation.

225
THE IMPACT OF POLLINATOR

DENSITY OVER CANOLA
(Brassica napus L. HYOLA 61) YIELD
Autores: Flávia Pereira Tirelli1,3*; Sidia Witter1; Bruno Lisboa1; Patrícia Nunes-Silva2; Letícia
Azambuja Lopes2; Betina Blochtein3.
Instituição: 1*Fepagro Sede – Fepagro, 2Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão
Preto – USP, 3Faculdade de Biociências – PUCRS.
Contato: Rua Gonçalves Dias, 570, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
Email: flavia.tirelli@gmail.com
The intensification of agriculture has caused the decline of threatened natural habitats and biodi-
versity. The reduction of pollinators as a consequence may lead to shortage of pollinating crops. This
study aimed to understand the relationship between pollinator density and production of pods in canola
crops, and thus, propose management strategies aiming to reduce the deficit of pollination. We evalu-
ated seven crops of canola cv. Hyola 61 (4-30 ha), in family farming in Guarani das Missões, RS. The
methodology was adapted from the “Protocol to Detect and Assess Pollination Deficit in Crops”, using
the “Landscape Context”. In each crop, there were three assessments (density) at fixed times (10:00am,
01:00pm, 04:00pm) in rotation of crops. The measurements were then carried in experimental sites
(50m x 25m) in each study field, located at least 20m from the edge. For the evaluation of productivity,
were collected 20 plants in four plots in each experimental area. The higher abundance of pollinator
was found in study field 7 (0.235A), followed by 4 (0.231A), both at 01:00pm. The higher density of
insects was obtained at that fixed time for most crops. The study field 3 had the lowest abundance of
pollinators (0.148 B). Regarding productivity, the study field 7 had the highest average of pods/plant
(548.70 A), followed by 6 (331.85 B). In the study field 3 (167.25 C) was again recorded the lowest
average of pods/plant. As correlation measurement of the average of pollinators density and yield we
found R=0.68 e R²=0.61 (P=0.03), setting an intensification in the production of pod following an in-
crease of pollinators. The result can be related with the landscape surrounding the study fields.
Apoio: CNPq, Funbio, FAO, GEF.

Palavra chave: Pollinators - Canola - Deficit - Yield - Study fields.

226
BEES ON FLOWERS OF ORGANIC

STRAWBERRIES (Fragaria x
ananassa DUCHESNE-ROSACEAE)
Autores: Franciélli Cristiane Gruchowski-W*; Jucélia Iantas; Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini.
Instituição: *Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste – Unicentro.
Contato: Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03 - CEP 85040-080 - Guarapuava – Paraná.
Email: francy.crys@ibest.com.br
Bees have both ecological and economic importance, acting as pollinators in many ecosys-
tems and crops. The sampling of floral visitors, especially bees are important to increase the knowl-
edge about the species that are efficient pollinators of plants with economic interest. This study
investigated the abundance of bees in five different areas of organic strawberry cultivars (Dover,
Campinas, Camiño Real, Camarosa and Abion) in União da Vitória/PR and Porto União/SC, in
order to identify their main pollinators. Samples were carried out weekly on the flowers, during
the maximum period of flowering (September/2011 to February/2012) at intervals of 40 minutes,
from 9:00am to 4:20pm, totaling 85 samples. It was collected 2.572 bees of the family Apidae
and subfamilies Apinae, Halicitnae and Andreninae. Apinae was the most abundant with 1380 in-
dividuals, followed by Halictinae (1062) and Andreninae (130). The most abundant genera were:
Dialictus (34%), Plebeia (21%),Tetragonisca (16%) and Anthrenoides (5%). The genus Dialictus
was present foraging throughout the flowering period, suggesting that these they could be of great
importance for pollination and production of strawberries.
Apoio: UNICENTRO, CAPES.

Palavra chave: Dialictus - Plebeia - Apidae - Apinae - organic strawberry.

227
AGONISTIC INTERACTIONS AND

DAMAGES IN FLOWERS OF
BRAZILIAN NUT (Bertholletia excelsa
HUMB., LECYTHYDACEAE)
CAUSED BY Trigona sp
Autores: Francisco Plácido Magalhães Oliveira1*; Igor Martins do Nascimento1; Edson Alves
Menezes Junior1; Márcia Motta Maués2; Anderson Augusto Ferreira dos Santos
Instituição: 1*Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Altamira, Faculdade de Ciências
Biológicas, Laboratório de Estudos Apícolas e Polinização; 2Laboratório de Entomologia -
Embrapa Amazônia Oriental
Contato: Rua Coronel José Porfírio 2515, 68372-040 Altamira - PA, Brazil
Email: placidomagalhaes@yahoo.com.br
Brazilian nut is an allogamous melittophilous plant. The proportion of flowers that are converted
fruits is very low and much of this loss is probably due to the lack and/or quality of pollination. Dur-
ing observation of floral visitors of brazilian nut, Trigonasp. maintained agonistic interactions with
other visitors and an elaborate process to access nectar chambers from flowers by means of drilling
in bloom. It was investigated whether the level of damage is repeated in different trees near the ob-
servation points, as well as if the drilling is damaging reproductive structures. For this it was carried
out a description of the behavior of foragers in the flowers of one tree. To investigate the prevalence
of the damage by Trigona sp on other trees, there were selected nine other trees distributed around
the observation tower (in a cacao crop and a pasture), collected 100 flowers fallen to the ground for
each tree and examined the flowers. Aggressive interactions were observed with Trigona sp. attacking
the effective pollinators or any other visitor who approached the flowers. The flowers perforated by
Trigona sp were no longer attractive or reduced the time and frequency of visits of likely pollinators.
There were observed no damage to the reproductive structures on flowers drilled by Trigona sp. From
the 1000 flowers examined only 144 (14.4%) were drilled, with 97 flowers belonging to the tree were
behavioral observations were taken. Studies that evaluate to what extent the damage caused by Trigona
sp. flowers brazilian nut interfere with pollination should be performed as well as the influence of dif-
ferent sites (cocoa cultivation and pasture) in foraging behavior.
GEF/UNEP/FAO/Funbio. PIBIC/CNPq
Palavra chave: Pollination - bee – Trigona - Tranzamazonica - floral biology

228
BEE VISITORS OF THE MALAY APPLE

OR “JAMBO-VERMELHO” (Syzygium
malaccense, MYRTACEAE) AND THEIR
FORAGING STRATEGIES IN CANDEIAS
DO JAMARI – RO, BRAZIL
Autores: Guaraci Duran Cordeiro¹; Silvia Regina de Menezes Pedro¹
Instituição: ¹Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Contato: Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, BraZil
Email: guaradc@usp.br
Bee visitors of the Malay Apple (Syzigium malaccense) were studied in Candeias do Jamari
(08°47’S, 63°44’W) in April, 2012. The area is in the Amazon forest region, but has been under
intense deforestation. In order to know the interactions of bees with S. malaccense, floral frequency
and richness of bees, resources and foraging behavior were analyzed as well as floral morphology.
Potential pollinators were detected and classified as effective, occasional or opportunist based on be-
havior (contact with the stigma), body size and frequency. The flowers, which offer pollen and nectar,
have about 400 pink-colored stamens with longitudinally dehiscent exposed anthers and one centrally
located stigma. Anthesis starts generally at about 18:00h with petals opening slowly and the flowers
being totally open at about 5:00h when the stigma is receptive and the pollen available; flowers last
two days, but the stamens fall down on the second although nectar is still available and the stigma
remains receptive. Of the 21 bee species of a total of 199 specimens sampled, Trigona amazonensis
and Melipona seminigra abunensis were the most frequent visitors, the first one collecting mainly
nectar. Melipona abunensis and M. brachychaeta were observed grabbing the stamens and vibrating
the anthers for pollen and were considered effective pollinators. Eulaema spp., although rare, exhibit
the same behavior and are also possible pollinators. Median sized bees (Ptilotrigona, Partamona,
etc.), although frequent, only occasionally touch the stigma and, smaller bees are rare and only scrape
one or other anther and glean the pollen, apparently not contributing to pollination. Apis mellifera are
opportunistic visitors also, collecting mainly nectar. Trigona performed a particular behavior: after
collecting nectar, they regurgitated one small bubble three or four times, probably dehydrating the
nectar. Other visitors were observed including a hummingbird taking nectar from higher flowers.
Apoio: FFCLRP-USP
Palavra chave: Amazon forest - pollination - regurgitated - Melipona - hummingbird

229
PHENOLOGY, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

AND POLLINATION OF CAMBUCI
(Campomanesia phaea - MYRTACEAE)
Autores: Guaraci Duran Cordeiro¹; Mardiore Pinheiro²; Isabel Alves dos Santos³
Instituição: ¹Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP; ²Universidade
Federal da Fronteira Sul; ³Instituto de Biociências-Departamento de Ecologia-USP
Contato: Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Email: guaradc@usp.br
This work posits the study of phenology, reproductive biology and pollination of Cambuci
(Campomanesia phaea). The study is being conducted in two areas of Atlantic Forest in Mogi das
Cruzes-SP (23°45´S/46°09´W) with C. phaea: an area of natural occurrence and an area of com-
mercial crop. The phenology is being monitored to flowering and fruit set. We checked the time and
duration of anthesis, stigma receptivity and floral resources available. To investigate the breeding
system we performed tests of agamospermy, cross-pollination, manual-pollination and spontaneous-
pollination. Floral visitors were classified as effective, occasional or opportunist based on behavior
(contact with reproductive organs and frequency). C. phaea flowered from September-January and
fruited from October-May. The flowers are white, with central pistil and stigma captured surrounded
around 300 stamens. Flowers lasts for three days and the stigma remains always receptive, while the
pollen, the only resource, is available only on the first day of anthesis, during the morning. C. phaea is
a self-incompatible species and the fruit set from cross-pollination in the crop area (26%) and natural
area (20%) is higher than pollination control (3% and 1% respectively), thus depends of pollen vec-
tors for fruit set. Among the floral visitors were observed two species of Diptera (opportunistic) and
14 bee species. Among the bees, two species of Diphaglossini (Colletidae) were considered effective
pollinators, because they are frequent and always touch the stigma with ventral part, the region where
the pollen accumulated. Other species occasionally contacted the stigma. These can be considered
occasional pollinators. Although Apis mellifera is very frequent, was considered occasional pollinator
of C. phaea, because it rarely contacts the stigma. These results may support studies with pollinators
management to increase the fruit productivity in cambuci crops as well as contribute to the knowledge
of interactions between bees and flowers in the Atlantic Forest.
Apoio: FAPESP - 2011/06811-5

Palavra chave: cross-pollination - Colletidae - Atlantic Forest - pollinators - pollen vectors

230
BOTANICAL ORIGIN AND POLLEN

TYPES USED BY Bombus brevivillus,
RATIONALLY RAISED IN URBAN AREA,
FORTALEZA-CE, BRAZIL
Autores: Hiara Marques Meneses¹*; Mikail Olinda de Oliveira¹; David Silva Nogueira¹; Angela
Maria da Silva Gomes¹; Regina Maria Fontenele Magalhães¹; Breno Magalhães Freitas¹
Instituição: ¹*Department of Animal Science – CAS, Federal University of Ceará
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, 2977, Bl.820, Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
Email: hiaramarquestar@hotmail.com
This study was carried out to identify the botanical origin and pollen types from pollen load
collected by workers of Bombus brevivillus rationally raised on the bee unit of Federal University
of Ceará – UFC, in Fortaleza, Ceará. Two B. brevivillus colonies were kept in wooden boxes and
from September to December 2012, at weekly intervals of seven days, 70 workers with visible pol-
len loads were collected to remove pollen grains directly from the corbicula. These samples were
placed in glycerinated gelatin and mounted on microscope slides (Wodehouse method) to compare
with the UFC reference slide collection. The occurrence of classes was determined counting 2,088
pollen grains. Predominant pollen type was Tabebuia cf. impetiginosa (Bignoniaceae) with 1,126
grains (53,9%), accessory pollen type Senna rugosa (Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae) with 665 grains
(31,8%), important isolated pollen Aniseia martinicensis (Convolvulaceae) with 207 grains (9,9%)
and occasionally isolated pollen Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) with 90 grains counted (4,3%). It is
concluded that the Bignoniaceae constitutes an important pollen source for B. brevivilus, being repre-
sented by two species and comprising over 50% of the pollen harvested. Senna rugosa also showed
to be an important protein source for B. brevivilus comprising alone over 30% of the pollen harvested,
confirming the importance of the Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae to the protein diet of this bee species
previously observed in feral colonies.
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: Pollen analysis – Food preferences – Botanical origins – Bombus brevivillus-
Protein diet

231
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION AND

MANAGEMENT OF Apis mellifera
HIVES ON SEED SET IN
Malus domestica BORKH
Autores: Blandina Felipe Viana1; Jeferson Gabriel Coutinho1*; Antonio da Costa Diakos1;Fabiana
Oliveira da Silva1; Kátia Peres Gramacho2; Guido Laercio Bragança Castagnino3
Instituição: 1*Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia; 2 Universidade Tiradentes
(SE); 3 Escola de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal da Bahia
Contato: 1,2 Rua Barão de Geremoabo, s/n/ Ondina Salvador, BA. 3 Av. Murilo Dantas, 300 -
Farolândia - Aracaju – SE - Brasil
Email: jeferson.gabriel@gmail.com
The intensification of soil usage by conventional agriculture decreases pollinator’s richness and
abundance worldwide, causing pollination deficit in pollinator-dependent crops, which represents
70% of the world cultivars. In such context, the usage of managed beehives became a common and
efficient practice to improve pollination levels in self-incompatible crops such as Apple orchards, but
number of hives varies due to crop features and landscape context. This study evaluated the influ-
ence of number and type of management of Apis mellifera hives on density of flower visitors and
seed set in Apple orchards, aiming to diminish pollination deficit in Chapada Diamantina region,
in Bahia, Brazil. We recorded changes in bee density and seed set under supplementation with 7, 9
and 11 hives/ha, and two management types: hives with and hives without pollen trap. A. mellifera
supplementation without pollen trap increased density of visits (α = 0.05; F2,45 = 22.29, p <
0.001) and seed set (α = 0.05; F2,27 = 4.0, p = 0.029) comparing to the previous used five hive/
ha supplementation. Besides that beehive supplementation with pollen trap added leaded to higher
mean density of visits and seeds per fruit comparing to beehive supplementation with no pollen trap
added. For the studied apple orchard 7 beehive/ha added with pollen trap is a viable alternative to re-
duce pollination deficit and improve apple quality. Such high input of beehives required for pollination
is influenced by the extremely low diversity of native pollinating bees recorded in the apple orchards.
Apoio: MCT/CNPq/CT-AGRO - Nº 24/2009; FAO; GEF; Fapesb

Palavra chave: defficit - pollination - seeds - supplementation - manegement

232
POLLINATION OF WEST INDIAN CHERRY

CULTIVATED IN WESTERN
SÃO PAULO STATE.
Autores: José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira¹*, Daniel Nicodemo¹, Urbano dos Santos Ruiz¹,
Favízia Freitas de Oliveira².
Instituição: ¹*UNESP - Câmpus de Dracena, ²UFBA - Instituto de Biologia.
Contato: Rod. Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, 17900-000, Dracena, SP, Brasil.
Email: j.eduardo@zootecnista.com.br
Junqueirópolis, Dracena and Tupi Paulista counties are the major producers of West Indian
Cherry (Malpighia emarginata) of São Paulo State, accounting for more than 10% of this fruit in
Brazil. The West Indian Cherry crop production is influenced by the action of pollinators, especially
the bees, which promote cross-pollination. The aim of this study was to identify the insect visitors of
West Indian Cherry flowers and study the efficiency of the types of pollination on this crop produc-
tion. The research was carried out between March 2011 and February 2012, in Dracena county. We
checked the frequency of insect visitations for floral resources collection and the time spent on this
visits. The fruit production was assessed by determining the fruit set and evaluating the fruits weight
and number of seeds obtained through pollination tests: open pollination, restricted pollination (emas-
culated flowers without insect visitation), cross-pollination and hand pollination. The most frequent
insects were: Centris (Centris) cf. varia (43.9%), Centris (Centris) cf. decolorata (17.4%), Centris
(Centris) flavifrons (15.6%), Epicharis (Epicharana) flava (7.6%), Centris (Centris) nitens (5.9%),
Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata (4.9%), Tetragonisca angustula (2.5%) and Trigona spinipes (2.3%).
The Centris and Epicharis bees were observed collecting oil on West Indian Cherry flowers. The T.
angustula bees collected pollen and T. spinipes cut off the flowers, hampering the flowers develop-
ment. The visits began around 6 am and lasted up to 7 pm, with peak visitation around 12 am. The E.
flava bees spent more time collecting oil (1.5 s) and the C. tarsata bees were the faster bees for oil
collection (0.6 s). We observed a 26.7% fruit set when the flowers were open for insect pollination.
Performing the manual cross-pollination, we obtained 11.1% of fruit set. The restricted pollination
test provide 1% fruit set and no fruit were obtained through self-pollination tests. All fruits had three
seeds. The West Indian Cherry crop is dependent on insect pollination to occur a high fruit yield.
Some strategies aiming the increase population of West Indian Cherry pollinators can be applied on
this crop in order to maximize its productivity.
Apoio: FAPESP
Palavra chave: Centridini bees - Cross-pollination - Fruit set - Pollination - West Indian Cherry.

233
PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORK
INTERACTIONS OF FOUR SYMPATRIC
SPECIES OF Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae).
Autores: José Neiva Mesquita Neto1*, Edivani Villaron Franceschinelli2.
Instituição: 1*Universidade Federal de Goiás, PPG em Biodiversidade Vegetal. 2Universidade
Federal de Goiás, Departamento de Biologia Geral.
Contato: Rua Augusto Neto 34, Bairro São João, Catalão, GO, Brasil.
Email: jneiva.bio@gmail.com
The network theory has been used to understand interactions between plants and pollinators.
Frequently, studies with this approach do not take into account that only a fraction of flower visitors
transfers pollen efficiently among flowers and are effective pollinators. Generally, extensive field ob-
servations are required to identify effective plant-pollinator interactions. In this study, the interactions
among four sympatric species of Psychotria and their pollinators were analyzed from the perspective
of the network theory. Here, the main aim was to verify the existence of pollinators sharing among
these four plant species. The study was conducted in a fragment of Semi-deciduous Forest located in
the Cerrado Biome. Data collections occurred in January, during the flowering peaks of P. prunifolia
(Kunth) Steyerm, P. hoffmannseggiana (Willd. ex Schult.) Müll.Arg., P. capitata Ruiz & Pav., and
P. deflexa DC. A total of 25 species of visitors were identified and 56% of them interacted only with
one plant species. The exotic bee Apis mellifera had the highest number of interactions. Psychotria
capitata showed the most generalist network and P. huffmannnseggiana had the most specialized pol-
linator interaction. The network showed a strong asymmetry (-0.71) with nested patterns (NODF =
21.81), demonstrating that the most specialized species of these network form a subgroup that interacts
preferentially with the most generalist species. It showed also low connectance (0.38) with low number
of links per species (1.31). Our results show that these sympatric species of Psychotria share their pol-
linators in different proportions. There is a gradient of more generalist species pollinators interacting
asymmetrically with more specialized plants.
Apoio: UFG
Palavra chave: sympatry - networks - pollination - Cerrado - Psychotria .

234
PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORK AND

BEE POLLINATION OF Pseudostifftia kingii
H. ROB. (ASTERACEAE) IN MUCUGÊ,
CHAPADA DIAMANTINA, BAHIA, BRAZIL.
Autores: Juliana Hipólito de Sousa1*, Camila Magalhães Pigozzo2, Thiago Mahlmann1,
Blandina Felipe Viana1.
Instituição: 1Instituto de Biologia – UFBA, *Programa de Pós graduação em Ecologia e
Biomonitoramento – UFBA, 2Centro Universitário Jorge Amado.
Contato: Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão Jeremoabo,
Ondina, s/n, 40170115, Salvador, BA, Brasil.
Email: juhipolito@gmail.com
Recent studies suggests a high diversity of flower visitors in the family Asteraceae, in this way
plant-pollinator networks should be very complex; however, traits of Pseudostifftia kingiian endemic
species of rock fields in the Chapada Diamantina suggests pollination by bees, thus the present study
aims to analyze differences in composition of fauna visitor and how patches of this species are con-
nected via pollen flow. To this end, three patches in flowering period were selected in May/2007
and July/2008, in different altitudes (924, 935 and 1090m) the main flower traits and resources were
counted together with visitor fauna survey from 9h00 to 16h30. Trough graph and network theory,
each patch were treated as an island in the landscape, and the network was established between patch-
es x visitors. Network parameters were described by the following: number of observed interactions,
connectance (number of observed interactions/number of possible interactions), degree distribution
(number of associations for each patch) and nesting degree (T and NODF). Differences were recorded
in the degree distribution, connectance and nesting degree. Ten species were founded, and network
had 63.3% connectivity without significant nesting. The amount of visits in each patch was 157, 98
and 30; the patch in 935m had a greater number of species (9) and interactions (47). In other patches
were recorded five species, with different number of interactions (38, 18). Only two exclusive spe-
cies (Trigona sp. and Vespidae sp.) were recorded in altitude 935m and one in 1090m (Megachile sp.).
Although hummingbirds and Apis mellifera were registered, tending to a generalization in the network,
Bombus sp. is probably the effective pollinator, promoting most of pollen flow for their abundance,
presence in all patches, body size and visits in time were pollen was released. Few differences may be
explained for local or spatial differences in vegetation and altitude.
Apoio: PIBIC-CNPQ.
Palavra chave: Network - Bombus sp. - Asteraceae - pollination - rock fields.

235
Floral visitors in watermelon in Ceará’s

semiarid, Sobral, Ceará.
Autores: Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira*, Ozeládia Parente Araújo, Neyreane de Sousa Luna,
Lívia Sales de Sousa, Francisco José C. Moreira, Manoel Valnir Júnior.
Instituição: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará - IFCE Campus Sobral.
Contato: Av Dr Guarany 317, Derby Clube, 62.040-730, Sobral, CE, Brasil.
Email: pereirajop@yahoo.com.br
Watermelon Citrillus lanatus is a culture of short cycle, ranging from 80 to 110 days depend-
ing on the cultivar, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. It is a creeping annual plant growth,
with several branches that reach 5 m long. Drip irrigation provides excellent potential for use in
watermelon crop, which increase the yield and efficiency of water use when compared to using
other methods of irrigation. The good fruit set depends on the effective pollination of flowers and
pollination is usually done in the morning. The female flowers of watermelon open after sunrise
and remain open only during certain hours, less than a day. Our objective was to count and identify
the floral visitors in watermelon ‘Crimson Swett’. This study was conducted at the Irrigated Perim-
eter Ayres de Souza, Sector VI, in the city of Sobral - CE (03º45´36” South Latitude and 40º27´10”
West Longitude) from August to November 2011. At the time of flowering, the ideal temperature is
between 20 and 21 °C, and in this period, various floral visitors were observed such as Diabrotica
sp., ladybugs, wasps, bees and butterflies. The activity of bees begins two hours after sunrise, and
may decline in the peak hours. The presence of bees is essential for it to happen fruit set and pro-
ductivity of fruits, they have greater activity in the temperature between 21-39 °C, which favors
pollination, with the optimum around 28 to 30 °C. There was an intense visitation of insects, espe-
cially bees, Apis mellifera and Trigona.
Apoio: FINEP, CNPq, FUNCAP, IFCE.

Palavra chave: Flowering - Pollination - Fruit formation - Citrillus lanatus.

236
BEES POLLINATORS OF
Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. HARA AND
Ludwigia sericea (CAMBESS.) H. HARA
(ONAGRACEAE), IN GUARAPUAVA – PR
Autores: Lia Gonçalves¹*; Franciélli Cristiane Gruchowski-W¹; Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini¹
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste – UNICENTRO
Contato: Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava – Paraná, Brasil
Email: liagoncalves22@hotmail.com
Interactions between plants and pollinators have played an important role in maintenance of
biodiversity, and the bees were responsible for 80% of pollination of flowering plants in tropical re-
gions. Ludwigia a is the largest and most diverse genus in the family Onagraceae with all species of
this genus occurring in swamp areas in tropical and subtropical regions. Studies of the interactions
between Ludwigia flowers and their pollinators, involve several important morphologic and behav-
iour characteristics (found in both), leading to optimization of the process of pollination. The goal of
this study was to investigate the main pollinators of Ludwigia peruviana and Ludwigia sericea in this
region. It was conducted in the Parque Municipal das Araucárias, located in Guarapuava (PR), south-
ern Brazil, from December/2011 to April/2012. Sampling took place three times a week, from 9:00am
to 4:20pm during intervals of 20min. We identified 901 bees from the family Apidae, belonging to
three subfamilies, Apinae, Halictinae and Megachilinae. Individuals of the genus Apis were the most
abundant, which behaviour is appropriate to contact the reproductive structures of flowers during the
collection of pollen and nectar.
Apoio: UNICENTRO; CAPES

Palavra chave: Ludwigia peruviana - Ludwigia sericea - Apinae - Halictinae - Megachilinae

237
POLLINATION OF Solanum lycopersicum L.

(SOLANACEAE)
Autores: Mariana Scaramussa Deprá¹*; Geovana Carla Girondi Delaqua¹; Leandro Freitas²;
Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
Instituição: ¹*Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais – UENF;
²Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro – IP/JBRJ
Email: marianadepra@gmail.com
The flowers of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanaceae) are hermaphrodites, have five
free stamens, whose anthers form a cone surrounding the stigma. The poricidal dehiscence of the
anthers restricts the collection of pollen by bees that perform buzz ) behaviour and they are their most
important pollinators. However anemophilous pollination was also described for the species, as well
as self-pollination. The aim of this study was to determine the fruit set and quality of fruits resulted
from different pollination tests. In the greenhouse, we used flowers of 40 tomato plants of two culti-
vars (Ivanhoé and Dominador) to verify apomixis (A, n=10 flowers tested), spontaneous self-polli-
nation (SS, n=65), supplementar pollination (SP, n=147), cross-pollination between cultivars (CPV,
n=115) and cross-pollination in the same cultivar (CPM, n=117). Apomixis did not result any fruit.
The supplementar pollination resulted in a higher fruit set (84%), compared to other tests SS (55%),
CPM (53%) and CPV (55%). Average circumference of fruits and average number of seeds per fruit
resulted from the tests SS (12.89cm and 135.5 seeds) and SP (12.82cm and 132.8 seeds), differ from
the mean values of tests CPV (11.3cm and 67 seeds) and CPM (11.3cm and 57.3 seeds), as verified
by the Kruskal-Wallis test and subsequent Dunn test. The highest fruit set observed through supple-
mentar pollination indicates the importance of pollinators, since this test simulates the action of the
bees in the natural environment.
Apoio: FAPERJ; CNPq-Rede de Polinizadores; FAO/GEF/FUNBIO; Rio Rural/SEAPPA;

LCA/UENF
Palavra chave: Tomato - Buzz pollination - Fruit quality - Fruit set - Bees

238
LETHAL EFFECT OF
IMIDACLOPRID AND THIOCYCLAM
HIDROGENOXALATE COMMERCIAL
FORMULATIONS IN Bombus atratus
(HYMENOPTERA:APIDAE) WORKERS
Autores: Diego A. Riaño Jiménez, José Ricardo Cure, Marlene Lucia Aguilar
Instituição: Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
Contato: Cr 11 No 101 -80
Email: diegorianojimenez@gmail.com, ecologiadeabejas@unimilitar.edu
The knowledge of lethal effect of pesticides on bees has received great attention worldwide due
to the reduction of their population and pollination service. In Colombia native bumblebee Bombus
atratus is a potential species to be used as a pollinator of different crops including tomato. Evaluate
the lethal effect of pesticides on B atratus allow us to know the risk of their use and develop ap-
proaches to management in crops. The commercial formulations of active ingredients Imidacloprid
and Thiocyclam Hydrogenoxalate are the most used for pest control in different Colombian crops.
Oral and contact toxicity tests Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) were conducted in medium size Bombus atra-
tus workers from colonies reared in laboratory, following EPA and OECD protocols. In each test we
evaluated 5 doses and controls each with 30 repetitions in replicate. Mortality was evaluated 24, 48
and 72 hours after experiment. Data were analyzed with PROBIT lineal regression model. Contact
and oral LD50 for commercial formulation of a.i. Imidaclorpid were de 0,048 µg/bee y 0,010 µg/bee
respectively. This results contrast with those reported in other species of genus Bombus. Contact and
oral LD50 for commercial formulation of a.i.Thiocyclam hidrogenoxalate were 0,244 µg/bee and de
0,056 µg/bee. This results corresponds with first report of toxicity in genus Bombus.

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: pest control - workers - toxicity – B. atratus - pollination

239
BEHAVIOR FORAGING OF Bombus atratus

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) IN SWEET
PEPPER CROP (Capsicum annuum) VAR.
ROBLEDO IN GREENHOUSES
Autores: Johanna Pacateque*, Diego Riaño, Marlene Lucia Aguilar, José Ricardo Cure.
Instituição: Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
Contato: Cra 11 No 101-80
Email: ecologiadeabejas@unimilitar.edu.co
In Colombia, the colonies of Bombus atratus used in the pollination of tomato has yield suc-
cessful results, increasing production up to 30%. Thus, there is an special interest to evaluate colo-
nies of B. atratus in other economic crops such as sweet pepper. The study was developed in a cul-
ture of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) in greenhouse in Villa de Leyva (Boyacá, Colombia). To
evaluate the behavior foraging, we described different floral stages, development of anthers, stigma
growth, arrangement of petals and stigma receptivity. Also, we described the resource collected and
duration of worker for each visit. Results showed that there can be up to five differentiated stages.
For the three stages described for mature flowers, we differentiated two types of behavior, visit
without vibration (nectar) was 12.34 ± 5.7 seconds, and visit with vibration (pollen) was 82.79 ±
11.14 seconds. It was determined that the workers of B. atratus visit more often mature flower stage
2 (80%). The results show that B. atratus can be considered as a crop pollinator sweet pepper var.
Robledo, and can be a positive impact on production.

Palavra chave: pollination - behavior - floral stages - resource - B. atratus

240
BEE POLLINATION EFFICIENCY ON

Senna macranthera (Coll.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
AND Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby, IN CAATINGA, BAHIA, BRAZIL.
Autores: Miriam Gimenes¹*; Tennisson Matos de Cerqueira¹
Instituição: ¹* Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas.
Contato: Campus Universitário, BR 116, Km 03, 44031-460, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil.
Email: miriam.gimenes@uol.com.br
The genus Senna consists of leguminous shrubs common in the semi-arid regions of northeast-
ern Brazil. Their flowers are important as food source, especially for several native insects. Flowers
are yellow and the anthers are poricidal, and they offer pollen as reward. Pollination aspects of Senna
macranthera and Senna obtusifolia were studied at a caatinga area (Bahia, Brazil). S. macranthera
has up to 4 m in height, and the flowers are very large sized, while S. obtusifolia is up to 1.60 m in
height, and its flowers are medium sized. S. macranthera is considered self-incompatible, while S. ob-
tusifolia is self-compatible. Flowering of both species was annual and its duration was intermediate.
Xylocopa frontalis, Xylocopa suspecta, Augochloropsis sp. visited only S. macranthera. Exomalopsis
analis and Trigona spinipes visited both plants, and Apis mellifera visited only S. obtusifolia. X. fron-
talis (large sized bee) and A. mellifera (medium sized bee) were considered as efficient pollinators of
S. macranthera and S. obtusifolia, respectively, due to their adequate morphology (bee size related to
flower size), their behavior to contact floral reproductive structures, and the high frequency of visits.
In addition, the efficiency tests of pollination showed that at least 80% of fruit production of Senna
spp. occurred after flowers have been visited at once by these bees. Other bee species that visited
flowers of both species of Senna were not considered as efficient pollinators because they have no
adequate size and behavior, or because their frequency was low.
Apoio: Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana

Palavra chave: Pollination - Apoidea - Xylocopa frontalis - Apis mellifera - Northeastern

241
FLOWER VISITORS IN COCONUT TREE,

VARIETY ANÃO IN DRY PERIOD OF YEAR,
IN THE BAIXO ACARAÚ IRRIGATED
DISTRICT, MARCO, CE.
Autores: Ozeládia Parente Araújo , Neyreane de Sousa Luna1, Francisco José Carvalho Moreira1,
Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira1, Marconi Seabra Filho1, Francisca Thalita Marques Martins1.
Instituição: Curso Tecnológico em Irrigação e Drenagem, do Instituto Federal de Educação,
Ciência Tecnologia do Ceará, Campus de Sobral.
Contato: Euripedes Ferreira Gomes, 538, Apt. 203, 62040-750 Sobral, Brasil
Email: ozeladia@hotmail.com
The coconut Cocos nucifera is mainly distributed in the Brazilian coast, extending to the
Southeast of Pará, whichever Anão variety, many have aged well advanced and low productivity.
In this sense, Ceará State has emerged as one of the states that has implemented more new areas,
especially in irrigated areas. It is a plant with anemophilous pollination, however many insects
visiting inflorescences, at different stages of flowering and fruit formation, and may intervene posi-
tively in pollination. Knowing this, this study aimed to enumerate flower visitors in coconut tree,
variety Anão. This study was conducted at the Baixo Acaraú Irrigated District, of in city of Marco
- CE (South Latitude 03°01’ to 03°22’, West Longitude 40°01’ to 40° 09’) from July to December
2011. During this period, various floral visitors were observed such as Camponotus, Iça, ladybugs,
wasps, honeybees, jataí bees, arapuá bees. The activity of insects begins early, around 6:00 a.m.,
with a reduction in hotter hours and returning less frequently in the afternoon. There was an intense
visitation of insects, especially bees Apis mellifera, Trigona and Plebeia. It is believed that this
large amount of floral visitors is directly related to food shortages this time of year and also the fact
that we have not cleared many areas around the surveyed fields. It is believed that the preservation
of these insects (bees, wasps, ants) serve as an aid in pollination, especially when it is isolated or
spaced plants and in isolated areas of the wind.
Apoio: FINEP
Palavra chave: Insects - Flowering - Pollination - Fruit formation - Cocos nucifera

242
FLORAL VISITORS OF Cucurbita moschata

VARIETY JACAREZINHO IN CEARÁ’S
SEMIARID, SOBRAL, CE.
Autores Neyreane de Sousa Luna1, Ozeládia Parente Araújo1, Lívia Sales de Sousa1,
Francisco José Carvalho Moreira1, Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira1, Manoel Valnir Júnior1.
Instituição: Curso Tecnológico em Irrigação e Drenagem, do Instituto Federal de Educação,
Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Campus de Sobral.
Contato: Euripedes Ferreira Gomes, 538, Apt. 203, 62040-750 Sobral, Brasil
Email: naneluna16@hotmail.com
The Cucurbita moschata is a plant of warm climates, and is also known in the Northeast as a
pumpkin. It is a monoecious species, a vector is essential to ensure pollination. The leaves are large
and dark green with silver spots, the male and female flowers are pentamerous, grow individually in
the leaf axils and have yellow color intense. During the flowering season can be seen diverse pollina-
tors. In this sense, was made a field survey in the Ayres de Sousa Irrigated District, in the Jaibaras,
in city of Sobral - CE, (03º45’36” South Latitude and 40º27’10” West Longitude) from August to
November 2011. 10 plants were chosen at random, observed and collected flower visitors of the
same, using an entomological net. This procedure was performed for 25 days, phenological period in
which the plants were in full bloom. The main floral visitors observeds were arapuás bees and bees,
however, there is also the presence of ladybirds, butterflies, moths and wasps. The study showed that
pollen release occurred between 9:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m., and this time also with a greater number
of flower visitors, observed also that the time of bee visits lasted from 31 s to 38 s per flower, Apis
mellifera is the most frequent visits.
Apoio: FINEP
Palavra chave: Flowering - Honeybees - Pollination - Pumpkin - Fruit formation

243
USING PANTRAPS TO MONITOR

POTENTIAL POLLINATORS IN CASHEW
(Anacardium occidentale L.) CROPS.
Autores: Patricia Barreto de Andrade*, Camila Queiroz Lemos, Epifânia Emanuela Rocha
de Macedo, Keniesd Sampaio Mendonça, Natalia de Oliveira Pereira, Lilian Maria de Araújo
Flores, Ramayanno Lopes de Alencar e Breno Magalhães Freitas
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Ceará
Contato: Campus do Pici, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Mister Hall caixa postal 12168, CEP
60021970 Fortaleza - CE
Email: patricia-ba@hotmail.com
The aim of this study was to know the diversity of insects in cashew Anacardium occidentale
plantations to assess their potential as pollinators of this crop. The work was carried out in Horizonte,
Ceará, Brazil, during cashew blooming season. We used pantraps in colors blue, yellow and white in
five areas: two close to native forest and three far from any natural vegetation. Monitoring was carried
out at every 15 days. Pantraps were left in the plantations for 24h and insects trapped were collected,
stored in alcohol, before being tagged, pinned and identified. We made eight collections between Au-
gust and December 2011 and 6,222 insects were collected, belonging to Orders Diptera, Coleoptera,
Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. Individual abundance in the areas close to forest was
5,469 (44 species) while far from the forest was 1,103 (37 species). In the area close to forest, Dip-
tera was the most abundant with 2,917 individuals (63.8%, 9 species), followed by Coleoptera 464
individuals (10.1% and 6 species), bees totaled 353 (7.8%, 12 species), wasps 2.3% and 6 species and
ants 134 (2.94%, 2 species) and 598 individuals (13.1%) belonging to other groups. In areas far from
the forest, Diptera was again the most abundant, 583 flies (52.9%, and 9 species, the same number as
in the former areas), Coleoptera presented larger numbers, 128 (11.6%) but less species (5) than the
areas close to forest. Bee abundance was greater than in areas close to forest, 116 (10.5%) but rich-
ness was lower (9 species). The same was observed to ants, 134 (2.9% and 2 species). Wasp number
was smaller, 32 individuals (2.1% and 6 species, same number as in the forested areas). Other species
totaled 204 (18.5%). The number of bees collected increased as the cashew blooming progressed and
reached the highest abundance in the blooming peak, in the beginning of October. Bee richness was
greater in colors blue and yellow (40 species) than in white (37 species). These results need to be as-
sociated to flower visit studies for identification of potential pollinators of cashew.
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: bee abundance - bee richness - cashew pollination - insect diversity - native forest

244
WILD BEES VISITING FLOWERS OF

Phaseolus vulgaris (LEGUMINOSAE)
Autores: Renata Cunha Pereira, José Olívio Lopes Vieira Júnior,
Instituição: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste
de Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba
Contato: Av. Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão, s/n, Bairro Lindo Vale,
Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais
Email: renata_cp100@hotmail.com
Phaseolus vulgaris is an important cultivated specie in Zona da Mata Mineira. This species
shows mechanisms of self-fecundation that occur before or near the opening of flowers. However the
service of pollination performed by wild bees can improve the productivity and quality of fruits and
seeds. The aim of this work was to known the bee fauna visiting flowers of P. vulgaris. This study was
carried out in Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Rio
Pomba, Minas Gerais State in an cultivated area of 2.8 ha during the month of may 2012. Bees were
collected with entomological net in intervals of fifteen minutes to 7 until 16 hours. The individuals
collected were identified and deposited in entomological collection of Laboratório de Ecologia do IF
Sudeste MG. 81 individuals belonging to five species were captured. The species with highest values
of relative abundance were Bombus atratus (Franklin, 1913) followed by Bombus morio (Swederus,
1987). Individuals of Xylocopa frontales (Olivier, 1789) Megachile sp and Apis mellifera were also
collected. This result can help us to understand the importance of bees as pollinators of this culture and
consequently the importance of their conservation.
Apoio: FAPEMIG
Palavra chave: Phaseolus vulgaris - flowers - pollination - conservation - habitat

245
BEE VISITORS OF THE FLOWERS OF

Richardia grandiflora (RUBIACEAE) :
A RUDERAL SPECIES
Autores: Renata Marinho Cruz¹; Ana Carolina Toscano de Sousa¹; Celso Feitosa Martins¹
Instituição: ¹ Depto. de Sistemática e Ecologia/CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB
Contato: Cidade Universitária, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
Email: nata_marinho@hotmail.com
Richardia grandiflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Steud is a ruderal herb from Rubiaceae that has a
lack of information about its floral visitors. Considering the importance of ruderal species in the con-
servation of pollinators diversity and abundance in agricultural systems, this research aimed to study
bee visitors and pollinators of R. grandiflora. The study was carried out at the Estação Experimental
de Mangabeira owned by the Empresa Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária da Paraíba (EMEPA-PB),
João Pessoa, PB, Brazil, from August/2010 to April/2011. Observations of floral visitors were done
in 50 flowers of R. grandiflora, starting at 6:00h and extending until 17:00h. Flowers were monitored
during 5 minutes at each interval of 10 minutes, totalizing 30 minutes per hour. The behavior of the
bees regarding the foraging of flower resources and the occurrence of contact with stigma were veri-
fied through visual observations and analysis of photographs. Bee visits started around 6:30h and the
highest frequency was observed in the interval between 7:00h and 8:00h. After that, visits decreased
and remained almost zero from 11:30h. A total of 17 bee species (8 Apidae, 8 Halictidae and 1 An-
drenidae) that collected pollen and/or nectar as floral resource were recorded. Among bees, individu-
als from the introduced species Apis mellifera were the most frequent, with 86.9% of total visits. The
second highest frequency was recorded for Dialictus opacus (3.0%), which was followed by Ceratina
sp. (2.3%). The frequency of Frieseomelitta doederleini and Augochloropsis sp. were respectively
2.0% and 1.6%. The remaining species had a frequency less than or equal to 1.0%. All species of
bees were observed contacting anthers and the stigma during visits. Individuals of Apis mellifera
were noteworthy because they had the highest relative frequency and contacted the floral reproduc-
tive structures in all visits. Thus, they were considered the main pollinators of Richardia grandiflora.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavra chave: Pollination - Pollinators - Apis mellifera - Native bees - Herb

246
Floral biology of Brassica napus

(cv. Hyola 420) allows cross pollination by
bees, in Esmeralda, southern Brazil.
Autores: Rosana Halinski¹*; Annelise Rosa², Daniela Loose¹, Betina Blochtein¹
Instituição: ¹*Faculdade de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Ecologia, Laboratório
de Entomologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; ²Faculdade de Filosofia,
Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo.
Contato: Av. Ipiranga 6681, 90619900, Porto Alegre, Brasil
Email: rosana.oliveira@pucrs.br
Brassica napus, known as canola, is an oilseed considered self fertile. However, researches
indicate its productivity increases through pollination by bees. Its visitation on flowers is related to
the offer of resources, and effective pollination is related to the stigma receptivity. This study aimed
to characterize the floral biology of B. napus, highlighting the resources availability and the stigma
receptivity. It was conducted in 25th and 26th August/2010, in Esmeralda, Brazil. The floral biology
was analyzed in 80 buds marked in pre-anthesis. In each two hours, 20 flowers were collected for
morphology description, finding of floral resources and of stigma receptivity (hydrogen peroxide
test). The flowers were characterized in four anthesis phases until senescence totalizing 14 hours. In
the first phase, there is no availability of resources and receptivity. The corolla opening, as well as the
high offer of pollen and nectar and the stigma receptivity kept themselves during 8 hours (phase 2).
The third phase presented receptivity and nectar availability, although anthers are senescent. In the
fourth phase there was no availability of any resource, however, the stigma was still receptive. Among
other factors, the duration of anthesis for a period less than 24 hours can be attributed to the specific
intrinsic factors of Hyola 420 cultivar as well as to the local weather, when compared with other areas
of the same crop in southern Brazil. Phase 2 was highlighted to show all characteristics which provide
conditions for an effective pollination, and the 4 was highlighted for contrast with other researches
which affirm that in the last phase there is no more receptivity. This work allowed to know the main
period of anthesis that enables a cross pollination by bees and, besides other attributes, contributes to
getting subsides for future studies of management pollination in this crop.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavra chave: anthesis - canola - floral resources - stigma receptivity - pollinators

247
NOCTURNAL BEE Megalopta

(HYMENOPTERA: HALICTIDAE:
AUGOCHLORINI) VISITING FLOWERS IN
CERRADO VEGETATION, SÃO PAULO STATE.
Autores: Sidnei Mateus, Cláudia Inês da Silva, Fabio S. Nascimento
Instituição: FFCLRP-USP, Depto. Biologia
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: sidneim@ffclrp.usp.br
Megalopta are unusual bees since they forage in dim-light conditions (post-sunset and pre-sun-
rise) while the majority of bees do not. Megalopta is a Neotropical group of nocturnal bees distributed
from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Individuals vary in size, generally ranging from 10 to
15 mm in length. Females of Megalopta build their nests in dead trunks, twigs and lianas, and are
facultatively social. Megalopta is the most diverse group of nocturnal bees, with 27 described species,
which are divided into two subgenera, Megalopta Smith sensu stricto and Noctoraptor Engel, Brooks
and Yanega, 1997; the latter comprises only three species of putative nest parasites or, maybe, social
parasites. Eleven species of Megalopta are currently known to occur in Brazil. Megalopta is poorly
represented in taxonomic collections due to their nocturnal habits. Some pollination studies involving
Megalopta bees refer to the strong fragrance of the flowers they visit, but the eventual role of these
scents as attractive cues for the nocturnal bees has not been assessed. We collected six specimens
using entomological net after sunset visiting Cerrado flowers in Luiz Antonio, São Paulo state., two
Megalopta quimaraesi in Vernonia ruficoma (Asteraceae), and four specimens of Megalopta amo-
ema in Couepia grandiflora (Chrysobalanaceae). Seven specimens were collected in Pedregulho after
sunset using light-traps. All individuals had pollen of Aegiphila lhotzkiana (Verbenaceae) in the body
hairs; five Megalopta guimaraesi , one M. sodalist and one M. amoema . Details of the pollination
biology of plants visited by Megalopta are still little known.
Apoio: Financial support: FAPESP – process - 2010/10027-5.

Palavra chave: Megalopta - Nocturnal bees - pollination - cerrado - geographic distribution

248
BEE MELITOMA GENUS AS POTENTIAL

POLLINATOR OF Ipomoea bahiensis
IN AN AREA OF ANTHROPIC
CAATINGA OF BAHIA.
Autores: Sílvia Karla Dias dos Santos1*; Claudia Oliveira Santos1; Bianca Silva Cerqueira1;
Miriam Gimenes1
Instituição: UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA
Contato: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Campus Universitário, BR 116,
Km 03, 44031-460, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil
Email: karla.biologa@hotmail.com
Many species of genus Ipomoea have its flowers pollinated by bees and these visitors are
usually associated with the flowers opening time. This study aimed to identify flower visitors, es-
pecially bees, which work as potential flower pollinators of Ipomoea bahiensis in an area with high
human disturbance. The time and resources used by the visitors were observed, besides the different
stages of flower development from the button until senescence. The study was carried out in May
and June/2011. Its area was 90 m2, randomly selected in the campus of State University of Feira de
Santana-UEFS, where I. bahiensis occur. In the observed area, flowers of I. bahiensis received visits
from bees of genus Melitoma (456), family Halictidae (12), and lepidopteran of family Hesperiideae
(98), totaling 566 flower visitors. Bees of genus Melitoma were the most abundantly and frequently
observed, showing adequate behavior and morphology for the contact with the flower reproductive
structures. Furthermore, this bees foraging time were synchronized with the resource availability
(nectar and pollen) during the flower duration. After analyzing several aspects of interaction among
flower visitors and I.bahiensis, it was concluded that the bees of genus Melitoma were the most im-
portant visitors to this efficient plant pollination.
Apoio: PPGZoo
Palavra chave: Melitoma segmentaria - Ipomoea bahiensis - Pollination - Synchroniza-
tion - Interactions

249
Yield analysis of rapeseed

(Brassica napus L.): effects of pollination,
genotype plant and sowing date
Autores: Emerson Dechechi Chambó1*; Newton Tavares Escocard de Oliveira2; Regina Con-
ceição Garcia2; Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi2; Eduardo Schulz Mittanck2; Juyverson Giasson2;
Diana Jéssica Pereira2; André Halak1 and Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo1
Instituição: 1* Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Zootecnia, Maringá-PR;
2Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, M. C. Rondon-PR
Contato: 5790 Colombo Avenue block J45 office 3 - Animal Science Department - zipcode 87020-
900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
Email: vagner_abelha@yahoo.co.uk
Two self-fertile commercial rapeseed cultivars were evaluated for grain yield (kg.ha-1) and
total number grain per plant in three tests pollination and two sowing dates, in the west of state of
Paraná, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial scheme 2 x 3 x 2,
totalizing 12 treatments and four replications. The treatments had consisted of combinations of two
rapeseed cultivars (Hyola 61 and Hyola 433), three tests pollination (covered area with African-
ized honeybee colony, covered area without honeybee colony, and uncovered area with free insect
visitation) and two sowing dates (05/25/2011 and 06/25/2011). Averages of grains yield and total
number grains per plant did not differed among covered area with Africanized honeybee colonies
(1126.37 ± 746.78 kg.ha-1 and 5766.47 ± 2162.92, respectively) and uncovered area (1233.92 ±
658.37 kg.ha-1 and 5367.21 ± 2086.46, respectively) and were higher what in covered area without
honeybee colony (715.14 ± 563 kg.ha-1 and 3978.76 ± 1903.82, respectively), regardless of cultivar
and sowing date (grain yield: P<0.0001; total number grains per plant: P<0.0001). The averages
of grain yield and number grains per plant were higher in first planting (1603.94 ± 408.77 kg.ha-1
and 6574.97 ± 1596.78 kg.ha-1, respectively) compared with second planting (446.34 ± 301.96 and
3499.99 ± 1412.80, respectively), regardless of cultivar and pollination (grain yield: P<0.0001; to-
tal number grains per plant: P<0.0001). The genotype Hyola 433 had higher grain yield (1147.30 ±
692.06 kg.ha-1) and total number grains per plant (5924.47 ± 1758.45) compared hybrid Hyola 61
(902.98 ± 668.83 kg.ha-1 and 4150.49 ± 2178.30, respectively for grain yield and total number grains
per plant), regardless sowing date and pollination (grains yield: P = 0.001; number grains per plant:
P<0.0001). Although self-pollination occurs in rapeseed, increased production was obtained with pol-
lination by honeybees. The Hyola 433 hybrid sowed in May had better yield.
Apoio: Capes, CNPq processes nº 308283/2011-2

Palavra chave: pollination - cage pollination - Africanized honeybee - Brassica napus -
entomophilous pollination

250
COMMUNITIES OF FLOWER-VISITING
BEES OF Gossypium hirsutum (MALVACEAE)
IN DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL DOMAINS
AND PRODUCTIONS SYSTEMS IN BRAZIL
Amanda M. Dias¹; Rafael Ferrari¹; Rodolfo C. Arantes¹; Sandra Rodrigues³; Fábio A.
Albuquerque³; José E. Miranda³; Edson Sujii²; Antonio J. C. Aguiar4; Fernando A. Silveira
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG; ²Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e
Biotecnoloiga; ³Embrapa Algodão; 4Universidade de Brasília – UnB
Contato: Av. Antonio Carlos, nº 6627, Pampullha, Belo Horizonte - MG
Email: vica.pires@gmail.com
Cotton is cultivated in Brazil under different production systems and ecological conditions.
Considering the potential of bees as cotton pollinators, their communities in three different eco-
logical domains were compared: Paraíba state, semi-arid Caatinga domain, small farms; Goiás state,
Cerrado domain, small farms; and Mato Grosso state, Amazonian domain, large farm. In each area,
bees were collected on cotton flowers during 30 min in four one-hour periods between 09:00 and
13:00, totalizing two sampling hours per day. Sampling was done in 2011, in the municipalities of
Remígio and Prata (PB; 24 hours of sampling); Mundo Novo (GO, 16 h) and Sinop (MT, 28 h).
Excluding the exotic species Apis mellifera (the only present in the three regions and, also, the most
abundant of them), Apidae was represented by 86% and Halictidae by 14% of the collected speci-
mens in all areas together. Megachilidae was represented only in Goiás, by a single specimen. Three
tribes were represented in all regions: Emphorini, Apini and Augochlorini, and the most abundant in
each state were, in Paraíba, Emphorini (43% of the collected specimens), Exomalopsini (31%) and
Apini (20%); in Goiás, Apini (44%), Ceratinini (14%) and Emphorini (12%); and, in Mato Grosso,
Apini (67%), Emphorini (17%) and Augochorini (17%). The most frequent native species were: In
Paraíba, Exomalopsis analis (1.9 bees/h), Ptilothrix plumata (1.9) and Melitomella murihirta (1.6); in
Goiás, Paratrigona lineata (0.4), Epicharis schrottkyi (0.3) and Bombus brevivillus (0.3) and, in Mato
Grosso, Melipona interrupta (0.1). Species similarity among areas (Morisita index) was 0.99 when
A. mellifera was considered, but much smaller when it was excluded (maximum similarity recorded,
between Mundo Novo and Prata, 0.14). Results suggest that composition of flower-visiting guilds on
cotton fields are influenced by the regional composition of bee faunas and abundance and diversity
of bees, by production system.

Palavra chave: cotton - pollinators - Caatinga - Cerrado - Amazonian domain

251
EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT METHODS

FOR SAMPLING BEES ASSOCIATED
TO THE COTTON CROP AND ITS
SURROUNDING VEGETATION
Amanda M. Dias¹; Rafael Ferrari¹; Rodolfo C. Arantes¹; Flávio R. S. Almeida³;
Fábio A. Albuquerque³; Edson R. Sujii²; Fernando A. Silveira¹; Carmen S. S. Pires²
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG; ²Embrapa Recursos
Genéticos e Biotecnologia; ³Embrapa Algodão
Contato: Av. Antonio Carlos, nº 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte - MG
Email: vica.pires@gmail.com
The efficiency of four methods was compared for bee sampling in cotton fields and in the
surrounding ‘caatinga’ vegetation. Weekly sampling was performed along the cotton blooming-
season of 2011, in Prata (Paraíba state, Brazil). Sampling on cotton was done directly on flowers
with plastic vials for 6 h/week (total of 72 sampling hours); entomological nets were employed to
sample other cultivated and non-cultivated plants around the crop field. Malaise traps were set at
the beginning of the cotton blooming season, one inside the crop and another in the vicinities, and
their samples were collected weekly. Pan traps were set in two parcels composed of five sampling
units, one inside and another in the vicinities of the cotton field. The sampling units (one yellow,
one blue and one white plastic dishes) were 15 m apart from each other. A total of 40 bee species
were recorded. The Malaise trap installed in the vicinity of the crop recorded the largest and the pan
traps in the crop the lowest number of species (23 and 3, respectively). Rarefaction curves indicate
that sampling on cotton flower was the only method tending to stabilization, suggesting that it was
efficient in sampling cotton flower visitors. The methods producing samplings most similar to the
sampling done diretly on cotton flowers were netting on surrounding vegetation (Morisita index =
0.68, excluding Apis mellifera and the Malaise inside the crop (0.62). Similarity of that sampling
with pan traps inside the crop was 0.41. A. mellifera was the most abundant species on cotton
flowers, and in malaise traps and entomological net samples. Melitomella murihirta was the most
common bee in pan traps. Data suggest that the different methods sample different components of
the local bee fauna and that the best method for surveying and monitoring cotton pollinators is col-
lecting directly on cotton flowers.

Palavra chave: pollinators - Malaise trap - pan traps - entomologic net - Caatinga

252
PRAGAS, PARASITAS E DOENÇAS

DE ABELHAS TROPICAIS

253
BODY SIZE AND ABUNDANCE OF

Pseudohypocera kerteszi (DIPTERA,
PHORIDAE) IN NESTS OF STINGLESS BEES
Autores: Anna Patrycia Martins de Oliveira¹*; Giorgio Cristino Venturieri²;
Instituição: ¹*Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-UFPA; ²EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental,
³Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFPA
Contato: Universidade Federal do Pará Rua Augusto Corrêa, No. 1, Campus Básico, Guamá
Email: anna@ufpa.br
Phorid flies are a group of Diptera that feeds on decomposed matter, also acting as parasites and
parasitoids of several groups. Many bee species are parasitized by phorids, which hinders their breed-
ing; however, despite their importance, there are few studies about their ecology. In this work it was
studied if there are differences among the body size of phorid flies that parasite three species of sting-
less bees, and if there is any relationship the body size and abundance of phorid flies and the monthly
variations of rainfall. The experiments were performed from April 2010 to September 2011 in the
meliponary of Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém/PA, Brazil. Inside each bee colony studied (only
already infested nests; Melipona flavolineata, 4 nests; M. fasciculata, 13 nests, and M. seminigra, 26
nests) phorids were captured by the use of two traps that consisted of vials containing 30ml of white
wine vinegar and the other with 30ml of red wine vinegar, which had an orifice on their lids to allow
the phorids but not the bees enter them. The traps remained inside the colonies during seven days, and
from the captured phorids were measured the maximum head width (HW) and interorbital distance
(ID). Only females of Pseudohypocera kerteszi were used on the analyses, since it was the only spe-
cies captured and the females represented 99% of the individuals.Pseudohypocera kerteszi females
(n=21) that parasitized the M. flavolineata nests were significantly smaller (median ± standard error)
on their HW (0.781 ± 0.016) and ID (0.402 ± 0.009) than those that infested M. fasciculata (Kruskal-
Wallis – Multiple comparison test: p<0.0001; n=533; HW: 0.862 ± 0.003; ID: 0.448, ± 0.002) and
M. seminigra colonies (Kruskal-Wallis - Multiple comparison test: p<0.0039; n=100; HW: 0.919 ±
0.009; ID: 0.448 ± 0.007). Our results might be explained by the fact that the M. flavolineata nests
were stronger than the other bee species, thus having a larger number of workers, which could block
the infestation of large phorid flies. In this way, smaller phorids could enter and infest the M. flavo-
lineata colonies more efficiently. The abundance (Spearman R=0.13) and the measures of head width
(R²=0.50) of P. kertezsi females inside bee colonies showed a positive relationship with monthly
rainfall, probably because in the rainy season the worker populations normally decrease.
Apoio: FAPESPA - EMBRAPA-UFPA

Área: Pragas, parasitas e doenças de abelhas tropicais
Palavra chave: morphometry - Pseudohypocera kerteszi - bees - weather - phorid flies

254
STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF

PHORID FLIES (DIPTERA, PHORIDAE)
PARASITES OF STINGLESS BEES
Autores: Anna Patrycia Martins de Oliveira ¹*; Giorgio Cristino Venturieri ²;
Instituição: ¹* Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-UFPA; ² EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental,
³ Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFPA
Contato: Universidade Federal do Pará Rua Augusto Corrêa, No. 1, Campus Básico, Guamá
Email: anna@ufpa.br
One of the main cleptoparasite groups that attack stingless bees are the Phoridae, which larvae
feed on the pollen stocks of the colonies, causing colonies losses, thus hindering meliponiculture. One
of the main traditional control methods is the use of traps with vinegar inside the colonies. However,
the use of red wine vinegar is more frequent than the use of white vinegar, since it is believed that
the first capture more phorids. Another question is whether the use of these traps within the colonies
could attract phorids that are in the external environment. Thus, this study aimed to compare the ef-
fectiveness of red and white wine vinegars regarding the capture of phorids, and whether the use of
vinegar would attract phorids that are outside the colonies.To test the effectiveness of vinegars, two
traps of each type of vinegar were placed inside infested colonies of Melipona fasciculata and M.
seminigra,in the meliponary of Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém/PA, Brazil, every two weeks,
from April 2010 until July 2011.To test the attractiveness of the vinegar, two traps with red wine vin-
egar (experimental treatment) and two traps containing water (control), were placed each two weeks
in empty hives not previously used, i.e. without odors of bees or from nest structures; thus the capture
of flies would be due only to the vinegar, not due to bees. For the analysis of attractiveness and effec-
tiveness of vinegars only were used female flies, which accounted for 99% of the individuals. There
was no difference on the attractiveness of vinegars: in M. fasciculata 301 Pseudohypocera kertezsi fe-
males were captured in red wine vinegars and 231 in white wine vinegars (Wilcoxon matched-paired
test Z=0.77; N=26; p=0.44) and in M. seminigra 60 females of P. kertezsi were captured in red wine
vinegars and 39 in white wine vinegars (Z=0.45; N=13 e p=0.65). No phorid flies were captured in
the empty hives (70 trials). We can conclude that these two types of vinegars are equally efficient in
the capture of phorids and the traps are safe to use, since the vinegars did not attract outside phorids
to the colonies.
Apoio: FAPESPA ;EMBRAPA;UFPA

Palavra chave: vinegar - Pseudohypocera kerteszi - meliponiculture - traps - control

255
FREQUENCY OF PARASITISM OF
CONOPIDAE (DIPTERA) IN A POPULATION
OF Centris analis (HYMENOPTERA,
CENTRIDINI) IN THE campus
OF UNIVERIDADE DE
SÃO PAULO – RIBEIRÃO PRETO.
Autores: Carolina Mayumi Hirotsu1*; Carlos Alberto Garófalo1
Instituição: ¹*Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Email: ca.mayumi@gmail.com
Conopidae represents an important parasitoid family associated with adult bees. The female
lay its egg at the host’s abdomen and the larvae begins development feeding on hemolymph and
the host’s internal tissue. Pupation occurs inside the host, which dies a little before. Reports show
conopids attacking many species of Bombus and solitary bees. Since conopids can decrease life
span, they can be a stress for the population of a solitary bee like Centris analis, which a single
female builds the nest and oviposit. From 2008 dead Centris analis found near the trap-nests set in
the campus of USP – Ribeirão Preto were taken to the laboratory and kept under room temperature
until the emergence of conopids, which were killed with ethyl acetate.A total of 158 bees were
found dead, 121 females (71 with adult conopids, 25 with pupae and 25 with no evidence of para-
sitism) and 37 males (22 with adult conopids, 9 with pupae and 6 with no evidence of parasitism).
Deaths were more frequently between January and April.Although it’s not possible to ascertain
if conopids are constraining C. analis population this result show that females are more prone to
receive attacks from conopids, according to Goulson (2003) conopids attack bees foraging on flow-
ers, so females seems to have more chances of receiving parasite attacks since they have to forage
for themselves and their brood; because parasitized females may not be able to forage properly
and disability its production it can be a stress to their population.Others studies registered greater
presence of conopids parasitizing bees during the summer period (Schmid-Hempel et al, 1990; Ot-
terstatter et al, 2002) as seen in this work.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavra chave: parasitoid - Physocephala - Conopidae - Centris analis – solitary bee

256
PUPAL MORTALITY OF AFRICANIZED

HONEYBEES (Apis mellifera L.) DUE TO
Varroa destructor PARASITISM
Autores: Igor Medici de Mattos¹*; José Chaud Netto²
Instituição: ¹ Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP;
² Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro - UNESP
Email: igormmattos@usp.br
Varroa destructor(Anderson & Treuman 2000) is the world’s most important plague of apicul-
ture. In Brazil, weather conditions and the strains of bees do not provide ideal conditions for mite
parasitism, which is reflected in the low number of deaths of colonies caused by varroatosis well as
the stability of infestation levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the damage caused by the mite
infestation in hives maintained in natural conditions. For this purpose the number of mites per bee was
determined and used to quantify the level of infestation in each colony. To record the mortality rates
of parasitized bees during development daily checks were performed. The data were analyzed by G
test of independence and a Test of Proportions. The results indicate that the rate of mortality of pupae
was proportional to the degree of infestation in each colony i.e., the colonies with major infestation
rates presented higher frequency of individuals killed in the pupa stage (Teste G = 442.52; P < 0.0001;
Teste G (Williams) = 441.56; P < 0.0001), and all colonies showed mortality rates significantly higher
than the control one. In Africanized honeybee colonies infested by the mite pupal mortality rates in
conditions of natural infestation varied from 4.64 to 23.28 (X = 11.24%), against 3.85% in the control
colony. In colonies with infestation levels considered common to the region of Brazil (from 2 to 5%)
mortality rates ranged from 6.65 to 9.89% (X = 8.78%). Therefore, in colonies with common infesta-
tion levels the average rates of mortality caused by the harmful effects of the mite were 2.28 times
greater in the pupal stage. This loss of developing bees in the colony may imply in a lower number of
adults produced, which could be reflected directly on hive productivity and economic losses.
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: Varroa destructor – Africanized honeybees – mortality analysis - development
- Após mellifera

257
VARIATION IN THE INCIDENCE OF THE

MITE Varroa destructor IN BROOD CELLS
AND ADULT WORKERS IN AFRICANIZED
HONEY BEES (Apis mellifera L.) WITH A
HIGH DEGREE OF HYGIENIC BEHAVIOR,
IN WINTER AND IN SUMMER
Autores: Marcia Regina Cavichio Issa1*; Rogério Aparecido Pereira1; Michelle Manfrini Mo-
rais2; David De Jong1; Lionel Segui Gonçalves3,4
Instituição: 1*Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP; 2Universidade Federal de São
Paulo-UNIFESP; 3Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP; 4Professor
Visitante da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido – UFERSA-RN
Contato: *Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
Email: mrcissa@rge.fmrp.usp.br
Winter is the time when even the Africanized honey bees, who suffer less with bee diseases,
have greater weakness against some “illnesses” opportunists. Generally, after this period, with
arrival of spring and summer, the colonies tend to stabilize yourself. The hygienic behavior dis-
played by Africanized bees seems to be one of the mechanisms that have made it resistant to Var-
roa destructor mite and other diseases. In a first experiment, have been evaluated the degree of
hygienic behavior (in percentage), infestation rates and mite reproduction in 7 colonies in experi-
mental apiary in Genetics Department - Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São
Paulo (Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil), in late winter, as bees have been found with deformed
wings since winter/2005. In a second experiment, in late summer, have been assessed infestation
rates in brood cells and adult worker bees under the same colonies. The hygienic behavior de-
grees were: 92.50%, 87.00%, 60.13% (3 hygienic colonies), 20.00%, 22.50%, 6.40%, 9.00% (4
non-hygienic colonies). In winter experiment, have been assessed rates of infestation in broods
(respectively, 10.00%, 13.00%, 14.50%, 15.00%, 17.00%, 21.00%, 36.58%) in adults (respec-
tively, 4.07%, 5.84%, 4.19%, 7.06%, 8.29%, 9.62%, 12.75%) and, on reproduction, hygienics
submitted the largest number of female-mites without offspring (70.00%, 69.23%, 53.30%) than
non-hygienics (26.60%, 29.41%, 19.04%, 20.00%). In this first experiment, hygienic colonies
showed smaller infestations and mite reproduction than non-hygienics (Data in VIII Encontro
sobre Abelhas). Now, in second experiment, still in winter, in hygienic colonies were found
smaller percentages of deformed wings bees (respectively, 0%, 0%, 11.00%, 20.00%, 26.30%,
33.00%, 47.00%) and minor presence of non-emerged imagos with deformed wings; being these
little found or nonexistent on hygienic colonies. In late summer, were revalued infestation rates
in brood cells (respectively, 0%, 6.00%, 8.00%, 10.00%, 13.00%, 16.00%, 28.00%) and adult

258
worker bees (respectively, 0%, 3.48%, 3.94%, 6.45%, 6.60%, 8.45%, 9.13%). These rates were
higher in winter than in summer. Thus, hygienic colonies showed greater tendency to stabilize
after winter than non-hygienics, with smaller infestations in both broods and adults.
Apoio: FAPESP
Palavra chave: Hygienic behavior - Apis mellifera - Varroa destructor - - - -

259
CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE
DE ABELHAS TROPICAIS

260
URBAN DEVELOPMENT VERSUS

CONSERVATION: FRIENDLY
CONSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MELIPONINE
BEES (APIDAE, MELIPONINI)
Autores: CARVALHO, A. V.1*; OLIVEIRA, T. T. S.1; SANTANA, T. S.1; MAHLMANN, T.1;
HIPÓLITO, J.2; OLIVEIRA, F. F.1
Instituição: 1Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos, Universidade
Federal da Bahia (BIOSIS/UFBA); 2Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Abelhas,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biomonitoramento (LABEA/ECOBIO/UFBA)
Contato: Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia,
Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos (BIOSIS), Rua Barão de
Geremoabo S/N, Campus Universitário Ondina 40170-110 - Salvador, BA - Brasil
Email: alinefsaba@hotmail.com
The increasing suppression of natural areas due to the increase of urban areas is increasingly
common in big cities. This process of suppression and habitat loss can directly affect local communi-
ties, such as communities of Meliponine bees. This group of eusocial bees, popularly known as indig-
enous stingless bees lives in perennial colonies and usually build their nests in preexisting cavities in
trees, but also in human buildings. Friendly practices such as those aiming conservation should be ad-
opted, as the use of buildings that promote the fauna and flora conservation. In this context, this study
aimed to evaluate the importance of mortared stone walls, one type of building that seems to offer
small spaces probably favoring nesting bees. The observations consisted of active searches and geo-
referencing of the nests in the Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador/BA between April
and maio/2012. Among 09 species of eusocial bees that occur on campus: Apis mellifera Linnaeus,
1758, Nannotrigona sp., Oxytrigona sp., Partamona sp., Plebeia aff. droryana (Friese, 1900), Scap-
totrigona sp., Scaptotrigona xanthotricha Moure, 1950, Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811) and
Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793), three were recorded nesting in this type of building, with 55 nests.
The most abundant species was T. angustula, with 37 nests, followed by Nannotrigona sp. (17) and P.
aff. droryana one nest only. Despite the lack of temporal data and comparisons with other substrates
used by the bee community in the campus of the university, this study demonstrated a potential nest-
ing site for several species of Meliponine bees, thus serving as an input for future scientific studies
that can provide assistance to master plans in the context of conservation.
Apoio: FUNBIO, FAPESB, CNPQ

Área: Conservação da biodiversidade de abelhas tropicais
Palavra chave: stingless bees - cavities pre-existing - conservation - eusocial bees - urban areas

261
POLLEN SOURCES USED BY

Melipona subnitida (APIDAE, MELIPONINI)
DURING THE DRY SEASON IN AN
URBANIZED LANDSCAPE IN THE
BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID REGION
Autores: Amanda Aparecida de Castro Limão¹*; Camila Maia-Silva²; Cláudia Inês da Silva²;
Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca¹.
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA; ² Faculdade de Filosofia,
Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Contato: Avenida Francisco Mota 572, 59625-900 Mossoró, Brasil.
Email: amandacastro_@hotmail.com
Stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) depend to a great extent on plants to obtain their food,
mainly pollen and nectar, which are used to feed both adults and larvae. In the Caatinga, the semi-
arid region in the Brazilian northeast, floral resources are available predominantly during the rainy
season. Thus, species blooming during the dry season are essential to guarantee the survival of the
colonies. In this context, the present study aimed at identifying the main pollen sources used by the
stingless bee species Melipona subnitida (jandaíra) in an urbanized landscape during the dry season
in a Brazilian semi-arid region. The experiments were conducted on the campus of the Federal Brazil-
ian University (UFERSA) in Mossoró/RN in October and November 2011. We observed the pollen
foraging activity of six colonies of M. subnitida between 5:00 and 17:00h. To determine the floral
origin of the pollen we collected three foragers per colony (n = 120 bees) during peak-activity. The
pollen material was acetolyzed and identified comparing it with reference material of the plants on
the university campus. During the experiments, ambient temperature reached an average minimum of
25°C and average maximum of 33.8°C. On average, relative humidity presented a minimum of 42.8%
and a maximum 78.1%. Pollen foraging occurred predominantly in the morning between 5:00 and
7:30h at lower ambient temperatures. We identified 12 pollen types, distributed among the families
Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae and Rutaceae. The most abundant pollen types in the samples were
from Cassia fistula, Fabaceae (56%) in October, and Psidium guajava, Myrtaceae (33%) in Novem-
ber. Therefore, during the dry period of the year, these plants represent important sources of pollen
for M. subnitida, favouring the development and the conservation of this species in urban landscapes.
Apoio: CNPQ; CAPES

Palavra chave: stingless bees - foraging - floral resources - Caatinga - conservation

262
DIVERSITY OF BEES
(HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEA) IN A
SAVANNAH AREA IN THE MIRADOR
STATE PARK, MARANHÃO, BRAZIL.
Autores: Ana Carolina Alves Malheiros Araújo¹²; Gracy Chrisley Alencar Carvalho¹²;
Fernanda Brito da Silva²; Gessica Oliveira Marinho²; Márcia Maria Corrêa Rêgo¹²;
Patrícia M. C. Albuquerque¹²
Instituição: ¹ Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Biodiversidade e Conservação; ² Laboratório de Estudos sobre Abelhas (LEA)
Contato: CAMPUS UNIVERSITÁRIO DO BACANGA AV. DOS PORTUGUESES,
S/N - CEP 65085-580
Email: carolina.malheiros@hotmail.com
The Cerrado is considered one of the hotspots for conservation worldwide and has a rich bio-
diversity of bees. But the bee fauna in savanna environments is poorly understood in relation to the
global biogeographical context. In Maranhao this biome occupies more than 50% of the entire state,
but there is little research for the understanding of the diversity of bees and flowers that is visited
by them. In this regard the study was conducted at the Mirador State Park (6º37’56,29’’S e 45º 53’
4,25’’W) situated in the central-southern of Maranhao. The main objective of this study is to know the
PEM apifauna where there has not yet been performed a long-term standardized survey, and because
it is one of the few protected areas in the state. The samples are being held since December 2011,
every 30 days, in two areas of 1 ha each. Two people are collecting the bees with an entomological
net from 6:00 to 18:00h. Species richness and abundance are distributed into four families: Apidae
(31 species, n=477), Halictidae (3spp., n=16), Megachilidae (5spp, n=8) and Colletidae (1 spp. n=1).
The genera with the largest number of species were Ceratina, Tetrapedia, Paratrigona and Trigona.
The Meliponini, in addition to having higher richness, were also more abundant: Trigona pallens
(Fabricius) (13.54%), Trigona fulviventris Guérin (12.35%), Plebeia sp. (9.76%) and Tetragona sp.2
(4,58%). Apis mellifera L. was one of the less abundant species, represented by only 2.98%. The low
amount of solitary bees until now may have been due to the fact that collecting has only been taking
place during the rainy season. Up to now the bee fauna presented a significant richness and diversity.
Apoio: CNPq/Bionorte, CAPES, PIBIC/UFMA

Palavra chave: Association of bees - Survey - Mirador State Park - savannah Maranhao - Brazil

263
ORCHID BEE FAUNA (APIDADE,

EUGLOSSINA) IN DIFFERENT LAND
USE SYSTEMS IN BELTERRA, PARÁ
Autores: Andrea Cristina Silva dos Santos1*; Fabrício da Silva Corrêa1; Márcia Motta Maués1;
Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura1
Instituição: 1*Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Laboratório de Entomologia.
Contato: Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, 66095-100, Belém, PA, Brasil.
Email: andreaufra@hotmail.com
The expansion of agriculture frontier in the Amazon has been questioned for its negative im-
pacts on biodiversity, as a consequence of forest destruction. Biodiversity loss in disturbed areas can
be measured by monitoring biological groups, such as bees of the subtribe Euglossina (orchid bees).
The aim of this study was to estimate the richness and abundance of euglossine bees in 13 transects
of 300m distributed in five watersheds in the municipality of Belterra (PA), with different land use
forms (primary forest, “capoeira”, pasture, horticulture, silviculture, grains and subsistence agricul-
ture). 10 scent bait traps (five with methyl salicylate and five with eugenol) were placed per transect,
suspended at 1.5 m above the ground for 48 hours from 04/05/2010 to 03/06/2010. A total of 1,088
bees were collected belonging to 27 species of the genera: Eulaema, Euglossa, Exaerete, Eufriesea,
Trigona and Megalopta. The species Eulaema meriana Oliver, 1789 showed the highest abundance
(205, 19% of total captures) and Eulaema cingulata Fabricius 1804 was found in all systems with
66 bees representing 6% of total bees. The forest environment showed a higher abundance of bees
(540/50%), also recording the highest species richness (25/93%), while the horticulture presented
the lowest abundance (19/2%) and richness (11/39%). In the “capoeira”, the richness was 23 species
(85%), with an abundance of 239 specimens (22%). On the other hand, areas of subsistence agricul-
ture and silviculture had the lowest number of species (12/10%; 44/37%, respectively). The results
supported the hypothesis that land use change in Central Amazonia promotes biodiversity loss.
Apoio: Projeto INCT Biovidersidade & Uso da Terra 574008/2008-0 CNPq/FAPESPA/Rede

Amazônia Sustentável.
Palavra chave: abundance - environment - richness - traps - watersheds

264
EVALUATION OF EXISTING BEES IN

RPPN FOZ DO RIO AGUAPEI
Autores: Rebustini, M. E. ; Ferreira, B. H. S.; Barros, A. A. S.
Instituição: CPTL/UFMS
Contato: Av. Ranulpho Marques Leal, 3484 - Distrito Industrial - Caixa Postal 210, Três Lagoas/MS
Email: brubiologia19@hotmail.com
This study aimed to do a qualitative analysis of the genera of bees found in RPPN Foz do Rio
Aguapeí, which is a part of the conservation program implemented by the Energy Company of São
Paulo State (CESP). It was made a discussion of the importance of protected areas in the preserva-
tion of bees. The observations focused on two farms that make up the PRNP: Buritis and St. Gabriel
Farms. The samples were performed in three steps: two at the end of 2011, and one in 2012. Bees
were collected on flowers with the help of entomological nets, both in the morning, and in the after-
noon, afterward they were identified using the dichotomous key proposed by Silveira., et al (2002).
So far were registered 16 genera a belonging to four families as follows, Family Apidae:
Apis, Centris, Cephalotrigona, Euglossa, Eulaema, Epicharis,Geotrigona, Melipona, Schwarzula,
Tetragona, Tetragonisca, Trigona and Xylocopa; the families Andreidae, Halictidae and Megach-
ilidae were represented by a single genus, Acamptopoeum, Megachile and Augochloropsis respec-
tively. Sometimes during the collections there was a lot of bees of the genus Apis and none of other
genus, in places with less variety of plants. A fact explained by the aggressive behavior of these
bees observed during the collection of food, which was found in works done in other areas, and
because the reserve lay still on the recovery phase.
This work shows the importance of areas like this for the conservation of bees, since it was
found and Acamptopoeum bees as Melipona, which were not sampled in any of the recent work
done previously in the region of the Bolsão Sul-matogrossense and Northwest Paulista. However,
more observations are needed to complete the work.
Apoio: UFMS/CESP
Palavra chave: bees - diversity - Aguapei - conservation - food collection

265
NATIVE BEE COMMUNITY

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) AND FLORAL
RESSOURCES IN URUBICI, SANTA
CATARINA (SOUTHERN BRAZIL)
Autores: Denise Monique Dubet da Silva Mouga1*, Enderlei Dec1, Manuel Warkentin1, Juliane
Valduga da Silva1, Andressa Karine Golinski dos Santos1.
Instituição: 1*Universidade da Região de Joinville – UNIVILLE.
Contato: Rua Paulo Malschizsky 10, 89219-710, Joinville, Brasil.
Email: dmouga@terra.com.br
Communities of native bees and associated plants, in temperate climate, are rare in Brazil.
This survey occurred in São Joaquim National Park, Santa Catarina (SC), south Brazil (maxi-
mum altitude 1628 m, annual snow precipitation, Atlantic Forest biome).
Bees were sampled on flowers with hand nets as well as registered. Plants were collected.
Observations lasted 152 hours. 2797 bees of 59 species were sampled (Halictinae (25), Apinae
(18), Megachilinae (7), Andreninae (6), Colletinae (3)).
Abundance was (without Apis mellifera): Apinae (84.2%), Halictinae (12.9%), Andreninae
(1.52%), Megachilinae (0.93%) and Colletinae (0.47 %).
The most abundant species were Apis mellifera) (69.1%), Bombus pauloensis and Schwar-
ziana quadripunctata (9.2% each), Trigona spinipes(2.8%) and Plebeia saiqui(1.4%).
Several bee species showed no geographical distribution indicated to SC (Hexantheda mis-
sionica, Anthrenoides petuniae, Thygater chaetaspis, Anthrenoides politus, Ceratina rupestris,
Halictillus loureiroi, Megommation insigne, Megachile nigropilosa, Megachile framea) or to
Brazil (Paroxystoglossa brachycera, Psaenythia collaris, Lophopedia nigrispinnis.
124 plant species were identified. The most visited botanical families were Asteraceae (43.08%),
Fabaceae (6.50%), Solanaceae and Lamiaceae (5.69% each). Some genus showed species richness in
Asteraceae: Baccharis (11), Senecio (6), Hypochaeris (3) and Sonchus (2).
Endemic, typical or uncommon plant species were visited: Eryngium sanguisorba (Apia-
ceae), Graphistyliis serrana, Jungia floribunda and Graziellia serrata - a reported anemocoric
taxon (Asteraceae), Croton ceanothifolius (Euphorbiaceae), Mimosa scabrella (Fabaceae), Sisy-
rinchium luzula (Iridaceae), Acca sellowiana(Myrtaceae), Colletia exserta - endangered medici-
nal plant (Rhamnaceae). About bee plant interactions, Actenosigynes fulvoniger, an oligolectic
bee species, was noticed on Blumenbachia urens (Loasaceae). Passiflora urubiciensis (endemic
passion fruit) and Petunia bonjardinensis (threatened ornamental species), both restricted to far
south Brazil, were sampled with Bombus bellicosus, an endangered bee.
The found species point to the importance of conservation areas for preservation.
Apoio: UNIVILLE; FAPESC-09/2009.

Área: Conservação da biodiversidade de abelhas tropicais.
Palavra chave: apifauna - conservation areas - highlands - bee plants - threathened species.

266
INFLUENCE OF LOSS OF CERRADO

VEGETATION ON THE DENSITY,
DIVERSITY AND SPECIES COMPOSITION
OF MELIPONINI (APOIDEA: APIDAE),
BASED IN THEIR NESTS
Contato: Av. Padre Arlindo Vieira, 3101 ap 56A, 04166-003 São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Email: fpioker@usp.br
Considered the last cropland frontier in Brazil, Cerrado areas have been quickly replaced by
rural and urban landscape. Meliponini bees are the most numerous flower visitors in Cerrado, but
the effect of its vegetation loss in these bees is poorly known. Most studies focus on flower visitors,
what should mask the real effect on Meliponini population, since foraging range of these bees can be
longer than the distance among sampled areas. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the
reduction of the cerrado areas on Meliponini nests in general, and also particularly on the genus Meli-
pona. We surveyed stingless bee nests in 74 ha of two Cerrado areas and analyzed the data altogether
with 31 more nests surveys. Study sites were plotted on Landsat images and concentric areas of 3km
radius from each sampling were classified regarding the proportion of vegetation, rural and urban
landscapes. These environmental variables were correlated to species richness/area, diversity and
nest density. A two-step cluster analysis was performed separately for common, rare and Melipona
species and we verified the proportion of vegetation in each cluster. Species richness/area was posi-
tively related with vegetation proportion, but nest density and diversity were not correlated. Many
common species, as Trigona spinipes and Tetragonisca angustula, showed no frequency difference
among areas with more or less vegetation. Few species presented high frequency in degraded area, as
T. hyalinata. Some rare species and most Melipona species presented low frequency or were absent in
degraded areas. It is possible that remaining trees in rural areas may provide functional connectivity
to common bees with more plastic behavior, but not to susceptible species as Melipona species. De-
spite the limitations of this study, it is an important attempt to understand the effect of loss of Cerrado
vegetation in Meliponini, mainly in their nests.
Apoio: FAPESP.
Palavra chave: stingless bees - fragmentation - Cerrado - habitat loss – conservation.

267
COMMUNITY OF FLOWER VISITING

BEES Byrsonima intermedia A. JUSS.
(MALPIGHIACEAE) IN BRAZILIAN
SAVANNA OF DOURADOS-MS REGION
Autores: Filipe Ruiz Zambão; Valter Vieira Alves Junior.
Instituição: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia e Conservação
da Biodiversidade da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados.
Contato: UFGD - Rua João Rosa Goes Nº 1761, Vila Progresso
Caixa Postal - 322 CEP: 79.825-070 Dourados – MS.
Email: filipezambao@hotmail.com
With the objective of evaluating the diversity of bees that visits Byrsonima intermedia flowers
A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) in Cerrado area, region of Dourados-MS, were sampled the species and
number’s of floral visitors according to the ranges of 1 hour throughout daylight. They were cataloged
13 species and 344 individuals of bees, between December/2010 and January/2011, during the peak
of flowering of population of B. intermedia in this studied area. The parameters used for faunistic
analyses of the bees were: Abundance, Frequency, Constancy and Dominance. Apidae was the best
represented family, with 12 of the 13 species observed and 86,34% of the individuals, considering
that 9 of these species belong to Centridini Tribe and represents 80,52% of all the identified individu-
als. Epicharis (Triepicharis) sp2 was the most frequent species representing 39,52% of the individu-
als and the only one present at all intervals of hour during collection. The visitations to the flowers
of B. intermedia were more intense at about 10:30 am, despite it has been registered to occurrence of
visits to the flowers in all intervals. The regional specificities must be observed to programs aimed
to conserve the pollinators, including in crop areas. It is further considered the necessity of detailed
investigation about the importance of forest fragments near the area to understand whether this rela-
tionship is fundamental to the stability of this group of pollinators.
Apoio: CAPES; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodi-

versidade-UFGD.
Palavra chave: Murici - Pollinators - Centridini - Conservation – Diversity.

268
POPULATIONS OF Tetragonisca angustula

ARE NOT EQUAL
Autores: Flavio de Oliveira Francisco1,2*; Benjamin Oldroyd2; Maria Cristina Arias1.
Instituição: 1*Instituto de Biociências - USP; 2School of Biological
Sciences - University of Sydney, Australia.
Contato: Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brasil.
Email: fofrancisco@usp.br
Tetragonisca angustula bees are well adapted to different nesting conditions. It is common to
find them even in urban environments. In Latin America, it is the most commonly cultivated bees
because of its wide geographical distribution, docile behavior, and honey quality. However, little is
known about the genetic structure of its populations and it is common beehives trade among honey
producers. A question that remains is whether populations are genetically homogeneous or not. To
answer this question we quantified the genetic differentiation of 17 populations from Southern and
Southeastern Brazil. We sequenced 808 bp of mitochondrial DNA and we amplified 11 microsatellite
loci from 722 individuals collected in flowers mainly. Results from both markers showed high and old
regional structure. Coastal populations from SP to SC clustered together. Populations from different
regions of RJ formed another distinct cluster. And populations from western SC and PR were also
differentiated from the rest. A final cluster was comprised by populations located in inland MG, SP, and
PR. In conclusion, T. angustula populations are not genetically equal and transportation of beehives is
a practice that should not be incentivized in order to preserve the result of ecological and evolutionary
process that determined the current populations’ structure. High differentiation and wide distribution are
strong evidences that T. angustula is actually comprised by several cryptic species.
Apoio: FAPESP (2004/15801-0; 2008/08546-4; 10/50597-5).

Palavra chave: Tetragonisca angustula - jataí - populations - microsatellites - mtDNA.

269
NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN

Tetragonisca angustula AND T. fiebrigi
Autores: Flavio de Oliveira Francisco; Leandro Rodrigues Santiago; Maria Cristina Arias.
Contato: Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brasil.
Email: fofrancisco@usp.br
The genus Tetragonisca is comprised by four species: T. angustula, T. fiebrigi, T. buchwaldi

and T. weyrauchi. Only the first two species occur in Southern and Southeastern Brazil. The differ-
ence between these two species is based on the mesepisternum color, being black in T. angustula
and yellow in T. fiebrigi. However, it was observed a color gradation (different shades from yellow
to black) in bees collected in SP and PR, difficulting the correct species identification. Furthermore,
this color gradation can be found in individuals from the same nest. In order to evaluate if these
two species could be molecularly diagnosed, we studied a total of 1003 bees encompassing both
species using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites data. Our results showed that the two spe-
cies are genetically different, but hybrids can be found. Hybridization is preferably unidirectional.
Fertilization of T. angustula queens (AQ) by T. fiebrigi males (FM) are 10 times more common
than the opposite (FQ × AM). Hybrids from the first type of crossing (AQ × FM) had yellow or
black mesepisternum, while hybrids from the second type of crossing (FQ × AM) presented black
mesepisternum. By the microsatellites analysis, we verify hybrids with different contributions of
each species, suggesting that hybrids should be viable in nature. Therefore, it is clear that we are
currently witnessing a speciation process in progress.
Apoio: FAPESP (2004/15801-0; 2008/08546-4; 10/50597-5).

Palavra chave: Tetragonisca angustula - Tetragonisca fiebrigi - jataí - hybridization – spe-
ciation.

270
DIVERSITY OF EUGLOSSINI IN AN
AGROECOSYSTEM WITH BRAZILIAN
NUT (Bertholletia excelsa HUMB.)
IN ALTAMIRA - PARÁ
Autores: Igor Martins Nascimento1*; Francisco Plácido Magalhães Oliveira1; Márcia Motta
Maués2; Talyanne do Socorro Araujo de Moura2; Hermes Fonsêca de Medeiros1
Instituição: 1*Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Altamira, Faculdade de Ciências
Biológicas, Laboratório de Estudos Apícolas e Polinização; 2Laboratório de
Entomologia - Embrapa Amazônia Oriental
Contato: Rua Coronel José Porfírio 2515, 68372-040 Altamira - PA, Brazil
Email: placidomagalhaes@yahoo.com.br
The fragmentation of natural habitats due to deforestation, coupled with the introduction of
exotic species, are the main factors that influence the loss of diversity of bees. Because the Transama-
zonic region (Altamira – PA) have areas with forestry reserves, including natural Brazilian nut popu-
lations and large areas of grazing and agricultural fields, were Brazilian nut trees are more isolated,
it is necessary to evaluate differences between habitats on the interaction between those trees and its
pollinators. We carried out monitoring of bees on a farm with agricultural systems representing the
reality of the region to ascertain the diversity of Euglossine bees in different sites. Monthly, during
five months, five traps were set in three environments: Fragment of forest, pasture and planting cocoa
(Theobroma cacao L.). Each trap contained a different aromatic essences (cineol, methyl cinnamate,
methyl salicylate, eugenol and vanillin), and remained on the field for 24 hours. 400 individuals were
captured, belonging to 25 species. The most abundant species were Eulaema meriana (34.41%),
Euglossa sp2. (10.22%), Eulaema nigrita (8.48%) and Eulaema bombiformis (6.48%). Among the
substances used, cineole was the most efficient, attracting individuals (38.9%) and species (16), fol-
lowed by vanillin (35.7% individuals and 14 species), salicylate (16.9% individuals and 11 species),
cinnamate (6.2% individuals and 10 species) and eugenol (2 2% individuals and 7 species). Among
the environments analyzed, cocoa had the great abundance and richness (52.7% individuals and 22
species), followed by the fragment of forest (25.5%, 17) and pasture (21.7%, 13). The study con-
cluded that, despite the high level of degradation, the analyzed environments still have pollinators of
Brazilian nut resembling natural forests in numbers and diversity.
GEF/UNEP/FAO/Funbio. PIBIC/CNPq
Palavra chave: Pollination - bee - agroecosystem - tranzamazonica - diversity

271
POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF

Eufriesea violacea (APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI):
AN ORCHID BEE ENDEMIC TO
ATLANTIC FOREST
Autores: Gabriele Antico Freiria¹*; Juliana Bombarda Ruim¹; Silvia Helena Sofia¹
Instituição: ¹Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL
Contato: Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, 86051-980 Londrina, Brazil
Email: gabi_freiria@hotmail.com
Among the euglossine bees, some species such as Euglossa chalybeate Friese, Euglossa ana-
lis Westwood and Eufriesea violacea (Blanchard) have been identified as sensitive to forest frag-
mentation and habitat destruction. Considering that genetic studies provide insights into population
structure and genetic variation that are crucial for conservation management, in this study six popu-
lations of Eufriesea violacea had their genetic structure and diversity estimated using microsatel-
lite markers. The samplings of male euglossine bees were carried out in Atlantic Forest remnants
located in the states of Paraná (PR1, PR2, and PR3), São Paulo (SP1), Santa Catarina (SC1) and
Rio Grande do Sul (RS1). Except for the fragment PR1, where only 53 males were surveyed, 60
males were captured and analyzed per fragment. The microsatellite markers involved amplification
of six loci (Eln 2J, Eln 7J, Eln 12b, Eln 12J, Egc 17, Egc 18), fallowing protocol available in our
laboratory. The PCR product was electrophoresed in nondenaturing 8% polyacrylamide gels. The
mean global expected heterozygosity (He-T) was found to be 0.74, indicating a high genetic diver-
sity for the samples. The genetic differentiation (FST), based on allelic frequency differences, for all
population pairwise comparisons was found to be significantly different from zero (FST = 0.045),
indicating from low to moderate genetic differentiation among populations. Considerably higher
genetic differentiation values were revealed by the Dest estimator, indicating very high levels of dif-
ferentiation for some pairs of populations: PR1-SP1 (Dest = 0.17); PR2-PR3 (Dest = 0.23), PR3-SP1
(Dest = 0.32). The present results on the population structure of E. violacea suggest a restriction
in gene flow among populations from different Atlantic Forest remnants. Thus, considering the
intense threats over the current Atlantic Forest remnants, more attention should be paid to popula-
tions of this euglossine species.
Apoio: CAPES-Procad; UEL; CAPES; PIBIC/CNPq-UEL

Palavra chave: Euglossine bees - Microsatellites - Genetic diversity - Forest fragments - Con-
servation genetics

272
BEEKEEPING PRACTICED BY
COMMUNITIES LIVING IN THE
TAPAJOS NATIONAL FOREST
Autores: Gercy Soares Pinto1, Giorgio Cristino Venturieri2, Cristiano Menezes2, Ana Carolina
Martins de Queiroz2*
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal do Pará -UFPA, 2Embrapa Amazônia Oriental- EMBRAPA
Contato: Travessa Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/ n, C. Postal 48, Belém-PA, Brazil, CEP: 66.095-100;
Email: *carolina@cpatu.embrapa.br
The creation of stingless bees has been configured as an excellent alternative for obtaining su-
perior products and increase the generation of house hold income, however, the activity still needs a
lot of attention from research and public policy. This study aimed to characterize the beekeeping prac-
ticed in traditional and non traditional communities living in the Tapajos National Forest located inthe
Lower Amazon, Pará State. There were 22 farmers in the period from April to July 2011, 77.27% of
meliponários are located in the riverine communities and the rest lined the BR-163. It was found that
54.55% of breeders aim honey production for own consumption and sell the surplus occasionally
produce 31.82% to 13.63%own consumption and marketing of honey and aim nests. Nine species
were reared in boxes rustic, rational species Scaptotrigona sp.(canudo-amarela) predominated in all
meliponários.The rational management techniques are known by most of these creators though the
practice does not always occur in a comprehensive and correct.
Apoio: CAPES, FAPESPA and CNPq

Palavra chave: FLONA - Species survey - Traditional management - Honey Production - Tapajós

273
DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZATION
AND APPLICATION OF MICROSATELLITE
MARKERS FOR POPULATION STUDIES ON
Scaptotrigona bipunctata
Autores: ALVARENGA, P.E.F.; FREITAS, G.S.; SOUZA, C.C.M.;
CONTEL, E.P.B.; SOARES, A.E.E.
Instituição: FFCLRP, FMRP – Universidade de São Paulo
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes-3900 Departamento de Genética, Bloco B
Email: paullemilio@gmail.com
Meliponini bees are found in tropical and subtropical areas and are among the most important
Brazilian pollinators. Many species are extinction threatened due great extent deforestation. Scap-
totrigona bipunctata nests in hollowed trees and constitutes highly populated colonies with great
amounts of stocked food. Brazil they are found at southern and southeastern states. The techniques
to manipulate the DNA greatly increased the answers obtained by the studies of population genetics
using molecular markers. This work aimed to develop and characterize a set of S. bipunctata mic-
rosatellite loci to be used for population structure inference, which could also be used on a series of
population studies aiming conservation. We developed a set of 13 pairs of primers for microsatel-
lite loci through the construction of an enriched genomic library. The primers were characterized in
20 unrelated bees from 20 natural nests sampled in Muzambinho – MG; Ribeirão Preto – SP; Fran-
ca – SP; Apucarana – PR; Rio Bonito do Iguaçu – PR; Campo Alegre – SC; Rio do Sul – SC; Porto
Alegre – RS. All of the primer pairs designed and synthesized were successful in amplification. The
allele number per locus varied from 2 to 11 (mean = 4.5). The expected heterozygosity ranged from
0.14 to 0.85 and observed heterozygosity from 0.15 to 0.70. The Polymorphism Information Con-
tent ranged from 0.180 to 0.804. It was not detected significant evidences of linkage disequilibrium
between the developed loci. The primer transferability tests showed that the sequences flanking the
microsatellite regions are conserved since most of the primers amplified the DNA of other species
tested (11 species screened). We detected intra and interpopulational genetic structure in S. bipunc-
tata. Results showed that the primers developed for S. bipunctata are very informative and suitable
for further studies on the distribution of genetic diversity, population structure, nest aggregations,
conservation and management studies and kinship studies.
Apoio: CAPES, FAPESP

Palavra chave: Meliponini - microsatellite loci - primers – Scaptotrigona - genetic structure

274
THE COMMUNITY OF TRAP NESTING

BEES (HYMENOPTERA, ACULEATA)
IN MARANHÃO’S ISLAND, EASTERN
AMAZON, BRAZIL
Autores: David Barros Muniz1; Gisele Garcia Azevedo1
Instituição: 1Departamento de Biologia - UFMA
Contato: Avenida dos Portugueses, s/nº , 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil
Email: gisabelha@yahoo.com.br
The present study aimed to determine the community structure of solitary bees that nest at
preexisting cavities in two Amazon forest fragments. The sites were located at a private property,
belonging to MERCK S.A., of about 600 hectares, at the municipality of São José de Ribamar (2°
38’ 47.03’’S, 44° 08’ 26.25’’ O), on the extreme east of Maranhão’s Island, North of Maranhão,
Brazil. From March/07 to February/08 and from February/09 to January/2010, 400 trap nests built
in wood and of different diameters (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16mm) were displayed to the bees. 129 nests
were collected from which 472 individuals emerged, including some parasites. Bees represented
36.6% (180) of the total sampled, 18.2% belonged to subfamily Apinae (85) and 20.1% were
Megachilinae (95), corresponding to a total of 13 species, of which 2 are parasites. The species
Megachile (Melanosarus) brasiliensis, Centris (Heterocentris) analis, Anthodioctes lunatus e Tet-
rapedia rugulosa presented the higher number of nests and individuals. A greater number of nests
was observed during the dry season (from June to December) and beginning of the rainy season
(January) for A. lunatus and M. brasiliensis, while C. analis and T. rugulosa occurred ordinarily all
year long. Bees nested on all possible diameters and the most commonly used were those of 8 and
10mm. Richness estimators pointed to a 69%-100% of bee fauna at those sited as effectively sam-
pled. Composition of species of bees obtained at this study registered for the first time nests of M.
brasiliensis, M. insicta, M. sejuncta and A. lunatus at the state of Maranhão. Such is of great value,
as a contribution to the knowledge on our biodiversity and distribution pattern of those species.
Apoio: Programa de Educação Tutorial PET/MEC/SESU

Palavra chave: Solitary bee - trap-nest - diversity - richness estimators - distribution

275
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEES FOR

EGGPLANT CULTIVATIONS
Autores: Gleiciani Bürger Patricio1*; Bruno Barufatti Grisolia1; Ivan Cesar Desuó1;
Paula Carolina Montagnana1; Felipe Gonçalves Brocanelli1; Elizandra Goldoni Gomig1;
Maria José de Oliveira Campos1
Instituição: 1*Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”- UNESP, Rio Claro
Contato: Av. 24A, 1515 - Bairro Bela Vista, Rio Claro - SP/ CEP: 13506-900
Email: gleipatricio@gmail.com
The increasing demand for food and the “Pollination crisis” have emphasized the importance of
better understanding the potential of different wild bee species on pollinating crops. The aim of this
study was to investigate how much dependent on bees is Solanum melongena for fruit production and
if it is possible to observe any insufficiency of pollination in four (two organic and two conventional)
eggplant cultivations. Bee samplings were performed during the eggplant’s peak flowering. Three
pollination tests (T1= without insect visitation; T2= free insect visitation; T3= Pollen complementa-
tion) were carried out in order to evaluate the importance of bees for fruit setting in Solanum melon-
gena L. Most of bee species collected on eggplant flowers was buzz-pollinators – Bombus, Xylocopa,
Exomalopsis, Centris, Oxaea and many species of Halictidae, and can promote the eggplant pollina-
tion. Trigona sp. and Apis mellifera were also collected on flowers, but they can’t vibrate de anthers,
although Apis presented a fly adaptation while visiting the flowers and eventually can pollinate the
flowers. Most of the bagged flowers (T1) failed to form fruits and when it happened, those ones were
much lighter and smaller than those formed from flowers of T2 and T3; demonstrating the importance
of bees for eggplant pollination. No statistical differences were found between the weight of egg-
plants in T2 vs. T3 within each area, however, the weight of fruits from T2 tests varied and differed
significantly between the four studied areas. Despite of our results indicated no pollen insufficiency
in the studied areas, the use of pesticides may disrupt crop-pollinator interactions, which may cause
pollination insufficiency. Furthermore, the land management seems to be a factor that determines effi-
ciency on pollination in agricultural landscapes and ensures the pollination services in cropped areas.
Apoio: CAPES; CNPq

Palavra chave: buzz pollinators - Solanum melongena L. - eggplant pollination - eggplant
cultivation - bees

276
SAMPLING OF SOLITARY BEES BY USING

MOERICKE TRAPS IN A SAVANNAH
AREA IN THE MIRADOR STATE PARK,
MARANHAO, BRAZIL
Autores: Gracy Chrisley Alencar Carvalho1, Ana Carolina Alves Malheiros Araújo1, Denilson
Martins2, Márcia Maria Corrêa Rêgo3, Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque3
Instituição: 1Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação/UFMA. 2Graduação em Ciências
Biológicas/UFMA. 3Departamento de Ciências Biológicas/UFMA.
Contato: Rua 800, n24.CEP65052-050. São Luís - MA
Email: gracychrisley@gmail.com
Few studies have been done to define the bee diversity and richness in the cerrado areas at the
Maranhão State, although this ecosystem occupies about 60% of the state. And even though there
already have been several surveys of bees in Maranhão, they almost all at times focus on the North-
Northeast portion of the state. There are still gaps in our knowledge of bees, mainly in the Central-
South of the State. Although the Cerrado has suffered a process of devastation, there are still some
remaining areas of it, one being the Mirador State Park (MSP). Until now no long-term survey of
bees in MSP was performed. Thus the objective of this study was to evaluate the Apoidea diversity
present in the MSP, by using Moericke traps in yellow, blue and white. The traps were placed monthly
in two areas, one with a savannah vegetation and other with gallery forest, since April/2012. In the
sampling protocol applied, 15 traps are being used (5 per color) containing 1.5 l of water and a few
drops of detergent to break the surface tension. The traps were placed in the field 5m apart from each
other, with alternating colors for 48 hours. Until now five species were collected in the cerrado: Cal-
lonichyum brasiliense (n=19) (Panurginae, Andrenidae), Augochlora sp, (Augochlorini, Halictidae),
Exomalopsis sp. (Exomalopsini, Apidae), Ceratina sp and Ceratina sp2 (Xyocopini, Apidae). In the
gallery forest two species were collected: Megalopta sp (Augochlorini, Halictidae) and Ceratina sp.
The use of pan traps in the collection of bees are being used often associated with other methodolo-
gies, but we call the attention to the presence of Callonichyum brasiliense, a tinny bee that very often
goes unnoticed in traditional faunal inventories.
Apoio: CNPq/Bionorte, CAPES, PIBIC/UFMA

Palavra chave: pan-trap - andreninae - halictinae - Callonichyum brasiliense - Megalopta

277
NEW RECORD OF HYBRIDIZATION

BETWEEN THE BRAZILIAN STINGLESS
BEES Melipona capixaba AND
Melipona scutellaris
Autores: Helder Canto Resende1; Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos2
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV - Campus Florestal.
2
Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV
Contato: 1Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil. CEP 35.690-000;
2
Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. CEP 36.570-000
Email: helder.resende@ufv.br
Melipona capixaba Moure & Camargo, 1994, endemic to the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil,
was included in the list of endangered species due to its small population size. Melipona scutellaris
Latreille, 1811 occurs exclusively in northeastern Brazil, but it is common practice to carry colo-
nies to other states. Both species occur in areas of Atlantic Forest, separated by more than 500km,
with no contact area and therefore there is no hybridization in nature. The first record of hybrid-
ization between these species was reported from experimental colonies maintained at the Federal
University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais states. We report a new record of hybridization between
the species M. capixaba and M. scutellaris. The hybrid colony was observed outside the area of
natural occurrence of the two species. Workers of the species M. capixaba have typical brilliant
black abdomen. A colony of M. capixaba, after having been maintained in the presence of colonies
of M. scutellaris, began to produce workers showing white tergal stripes, typical of the species M.
scutellaris. Morphological comparisons and analyzes of DNA sequences of the genes CO1 and
EF1alfa confirmed the hybridization. The workers show morphological characteristics hybrid of
both species. The mitochondrial haplotypes of hybrid workers were identical to the mitochondrial
haplotypes of M. capixaba, but the nuclear alleles were both M. capixaba and M. scutellaris. These
results indicate that a male of M. scutellaris crossed with a queen of M. capixaba. Species hybrid-
ization shows that the introduction of colonies of M. scutellaris in areas of natural occurrence of
M. capixaba is another risk for the survival of this endangered species, both by the possibility of
hybridization as the possibility of social parasitism.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CNPq, CAPES.

Palavra chave: Melipona capixaba - Melipona scutellaris - Hybridization - endangered
species - conservation

278
EUGLOSSINE BEE COMMUNITIES

(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE,
HYMENOPTERA) IN FOREST FRAGMENTS
LOCATED IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS
IN NORTHERN PARANÁ STATE
Autores: Ferrari, B.R., Zotarelli, H.G.S., Watzel, S. and Sofia, S.H.
Instituição: Universidade Estadual de Londrina
Contato: Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid | Pr 445 Km 380 | Campus Universitário
Email: henriquebiouel@yahoo.com.br
Euglossine bees are important pollinators of many families of angiosperms in different veg-
etal communities in neotropics. However, studies show that euglossine populations can decline in
abundance and diversity in fragmented landscapes. At the same time, forest fragments located at
private properties and in urban areas can represent potential reservoirs of local biodiversity of eco-
systems under anthropogenic threat. However, concerning this fact, few information are avaiable
nowadays. This study analyzed the communities of euglossine bees in three fragments of semide-
ciduous seasonal forest, remnant of Atlantic Forest, in northern Paraná state, they are: two urban
forest fragments (A and B) with about 20 ha each, located in Londrina city and a rural fragment (C)
of 170 ha, located in the Ibiporã district and showing a better preserved vegetation than the urban
fragments. In the analyses we estimated the richness, diversity and dominance indices for bee com-
munities of these three areas. In the samplings, male euglossine bees, attracted to fragrance baits,
were collected with entomological net. In total 258 individuals were collected: 39 in fragment A,
101 in fragment B and 118 in fragment C. A total of six species was captured in the rural fragment
(C), four in area A and five in area B (urban sites). The species most abundant collected in two
urban fragments were, respectively, Euglossa cordata (A= 19; B= 39) and Euglossa truncata (A=
13, B= 36), while in the rural fragment (C) Euglossa pleosticta (53) and Euglossa fimbriata (29)
were the most frequent species in the baits. Our findings indicate that urban areas can represent
important refuges to E. cordata and E. truncata species and, also, that these species are possible
bioindicators of environment quality.
Apoio: PROCAD/CAPES, UEL, PIBITI-CNPQ/UEL

Palavra chave: Apoidea - orchid bees - bee diversity - atlantic forest - bee conservation

279
ATTRACTIVE BAITS FOR STINGLESS BEE

WORKERS (APIDAE, MELIPONINI).
Autores: Juliane Brito da Silva1, Kamila de Sousa Leão2, Joyce Caroline da Silva Teixeira3,
Cristiano Menezes4, Carlos Augusto Costa5.
Instituição:1Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, 2Universidade Federal do Pará,
3
Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, 4Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária,
5
Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia.
Contato: Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501 Bairro Montese; 66.077-901; Belém; PA; Brasil.
Email: julianebrito@zootecnista.com.br
Bee surveys are important to provide information about species distribution and ecology. But
most bee groups can only be captured at flowers or at the nest itself, which is very difficult and la-
borious in some ecosystems. The aim of this study was to test if materials from stingless bee nests
could be used as bait for Meliponini surveys. The experiment was performed between January and
April 2012, at Reserva Indígena Turé Mariquita, municipality of Tomé-Açu, Pará State. The survey
was repeated in five different areas of 200x50, three times in each area with intervals of 30 days. The
following baits were tested: honey; pollen; propolis; wax + cerumen; geopropolis (mixed with wa-
ter); salt solution. These nest materials were collected from Melipona nests. The baits were placed in
plastic petri dishes and placed 2 meters from each other, between 8:00h and 12:00h. We collected 167
specimens of eight different species of Meliponini and one of Halictidae (Augochlorasp.); Melipona
fasciculata and Trigona fulviventris were the most common bees. The most visited baits (70% of
specimens) were honey, pollen and salt solution. Propolis was the less visited bait (5%). We conclude
that Melipona nest materials can be used as additional tool to Meliponini surveys.
Apoio: CAPES, UFRA, EMBRAPA.

Palavra chave: inventory – conservation - indian reservation - attractive substance - biodiversity.

280
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BEES AND

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN
RURAL COMMUNITIES IN THE NORTH OF
THE RIO DE JANEIRO STATE
Autores: Marcelita França Marques¹*; Francisco Reginaldo Caetano de Araújo²; Rodrigo Bit-
tencourt Couto¹; Vivian de Freitas Manhães¹; Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense – UENF; ²Instituto Federal de Educa-
ção, Ciência e TecnologiaFluminense - IFI
Contato: ¹Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Brasil; ²Rua Dr. Siqueira,
273, 28030-130 Campos dos Goytacazes, Brasil
Email: marcelita_marques@yahoo.com.br
With the increasing of forest fragmentation and vegetation removal, pollinators have suffered a
decrease in their populations. It is known that proximity to the forest fragments can increase the fre-
quency of pollinators in cultivated areas, and therefore rates of pollination. This study aimed to assess
the knowledge of a local community about the pollinators and bring to them information about bee
biology and interaction with the environment. From April/2011 to May/2012 ethnographic interviews
were performed with farmers in São José de Ubá (SJU) and Trajano de Moraes (TM), RJ. Lectures
and exhibitions were also held in a school in SJU to students and teachers of the rural area. Those mu-
nicipalities have respectively 4% and 25% of their area covered by forest. The main economic activi-
ties are tomato and sugarcane crops. The analysis indicated that the farmers of TM identified higher
number of bees (11) and 85% were able to relate their importance in agriculture; in SJU this values
were 7 species and 50%. The species most frequently mentioned by farmers were “mandaçaia” (Me-
lipona quadrifasciata), ”abelha-cachorro” (Trigona spinipes) and “abelha-europa” (Apis mellifera).
The largest forest cover in the region of TM, as well as the proximity to a large preservation area,
the “Parque Estadual do Desengano”, are factors that probably favor their knowledge about bees and
pollination. In addition it was found that in TM, 63% of interviewers participate in agricultural coop-
eratives and are beekeepers. In SJU only 13% belong to agricultural cooperatives and no beekeeping
activity was observed. The actions reported in this project may impact awareness of the importance
of pollinators in maintaining biodiversity and consequent change in attitudes of farmers, children and
teachers with regard to maintenance of biodiversity.
Apoio: CNPq-Rede de Polinizadores; FAO/GEF/FUNBIO; Rio Rural/SEAPPA; FAPERJ;

PROEX/UENF
Palavra chave: Environmental Education - Conservation - Pollinators - Bees - Atlantic Forest

281
ORCHID-BEE FAUNA (HYMENOPTERA:

APIDAE: EUGLOSSINA) IN TWO
FOREST FRAGMENTS IN THE
STATE OF PARÁ, BRAZIL
Autores: Mariana Taniguchi¹*; Márcia Motta Maués¹; Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura¹
Instituição: ¹*Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Laboratório de Entomologia
Contato: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Laboratório de Entomologia,
Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, 66095-100, Belém, PA, Brasil
Email: marcia@cpatu.embrapa.br
The conservation of biodiversity in intensively cultivated areas depends directly on the conser-
vation of forest fragments. The southern region of the Amazonian domain that extends from Acre to
Maranhão States is most affected by deforestation and known as the “Arc of Deforestation”. In this
area the vegetation is highly fragmented. Due to this fact, losses of local biodiversity leading to lower
number of species of great ecological importance, such as pollinators, are expected. The males of
euglossine bees are known for their strong attraction to orchids and also act as important pollinators
of these flowers and various other plant species. The aim of this study was to analyze the species rich-
ness of euglossine bees in two forest fragments located in the State of Pará and inserted into the “Arc
of Deforestation”, one in the municipalities of Paragominas and Nova Ipixuna. Bees were collected
with scent bait traps made with PET bottles left for 48h in the forest with three aromatic baits: euge-
nol, eucalyptol and methyl salicylate. In Nova Ipixuna, species richness was higher (S = 31 spp.) with
dominance of 20 species (94,49 %) and 13 exclusive species. In Paragominas, species richness was
lower (S = 21 spp.) with dominance of 16 species (97,16 %) and only three exclusive species. A total
of 18 species were common to both areas. The observed faunal differences probably are due to the
fact that Nova Ipixuna’s fragment is located in an best-preserved area isolated from the urban center,
while Paragominas’s fragment is located in an impoverished forest fragment, very close to the urban
center. However, despite the low sampling effort we found species richness similar to those found in
previous studies conducted with Euglossina in the Amazon region and with greater sampling effort.
Apoio: Projeto INCT Biovidersidade & Uso da Terra 574008/2008-0 CNPq/FAPESPA

Palavra chave: Amazon - habitat fragmentation - Apoidea - Pollination - Chemical baits

282
LIST OF WILD BEES (HYMENOPTERA:

APOIDEA) IN A BRAZIL NUT TREE
CULTIVATED AREA (Bertholletia excelsa
Bonpl., LECYTHIDACEAE) IN BELÉM,
PARÁ, BRAZIL
Autores: Tatiane Ferreira dos Santos1; Márcia Motta Maués1*; Diego Moreira de Figueiredo1;
Talyanne do Socorro A. de Moura1
Instituição: ¹*Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Laboratório de Entomologia
Contato: Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, 66095-105, Belém, PA, Brasil
Email: marcia@cpatu.embrapa.br
In order to assess the biodiversity of wild bees in a cultivated area with Brazil nut tree (Ber-
tholletia excelsa Bonpl.) in an urban environment, monthly inventories were carried out from Sep-
tember 2010 to August 2011, in a clonal garden of Brazil nut and adjacent areas (manioc monocul-
ture [Manihot esculenta Crantz] and capoeira area with 20 years) at Embrapa Amazonia Oriental
(S1º26´10,33 W48º26´57,03), Belem, PA, Brazil. Bees were captured with scent bait traps (euge-
nol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, vanillin and methyl cinnamate) and pan-traps (bowl traps) in
blue, yellow and white colors. We collected 1,724 bees with scent bait traps, representing 21 spe-
cies. Eulaema nigrita (802 specimens/46.5%) was the most representative, followed by Eulaema
meriana (221/12.81%), Eulaema cingulata (219/12.7%), Eulaema pseudocingulata (102/5.9%)
and Euglossa modestior (77/4.5%). Eulaema nigrita was collected in all areas throughout the study
period. The pan-traps caught 122 bees, out of which 107 belong to the Apidae family, two belong to
the Halictidae family and 13 were not identified. Melitoma aff. segmentaria (27 specimens, 22.1%)
was the most abundant, followed by Euglosssa modestior (5/4.1%), Megalopta amoena (3/2.5%),
Eulaema nigrita (3/2.5%) and Ancyloscelis apiformis (2/1.6%). The blue color was more attractive
(86%) compared to yellow (7.4%) and white (6.6%). The highest abundance of specimens occurred
in the capoeira (39.6%), followed by manioc (34.2%) and Brazil nut tree monoculture (26.2%). The
largest amount of captured bees was recorded in September (276), October (378) and November
(222), periods of low rainfall, and the lowest representation was recorded in March, with only 69
bees, indicating that in the wet season the bee’s communities are better structured, which may be
correlated with higher offer of flower resources.
GEF/UNEP/FAO Funbio
Palavra chave: Euglossina - Scent baits - Pan-traps - Amazon - Agroecosystem

283
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA POLYMORPHISM

IN Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811) AND
Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Schawrs, 1938)
Autores: Simone Aparecida dos Santos1 Aline Ribeiro Bronzato2 Ludimilla Ronqui3, Liriana
Belizario Cantagalli1, Claudete Aparecida Mangolin1, Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo4,
Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki1
Instituição: 1Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual
de Maringá, 2Laboratório PANGENE - Pesquisas e Análises Genéticas, Depto Parasitologia – IBB/
UNESP - Botucatu – SP, 3Departamento Interdisciplinar de Tecnologia e Ciências
Contato: Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário. CEP: 87020-900; Maringá-PR
Email: mccrtakasusuki@uem.br
Meliponinae Bees are known as indigenous stingless bees, because they have atrophied sting.
The meliponini have great economic importance as native plant pollinators and for honey produc-
tion. The objective of this study was to analyze mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms of two meli-
ponini species Tetragonisca angustula and T. fiebrigi. Stingless bees samples were collected in São
Paulo State (Dracena, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo and São Carlos) and Paraná (Maringá). PCR-RFLP
analyzes were performed with five workers per nest, a total of 100 individuals. For this study we
used heterologous primers COI, and ATPases (8, 6) COIII mitochondrial DNA of Melipona rufiven-
tris. The COI amplified primer for both species (T. angustula and T. fiebrigi) and primer ATPases (8,
6) COIII amplified for T. fiebrigi. With the amplified sequences, tests were performed cleavage with
13 restriction enzymes (Bgl II, Cla I, Eco RI, Eco RV, Hae III, Pst I, Pvu II, Rsa I, Sca I, Xba I, Xho I
e Hinf I). COI primer was cleaved with only two enzymes: Eco RV and Rinf I, but was not polymor-
phism. ATPases (8, 6) COIII primer was cleaved with ECO RI, ECO RV and Hinf I, and the cleavage
with the enzyme Eco RI were detected two haplotypes, a nest for T. fiebrigi Paraná and one for the
other nests. Cleaved with Eco RV and Hinf I showed not polymorphism. These initial results are
showing that there was probably a recent origin and common between the two Tetragonisca species.
Apoio: Fundação Araucária, CAPES

Palavra chave: stingless bee - heterologous primer - genetic diversity - matriline - PCR-RFLP

284
IMPORTANCE OF FOREST REMNANTS

FOR THE POLLINATORS DIVERSITY
IN TOMATO CROPS IN NORTHWEST
OF RIO DE JANEIRO STATE
Autores: Mariana Scaramussa Deprá¹*; Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
Instituição: ¹*Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais - UENF
Email: *marianadepra@gmail.com
Agricultural expansion is a major cause of forest fragmentation and loss of pollinators di-
versity. Thus, studies focusing pollinators of crops located in different landscapes can contribute
to searching proposals to combine agriculture and forest conservation. The aim of this study was
to identify the pollinators of Solanum lycopersicum crops inserted in a predominantly agricultural
region (Cambiocó, n= 9 plantations) and another region near the largest forest fragment (Prosperi-
dade, n= 9) in São José de Ubá, northwest of Rio de Janeiro. The forest physiognomy is classified
as seasonal semideciduous submontane forest. Sampling of floral visitors was conducted from
May to August 2011. Bees were collected with insect net from 8 to 14h, on three sessions of 15
minutes hourly, along transects following the rows of crop. We collected 1115 bees, belonging to
Apidae, Halictidae and Andrenidae. The most abundant and common species were Exomalopsis
analis (512 individuals), Exomalopsis auropilosa (251) and Bombus morio (85). The highest spe-
cies richness (25) and diversity (H´= 2.13) were sampled in Prosperidade, comparing to Cambiocó
(24 species and H´= 1.54). Despite of showing a greater abundance of pollinators (665), the domi-
nance in Cambiocó (Berger-Parker index= 0.6, due to abundance of E. analis) was higher than in
Prosperidade (0.3). The Bray-Curtis similarity between the two communities was 56%. The data
indicate that proximity to forested areas results in increased pollinator diversity in cultivated ar-
eas, and can benefit tomato yield.
Apoio: FAPERJ; CNPq-Rede de Polinizadores; FAO/GEF/FUNBIO; Rio Rural/SEAPPA;

LCA/UENF
Palavra chave: Exomalopsis - Bombus - Tomato - Pollination - Solanaceae

285
THE BEES OF THE GENUS Xylocopa

LATREILLE (XYLOCOPINI, APIDAE) OF
SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL.
Autores: Paola Marchi; Isabel Alves-dos-Santos
Instituição: Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências
Contato: Laboratório de Abelhas. CP 05558-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Email: pmarchi@usp.br
This study contributes to the knowledge about the diversity of bees belonging to the genus
Xylocopa of the São Paulo state through a compilation of taxonomic and biological information.
Bees were examined from the following institutions: CEPANN, RPSP and MUZSP. Keys to males
and females were elaborated separately, except for Neoxylocopa, which the males are similar and
there was not enough material to examine for the association between the sexes of the species. In
addition to the taxonomic data and illustrations of Xylocopa species available data on its biology,
seasonality, geographic occurrence and plants visited are given. These data were obtained from
regional surveys, pollination studies, collection labels and personal observations. The provided
identification keys include the four subgenera and the 22 species recorded for the State: Xylo-
copa (Dasyxylocopa) bimaculata Friese, 1903, X. (Neoxylocopa) augusti Lepeletier, 1841, X. (N.)
brasilianorum Linnaeus, 1767, X. (N.) frontalis (Olivier, 1789), X. (N.) grisescens Lepeletier, 1841,
X. (N.) hirsutissima Maidl, 1912, X. (N.) nigrocincta Smith, 1854, X. (N.) ordinaria Smith, 1874,
X. (N.) rotundiceps Smith, 1874, X. (N.) suspecta Moure & Camargo, 1988), X. (Schonnherria)
chrysopoda Schrottky, 1902, X. (S.) dimidiata Latreille, 1809, X. (S.) macrops Lepeletier, 1841, X.
(S.) muscaria (Fabricius, 1775), X. (S.) pulchra Smith, 1854, X. (S.) simillima Smith, 1854, X. (S.)
splendidula Lepeletier, 1841, X. (S.) subcyanea Pérez, 1901, X. (S.) varians Smith, 1874 and X.
(Stenoxylocopa) artifex Smith, 1874, X. (Stenox.) nogueirai Hurd & Moure, 1960). In the central
and western regions of the State there is a large gap in the collections of bees. Then, probably other
species and occurrence may be record in the future. Moreover, nothing is known about the biology
of at least half of the recorded species. Although regional, this study may give clues to help future
studies of the biology of these bees.
Apoio: FAPESP
Palavra chave: carpenter bees - floral records - geographic records - keys - taxonomy

286
USING PAN TRAPS TO SAMPLE BEES

AT THE STATE OF ACRE, WESTERN
BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Autores: Luena da Silva Muniz da Costa*, Ligimara de Brito Ramos, Francisco de Sales,
Patrícia Maria Drumond
Instituição: Embrapa Acre
Contato: Rodovia BR-364, Km 14, Caixa Postal 321, CEP 69900-970 - Rio Branco – Acre, Brasil,
Fone: (68) 3212-3200; Fax: (68) 3212-3239
Email: luena-costa@hotmail.com
Pan traps, colored bowls filled with soapy water, are frequently used for sampling bee fauna.
The main objective of this study was to estimate the diversity of bees at the Experimental Station of
Embrapa Acre (S10º1’30,7” W67º41’35,2”) by using 40 bowls painted fluorescent blue, 40 bows
painted fluorescent yellow and 40 bowls left white. At the Station, the sampled habitats were a plan-
tation of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excels: Lecythidaceae), a plantation of “mulateiro” (Calycophyllum
spruceanum: Rubiaceae), a native forest and an open field. Each habitat received 30 bowls, 10 of
each color, placed on the ground, at random. These bowls were exposed in the field, once a month,
for 24 hours, from December 2011 to April 2012. The bees collected were taken to the Laboratory of
Entomology of Embrapa Acre, kept in alcohol 70% for a few hours, dried with paper towels, fixed in
pins and added to the Entomological Collection. Up to now, the insect catch was diverse with a total
of 10,588 specimens from the following Orders: Diptera (37.72%), Hymenoptera (27.76%), Cole-
optera (12.23%), Hemiptera:Homoptera (11.49%), Lepidoptera (4.90%), Orthoptera (3.86%), Isop-
tera (1.11%), Blattodea (0.22%), Odonata (0.01%) e Mantodea (0.01%). There were also collected
anurans, caterpillars, land snails and spiders (0.69%). Bees have represented 2.99% of the samples.
From it, 36.59% were collected in the yellow bowls, 30.28% in the blue bowls, 33.12% in the white
bowls. Considering the habitats, most of the bees were collected in the open field (81.07%), followed
by the Brazil nut plantation (12.62%), “mulateiro” plantation (4.73%) and native forest (1.58%).
Among the collected bees, there were samples of Apis mellifera, Halictini and Megachilini. Although
pan traps have been employed for catching numerous species of bees, in this study, they were also
effective for capturing a wide range of other insect taxa.
Apoio: CNPq (Processo nº 556406/2009-5), Embrapa, FUNBIO/FAO/UNEP/GEF

Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - Bee diversity - Halictini - Megachilini - Pan-trapping

287
TRAP-NESTING BEES AND WASPS IN THE

STATE OF ACRE, AMAZON REGION, BRAZIL
Autores: Francisco Pacheco Júnior*, Valéria Rigamonte Azevedo, Ligimara de Brito Ramos,
Francisco de Sales, Patrícia Maria Drumond
Instituição: Embrapa Acre
Contato: Rodovia BR-364, Km 14, Caixa Postal 321, CEP 69900-970 - Rio Branco – Acre, Brasil,
Fone: (68) 3212-3200; Fax: (68) 3212-3239
Email: xikopacheco@hotmail.com
Trap-nesting bees and wasps, and their natural enemies, are promising bioindicators for habi-
tat quality. The main objective of this study was to estimate the diversity of trap-nesting bees and
wasps in two municipalities of Acre State. The wooden traps used measured 30x30x150 mm and
had 10 cm-deep canals with 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 mm diameter. In total, 1890 nests were placed in
four different habitats: native forest, Brazil nut plantation, open field, all at the Experimental Sta-
tion of Embrapa Acre, in Rio Branco (S10º1’30,7” W67º41’35,2); and in a pasture, at a farm, in
Acrelândia (S9°55’43,1” W66°58’19,05”). Trap-nests were inspected biweekly from July 2010 to
February 2012. Those occupied were taken to the laboratory, and replaced by empty ones to keep
the number of traps constant. In the laboratory, each nest received a glass tube at its entrance for the
hatching insects. Adults were fixed in pins, identified and added to the Entomological Collection.
From the 612 trap-nests occupied, 71.08% were bees and 28.92% were wasps. Among the bees, it
was recorded: Anthodioctes sp., Centris (Hemisiella)sp., Centris (Heterocentris) merrile, Centris
(Heterocentris) terminata, Centris (Heterocentris) sp., Centris sp, Euglossini, Megachile (Chryso-
sarus) rufucornis, Megachile sp., Tetrapedia sp. Considering the wasps, it was recorded: Isodontia
costipeninis, Trypoxylon trypargilum rogenhoferi, T. trypargilum sp. The most used trap-nests were
those with 6 mm of diameter. The highest average occupation rate was observed in the open field
(8.17 nests per month), followed by native forest (5.71 nests per month), pasture (5.0 nests per
month) and Brazil nut plantation (4.55 nests per month). Depending on the species, leaves, sand,
sawdust, vegetable fiber and resin were used for nest construction. Five species of parasites were
found. Trap-nests have demonstrated to be an easy-to-handle methodology, which can be used in
changing landscapes such as the State of Acre.
Apoio: CNPq (Processo nº 556406/2009-5), Embrapa, FUNBIO/FAO/UNEP/GEF

Palavra chave: Anthodioctes - Centris - Euglossini - Megachile - Trypoxylon

288
BEES SAMPLED WITH PAN-TRAPS IN A

FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECIDUAL
FRAGMENT, SOUTHERN PARANÁ
Autores: Priscila Soares Oliveira, Vanessa Luiza Scherer, Rodrigo Barbosa Gonçalves
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR
Contato: : Av. Pioneiro 2153, CEP 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná
Email: priscilasoares93@hotmail.com
The objective of this study was to compare blue and yellow pan traps samples in core and
border areas of a forest fragment. The study area was Parque Estadual São Camilo (Palotina-PR), a
Floresta Estacional Semidecidual conservation unit with about 400 hectares. Samplings were taken
from October 2011 to February 2012, a total of seven samples. We installed 48 pan traps in the forest
core and 48 pan traps in the border. Groups of three yellow and three blue traps were installed in a
straight line at intervals of 20 meters from each one. At the end of sampling the insects were removed
and subsequently classified at family level. Apidae was classified at the lowest taxonomic level. A
total of 1,425 individuals were sampled, from these 63% individuals were sampled at the border and
37% at fragment core. Apidae was the most sampled group, with great abundance in blue pan traps
at the border. The other sampled families were, in order of abundance: Formicidae, Crabronidae,
Vespidae and Pompilidae. The sampled bees were distributed in 33 species, and 10 genera: Ceratina,
Euglossa, Eulaema, Exomalopsis, Plebeia, Tetrapedia, Augochlora, Augochlorella, Augochloropsis,
and Dialictus. The most diverse genera were Dialictus (11 species) and Augochlora (10 species). The
most abundant species was Augochlorella ephyra with 507 individuals. Ceratina and Exomalopsis
species, Eg. cordata, and El. nigrita were sampled as singletons. The present study showed similar
results with those observed in the pan trap study from Floresta Ombrófila Mixta (Porto União-SC):
the most rich and diverse sampled group was Halictinae. However, in Porto União the yellow traps
were more effective for species, but less individuals were sampled. Data from pan traps sampling are
scarce and we strongly suggest more applications of this technique for bee sampling.
Apoio: PROBEM – UFPR

Palavra chave: Apinae - survey - ecology - pantraps - conservation

289
EUGLOSSINE BEE COMMUNITY IN

ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENTS OF A
PERMANENT PRESERVATION AREA – APP
Autores: Renata Bonfá Benevenuto, José Olívio Lopes Vieira Júnior,
Instituição: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de
Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba
Contato: Av. Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão, s/n, Bairro Lindo Vale, Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais
Email: renata.bonfa@yahoo.com.br
There is clear value to conserving native forest, particularly for the ecologically and economi-
cally important Euglossine bees. This group is an important indicator of habitat quality. The losses in
forest size and habitat quality influence euglossine bee community negatively by reducing the abun-
dance and richness of species. The bee community was sampled with chemical bait traps throughout
8 months (August 2011 to March 2012) in tree little fragments of Atlantic Forest placed on a degraded
Permanent Preservation Area (APP) of Instituto Federal do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba,
Minas Gerais State. Four traps with different aromatic compounds were installed per fragment. The
aromatic compounds used were Cineol, Eugenol, Benzil Acetato and Eucalyptol. The species with
highest values of relative abundance was Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius, 1804) followed by Eulaema
nigrita (Lepeletier, 1841). Individuals of Euglossa imperialis (Cockerell, 1922) and Exaerete sma-
ragdina (Guérin-Menéville, 1845)were also collected. Eugenol and Benzil Acetato were the most
attractive chemical bait and wasn’t collected bees with Eucalyptol. The Euglossine community found
in this area compared with other studies in Atlantic Forest confirms the precarious conservation state
of the area and reinforces the necessity to recover this natural habitat.
Apoio: FAPEMIG
Palavra chave: Euglossine - Conservation - Atlantic Forest - trap nest - APP

290
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE BEES

DIVERSITY ON THE CONSERVATION
UNIT ARIE, SANTA GENEBRA
WOODLAND, CAMPINAS - SP
Autores: Daniel Storer¹*, Ricardo Costa Rodrigues de Camargo², Luiza Ishikawa Ferreira¹,
Weslley Melchior Gama¹
Instituição: ¹*PUC-Campinas; ²Embrapa Meio Ambiente
Contato: Rodovia SP 340, Km 127,5 - Tanquinho Velho - Jaguariuna-SP
Email: daniel.storer@gmail.com
Bees are the major pollinators of plants phanerogams. In the Brazilian forests, stinglees na-
tive bees are the main pollinators of 40% to 90% of plant species, but many species are seriously
endangered as a result of changes in their natural environments, mainly caused by deforestation,
indiscriminate use of pesticides and predation by the man. In São Paulo, human action has also been
responsible for the fragmentation of many ecosystems. In the process of occupation, the Atlantic For-
est biome was becoming isolated forest fragments, working as “islands”, separated by agricultural
fields, pastures and other urban forest remnants. The objective is to identify the diversity of species
of bees in a fragment of Atlantic Forest Conservation Unit of the ARIE Santa Genebra Woods, with
251.77 hectares. Sampling was biweekly and weekly, with hand nets in a predetermined transect. The
specimens were fixed and identified under a stereomicroscope, using dichotomous keys of the litera-
ture. Parallel to the sampling was also carried out an active search for nesting. Altogether, are founded
ten species of bees, of which seven were social and only three were solitary, being Trigona spinipes
the most frequent. Of the 26 nesting founded, the most common species was Tetragonisca angustula.
The number of species found was very small, a very preliminary result for the potential that the ARIE
Santa Genebra presents. Then was observed, that for a more thorough analysis of diversity of bees,
further studies are needed with a greater sampling effort, that include seasonality, not sampled in this
work and should be used different methodologies for collection, to meet more species of bees.
Apoio: Embrapa Meio Ambiente; Fundação “José Pedro de Oliveira”

Palavra chave: stinglees bees - conservation - atlantic forest - Santa Genebra Woods - diversity

291
KARYOTYPE OF Cephalotrigona femorata

SMITH 1854 (HYMENOPTERA:
MELIPONINI) AND C-BAND PATTERN
AS A SPECIFIC MARKER
FOR CEPHALOTRIGONA.
Autores: Rodrigo Vieira Miranda1*, Anderson Fernandes1 e 2, Denilce Meneses Lopes1
Instituição: 1* - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Viçosa, Minas
Gerais, Brasil. 2 - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brasil.
Contato: Av. P.H.Rolfs Campus UFV 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
Email: rodrigo.v.miranda@ufv.br
In the present work the Cephalotrigona femorata species belonging to the Meliponini tribe un-
derwent cytogenetic techniques to study and description of its karyotype. The analyzes were based on
conventional Giemsa staining, observation of heterochromatic regions by C-band technique and use
of Chromomycin A3 and DAPI fluorochromes for marking regions rich in GC and AT respectively.
The conventional staining allowed counting (2n=34) and observation of the morphology of chro-
mosomes. All chromosomes had one heterochromatic arm and two pairs also have heterochromatic
blocks in the pericentromeric region. The amount and distribution of heterochromatin observed in
this species was very different from C. capitata , another species of this genus already analyzed. This
makes the heterochromatin, a possible marker for the genus, at least for the species found in Brazil. It
was also observed that this region was positively marked by DAPI revealing a wealth of AT based on
heterochromatin. On the other hand the fluorochrome CMA3 allowed the visualization of four marks,
and in a pair the marker was polymorphic. As seen in other stingless bees such GC-rich regions may
be related to the nucleolus organizer regions.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, FAPEMAT, FUNARBE, CNPq.

Palavra chave: Cytogenetic - heterochromatin - stingless bees - fluorochrome - chromossome

292
SUCCESS IN COLLECT OF BEES IN

FORMATIONS RUDERAL AND FOREST
IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Autores: Rosana Halinski¹*;Mariana Zaniol Fernandes¹, Jenifer Dias Ramos¹,
Andressa Linhares Dorneles¹, Tatiane Guterres Kaehler¹, Betina Blochtein¹
Instituição: ¹Faculdade de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Ecologia,
Laboratório de Entomologia PUCRS
Contato: Av. Ipiranga 6681, 90619900, Porto Alegre, Brasil
Email: rosana.oliveira@pucrs.br
Brassica napus is the third most important oilseed crop of global agribusiness, which has its
output directed to obtain oil for human consumption and biodiesel. This plant is herbaceous and
annual that comes in crop rotation, in succession to soybean, summer crop, and prior to sowing
corn. In winter, a period of scarcity of feeding resources, the canola is an excellent alternative for
pollinator insects. This study aimed knows the diversity of bees in agricultural areas, where canola
is grown, along the year. The bees were collected every month, along 24h, from November/2010
to October/2011 in two agricultural areas (L1 and L2) located in Esmeralda city, Southern Brazil.
Bees were sampled using the pan trap method (blue, yellow and white). Surrounding each of the two
fields 60 traps were installed, these were divided into two plots within the remnant native forest and
two in the surrounding area of the field. The collected were 456 bees from both fields. The most of
individuals (95%) was captured from the surrounding area of the crop, wheareas 5% was collect in
forest sampled met seven genera of bees, which were inserted in 32 genera found in the surround-
ings. The most predominant family was Halictidae with 71% in L1 and 62% in L2. Apis mellifera
was only 8% in L1 and 5% in L2. Meliponini was 8% in L1 and 15% in L2. It was suggested that the
prevalence of bees in the native environment occurs because the amount of available floral resources
in the area, since the alimental resources are limited inside the forest. Only a small number of bees
were collected within the forest fragment, but its locality provides a higher number of possible nest-
ing sites, a factor determinant for the maintenance of bees and for sampling in agricultural areas is
needed collects in surrounding area of the field.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavra chave: pan traps - canola - Halictidae - Meliponini - Apis mellifera

293
BEES OF CAATINGA IN BAHIA STATE:

RICHNESS AND
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
(HYMENOPTERA, APIFORMES)
Autores: Shantala Lua1*; Favízia Freitas de Oliveira2; Geovana Freitas Paim3; Adrielen
Serafim da Costa4; Leda Naly Freitas de Oliveira5
Instituição: 1*Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia - UEFS; 2Instituto de Biologia - UFBA;
3Instituto de Gestão das Águas e Clima - INGÁ; 4Departamento de Ciências Biológicas - UEFS;
5Departamento de Ciências Exatas - UEFS
Contato: Avenida Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil
Email: shantala_lua@hotmail.com
The Caatinga is the dominant vegetation in northeastern Brazil. Among the components of its
biodiversity we highlight the bees, important agents for maintaining gene flow among plant species.
The present work has as main objective increase knowledge on the bees’ species richness of Caat-
inga in Bahia State, Brazil, organizing the data found in literature and complementing them with
additional collections, in Jeremoabo, Juazeiro, Irecê and Guanambi, municipalities considered by the
Brazilian Government to be susceptible to desertification. For collections with pantraps, were chosen
two stations in each municipality. The pantraps were disposed on two basic levels of cover in each
station: “Closed Caatinga” and “Open Area”. At each cover were placed 25 pantraps (red, green, blue,
white and yellow), organizes in five groups of different colors, totaling 100 traps in each cover of
each municipality, available for 24 hours. Were collected 1108 specimens of bees with pantraps and
280 specimens with entomological net in different situation, being some species collected only by
the pantraps. Blue pantraps were the most attractive, capturing 63.54% of bees, followed by yellow
(23.83%). Species such as Ptilothrix plumata Smith, 1853 and Oxytrigona aff. Tataira Smith, 1863,
that were not yet reported in the literature (other surveys) for the Caatinga in Bahia were collected in
this sampling. Regarding the use of pantraps in different environments in the municipalities surveyed,
statistical analysis revealed a trend of higher diversity of bees in the “Closed Caatinga”, compared to
“Open Areas”. In the surveys available on literature was found information on the records of bees’
species from Caatinga of Bahia in 12 municipalities. Whereas the original presented here and data
from literature, were reported a total of 336 bees species, 204 of them identified only as “Genus” sp.,
which highlights the problem of the taxonomic impediment for this insect group.
Apoio: CAPES; CNPq

Palavra chave: Bees from Caatinga - Pantraps - Taxonomic Impediment - Hymenoptera - Apiformes

294
INVENTORY OF EUGLOSSINA BEES IN

AN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM WITH
Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.
IN TOMÉ-ASSU (PA), BRAZIL.
Autores: Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura1*; Márcia Motta Maués1;
Fabrício da Silva Corrêa1, Andrea Cristina Silva dos Santos1
Instituição: 1*Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Laboratório de Entomologia
Email: taly_moura@yahoo.com.br
In Para State, Eastern Brazilian Amazon, surveys of Euglossina subtribe are scarce. In order to
increase the knowledge of this group, the Euglossina of the Sasahara Farm (S02 33 39.3 W048 21
20.4 ), at Tomé-Assu (PA), was monitored monthly from August/2010 to July/2011, to determine lo-
cal richness of species and seasonal variation. Five scent bait traps were used (eugenol, methyl cinna-
mate, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate and vanillin) in five plots (mono and polyculture): 1) Black pepper,
2) Assai/cocoa, 3) Brazil nut/cocoa, 4) Mahogany/cocoa and 5) Remnant of primary forest. The scent
traps remained 24h in each plot. We captured 1.295 males, belonging to four genera of Euglossina
(29 species) and 16 specimens of Trigona sp. (Meliponina). The most abundant genus was Eulaema
(900 specimens, five species, 69.5% of the total bees), followed by Euglossa(327/18/25.3%), Exae-
rete (32/3/2.5%) and Eufriesea (21/2/1.6%). The most abundant species were: El. meriana Olivier,
1789 (422/33%), El. cingulata Fabricius, 1804 (265/20.7%), El. marcii Nemésio, 2009 (110/8.6%),
Eg. imperialis Cockerell, 1922 (77/6.0%) and El. nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 (40/3.1%), which together
represented 71.4% of all inventoried bees. Eucalyptol was the most efficient scent, capturing 426
specimens (33%) and 24 species. The rainy season (Nov/2010 to Apr/2011) was the most representa-
tive season (737 specimens and 29 species), correspond to 57% of the samples, and worth noting that
five species were exclusive collected in this season: Ef. surinamensis Linnaeus, 1758 (6 specimens
and 0.8%), followed by Ex. smaragdina Guérin- Méneville, 1844 (3/04%), Eg. hemichlora Cockerell,
1917 (3/0.4%), Eg. parvula Dressler, 1982 (1/0.1%) and Eg. laevicincta Dressler, 1982 (1/0.1%). In
the wet season (Aug/2010 to Oct/2010 and May/2011 to Jul/2011), only one species was unique, Eg.
augaspis Dressler, 1982 (32 specimens and 5.7%). Species that pollinate the Brazil nut tree were also
captured (El. meriana, El. cingulata, El. nigrita).
GEF/UNEP/FAO Funbio
Palavra chave: Monitoring - Aromatic traps - Species richness - Abundance - Pollinators

295
SURVEY OF APOIDEA USING PAN-TRAPS

IN A BRAZIL NUT TREE PLANTATION
(Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Lecythidaceae) IN
TOMÉ-ASSU, PARÁ
Autores: Talyanne do Socorro Araújo de Moura1*; Márcia Motta Maués1; Andrea Cristina Silva
dos Santos1; Jhuly Themys Alves de Sousa1
Instituição: 1*Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Laboratório de Entomologia
Email: taly_moura@yahoo.com.br
Survey and identification of bees’ species are important to known plant communities’ pollina-
tors, since bees represent 80% of this group. The use of pan-traps (bowl traps), a passive method of
capturing insects, is effective for this purpose. The present study aimed to inventory the apifauna
in an agroforestry system (SAF) with Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Lecythidaceae)
as the main component, at Sasahara Farm (S02 33 39.3 W048 2120.4), municipality of Tomé-Assu,
PA. From August/2010 to February/2012, monthly surveys were accomplished using 60 pan-traps
filled with soapy water, installed 1.50cm above the ground, divided into five sets of three bowls
in yellow, blue and white colors, in four plots with different cropping systems (mono and polyc-
ulture): 1) Black pepper, 2) Assai/cocoa, 3) Brazil nut/cocoa, 4) Mahogany/cocoa. As control, 30
pan-traps were placed in a remnant of primary forest (plot nº 5). Other 90 pan-traps were installed
at 12-18m height, suspended by a string system (only in plots 3, 4 and 5), and all traps remained
for 24h. 427 bees were collected, distributed in four orders: Hymenoptera (239 specimens, 56%
of all specimens), followed by Diptera (98/23%), Coleoptera (87/20.4%) and Homoptera (3/0.7%)
Within Hymenoptera, 212 specimens represented by two families were collected: Apidae (205
individuals, 28 genera and 32 species) and Halictidae (7/4/4%). The most abundant species was
Melitoma aff. segmentaria (135 individuals, 63.7%), followed by Ceratina sp. (9/4.2%), Euglossa
sp. (6/2.8%), Ptilothrix plumata (5/2.4%) and Xylocopa aurulenta (5/2.4%). Plots 1 and 2, showed
the greatest richness, respectively, 16 and 15 species. The blue bowls presented the highest degree
of attractiveness, capturing 162 individuals (27/76.4%), followed by yellow (28/10/13.2%) and
white (22/10/10. 4%). Thus, it can be concluded that the pan-traps were effective in sampling the
local fauna, capturing not only bees as insects of other orders as well.
GEF/UNEP/FAO Funbio
Palavra chave: Apoidea - Pan-traps - Species richness - Abundance - Melitoma aff. segmentaria

296
EUGLOSSINE BEES IN FRAGMENTS

OF SEMIDECIDUOUS SEASONAL
FOREST IN CERRADO
Autores: Thiago Henrique Azevedo Tosta1*; Ana Luisa de Sousa e Castro Melo1;
Solange Cristina Augusto1
Instituição: 1* UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Email: thi_ago_hen@hotmail.com
Euglossine bees are important pollinators in neotropical environments and the occurrence of
these bees is associated with forests. Preliminary studies indicate that the presence of semidecidu-
ous seasonal forests (SSF) is important to maintain a high diversity of these orchid bees in Cerrado
Biome, in which predominate savanna´s areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate abundance,
richness and composition of euglossine in two fragments of SSF. The study was conducted during
the wet season, October 2011 to March 2012, in the Estação Ecológica do Panga (EEP) and Fazen-
da Recanto Guaritá (FRG). The males were collected using seven aromatic compounds (eucalyptol,
eugenol, methyl salicylate, benzyl acetate, methyl cinnamate, β-ionone, and vanillin) that were ex-
posed from 9h to 13h. We caught 71 individuals belonging to three genera and nine species. In both
areas, Eulaema nigrita and Euglossa imperialis were the most abundant species and represented
together 73% (EEP) and 88% (FRG) of individuals collected. There was no significant difference in
abundance of individuals between both areas (t=1104, df=10, p=0296). Considering all SFF areas
studied in Cerrado areas, the maximum number of species found was higher (n=15) compared to
observed in savanna areas (n=12) due to occurrence of Euglossa securigera, Euglossa decorata
and Euglossa amazonica exclusively in SSF areas. However, it is important to emphasize the low
abundance of individuals collected in the areas of SSF of Cerrado Biome when compared to sur-
veys realized in others SSF, with similar sample effort. Even though further studies are required
about euglossine communities in SSF from Cerrado biome since the low number of individuals of
dominant species may be an indication that they have small population sizes.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CAPES/PROCAD, CNPq

Palavra chave: Euglossini - orchid bees - conservation - bioindicator - aromatic compounds

297
THE ORCHID BEES IN A FOREST

FRAGMENT FROM EASTERN PARANÁ
Autores: Vanessa Luiza Scherer, Priscila Soares Oliveira, Rodrigo Barbosa Gonçalves
Instituição: Campus Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná
Contato: Av. Pioneiro 2153, CEP 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná
Email: vanescherer@gmail.com
For this study we sampled Euglossina bees in the border of a forest fragment using scent bait
traps. The survey was carried out in Parque Estadual São Camilo, Palotina (PR), a conservation unit
with 400 hectares of Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES). A total of eight samplings was taken
from October 2011 to April 2012. Three bait traps was installed in the border of the fragment, each
one containing the following fragrances: cineole, eugenol and vanilina. In PET bottles, the scent was
available in top, the bottom was filled with ethanol 70%, and two lateral openings serve as entrances
for the bees. The bait traps was placed in trees, about one meter one from another and about 1,5
meters from the soil. By the end of a day the bees was removed for a posterior identification. A sum
of 226 bees, seven species and four genera was sampled. The most common species was Eufriesea
violacea with 190 individuals, followed by Euglossa fimbriata with 27, Eulaema nigrita with four,
Eg. annectans with two, Eg. cordata, Eg. pleosticta, and Exaerete smaragdina with only one sampled
specimen each. The scent bait which captured more bees was cineole, with about 88% samples, vani-
lin captured 11% and eugenol attracted less than 1% of the bees. Other two orchid bees are known
for the study site from active sampling, Ef. mussitans and Ef. violacens. In the literature, another as-
semblage from Floresta Estacional Semidecidual is known from Paraná (Londrina), and its species
richness was the same of the present study, this richness is intermediate between that from FES areas
from northeastern São Paulo and that from southern Brazil. The forest fragments, in spite of their
dispersion in space and their relative small sizes, can support a important number of orchid bees.
Apoio: PROBEM – UFPR

Palavra chave: Euglossini, - Apinae - survey - ecology - conservation

298
PLANNING STUDIES ON THE

ORCHID BEES FAUNA
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) IN BRAZIL
Autores: Willian Moura Aguiar¹; Renata Lee Medeiros² & Marise Silva Carvalho¹
Instituição: ¹Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Mode-
lagem em Ciências da Terra e do Ambiente-Laboratório de estudos Ambientais ²Universidade Esta-
dual de Feira de Santana- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia-Laboratório de Entomologia
Contato: Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Km 3- Novo Horizonte-Feira de Santana-Brasil. CEP:44036-900
Email: wmag26@yahoo.com.br
Orchid bee fauna are widely studied in Atlantic Forest domain. However, in the Cerrado do-
main little is known about bees. The goal of this study is: 1- To georeference the studies about or-
chid bee previously published in journals, dissertations and thesis available in websites ; Periodicos
Capes, Google Scholar and Ise Web of Science; 2- Planning studies with orchid bee in areas little
studied. The georeferencing was carried for each studied area in ArcGis 9.3. A total of 58 studies
and 126 areas were recorded by orchid bee community. The georeferencing data showed that the
studies are carried out geographically near, forming ten groups concentrated which are: Maranhão,
Paraíba, Alagoas, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul and three groups in
Minas Gerais (Triangulo Mineiro, Belo Horizonte region and northwest). In Bahia were recorded
four studies, far apart geographically and in the Espírito Santo one thesis was reported. The results
this study show areas little knowledge and so guide future study areas. We suggest an necessitate of
the major efforts in the region lower south and southern cost of Bahia and Espírito Santo, as well as
areas of Cerrado and Caatinga, which show few studies in the Minas Gerais state. In the Northeast
of Brazil in the Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará and Tocantins states any study found. In the Amazon
region several studies published, but with sparse distribution, being necessary more effort in the
transition zone between the Cerrado and the Amazon rainforest.
Apoio: FAPESB, OCT.

Palavra chave: Euglossine bee - Atlantic forest - Caatinga - Cerrado

299
PRODUTOS DAS ABELHAS

300
POLLEN SPECTRUM OF Apis mellifera

L. HONEY COLLECTED IN RECÔNCAVO
OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
Autores: Andreia Santos do Nascimento1*; Carlos Alfredo Lopes de Carvalho2; Geni da Silva Sodré2
Instituição: *1Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” / Universidade de São Paulo;
2
Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas / Universidade Federal do
Recôncavo da Bahia
Contato: Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, Brazil
Email: asndea@usp.br
Comprehension of the honey flora of a determined region is important for the identification of
plant species that may contribute in the composition of honey produced in a particular locality, as
well as for the preservation and multiplication of such plant species with melliferous potential, thus
assisting in the establishment of a sustainable beekeeping program. The objective of this work was to
determine the botanical affinity of pollen from plants contributing in the composition of honey from
the region of Recôncavo da Bahia, Brazil. Pollen analysis of Apis mellifera L. honey, in a total of 8
honey samples obtained with beekeepers from 3 counties (Elísio Medrado, Dom Macedo Costa and
Santo Antonio de Jesus) within the Recôncavo da Bahia region, were performed from March/2009
to December/2009. Pollen analysis was performed by the acetolysis method followed by quantitative
and qualitative analysis. Thirty pollen types were identified, distributed within 14 plant families. The
family Fabaceae and Asteraceae were the richest in pollen types with 30.00% and 16.67% respective-
ly of the total. The Mimosa arenosa and M. pudica occurred as predominant pollen and accessory pol-
len among samples of Dom Macedo Costa and Santo Antonio de Jesus. In Elísio Medrado occurred
as accessory pollen and pollen isolated occasionally. There was similarity among the sources of tro-
phic resources used by A. mellifera in the counties studied, with the highest similarity index found
between the counties of Dom Macedo Costa and Santo Antonio de Jesus (Cs = 0.50). Pollen analysis
showed that honey produced by A. mellifera in the region of Recôncavo da Bahia, is predominantly
multifloral, with emphasis for the families Fabaceae and Asteraceae.
Apoio: CAPES
Área: Produtos das abelhas
Palavra chave: Bee - beekeeping - melissopalynology - nectar - pollen

301
KNOWLEDGE ON THE HONEY

CRYSTALLIZATION FROM AFRICANIZED
BEES AMONG STUDENTS
Autores: Antonia Ariana Camelo Passos, Silmara Azevedo Lopes, Andrielle Rodrigues de
Azevedo, Ana Josymara Lira Silva, Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira, Patrícia Lopes Andrade.
Contato: Av. Dr. Guarany, 317, Derby Clube. CEP: 62.040-730
The crystallization of the Africanized bees’ honey is a natural process that depends on factors
such as floral origin, and the temperature of collection and storage. However, this physical condi-
tion usually causes a rejection on consumption. Thus, this study investigated the level of knowledge
among students. We interviewed 48 students from different semesters of the Food Technology course
on the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Ceará - Sobral Campus. The
results showed that during the first period 83.34% could not answer, and 16.66% considered crystal-
lized honey as false. Respectively, we obtained for the other semesters: Second (100% do not know),
Third (34.78% do not know, 30.44% true, and 34.78% false ); forth (100% true), fifth (92.30 % true
and 7.70% false) and sixth (100% true). These results show clearly the evolution of knowledge over
the semester, which concludes that beginners students believe that crystallization is evidence of adul-
teration, and, veteran students, see the crystallization is acceptable for the Africanized bees’ honey.
Apoio: CNPq; FUNCAP; IFCE.

Palavra chave: Crystallized honey - Beekeeping – Apis - Academic - Honey use

302
PATTERN OF AFRICANIZED BEES’ HONEY

CONSUMPTION ON THE ACADEMIC SCOPE
Autores: Ana Josymara Lira Silva, Andrielle Rodrigues de Azevedo, Silmara Azevedo Lopes, An-
tonia Ariana Camelo Passos, Júlio Otávio Portela Pereira, Patricia Lopes Andrade.
Contato: Av. Dr. Guarany, 317, Derby Clube. CEP: 62.040-730
The Africanized bees’ honey is consumed as a medicine for most people, however, its use as
a food can effectively increase the per capita and nutritional quality . In order to know consumer
trends in the academic scope we evaluated consumption of honey between professors and students
from different graduate courses on the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of
the Ceara - Sobral Campus. Were administered 119 questionnaires among 99 students of the gradu-
ation courses Food Technology, Environmental Sanitation, Irrigation and Drainage, and Industrial
Mechatronics and technical courses in Baking, Agro-industry, Environment and Orcharding, and
over than 20 professors from different courses. The results showed that 77.78% of the students are
frequent consumers, and 46.46% of these use honey as a medicine, 29.29% as a food, and 2.02%
for others purposes. We found that 100% of professors consume honey regularly, 25% use as a
medicine, 55% as food, and 20% for both reasons. It was found that, mainly in the Food Technol-
ogy course had the information of honey use as a food. It was concluded that consumption and
consumer usage in academia is mainly related to the chosen course, only among the students, sug-
gesting a better dissemination of nutritional properties of honey.
Apoio: CNPq; FUNCAP; IFCE.

Palavra chave: Beekeepin - Apis - Honey consumption - Academic - Honey use

303
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HONEY

FROM INDIGENOUS STINGLESS
BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE:
MELIPONINAE) AGAINST POTENTIALLY
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Autores: Edson Aparecido Proni1*, Erick Kenji Nishio2, Viviane Ferreira Cardozo2, Renata
Katsuko Takayama Kobayashi2, Gerson Nakazato2, César Cornélio Andrei3, Milton Faccione3,
Terezinha de Jesus Faria3.
Instituição: 1*Depto de Biol. Animal e Vegetal, 2Depto de Microbiologia, 3Depto de Química,
1;2;3
Universidade Estadual de Londrina.
Contato: Campus universitário - C.P. 6001, CEP 86051-900, Londrina, PR, Brasil.
Email: proni@uel.br
Researches on new natural antimicrobials have been increasing in recent years to prevent
bacterial infections, mainly multiresistant. Thus, this study analyzed the effects of antimicrobial
activity of honeys from indigenous stingless bees (meliponini) Scaptotrigona bipunctata (tubuna),
S. postica (mandaguari) and Tetragona clavipes (borá). These activities were evaluated against
potentially pathogenic bacteria of medical interest such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, Salmonella enterica sorovariedade Enteritidis and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial ef-
fect assays were performed disk-diffusion and counting of colony forming units (CFU) for differ-
ent incubation times (5 and 24 hours) and concentrations of honey (2.5%, 5% and 10%). The results
showed that the three honeys have antibacterial activity for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylo-
coccus epidermidis (100% reduction in the concentration of 10% and 24 hours of incubation). The
honeys from Scaptotrigona bipunctata and S. postica also inhibited the growth of S. enterica En-
teritidis and Escherichia coli (106 to 104 CFU in only 5 hours of incubation for the concentration
of 10%). These results suggest that these honeys can be a good alternative to human and veterinary
antibiotic, reducing the collateral effects and cost of production of antimicrobials.
Apoio: RPPN Monte Sinai, Mauá da Serra - PR e PROPPG – UEL – Londrina – PR.
Área: Produtos das abelhas.
Palavra chave: antimicrobial - pathogenic bacteria - honey - stingless bees – hymenoptera.

304
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Scaptotrigona sp. (CANUDO-AMARELA)
HONEYS (APIDAE: MELIPONINI)
COLLECTED IN THE MUNICIPALITY
OF BELTERRA, PARÁ STATE, BRAZIL
Autores: Gercy Soares Pinto1, Giorgio Cristino Venturieri2, Marcus Arthur Marçal de
Vasconcelos2, Ana Carolina Martins de Queiroz2*
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal do Pará -UFPA, 2Embrapa Amazônia Oriental- EMBRAPA
Contato: Travessa Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/ n, C. Postal 48, Belém-PA, Brazil, CEP: 66.095-100
Email: *carolina@cpatu.embrapa.br
The bee Scaptotrigona sp. (locally knows as canudo-amarela) produces high quality honey
with good local market acceptance, however, their physical and chemical characteristics are un-
known, the lack of these information impedes the definition of quality standards and thus slows
their certified marketing. The objective of this study was to determine the physical and chemical
characteristics of honey from canudo-amarela. The sample collection period was from September
to December 2011, whenever possible the samples were kept refrigerated and transported in cool-
ers containing ice. The average results of the physical and chemical parameters were: 73.03% total
sugars, reducing sugars 70.99%, 62.88 meq.kg acidity, ash 0.08%, 2.96 meq.kg hydroxymethyl-
furfural, formol index 7.36 mL.kg, pH 3.68, protein 0.12%, 5.59% sucrose, soluble solids 71.94%,
26.61% moisture and a predominance of amber color among the samples. Most of the evaluated
parameters was in accordance with the legislation for honey bee (Apis mellifera) except acidity,
sucrose and moisture. The results show that the current legislation, based on standard of Apis mel-
lifera honey, is not suitable for other species, reinforcing the urgent need to establish a specific
standard for honey from stingless bees
Apoio: CAPES, FAPESPA and CNPq

Palavra chave: Honey - Moisture - Legislation - Stingless bees - Meliponiculture

305
THE STINGLESS BEE Frieseomelitta

varia IS A VIABLE OPTION TO
PRODUCE PROPOLIS
Autores: Nauara Moura Lage Filho¹*; Cristiano Menezes²; Hayron Kalil Cardoso Cordeiro¹;
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia- UFRA; ²Empresa Brasileira
de Pesquisa Agropecuária- EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental; ³Universidade Federal do Pará
Contato: Travessa Djalma Dutra 1095, 66113-010 Belém, Brasil
Email: hayron.zootecnia@gmail.com
Propolis is a mixture of resins and viscous substances harvested by bees from plants. After
being processed by the workers, it is used to close gaps of the hive, avoiding entrance of natural
enemies and proliferation of undesirable microorganisms. Stingless bees can also produce large
amounts of propolis with peculiar characteristics, but was never systematically studied and quanti-
fied. The aim of this study was to test propolis production of the stingless bee Frieseomelitta varia.
Three colonies were used and the production was compared with other three colonies of Apis mel-
lifera. The propolis was harvested from colonies every 15 days and repeated three times in each
colony. The propolis traps were made of wood with gaps of 2cm high in two of the sides, positioned
between the lid and the hive. F. varia traps were 22x22cm long and Apis mellifera traps were
50x40cm. The study was performed in Belém, PA, between April and May 2012. F. varia produced
in average 15,9 g (±3,9) of propolis, total of 143,28 g; whereas A. mellifera produced 2,9 g (±4,1)
in average, total of 28,8 g. Propolis production in Apis mellifera was much lower than reported in
literature, which is generally around 20-100 g per month. But it can vary a lot according to the lo-
cal characteristics, period of the year, kind of propolis trap and use of selected colonies for propolis
production. On the other hand, F. varia colonies were kept at the same environmental conditions
and even though produced five times more propolis than A. mellifera. These results show that sting-
less bees have great potential for propolis production.
Apoio: EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental

Palavra chave: Frieseomelitta varia - useful products - propolis trap - meliponini - meli-
poniculture

306
ROYAL JELLY PRODUCTION IN

AFRICANIZED HONEYBEE
COLONIES EVALUATED IN DIFFERENT
PHASES OF THE MOON
Autores: Katia Regina Ostrovski1; Rejane Stubs Parpinelli1; Maria Claudia Colla
Ruvolo-Takasusuki1; Heber Luis Pereira1; Álida Buzzo1; Ana Paula Nunes Zago Oliveira1;
Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo1
Instituição: 1Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil
Contato: 5790 Colombo avenue, block J45, zip code 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná
Email: heber_pereira@hotmail.com
Royal jelly is a nutritive product secreted by hypopharingeal and mandibular glands of the
nurse worker honeybees to feed queen. It can be used as food, medicament and in cosmetic industry,
but its production is low in Brazil. This research was carried out to evaluate the royal jelly produc-
tion in Africanized honeybee colonies in different phases of the moon. This study was conducted in
Apiculture sector of Iguatemi Experimental Farm at Universidade Estadual de Maringá from Janu-
ary to April 2011. Nine colonies with five frames below and five above queen excluder were used,
with similar brood area and then were called mini-hives. Each one received a frame with three
bars, in each 30 cups, one above, one in the middle, and one below. It was made 14580 grafting in
18 days of royal jelly harvesting with larva until 24h of age and the royal jelly was collected after
64-72h after grafting. The evaluated parameters were royal jelly production per colony (g), royal
jelly production per cup (mg), total acceptance (%), and their correlation with external temperature,
relative humidity of the air, pluviometric precipitation, and the phases of the moon – new, crescent,
full, and waning as treatment. The analysis of variance was made with software Statistical Analy-
sis System and Tukey’s test for comparison of means and the probability was 5%. The royal jelly
production per colony in new moon 4.14±2.99g was statistically different only of production in
waning moon 2.38±1.76g. The royal jelly per cup in new and crescent moon 124.14±53.48mg and
119.60±68.15mg, respectively, differed of royal jelly produced in waning moon 83.90±40.63mg.
The external temperature, relative humidity of the air and pluviometric precipitation of environ-
ment presented negative Pearson’s correlation with total larvae acceptance, royal jelly production
per colony (g) and royal jelly production per cup (mg) only in new moon.
Apoio: CAPES, CNPq

Palavra chave: royal jelly production - breeding - molecular marker - beekeeping technol-
ogy - selection honeybee queen

307
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIHEMOLYTIC

ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF PROPOLIS
BY Melipona orbignyi
Autores: Jaqueline Ferreira Campos1*; Carolina Santos Pereira Cardoso Trindade1; Uilson Pereira
dos Santos2; José Benedito Perrella Balestieri1; Kely de Picoli Souza1; Edson Lucas dos Santos1
Instituição: 1* Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais; 2 Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde
Contato: Rua Audelino Garcia Camargo, 625, 79812-200, Dourados/MS, Brasil
Email: jcampos_bio@yahoo.com.br
Melipona orbignyi is specie of stingless bee known popularly by the use of its natural products
and medicinal properties. However, the number of scientific studies that confirm its therapeutic ac-
tion is still limited. In this context, the aim this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of propolis
obtained from M. orbignyi found in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Propolis samples were collected and
prepared ethanol extract. The profile antioxidant was determined using two methods: 2,2-diphenyl-
1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals free scavenging and protection against oxidative damage by radical
generator AAPH. Ascorbic acid was used as reference standard. Our results showed that the propolis
was able to inhibit 96.4 percent of DPPH free radical in concentration of 100 microgram/mililiter and
IC50 of 40.0 microgram/mililiter. The ascorbic acid standard antioxidant presented maximal inhibi-
tion of 97.7 percent of DPPH free radical in concentration of 10 microgram/mililiter and IC50 of 2.7
microgram/mililiter. The antihemolytic capacity of propolis was observed in 60 and 120 minutes after
incubation with AAPH. Together, our data indicated antioxidant and antihemolytic capacity of propo-
lis by Melipona orbignyi and open other possibilities for development of biotechnological products.
Apoio: UFGD; Fundect; Capes; CNPQ

Palavra chave: stingless bees - free radicals - bee - antihemolytic - propolis

308
QUANTIFICATION OF TOTAL BACTERIA IN

HONEY OF THE STINGLESS BEE MANDURI
(Melipona asilvai) IN PETROLINA (PE)
Autores: Cândida Beatriz da Silva Lima, Márcia de Fátima Ribeiro, Carlos Alberto Tuão Gava,
Juliara Reis Braga, Herbert Mouse de Lima Targino
Instituição: Embrapa Semiárido
Contato: BR 428, Km 152, zona rural, C.P. 23, Petrolina, PE
Email: maribbee@yahoo.com.br
Honey is a product which is associated to an image of natural and healthy food. Stingless bees
honey has medicinal properties and antimicrobial activity. However, honey can occasionally be
contaminated by microorganisms. Although the unique reference values established by legislation
are the counting of mold and yeast, and the presence of total thermotolerant coliforms, the counting
of mesophilic bacteria is widely used as an indicator of honey contamination. The objective of this
work was to quantify colonies of total bacteria in honey samples of manduri (Melipona asilvai) in
hives kept at Embrapa Semiárido, in Petrolina (PE). Five samples of 1,5mL were collected asep-
tically and were analyzed at the Laboratório de Controle Biológico also at Embrapa Semiárido.
Dilutions in peptonate water 1.0% were done in three concentrations. From each dilution was pi-
petted 1.0 mL of the sample on a sterile Petri dish, in triplicate, and seeded in nutrient Agar (NA)
culture medium, amended with nystatin 0,01% in order to avoid the fungi’ growth. The samples
were homogenized by delicate circular movements on the clock wise. After 48h of incubation in air
temperature, the Petri dishes were evaluated and the colonies were counted. The results obtained
for three samples presented elevated values, and therefore were considered contaminated. The
maximum and minimum values, considering the three repetition of these samples, were 9,21x105
and 1,93x1050 UFC. g1, respectively. The other two samples presented low number of colonies of
total bacteria (between 0,1x10 and 0,9x10 UFC.g1) and, therefore, were not considered contami-
nated. Thus, it is possible to conclude that although they were collected aseptically, the majority of
the honey samples analyzed (60%) presented strong contamination. This can be related to the fact
that these bees collect feces, and/or mud containing feces, to use in their nests and so, the honey
would not recommended for consumption.
Apoio: BNB/FUNDECI, PROBIO e EMBRAPA (Bolsa IC à J.R.B)

Palavra chave: honey - stingless bees - Melipona asilvai - micobiological analysis - me-
liponiculture

309
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
OF Apis mellifera HONEY SAMPLES IN THE
COUNTIES OF SANTA HELENA
AND TERRA ROXA (PR)
Autores: Fernanda Jacobus de Moraes¹*; Regina Conceição Garcia; Edemar Soares de
Vasconcelos; Simone Cristina Camargo; Brun Garcia Pires; Juyverson Giassan; Draia Jéssica
Pereira; Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi; Eduardo Schulz Mittanck; Marlus Linécio.
Instituição: Unioeste - Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná
Contato: Rua Pernambuco 1777, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon - Paraná, Brazil
Email: marluspim@hotmail.com
This study aimed to characterize physico-chemical (moisture, pH, acidity, electrical conductiv-
ity, ash) of 20 honey samples of Apis mellifera collected at Santa Helena and 20 in Terra Roxa, both
located in the West of Paraná state, produced in 2008/2009 season, in order to verify that they are in
accordance with the values established by the present legislation (Instruction No. 11). The data were
subjected to the F test at 5% probability. The mean values for the parameter acidity, despite being
within the limit established by the present legislation (50 meq.kg-1), showed significant differences
between them, where the honey from Terra Roxa showed a value of (33.45 ± 7.7 meq . kg-1) highest
than the value from Santa Helena (24.53 ± 6.3 meq.kg-1). The average values for pH ranged from
3.98 ± 0.1 for the city of Santa Helena and 3.94 ± 0.6 for Terra Roxa, for the parameter electrical
conductivity 391.83 ± 50.5 e 371.22 ± 131, 3µS.cm-1 ; for the ashes 0.19 ± 0.1 and 0.19 ± 0.1%, and
moisture 19.53 ± 1.5 and 19.22 ± 1.4%, respectively, showing no significantly difference with each
other and performing in accordance with the legislation. The parameter humidity flunked eight sam-
ples coming from the city of Santa Helena and seven of Terra Roxa, as presented values above 20%,
which can make the product more susceptible to fermentation, representing 37.5% of total samples.
These high values can be explained by harvesting immature honey and were transferred to the local
Beekeepers Cooperative, which provides assistance to beekeepers, so they will be alerted.
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: Physico-chemical – Apis mellifera - honey - Santa Helena - Terra Roxa

310
PALYNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
OF Apis mellifera HONEY SAMPLES
IN THE COUNTIES OF SANTA HELENA
AND TERRA ROXA (PR)
Autores: Fernanda Jacobus de Moraes¹*; Regina Conceição Garcia; Augusta Carolina de Ca-
margo Carmello Moretti²; Simone Cristina Camargo; Bruno Garcia Pires; Juyverson Giassan;
Draia Jéssica Pereira; Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi; Eduardo Schulz Mittanck; Marlus Linécio
Instituição: Unioeste - Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná; IZ - Instituto de Zootecnia
Contato: Rua Pernambuco 1777, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon - Paraná, Brazil
Email: marluspim@hotmail.com
This study aimed to characterize pollen and calculating the Sorensen similarity index between
areas in relation to the flora present in 20 honey samples of Apis mellifera collected at Santa Helena
and 20 in Terra Roxa, located in the west of Paraná state, 2008/2009 season in order to characterize
the floristic composition of the studied areas. Microscope slides were made for each honey sample,
where were counted 300 pollen grains per sample, and the pollen types with the presence of more
than 45% classified as dominant. On the Samples from the county of Santa Helena, 71 pollen types
were found, belonging to 24 families, and having the Hovenia dulcis as the dominant pollen type,
found in 40% of the samples and the rest classified as poliflorais. The pollen samples were more
constant in Parapiptadenia rigida and Eucalyptus sp.. Which were present in 20 samples; Hovenia
dulcis and Leucaena leucocephala in 18 and type Myrcia sp. found in 17 samples. On the samples
from the city of Terra Roxa, 64 pollen types were found, belonging to 29 families. The dominant
pollen types are Glycine max found in seven samples; Mimosa scabrella in two; Mimosa caesalpi-
niifolia, Mimosa verrucosa, Mikania sp. and Senecio sp. in one, and the remaining seven poliflorais
classified. For the similarity index the value found was 87.23%, which may be due to the proximity
between the counties, phytogeographic expressing the characteristics of the region. It was charac-
terized a difference between the areas that produce honey, where Santa Helena area is characteristic
of riparian areas and Terra Roxa having higher prevalence of agricultural area.
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: Palynological – Apis mellifera - Honey - Santa Helena - Terra Roxa

311
PALYNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF
GEOPROPOLIS SAMPLES OBTAINED
FROM Melipona scutellaris Latreille 1811
(HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEA) IN CERRADO
REGION IN THE STATE OF MARANHÃO
(BARREIRINHAS, MARANHÃO, BRAZIL).
Autores: Monique Hellen Martins Ribeiro;Karine Lima Martins;Cynthia Fernandes
Pinto da Luz,Cristiane Marques Santos,Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque
Instituição: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO MARANHÃO
Contato: Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Laboratório de Estudos sobre Abelhas, Departamento
de Biologia, Av. dos Portugueses, s/n – Campus do Bacanga. 65085-580. São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Email: moniquehellen_bio@yahoo.com.br
Geopropolis is a special type of propolis prepared by stingless bees, formed by a mixture of

resins, wax and soil. Melipona scutellaris is found mostly in the northeastern states of Brazil. Like
other stingless bees, colonies of this species are characterized by a large easily domesticated number
of workers, which have high hygienic behavior and produce high quality honey. The stingless bees
products are poorly studied compared to those produced by honeybees. The origin of the resin of the
geopropolis produced in the northeastern states of Brazil is not at present precisely known. Pollen
analysis may be useful to characterize the composition of the local and regional vegetation, and to
investigate resin producing plant species. Samples of geopropolis produced by M. scutellaris were
collected from bee hives in the village of Tabocas in the municipality of Barreirinhas, MA. The geop-
ropolis samples were processed using a standard methodology using extraction with ethanol of 0.5 g
of each sample. The analysis was based on the interpretation of the counting at least 300 pollen grains.
In two samples, 12 pollen types were found, distributed in nine families and 10 genera. The most
common pollen types were: Melastomataceae, Poaceae, Bignoniaceae, Myrcia (Myrtaceae), Orbyg-
nia (Arecaceae), Cayaponia (Curcubitaceae), Psidium (Myrtaceae), Borreria (Rubiaceae), Machaeri-
um (Fabaceae) and Mimosa (Mimosaceae), that were classified as isolated pollen (occasional and / or
important). The pollen type Mouriri (Melastomataceae) was dominant (> 45%) in sample one, Senna
and Chamaecrista (Fabaceae) were dominant in sample two. The pollen types with low frequency in
geopropolis samples may also be indicative of resin producing plant species. Thus, the more detailed
the geopropolis pollen analysis, the higher the resolution and phytogeographical contribution to the
interpretation of the origin of the flora of resins.
Apoio: FAPEMA, INSTITUTO DE BOTÂNCIA DE SÃO PAULO, LABORATÓRIO DE

ESTUDO SOBRE ABELHAS, CAPES
Palavra chave: Native bees - geopropolis - pollen - Melipona scutellaris - Cerrado

312
PALYNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HONEY

AND POLLEN OF THE Melipona (Melikerria)
fasciculata Smith 1854 (HYMENOPTERA,
APIDAE, MELIPONINI) FROM A LOWLAND
AREA OF MARANHÃO STATE, BRAZIL.
Autores: Monique Hellen M. Ribeiro, Ana Carolina A. M. Araújo, Gracy, C. A. Carvalho,
Marcela M. Barbosa, Márcia M. C. Rêgo, Angêla Maria S. C. Pando, Maria Amélia V. Cruz,
Patrícia M. C. Albuquerque.
Instituição: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO MARANHÃO, INSTITUTO DE BOTÂNICA DE SÃO PAULO
Contato: Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Laboratório de Estudos sobre Abelhas, Departamento
de Biologia, Av. dos Portugueses, s/n – Campus do Bacanga. 65085-580. São Luís, MA, Brasil.
Email: moniquehellen_bio@yahoo.com.br
The genus Melipona is the most diverse group with the majority of native species that are culti-
vated for honey and pollen production. In the Northeastern of Brazil, in the Maranhao state Melipona
(Melikerria) fasciculata Smith 1854, popularly known as “tiúba”, plays an important economic role,
being a major source of income for many families. This study aimed to identify the floral types used
by this species in honey production. The samples were collected in two meliponarium located in Viana
and Cajari county that are 200 and 225 km apart from the state capital, respectively. All honey and
pollen samples were prepared using the acetolysis method and then submitted to both qualitative and
quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis, referring to the pollen types present in the samples, was
determined by comparison with a reference slide collection. The quantitative analysis was performed
by consecutively counting 500 pollen grains/replicates/samples. Percentages and classes of occurrence
were determined. Fifty-four and fifty-seven pollen types were recorded in honey and pollen sam-
ples respectively. Few plant species showed higher than 15% pollen representation in honey samples
(dominant or accessory): Rutaceae type (93%), Melastomataceae type (85%), Schizolobium sp. (75%),
Chamaecrista diphylla (49,75%), Mouriri guianensis (49,75%), Schrankia leptocarpa (40%), Bernar-
dia sp. (35%), Senna occidentalis (32.7%), Machaerium sp. (25%), and Mimosa pudica (20%). And
in the pollen analysis: Mimosa pudica (45%), Orbignya phalerata (30%), Senna occidentalis (32%),
Scharnkia leptocarpa (49%), Cyperus surinamensis (25%), Solanum sp. (21%), Leucena sp. (15%)
and Mimosa caesalpinaefolia (15%). Several studies have shown that Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae and
Melastomataceae families are the major suppliers of resources for Meliponini species. Such plants are
certainly effective in providing nectar for honey production to M. fasciculata at this place.
Apoio: BANCO DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL, FAPEMA, INSTITUTO DE BOTÂNICA DE

SÃO PAULO, LABORATÓRIO DE ESTUDOS SOBRE ABELHAS.
Palavra chave: stingless bees - pollen frequency - Nectar - Meliponiculture - Tiúba

313
QUANTIFICATION OF PROTEINS
IN POLLEN SUBJECTED TO TWO
DRYING METHODS
Autores: IWANICKI, A.S.N¹ ; SILVEIRA, T. A.¹ ; MARCHINI, L.C.¹
Instituição: Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, ESALQ/USP ( Universidade de São Paulo)
Contato: Avenida Pádua Dias, 11 - Piracicaba/SP
Email: natasha.iwanicki@usp.br
The pollen collected from the flowers anthers is essential for nutrition of bees Apis melifera,
because it provides protein especially for adults and larvae. The pollen serves as raw material for
the restoration and growth of animal tissues. Beyond the main protein source for bees, the pollen is
gaining in importance all the time with beneficial effects in human nutrition. As in others foods rich
in protein, pollen may lose nutritional value quickly if handled or stored incorrectly. Thus, the aim
of this study is to evaluate two different ways of drying, the traditional way, an oven with a natural
convection system and a second oven with closed air circulation, as the protein found throughout
the drying. The method used for protein analyses was Micro-Kjeldahl, using the factor 6,25 for
conversion of total nitrogen, in protein. All the samples were weighed and kept at oven at 30 °C.
During 24 hours, every 6 hours these samples were removed and a 0.3 g portion of each oven was
separated for analysis of protein. The values of crude protein in the samples were dried in an oven
with natural convection system ranged from 17 to 23% and the samples dried in the air circulation
system closed 18-23%. Thus concluding that among these two methods of drying there was no dif-
ference in the percentage of protein.
Apoio: FAPESP ; CAPES

Palavra chave: Protein - Pollen - Apis mellifera - Drying - Oven

314
BRAZILIAN SAMPLES OF BEE POLLEN:

PALYNOLOGICAL ORIGIN, PHENOLIC
CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
Autores: Vanilda Aparecida Soares de Arruda1*, Alexandre Vieira dos Santos1, Davi Figueiredo
Sampaio Meira1, Maria Leticia Fernandes Estevinho2, Ortrud Monika Barth3; Alex da Silva de
Freitas3; Ligia Bicudo de Almeida-Muradian1
Instituição: 1*Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil; 2 CIMO-Instituto Politécnico de
Bragança, Bragança, Portugal; 3Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Brazil.
Contato: Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 14 05508-900, São Paulo, SP
Email: cravoecanela.sp@gmail.com
Total phenolic and flavonoids phytochemical concentration was measured in bee pollen sam-
ples, Appis Mellifera , as well as their botanical origin, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity.
Pollen loads were washed with 70% ethanol and identified using a 400x magnification. The content of
total polyphenols and flavonoids was measured spectrophotometrically with gallic acid and quercetin
as standard. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the linking capacity of (i)the free radical DPPH
(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), (ii)ORAC and (iii)system β-carotene/linoleic acid. The experiments
were performed in triplicate and the results expressed as mean ± standard deviation. All statistical
analysis were performed using the program STATISTICA 8.0 and adopting the significance level of
5% (p<0.05). Were using six samples of dehydrated bee pollen collected in Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
during the years of 2010 and 2011. Five families were found in the mixture of bee pollen: Mimosa
caesalpiniaefolia , Mimosa scabrella, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Zea mays. Each dried bee pollen sample
was composed mainly of Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). The variations were
(dry basis): 17.64±1.57 to 32.14±2,88 mg GAE/g of bee pollen for phenolic compounds; 2.51±0.28 to
3.71±0.25 mg quercetin/g of pollen for flavonoids concentration; 77.15±0.72 to 90.56% for antioxi-
dant activity (DPPH) and 3.19±0.25 to 4.61±0.33 mg/mL for EC50; 183.42±16.26 to 338.32± 33.38
µmols eq. Trolox/g for ORAC and 68.96±2.75 to 85.90±2.27% for β -carotene/linoleic acid. Samples
of pollen, phenolics and flavonoids have the potential biological, showing high antioxidant activity by
the three methods used. It was verified that the presence of pollen differentially affected the growth of
bacteria Gram-positive, Gram-negative and yeasts under study, depending this on the microorganism
and the pollen used in fact, only one after sample was monofloral Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia. This is
an important study since; their characterization can increase their economic value.
The opinions, hypothesis and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the article are those
of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with those of FAPESP.
Apoio: FAPESP, CNPq

Palavra chave: bee pollen - antioxidant activity - antimicrobial activity - Appis Mellifera
- bee products

315
AVANÇOS EM GENÉTICA E
FISIOLOGIA DE ABELHAS

316
ANALYSIS IN POPULATION Partamona

(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini):
FOCUS ON Bs CHROMOSOMES
Autores: Alexsandra Medeiros Correia¹*; Anderson Fernandes de Miranda¹ ²;
Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos¹; Denilce Meneses Lopes¹
Instituição: ¹*Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa;
²Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso
Contato: Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Avenida P.H. Rolfs, 36570-000 Viçosa,
Minas Gerais, Brasil
Email: alexsandra.correia@ufv.br
The Partamona genus is found in the neotropical region of Brazil and belongs to the tribe
Meliponini (stingless indigenous bees). The main aim of this research is the analysis at the popu-
lation Patramona starting from the populational observation about the absence or the presence of
the B chromosomes per colony. Firstly, it was extracted the total DNA of the worker bees and for
quantification and verification of purity, the samples were submitted to the electrophoresis in aga-
rose gel at 0,8%. To check the presence of the marker OPK14 associated with the chromossome
B, the genomic DNA was amplified by PCR using especifc primers (OPK14A and OPK14B). The
products were separated by electroproresis in agarose gel at 1% and they were analyzed. This
analysis was done by the presence and absence of bands containing the amplification product per
individuals. The primer OPK14 was tested in 1367 individuals from 151 colonies of 15 species of
Partamona. (P. cupira, P. helleri, P. sp (aff.) helleri, P. rustica, P. seridoenses, P. ailyae, P. chapadi-
cola, P. combinata, P. criptica, P. epiphytophila, P. gregaria, P. mulata, P. nhambiquara, P. testacea
e P. vicina). Only 53 individuals (3,88%) in 28 colonies (18,5% of total analyzed) belonging to
five species (two colonies of P. cupira, twenty-one of P. helleri, two of P. sp. (aff) helleri, two of
P. rustica and one of P.seridoenses) had positive marking for OPK14. The comparison among the
average prevalences by species allowed us to observe that P. sp. (aff) helleri had the highest (0,60),
followed by P. helleri (0,56). The specie that showed the lowest mean prevalence was P. cupira
(0,20). However, as the number of colonies of P. sp. (aff) helleri as the P. cupira were very small to
allow us to infer the abundance of the B cromossome on these species.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, FAPEMAT e CNPq

Área: Avanços em genética e fisiologia de abelhas
Palavra chave: Chromosome B - OPK14 - Molecular marker - Partamona - primer

317
SIDE EFFECTS OF THIAMETHOXAM IN

LARVAL MIDGUT OF AFRICANIZED Apis
mellifera: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Autores: Matiello1*, B.M.; Tavares2, D.A.; Abdalla1, F.; Malaspina2, O.; Silva-Zacarin1, E.C.M.
Instituição: 1*Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional
(LABEF), Sorocaba, SP, Brasil; 2 Universidade Estadual Paulista, Centro de Estudos de Insetos
Sociais (CEIS), Rio Claro, SP, Brasil.
Contato: Avenida General Carneiro, 987. Apartamento 8, 18043003, Sorocaba, Brasil.
Email: bamatiello@hotmail.com
Honey bees population normally lives around to agricultural fields, where occur the use of in-
secticides that could cause the decline of them. The systemic neonicotinoid insecticides, as thiameth-
oxam, are extremely toxic to honey bees, and dead honey bees containing traces of this insecticide
have been found in front of their hives. Adults and larvae of honey bees can ingest pollen and nectar
containing thiamethoxam. The main place of metabolism of insecticide is the midgut, where this one
is absorbed. Thereby stands out the importance of analyzing the possible effects of neonicotinoid in
the midgut. The aim of present research is analyze the side effects in midgut of Africanized Apis mel-
lifera, at the larval 5th instar. Larvae were reared in laboratory conditions, using the Aupinel (2005,
2007) methodology. Larvae were exposed in the 4th day of bioassay, via diet containing sub-lethal
dose of thiamethoxam (1.43 ng/microliter of diet) through acute and sub-chronic exposure. Larvae of
5th instar were collected 24h, 48h e 72h after exposure. Larvae were routinely processed for inclusion
in historesin. The histological sections were stained with Hematoxilin-Eosin and analyzed by optical
microscope. It was observed that in larvae collected 24h after acute and sub-chronic exposure, there
was higher frequency of pyknotic nucleus in the midgut epithelial cells than larval control group;
larvae collected 48h after acute exposure, midgut epithelial cells presented pyknotic nucleus, and
this feature has not occurred in the control group of 48h; and there was greater degree of chromatic
compaction, frequent nuclear pycnosis and higher occurrence of apocrine secretion at the apex of
digestive cells, in larvae collected 72h after acute exposure than the control group, in which were not
observed pyknotic nuclei, nether apocrine secretion. It is possible conclude that larvae exposed to
tiametoxam presented morphological alterations in the midgut.
Apoio: FAPESP
Palavra chave: honey bee - neonicotinoid - exposure - midgut - epithelial cells

318
IMMUNODETECTION OF CELL
BIOMARKERS IN LARVAL FAT BODY
OF AFRICANIZED Apis mellifera.
Autores: Matiello1*, B.M.; Tavares2, D.A.; Abdalla1, F.; Malaspina2, O.; Silva-Zacarin1, E.C.M.
Instituição: 1*Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Laboratório de Biologia
Estrutural e Funcional (LABEF), Sorocaba, SP, Brasil; 2 Universidade Estadual Paulista,
Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais (CEIS), Rio Claro, SP, Brasil.
Contato: Avenida General Carneiro, 987. Apartamento 8, 18043003, Sorocaba, Brasil.
Email: bamatiello@hotmail.com
The Apis mellifera honey bee specie is a broadly known pollinator of agroecosystems; thereby
stands out the importance of analysis of subletal effects caused by neonicotinoid systemic insecticide,
as thiamethoxam. This insecticide has been widely widespread in the last decades, and thus adult
honey bees and larvae has been threatened by chronic exposure to thiamethoxam. Aiming evaluate
the adverse effects of exposure of Africanized Apis mellifera honey bee larvae to subletal dose of tia-
metoxam, were utilized immunohistochemical techniques to detection of HSP70 and 90 (Heat shock
protein), and DNA fragmentation (kit ISCDDK). Larva were reared in laboratory conditions, using
the Aupinel (2005, 2007) methodology, and they were exposed at the 4th day of the bioassay, via diet
containing sub-lethal dose of thiamethoxam (1.43 ng/microliter of diet) through acute and sub-chron-
ic exposure. Larvae were collected 24h, 48h e 72h after exposure. It was possible to detect changes in
the fat body mainly in larvae from sub-chronic exposure, because nucleus of majority of trophocytes
presented positive staining to HSP70, while the majority of oenocytes presented positive staining on
cytoplasm, in the three phases of exposure (24h, 48h and 72h). It was noticed too, higher staining to
HSP90 in the fat body of individuals exposed to insecticide than the control group, similar to results
obtained by HSP70. Besides, the larvae that presented the highest positive staining to ISCDDK were
from the groups collected 48h and 72h after sub-chronic exposure. It is possible conclude, also based
on previous data, that probably DNA fragmentation indicative of cell death observed in the present
work is related to temporal acceleration of programed cell death in the trophocytes, and that the in-
creased expression of HSP70 probably was activated by stress generated by continuous exposure to
thiamethoxam, since it is known that HSP70 is induced by stress situations.
Apoio: FAPESP - 2010/20251-0

Palavra chave: trophocytes - oenocytes - thiamethoxam - cell death - immunohistochemical

319
KARYOTYPIC DESCRIPTION OF THE

STINGLESS BEE Celetrigona longicornis
(Friese, 1903) BY C-BANDING.
Autores: Bárbara Silva Siqueira Maurício, Ríudo Paiva Ferreira e Denilce Meneses Lopes
Instituição: Universidade Federal de Viçosa – Departamento de Biologia Geral
Contato: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa—UFV,
Avenida P.H. Rolfs, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Email: barbara.mauricio@ufv.br
The Celetrigona genus is restricted to South America east of the Andes, from Guiana and
French Guiana to Mato Grosso, Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. It is composed of small and docile sting-
less bees. Only three species were recognized. The aim was to broaden knowledge on the cytoge-
netic of the tribe Meliponini, by furnishing cytogenetic data as a contribution to the characterization
of bees from the Celetrigona genus. Individuals of the species Celetrigona longicornis, members
of a colony from Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, were studied. The material used to
obtain the metaphase chromosomes was extracted from the cerebral ganglia of 20 post-defecating
Celetrigona larvae. C-banding followed the BSG (barium/saline/Giemsa) method. The chromosome
number was 2n=30. Heterochromatin was localized in all chromosomes in the end regions but some
blocks could be visualized in pericentromeric regions. The distribution of heterochromatin in one
of the arms of pseudo-acrocentrics suggests that fission events were likely involved in the evolution
this karyotype. These data will contribute towards a better understanding of the genus Celetrigona.
Apoio: FAPEMIG; CNPq

Palavra chave: Cytogenetics - C-band - heterochromatin - conventions staining - karyo-
type evolution

320
FEW BROTHERS, MANY COMPETITORS

IN Tetragonisca angustula MALE
REPRODUCTIVE AGGREGATIONS
Autores: Charles Fernando dos Santos¹*; Maria Cristina Arias²; Vera Lúcia Imperatriz-Fonseca3,4
Instituição: 1Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Laboratório de Abelhas da USP, Instituto de
Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. 2Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva,
Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. 3,4Departamento de Ecologia,
Instituto de Biociências, Universidade do Semiárido
Contato: Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária
Email: chasanto@gmail.com
Endogamy in Hymenoptera may lead to a diploid offspring homozygous for the sex deter-
mining locus. Such individuals will be diploid males and unviable reproductively. In stingless bees
little is known about (1) the males flight distance after they abandon their natal nest permanently,
(2) the amount of colonies contributing with males to reproductive aggregations and (3) the related-
ness among them and the virgin queens. This work answers the three questions above. During three
weeks in 2011 we observed five male aggregations of Tetragonisca angustula in front of new nests
been founded by workers, on the campus of Universidade de São Paulo/ Ribeirão Preto. We collect
the foundress workers, all males presented (378), and workers from 75 georeferenced nests. For
the molecular approach, the thorax of males and workers was used for DNA extraction with Chelex
10%. Six microsatellite loci (tang57, tang03, tang12, tang11, tang65, tang60) were amplified by
PCR. Genotyping was performed by the program GeneMaker 2.2. The males’ origin and the num-
ber of colonies represented in each aggregation were inferred through the program Colony 1.2 from
the genotypes of all workers and males collected. The program Kingroup 2 was used to estimate
the relatedness between males and putative queens, which genotypes were reconstructed from the
genotypes of the workers foundress (Colony 1.2). The male flight distances were estimated (Expert
GPS4.52) considering their genotypes and those from the colonies georeferenced. Considering the
five aggregations we found a contribution of 83 colonies sending 4.56 males (±2.85), however few
males were siblings (1.57±0.38) in each aggregation. The average displacement from the natal nest
to any aggregation was 612.97 m (±434.55), and males of natural nest have moved beyond those
of nest box up to 1.6 km. There was a tendency for males to visit more distant aggregations even
when there was another one occurring closer to the natal nest simultaneously. Only 4% of males
were closely related to the putative queens.
Apoio: PROEX-CAPES; DS-CAPES; FAPESP; NAP BioComp-USP

Palavra chave: Drone aggregation - Flight range - Microsatellite loci - Relatedness - Stingless bee

321
BURSICON AND ITS ROLE IN THE

PATHWAY REGULATING THE CUTICLE
TANNING IN THE HONEY BEE,
Apis mellifera.
Autores: Claudinéia Pereira Costa*, Moysés Elias Neto, Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi.
Instituição: Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP.
Email: neia_pcosta@yahoo.com.br
The formation of the definitive (adult) cuticular exoskeleton during the last molt cycle in in-
sects involves intense biosynthesis of structural proteins by the epidermis, as well as the production
of sclerotizing agents and melanin. A neurohormone, Bursicon, has been associated with exoskeleton
tanning, comprising the processes of hardening (sclerotization) and darkening (melanization). In or-
der to understand the role of Bursicon in regulating exoskeleton formation in the honey bee, we con-
ducted experiments on post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by RNAi for degradation of the
transcripts encoding the two Bursicon subunits, Amburs α and AmBurs β. The injection of each dsR-
NAs in the brain of the honey bee pupae caused a decrease in the levels of the respective transcripts
and, in addition, impaired the normal formation, melanization and sclerotization of the exoskeleton.
This is consistent with a role of Bursicon in the formation of the honey bee exoskeleton. We then
used bees showing down-regulation of Amburs α and AmBurs β transcripts in qRT-PCR analyses to
quantify the expression of genes encoding cuticular proteins and enzymes. Our results showed that
Bursicon up-regulates, at the transcriptional level, the genes encoding the enzymes Tyrosine hydroxy-
lase, Dopa-decarboxylase and a cuticular Peroxidase. The expression of the gene encoding Laccase 2,
however, was not significantly altered in bees injected with each dsRNA suggesting that this enzyme
is not regulated by Bursicon, at least at the transcription level. The data also show that Bursicon
down-regulates the expression of the genes encoding two structural cuticular proteins, AmelTwdl1
and AmelTwdl2. Together, these results strongly suggest that Bursicon represses the genes encoding
cuticular structural proteins, thus signalizing the terminus of exoskeleton synthesis, while activates
the genes encoding the enzymes needed for exoskeleton differentiation. Together, these data contrib-
ute to a deeper understanding of the regulation of exoskeleton construction in the honey bee.
Apoio: CNPq; Fapesp; Capes.

Área: Avanços em genética e fisiologia de abelhas.
Palavra chave: Bursicon - exoskeleton - honey bee - regulation – RNAi.

322
DIFFERENTIAL AQUAPORIN EXPRESSION

IN THE CROP OF NURSE AND
FORAGER WORKERS OF Apis mellifera
(HYMENOPTERA : APIDAE)
Instituição: Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV.
Contato: Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário 36570-000 - VIÇOSA – MG.
Email: dllsouza@yahoo.com.br
Adult workers of the honeybee Apis mellifera have age polyethism as well as other eusocial
bees, performing different tasks in the colony according to bee age or physiological status. The nurse
workers are responsible for brood care and honey processing, whereas forager ones collect nectar and
pollen. The crop is a foregut region where food is stored and transported without further changes by
chemical substances. The aquaporins (AQP) are water channels found on the plasma membrane that
allow the passive transport of water molecules and they have been reported in many organisms. In
insects the AQP are related to water and salt balance and were found at the hindgut, but recently these
proteins were identified at the honeybee crop. The aim of this study was verify the differential expres-
sion of AQP at the crop of nurses and forager workers of A. mellifera. Adult bees were dissected for
crop removal and then used for total RNA extraction. RT-PCR was carried out using primers designed
from sequences for AQP gene (aqua). The results showed that worker honeybee performing nurse
tasks expressed the gene for AQP seven folds more than foragers. This differential expression sug-
gests that nectar conversion into honey may start in the crop and be related to the function of the bee
in the colony. Therefore nurses may need greater amount of AQP being expressed on crop epithelium
allowing faster nectar dehydration.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CAPES.

Palavra chave: Aquaporin - PCR - honeybee - crop - water transport.

323
IMMUNOLOCALIZATION OF AQUAPORIN
IN THE ALIMENTARY CANAL OF BEES
Instituição: Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV.
Contato: Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário 36570-000 - VIÇOSA – MG.
Email: dllsouza@yahoo.com.br
Aquaporins (AQP) are membrane proteins responsible for passive transport of water molecules
following the concentration gradient. These proteins are widespread from bacteria to mammals and in
insect there are at least seven types found in different tissues. Insect alimentary canal consists on three
parts morphologically distinct, and the hindgut may be subdivided in pylorus, ileum and rectum. The
alimentary canal is responsible for nutrient absorption and excretion as well as water balance. Mal-
pighian tubules are excretory organs of insects, but they are also associated to the digestive system,
since they open at the mid-hindgut transition. The purpose of this work was to immunolocalize AQP
at the epithelial cells of the Malpighian tubules and hindgut of Apis mellifera adult workers. Malpi-
ghian tubules showed positive reaction throughout its length, showing its ability on water absorption
from hemolymph associated to its excretory function. At the hindgut AQP was limited to rectal pads
indicating its capacity at transporting water from the feces before its release to the environment. The
osmotic regulation in adult workers of A. mellifera involves Malpighian tubules, which absorbs water
from hemolymph, and the rectal pads, without previous water absorption in the ileum due to the ab-
sence of AQP at this hindgut region.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CAPES.

Palavra chave: Aquaporin - Honeybee - Malpighian tubules - alimentary canal – hemolymph.

324
CYTOGENETIC OF STINGLESS
BEE Partamona rústica
Autores: Denilce Meneses Lopes1, Anderson Fernandes1,2, Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos1.
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso.
Contato: Av. PH Rolfs, s/n - Viçosa - Minas Gerais.
Email: denilce.lopes@ufv.br
The genus Partamona comprises species of stingless bee found in the tribe Meliponini and
present distribution in the Neotropics. In this tribe and in several organisms, cytogenetic has brought
contributions to the knowledge of phylogeny, the mechanisms of speciation and genetic variability. In
the Partamona genus about ten species have been analyzed cytogenetically, and in this work we have
used conventional staining, C-Band and fluorochromes to characterize the chromosomes of Partamo-
na rustica. This species showed the chromosome number 2n = 34 (females) and n = 17 (males), a
number that has been observed in other species. Through C-band technique was found that in most
chromosomes heterochromatin is found in one arm and the pericentromeric region. Three different
shades of color were visualized by the C-band technique as seen in P. chapadicola, suggesting the
existence of chromatin with different degrees of condensation. The fluorochrome CMA3 revealed six
markers in P.rustica, and the DAPI fluorochrome scored the heterochromatic arm, a similar pattern in
stingless bees that have heterochromatin AT-rich .
Apoio: FAPEMIG, FAPEMAT.

Palavra chave: Karyotype - heterochromatin - Meliponini - Partamona – fluorochrome.

325
PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF SALIVARY

GLANDS OF BEE WORKER Melipona
quadrifasciata ANTHIDIOIDES SUGGEST
ROLE IN TRAIL MAKER BY ODOR
Autores: Santos, D. E., Fialho, M. C. Q., Serrão, J.E., Oliveira, L. L.
Instituição: Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Contato: Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário 36570-000, Viçosa – MG.
Email: douglaseliassantos@hotmail.com
The best known functions of the exocrine glands are related to the communicative interac-
tions, reproduction and development of individuals. In eusocial bees such as Melipona quadrifas-
ciata anthidioides, are found two types of salivary glands. The cephalic salivary gland function has
supposedly related to the marking of tracks, while the thoracic salivary gland presents purportedly
functions related to the production of saliva. This study aims to identify the main constituent pro-
teins of the salivary glands of the head and thorax of forager workers of M. quadrifasciata anthidi-
oides by the method of mass spectrometry and its possible functional characterization. The analysis
of proteins expressed were identified 17 proteins in the salivary gland of the head including three
distinct types of heat shock protein, the glycolyticenzyme components such as the beta subunit of
pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate mutase and fructose bisphosphate aldolase, and other
proteins such as α-N-acetilgalactosaminidase, putative protein is not characterized, arginine kinase
and protein fixative odor. The presence of protein fixative odor suggests the involvement of this
gland in the process of communication between individuals. On the other hand salivary gland of
the thorax were identified 15 proteins like arginine kinase, beta-subunit of a heat shock protein,
gutatione s-transferase proteasome subunit any others constitute proteins. The proteins identified
in both salivary glands of the head and chest contribute to the knowledge of the possible functions
of these as its physiological role and biological life of bees.
Apoio: CNPq, FAPEMIG, CAPES.

Palavra chave: Melipona - Proteomic - Salivary Gland - Behavior - mass spectrometry.

326
UNVEILING A HIDDEN LAYER

OF REGULATORY RNA IN
HONEY BEE GENOME
Autores: Francis MF Nunes1*; Alexandre R Paschoal2; Alexandre S Cristino3; Flávia CP
Freitas1, Zilá LP Simões4, Alan M Durham2.
Instituição: 1 FMRP-USP; 2 IME-USP, 3 The University of Queensland, 4 FFCLRP-USP.
Email: francis.nunes@usp.br
Eukaryotic genomes are pervasively transcribed into a wide diversity of RNA classes. Different
types of non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) are involved in a number of regulatory pathways control-
ling gene expression. Genomic data of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, lay unexploited in terms of their
non-coding layer. We developed an automated pipeline to predict and annotate conserved ncRNA
elements in A. mellifera, using the Drosophila melanogaster and Nasonia vitripennis genomes for
comparisons. We used the eQRNA algorithm that performs a comparative genomics analysis based
on probabilistic inference of genomic alignments. To avoid false positive results, AT content from
each genome and minimum identity percentage across them were calculated and used to adjust align-
ment parameters (BLAST). A total of 5,508 insect-conserved ncRNA were predicted in the honey bee
genome, ranging from 83 to 7,834 nucleotides (nt) in length. In the wasp genome, we found 2,540
putative ncRNA which vary from 69 to 14,416 nt. Approximately 48% of Apis candidates and 44% of
Nasonia candidates are located in genomic regions that are not yet organized according to the chro-
mosomal mapping. On the other hand, chromosome 1 of both species presented the highest number
of ncRNA -- 400 candidates in honey bee and 310 candidates in wasp. These results suggested that
loci for both ncRNA and mRNA sequences are placed in microsynteny blocks shared among hy-
menopteran genomes. Our in silico analysis indicated that ~54% (in wasp) and ~79% (in honey bee)
of ncRNA have similar structural properties with known ncRNA. Most candidates were annotated
as miRNA or snoRNA. Non-coding candidates were also searched against available expression data
such as Expressed Sequence Tags and RNA-Seq libraries, and 1,241 Apis-Nasonia ncRNA were
validated. We provided a robust strategy that predicted high-confidence ncRNA from Hymenoptera
genomes, opening new avenues for insect RNomics.
Apoio: FAPESP (ZLPS, 2011/03171-5; FCPF, 2010/08332-4), CNPq (AMD, 161917/2011-9,

FMFN, 481000/2009-7 and 161917/2011-9), CAPES (ARP).
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - ncRNA - comparative genomics - RNomics – microRNA.

327
TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES OF
NEUROGENIC GENES IN BRAINS OF
Apis mellifera QUEENS AND WORKERS
DURING PUPAL DEVELOPMENT
Autores: Heloisa H. S. Gianelli1*, Lívia M.R. Moda¹,² , Ana D. Bomtorin², Zilá L.P.Simões³,
Angel R Barchuk¹
Instituição: 1*Depto. Biologia Celular, Tecidual e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências
Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG. ²Depto. de Genética, FMRP,
Universidade de São Paulo. ³Depto. de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
Contato: Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva 700, 37.130-000 Alfenas, Brazil.
Email: heloisagianelli@yahoo.com
Learning and memory-related skills that honeybee workers use for navigation, foraging, nest-
mate recognition, and other activities are believed to be associated with the prominent regions of the
brain of the insects, called mushroom-bodies. The ratios typically used to evaluate the relative size of
specific brain areas versus the body size support the notion that adult workers have bigger and more
developed mushroom bodies than queens. As demonstrated by our group (Vieira, J. et al., also in this
Meeting), the differential feeding offered to prospective queens during the larval period promotes a
bigger brain development with a higher expression of several neurogenic genes (ataxin-2, crypto-
cephal, dachshund, Eph Receptor, failed axon connection, short stop and tetraspanin 5D). Afterwards
during the pupal period, however, there is a shift in this trend and queens’ brain experiences extensive
cell death events and workers’ brain is favored by higher rates of cell proliferation, which results in
the final aspect of the adult brain of queens and workers. Herein, we report on brain transcriptional
profiles during pupal development (Pw-Pbm) of both castes by RT-qPCR of these seven genes and
also Kr-h1 (involved in neuronal morphogenesis and gene expression cascades promoted by morpho-
genetic hormones). We found that the transcription profiles in brains of queens and workers (except
for kr-h1) show an opposite pattern to that observed during larval development, i.e. workers’ brain
has higher levels of transcription of these set of genes. Therefore these results suggest that the respec-
tive protein products would be respons responsible for the differential development of adult brains.
Particularly, the expression pattern of atx-2 and fax may help explain the observed inversion of the
neuroblasts area of queens and workers’ brain, which, during larval period favors queens (very likely
due to the differential feeding), and during pupal development and in adults favors workers.
Apoio: FAPEMIG (APQ-01714-10), CNPq (Proc. No 473748/2008-8; 473157/2010-1), and

FAPESP (Proc. 2005/03926-5).
Palavra chave: neurogenesis - brain - pupal development - gene expression - honeybee

328
A NUTRITIONALLY-DRIVEN
DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION
LEADS TO HETEROCHRONIC BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT IN HONEYBEES.
Autores: Joseana Vieira¹*, Lívia M.R. Moda¹², Ana D. Bomtorin², Anna C.G. Freire¹,
Vanessa Bonatti¹², Marcela Laure², Zilá L.P. Simões³, Angel R. Barchuk¹.
Instituição: ¹*Depto Biologia Celular, Tecidual e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências
Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas; ²Depto de Genética, FMRP, Universidade de
São Paulo; ³Depto de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo.
Contato: Rua Tiradentes 1917, 3710-000, Alfenas, MG, Brasil.
Email: joseanavieira@yahoo.com.br
The differential feeding offered to worker and queen larvae of the honeybee Apis mellifera
shapes a complex endocrine response cascade that ultimately sets up differences in brain morphol-
ogies. Brain development analyzed at morphological level through L3 to L5 larval instars revealed
an asynchrony between queens and workers. At L4, pedunculi and calyces are clearly identifiable
in the mushroom bodies of queens, both present in workers only at L5. EdU incorporation analy-
ses revealed a larger area of proliferative neuroblasts in L5 queen brains when compared to those
of workers. Gene expression analyses using oligonucleotide microarray hybridizations showed
differentially expressed genes between queens and workers at L4. qPCR results indicated higher
transcription levels in brains of L3 to L5S1 queens than in workers of three of these genes: GlcAT-
P, APC and Dom. Other genes, previously demonstrated to be important for neurogenic processes,
also showed specific transcription profiles (tsp5D; dac, kr-h1 and atx-2; fax, shot, EphR and crc).
Shot, whose expression is required for axon extension, mushroom bodies morphogenesis and cell
proliferation in Drosophila, was found to be significantly more expressed in L4 queens, when com-
pared to workers, and fax, a gene involved in axon outgrowth regulation, was found to be more
expressed in L5S1 queens. kr-h1, an early juvenile hormone (JH) response gene involved in neu-
ronal remodeling, was found also significantly more expressed in L5F2 queens. shot mRNA was
localized, using in situ hybridization, in queen’s L4 brain, surrounding nuclei of both hemispheres,
whereas in workers it’s only detected in L5. Shot protein was immunolocalized in cytoplasms of
cells near the antennal lobe and proximal to Kenyon cells in L4 queen’s brains. These results show
an heterochronic brain development and suggest shot and kr-h1 as key players in the differential
brain morphogenesis induced by differential feeding in honeybee castes.
Apoio: FAPEMIG (APQ-01714-10), CNPq (Proc. No 473748/2008-8; 473157/2010-1), FA-

PESP (Proc. 2005/03926-5; 2009/00810-7).
Palavra chave: Differential feeding - Gene expression - Neurogenesis - Apis mellifera - Brain
development.

329
HEXAMERINS AND THEIR

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE IN THE
HONEY BEE DEVELOPMENT.
Autores: Juliana Ramos Martins1*, Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi2.
Instituição: 1*Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – USP, 2Faculdade de Filosofia,
Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP.
Contato: Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
Email: julianarmartins@usp.br
Hexamerins are insect storage proteins mainly synthesized by the larval fat body and stored
in hemolymph up to the larval-pupal molt, when they are sequestered by the fat body and used for
development toward the adult stage. In the honey bee genome there are four genes encoding hex-
amerin subunits (hex 110, 70a, 70b, 70c), which were previously characterized for their expression
in the fat body and gonads of developing workers, queens and drones. The dynamics of hexamerin
storage (in hemolymph) and fat body uptake (by the fat body) was here studied by using SDS-
PAGE and western blot with specific antibodies. In parallel, we used immunolocalization experi-
ments coupled with confocal microscopy to verify the subcellular localization of these proteins
in the metamorphosing fat body. The results showed distinct profiles of storage and uptake of the
hexamerins. Briefly, the fat body initiates the sequestration of HEX 110, HEX 70a and HEX 70b at
the spinning phase of the 5th larval instar, but initiates HEX 70c sequestration earlier, during the
feeding phase. In hemolymph, HEX 110, HEX 70b and HEX 70c persist up to the middle of the
pupal stage, but HEX 70a occurs up to the adult stage. As expected, all these proteins were local-
ized in the cytoplasm of the fat body cells. Surprisingly, HEX 110, HEX 70a and HEX 70b were
also localized in the nuclei of the fat body cells. Furthermore, experiments designed to inactivate
the function of the hexamerins with the purpose of exploring its role in metamorphosis, supported
the hypothesis of their involvement in pupal and pharate adult development. Taken together, these
results demonstrate that in addition to their classical role as storage proteins for metamorphosis,
hexamerins also have an unsuspected role in the fat body cell nucleus.
Apoio: FAPESP
Palavra chave: nuclei - ecdysis - metamorphosis - fat body cells - storage protein.

330
A GYNANDROMORPH OR INTERSEX
BEE? A GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL
ANALYSIS OF THE ORCHID BEE Euglossa
melanotricha (HYMENOPTERA,
APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI).
Autores: Karen M. Suzuki1*, Solange C. Augusto2, Douglas C. Giangarelli1, Silvia H. Sofia1.
Instituição: 1*Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 2Universidade Federal de Uberlândia.
Contato: Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86051-980, Londrina, PR, Brasil.
Email: suzukibio@yahoo.com.br
Several studies have reported the occurrence of abnormal bees that show phenotypic male
and female features, simultaneously, generally called gynandromorphs or intersexes. However,
most of these studies are based on morphological and not genetic analysis. In general, gynandro-
morphs are genetically chimeric individuals consisting of male and female tissues, while intersexes
are genetically uniform but all or some parts of their tissues have usually a sexual phenotype op-
posite to their genetic sex. In this sense, aiming to provide genetic information concerning these
organisms, the present study assessed the genotype of an individual of the bee Euglossa melanotri-
cha species, showing body parts with morphological characteristics of both sexes. The analysis was
performed based on six microsatellite loci amplified from two body parts (left and right metatibia)
of the bee, showing distinctive male and female phenotypes, respectively. Additionally, using a
photo-stereomicroscope, an external morphological analysis it was performed on this individual.
This analysis revealed that, excepting for the left legs, all body parts of the bee showed female
characteristics (including the presence of a sting). On the other hand, the microsatellite analysis
showed the absence of heterozygous loci of both samples of metatibia analyzed. The genetic results
suggest two possibilities for the bee analyzed: (a) the individual is haploid for both samples of the
body examined, (b) if it is diploid, then it is homozygous for all the loci analyzed. Considering
that the literature reports have shown that orchid bee females are usually heterozygous for at least
one microsatellite locus, the first hypothesis seems more likely. Thus, since the studied bee was
genetically uniform in both metatibia (with phenotypes of male and female), it was considered an
intersex organism. However, to confirm this hypothesis, further studies involving a higher number
of microsatellite loci and other body parts of this bee are still needed.
Apoio: CAPES, FAPEMIG, Procad/CAPES, FBPN, UEL.

Palavra chave: Gynandromorphism - gynander - intersexes - euglossine bees – microsatellite.

331
MICRO-RNA EXPRESSION PROFILES OF

HONEYBEES Apis mellifera INFECTED WITH
BACTERIA Serratia marcescens.
Autores: Karina Rosa Guidugli-Lazzarini1, Anete Pedro Lourenço2, Flávia Cristina de Paula
Freitas1, Zilá Luz Paulino Simões3.
Instituição: 1Depto de Genética, FMRP-USP; 2Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de
Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFVJM; 3Depto de Biologia, FFCLRP-USP.
Contato: Av Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
Email: karina@rge.fmrp.usp.br
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, approximately 20 bp in size, that are
involved in post-transcriptional regulation. They are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and are
known to regulate a variety of biological processes, such as development, cellular differentiation and
proliferation, metabolism, apoptosis and gametogenesis. Recent works pointed out the association
between immune response and reprogramming of the expression of distinct miRNAs. The bees Apis
mellifera show an effective immune response that comprises the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides
(AMPs) and a range of other defense molecules. In order to inquire the involvement of miRNAs in
immune response of honeybees, we investigate the expression profiles of eight miRNAs by qPCR in
adult bees infected with Serratia marcescens. First, to evaluate the immune system gene activation,
we analyzed transcription levels of AMP genes abaecin, hymenoptaecin and defesin-1. After 6 h of
bacteria injection, AMP genes were up-regulated compared to control group. In the same samples,
we assessed the expression levels of eight A. mellifera miRNAs, bantam, miR-12, miR-34, miR-
184, miR-278, miR-375, miR-989, and miR-1175. These miRNAs were selected based on literature
and analysis in silico. As a result, we obtained that all miRNAs evaluated here were down-regulated
in bees injected with bacteria. But only the ame-miR-1175 showed significantly decreased levels
(p<0.05) following S. marcescens infection. In another insect, Anopheles gambiae, four miRNAs
had their expression altered during Plasmodium infection. The aga-miR-34, aga-miR-1174 and aga-
miR-1175 showed a decrease in the expression level in infected compared with blood-fed midgut
samples. Similarly, in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, miR-92 and miR-989 displayed changes
in their expression levels during flavivirus infection. All these data strongly support the involvement
of miRNAs in the insect immune response including the honeybee A. mellifera.
Apoio: FAPESP (2011/10133-2), FAPESP (2011/03171-5), FAEPA.

Palavra chave: microRNA - Apis mellifera - immune system - Serratia marcescens - infec-
tion.

332
IMMUNE RESPONSE IN HONEYBEES

Apis mellifera EXPERIMENTALLY
INFECTED WITH Nosema ceranae.
Autores: Karina R. Guidugli-Lazzarini1, Nayara H. A. Freitas2, Anete P. Lourenço3, Dejair Mes-
sage4, Márcia M. G. Bitondi5, Zilá L. P. Simões5, Érica W. Teixeira4.
Instituição: 1Depto de Genética, FMRP-USP; 2Universidade de Franca; 3Depto de Ciências Bioló-
gicas, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFVJM; 4Pólo Regional – Vale do Paraíba/
APTA, SAA-SP; 5Depto de Biologia, FFCLRP-USP.
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
Email: karina@rge.fmrp.usp.br
Nosemosis is a serious disease of adult honey bees and is caused by two species of microspo-
ridia, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. The transmission of Nosema spores occurs via oral route.
The disease disturbs honey bee colonies by inducing digestive disorders, shortening bee life span,
and decreasing the population size. Despite the importance of Nosema in honey bee health, there
is little information about the effect of infection on the bee immune system. Thus, we investigated
the effects of the experimental infection with N. ceranae on the expression of genes related to
the immune system. For experimental infection, approximately 200 newly emerged workers were
caged and fed with a sugar syrup (25% sugar in water) containing N. ceranae spores in a concen-
tration of 1250x104 per ml. In the control group, the bees were also caged and received the sugar
syrup without the spores. After two days of confinement, the bees were placed in a normal colony.
On day 9 and 12 post-infection, about 20 – 30 workers of each group were collected for infec-
tion verification and gene expression analysis. Microscope analysis of the crude extracts obtained
from the whole bees at the day 12 post-infection showed that the control group became naturally
infected with N. ceranae although at minor levels (133x104 spores per bee) than the infected group
(2528x104 spores per bee). The qPCR analysis of the abdominal fat body showed that the expres-
sion of abaecin and defensin 1 (genes encoding antimicrobial peptides) decreased in infected bees
when compared to the control group in both the 9th and the 15th days post-infection. By indicating
that N. ceranae infection suppresses the bee immune response, these results confirm our previous
data obtained with naturally infected bees. Together, these findings deepen the understanding on
the bee immune response against N. ceranae infection.
Apoio: CNPq/MAPA; FAPESP (2011/03171-5); FAPESP (2011/10133-2); FAEPA.

Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - Nosema ceranae - immune system - experimental infection -
gene expression.

333
THE miRNA EXPRESSION IN THE

OVARIES OF Apis mellifera
WORKERS IS CONSISTENT WITH
THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS
Autores: Liliane Maria Fróes De Macedo1*; Flávia C P Freitas1; Camilla V Pires1; Francis M
F Nunes1; Maria Dolors Piulachs2; Zilá Luz Paulino Simões3
Instituição: 1Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP; 2Instituto de Biología Evolutiva,
Spain; 3Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Email: lilimacedo@usp.br
When driven to extremes, continuous phenotypic variation can be broken giving rise to distinct
dimorphic adaptive phenotypes, as is the case in the castes of highly social insects. In these, dimor-
phism is built around reproductive potential, such as in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. The queen, the
female whose function in the colony is essentially the reproduction, has huge and well developed
ovaries formed by 150-200 ovarioles. The workers, defined as facultative sterile, can activate their
small ovaries under special conditions and lay unfertilized eggs that develop into haploid males.
However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process are still poorly understood. MicroR-
NAs (miRNAs) are described as main regulators of most biological processes, being organ and tissue
differentially expressed in response to specific stimuli. Herein we present a preliminary analysis of
35 mi reads obtained by deep sequencing of a miRNA library from activated worker’s ovaries. About
90% of the reads could be mapped to the honey bee genome. Furthermore, 168 of the 331 miRNAs
known for Apis mellifera were represented in our dataset, some highly expressed, as for instance the
miRNAs 306, 317, 184, 1-2, 1-1, 276, 71, 14, 2-3 and 2-2. Independently of the expression rates and
based on literature information, the identified miRNAs are described as linked to hormonal signaling
cascades (miR-14, miR-34, let-7), germ cell or ovary development (miR-7, miR-278, miR-92b, miR-
989, miR-318, miR-100, let-7), embryogenesis (miR-184, miR-989, miR-1-1), cell death suppres-
sion (miR-14, miR-263-b, miR-11, miR-2-2), cell growth (miR-318, miR-315, miR-8, miR-1-2), and
caste differentiation (miR-9a, miR-9b). These biological processes are consistent with the molecular
changes required for ovary activation, so we select a few candidates (miR-let-7, miR-100, miR-184,
miR-92b and miR-9a) for experimental validation. miR-let-7, miR-9a, miR-92b showed significant
differential expression and emerged as regulators of the reproductive status.
Apoio: Financial support: FAPESP 2011/03171-5; 2010/06336-2 and FAEPA

Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - RNAseq - miRNA - ovary activation - workers

334
EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HORMONE-

LINKED GENES IN THE PRE- AND
POST-APOLYSIS EVENTS OF
Apis mellifera PUPAE
Autores: Natália H Hernandes¹*, Zilá LP Simões¹, Francis MF Nunes²
Instituição: ¹Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP;
²Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Email: *nat.hernandes@hotmail.com
In holometabolous, the pupal stage is marked by intense remodeling of internal and external
tissues such as cuticle renewal. Apolysis is an important event characterized by the detachment of
the cuticle from the epidermis. It is driven by ecdysteroids (20E) signaling cascades that activate
or inactivate gene expression in a time- and space-specific manner. In attempt to understand mo-
lecular differences from pre- and post-apolysis events in the honey bees (Apis mellifera), we inves-
tigated the transcriptional expression of known hormone-linked genes in the integument (INT) of
white-eyed pupae (Pw) versus brown-eyed pharate adult (Pb). Fat bodies (FB) of Pw and Pb were
also used for experiments. The following genes were selected for expression analysis and annota-
tion in the honey bee genome version 4.5 -- calponin (Cal), germ-cell expressed bHLH-PAS (GCE)
, and imaginal disc growth factor (IDGF). These genes were found to be expressed in both INT and
FB tissues and developmental phases (Pw and Pb). In general, IDGF presented higher expression
levels when compared to Cal and GCE. Each of these three genes has no expression differences
between tissues from the same studied phase. However, Cal and GCE mRNA levels showed to be
more abundant in Pw than in Pb tissues, while IDGF presented opposite profiles. Since these genes
are located in distinct chromosomes, some cis-regulatory elements are suggested to explain the dif-
ferences as well as co-expression patterns.
Apoio: FAPESP (2011/21731-8, 2011/03171-5) ; CNPq (161917/2011-9).

Palavra chave: honey bee - apolysis - pupae - integument - fat body

335
IDENTIFICATION OF mariner
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN STINGLESS
BEES GENOMES AND EVALUATION OF
ITS PRESENCE IN Melipona, ILLIGER,
1806 (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE,
MELIPONINI) RELATED TO DIFFERENT
HETEROCHROMATIN CONTENTS
Autores: Priscila Karla Ferreira dos Santos¹*; Nathalia de Setta²; Ana Maria Bonetti¹;
Maria Cristina Arias³; Rute Magalhães Brito¹
Instituição: ¹*Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica - UFU; ²Universidade Federal do
ABC - UFABC; ³Instituto de Biociências - USP.
Contato: Av. Pará 1720, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Brasil.
Email: priscila_karla@yahoo.com.br
Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences capable of moving from one location to another
in the host genome. Due to its repetitiveness in a genome, these sequences are suitable for comparison of
heterochromatic regions between closely related species such as bees of the genus Melipona. Although pre-
senting the same basic diploid number (2n = 18), these bees can be divided into two groups: low heterochro-
matin content, restricted to pericentromeric regions of few chromosomes, and high heterochromatin content
with euchromatin restricted to telomeric regions. Here we investigated the presence of mariner family TE
in genomes of stingless bees and its relationship to heterochromatin content in Melipona. We analyzed nine
species (Apis mellifera (positive control), Lestrimelitta limao, Scaptotrigona depilis, Tetragonisca angustu-
la, M. quadrifasciata, M. crinita, M. compressipes, M. bicolor and Plebeia emerina) by PCR, sequencing
and Dot blot. Excepting L. limao, M. crinita and P. emerina, all species showed amplification of a band of
expected size. Sequencing confirmed the identity of the amplicon as part of the mariner transposase gene,
which was then used as a probe in Dot blot assays. Similarly to A. mellifera, the species S. depilis, T. angus-
tula and M. compressipes showed strong hybridization signal, suggesting the presence of mariner in their
genomes. It was not possible to relate the presence of mariner element with heterochromatin content of Me-
lipona species studied since M. crinita has high heterochromatin content and didn’t show hybridization with
the mariner probe. The distribution of TE in insects’ genomes can be highly variable. Elements of a same
family can have different patterns of chromosome distribution, with specificity to euchromatin or hetero-
chromatin. Our next step is to test the presence and distribution of the retrotransposon R2 by amplification
with primers designed from the alignment of genomes of insects already deposited in Genbank.

Palavra chave: Melipona - transposable elements - mariner - heterochromatin - Dot blot

336
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF DIPLOID
MALES OF Melipona quadrifasciata UNDER
INFLUENCE OF JUVENILE HORMONE.
Autores: Ríudo P. Ferreira, Uyrá Zama, Talitta G. Simões, Luciane A. O. Lisboa, Lucio A. O. Campos.
Instituição: 1- Universidade Federal de Viçosa; 2-Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto
Contato: Departamento de Entomologia, Apiário Central, Universidade Federal de Viçosa s/n,
36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Email: riudopaiva@gmail.com
The topical application of juvenile hormone in Melipona larvae in the cocoon spinning stage,
in pre-defecating larvae, leads to the development of queens from worker larvae by triggering ge-
netic mechanisms that initiate the required differentiation. The same effect was verified in diploid
males of this species. The objective of this study was to characterize the morphology of the testes,
seminal vesicle and spermatozoa of the diploid males treaties with HJ. About 80 pre-defecating lar-
vae of diploid males of M. quadrifasciata/i] received topical application of JH III diluted in acetone
in the concentration of 2μg/μL. These diploid males (33%) had their morphologic characteristics
similar to the queen and they were classified in “Queen- like Male (QLM)”. The histology and
ultra-structure of the testicles, seminal vesicle and spermatozoa of 21 QLM in different ages (new
born, 3- 5 days) were compared with haploids males and diploid males in the same ages. QLM had
shorter (5 days) lifespan than the haploid (25 days) and diploid (18 days) males. The testicles of
new born diploid QLM (2,50 ± 0,40mm) are smaller than the one of haploid (3,64 ± 0,77mm) or
diploid males (2,80 ± 0,33mm) in the same development phase. In QLM, an accelerated degenera-
tion of the internal organs was observed. The spermatozoa of haploid and diploid males are very
similar. Although spermatozoa have been observed in the testis of the black-eyed pupae, they do
not complete their differentiation and they do not migrate to the seminal vesicle in QLM. The semi-
nal vesicle of QLM also raisin for an accelerated process of degeneration and cellular portions are
observed in the light of the organ in the new born males. The reduction of the lifespan of QLM can
be direct consequence of the femaleness effect provoked by HJ.
Apoio: Capes, Cnpq, Núcleo de Microscopia e Microanálise/UFV.

Palavra chave: stingless bee - male reproductive system - spermatozoa - social insect -
ultrastructure

337
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE

KOSHEWNIKOW’S GLAND IN
Apis mellifera NURSE AND FORAGER
WORKERS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Autores: Thaís de Souza Rocha and José Eduardo Serrão
Instituição: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal De Viçosa
Contato: Av PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
Email: thais.s.rocha@ufv.br
The Koshewnikow’s gland is placed closely to quadrate plate of the sting apparatus. The pos-
sible role of this gland is the production and release of alert pheromone. This work compared the
morphology and histochemistry of Koshewnikow’s glands in nurse and forager workers of honey
bee Apis mellifera. The Koshewnikow’s glands were submitted to histological, morphometric, and
histochemical tests to detect proteins, lipids, and glucoconjugates. The Koshewnikow’s gland is
composed for a mass of round-shaped cells with well-developed nucleus. The gland cells are clas-
sified as type III, since each secretory cell has an end apparatus containing the excretory duct cell,
which opens in a narrow reservoir lined by a thin cuticle. Histochemical tests showed occurrence
of glucoconjugates only in the Koshewnikow’s gland cells of nurse workers, whereas protein were
found in both forager and nurse workers. We found differences in cell development with well de-
veloped cells closely to the quadrate plate in comparison with cells placed in the opposed side of
the reservoir. In addition, the gland secretory cells were larger in Koshewnikow’s gland of foragers,
(255.58 ± 50.48 µm2) than in nurse workers (195.63 ± 31.98 µm2) large. However, in both workers
the nuclear areas (nurse = 35.39 ± 8.45 µm2 forager =46.34 ± 16.68 µm2) and nucleus-cytoplasm
ratio (nurse = 0.22 ± 0.01 µm2 forager =0.22 ± 0.03 µm2) were similar. All together these findings
suggest that Koshewnikow’s gland have the same metabolic activity in both workers, but forager
stores more secretion that nurse worker.
Apoio: CNPq, FAPEMIG.

Palavra chave: Honey bee - morphology - gland - sting apparatus - pheromones

338
MOLECULAR ELEMENTS ACTING IN

CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS PROFILES
DURING THE HONEYBEE CUTICLE
MATURATION: AN EVOLUTIONARY
AND EXPERIMENTAL VIEW
Autores: Tiago Falcón1*; Francis de Morais Franco Nunes2; Maria Juliana Ferreira-
Caliman2; Juliana Stephanie Galaschi Teixeira2; Claudinéia Pereira Costa2; Moysés
Elias-Neto2; Michelle Prioli Miranda Soares2; Érica Donato Tanaka1; Fábio Santos do
Nascimento2; Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi
Instituição: 1* Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto – USP; 2 Faculdade de Filosofia,
Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto –USP
Email: tiagofalcon@usp.br
Elongases play roles in carbon chain sizes of fatty acids while desaturases function in hydro-
carbon unsaturation process. These enzymes are involved in a wide range of biological processes as-
sociated to lipid metabolism. One specific example is the biosynthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons by
epidermal oenocytes. To date, there is no confidence on which genes encode for enzymes acting in this
specific context. To face this challenge, we used Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis to investigate the
evolutionary relationships among these enzymes by comparing protein sequences from 15 insect spe-
cies. Drosophila melanogaster orthologs were used as reference since their functions is well known.
We identified a set of 13 elongases and 12 desaturases predicted from Apis mellifera genome sequence.
Our results showed that hymenopteran elongases are closely related to the synthesis of cuticular hydro-
carbons but not to sexual pheromones. Regarding the desaturases, the evolutionary history seems to be
more complex. The sequences used in cladogram were clearly separated by taxa (orders or species),
suggesting independent duplication events. This scenario did not allow to infer specific roles for the
honeybee desaturases. To gain functional insights we characterized the expression of 9 elongases and
7 desaturases in the developing pupal integument (formed by the cuticle and subjacent epidermis). In
particular, GB11136 (an elongase) and GB15513 (an desaturase) were differentially expressed in this
tissue, suggesting that they are linked to changes in hydrocarbons biosynthesis during cuticle matura-
tion. Furthermore, GC/MS analysis of hydrocarbons profiles discriminated all developmental phases
from newly ecdysed pupae to forager bees (Wilks’ Lambda: p<0.0001). Together, our data show that
hydrocarbons profiles changes during the development of honeybee workers, and point to a novel way
to study cuticle maturation by means of changes in gene expression and in the hydrocarbon profiles.
Apoio: FAPESP grants to M.M.G.B. (10/16380-9) and F.S.N. (2010/10027-5) and fellow-
ships to T.F. (CAPES), F.M.F.N. (CNPq 161917/2011-9), M.J.F.C. (CAPES), J.S.G.T. (FAPESP
11/02434-2), C.P.C. (CNPq 134995/2010-4), M.E.N. (FAPESP 07/08300-2), M.P.M.S. (FAPESP
2007/04314-9), E.D.T. (FAPESP).
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - cuticular hydrocarbons - elongases - desaturases - pupae phases

339
SELECTION OF AFRICANIZED HONEYBEE

QUEENS Apis mellifera L. IN COLONIES
PRODUCING ROYAL JELLY
BY MOLECULAR MARKERS - MRJPs
Autores: Ana Paula Nunes Zago Oliveira1; Bruna Manueli Teles Moreira1; Heber Luiz
Pereira2; Simone Aparecida dos Santos1; Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo Takasusuki1; Vagner de
Alencar Arnaut de Toledo2; Claudete Aparecida Mangolin1
Instituição: Universidade Estadual de Maringá
Contato: 5790 Colombo Avenue, block J45 1-Genetics and Cell Biology Department, 2-Animal
Science Department
Email: vagner_abelha@yahoo.co.uk
Royal jelly is made from a mixture of secretions from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular
glands, located in the heads of A. mellifera workers. Its importance in consumption is in to be the
most appreciated bee products, promoting healthy living to people, and cure many diseases. Due
to these characteristics and being produced in small quantities by the nurse bees, beyond cannot be
stored, has a high commercial value. Royal jelly is composed by 65% water, 12% of protein and the
same amount of sugar, 5% fat, and 1% of minerals. Larvae of these insects that are fed with a rich diet
of royal jelly develop queens, while larvae fed with a diet of royal jelly; honey and pollen develop
the workers and drones. The research was carried out to analyze the genetic variability of Mrjp3 and
Mrjp5 loci, by genotyping queens of Africanized honeybee colonies producing royal jelly. Genomic
DNA was extracted from 10 nurse workers from eight colonies producing royal jelly in the honeybee
breeding program of Universidade Estadual de Maringá, totaling 80 samples. For the loco Mrjp3 it
was genotyped queens DE (4), EC (1), CD (1) and AE (1). Drones which mated with these queens
had alleles A, C, D, E, F and G. The loco Mrjp5 was homozygous for eight analyzed queens, and the
genotype DD was observed. The drones which mated with these queens had alleles D, E and F. Thus,
after seven years of selection, queens are naturally tending to homozygosis. This homogeneity of the
Africanized honeybee queens can be explained due to their location near a bush land.
Apoio: Capes, CNPq processes nº303345/2008-0, 308283/2011-2, and nº 479329/ 2009- 5

Palavra chave: major proteins of royal jelly - breeding - microsatellites - polymorphism - se-
lection of honeybee queen

340
RESPONSE TO CONCENTRATIONS OF
SUCROSE WITH EXTENDED PROBOCIS
(PER) RELATED TO DIFFERENT AGES
/ FUNCTION IN WORKERS OF Melipona
quadrifasciata (APIDAE, MELIPONINI)
Autores: Sales Patricia Maria Oliveira ¹; Weyder Cristiano Santana ²*
Instituição: ¹ Graduation student of Biology, ² Entomology Department,
Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil
Contato: Avenue Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Entomology Department,
Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 VIÇOSA - MG, Brazil
Email: patricia_oliveira_ccp@hotmail.com
Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier (1836) is a highly eusocial species, which presents overlap-
ping generations, division of labor between individuals and castes. Among the workers there is an
age polyethism, in which they go through different behavioral phases throughout his life, young bees
perform tasks inside the nest and near the comb area, while older individuals are foragers. The main
objective was to determine the threshold of gustatory response to sucrose solutions (SS) in newly
emerged workers (OR), nurse (ON) and forage (OF) of this Meliponini species. This was achieved
using a proboscis extension reflex (PER) of the SS concentration of 0.1%, 0.3%, 1%, 3%, 10%, 30%
and 50% (w/v). It was found from PER OR (n = 100) 71% responded to 50% SS (with 14% responded
to from 3% SS) and 23% did not responded, ON (n = 11, mean age 15.4 ± 1.52) 27% responded to
between 30-50% SS and 73% did not responded, in OF (n = 20, mean age 51.6 ± 8.76) than 50%
responded to 50% SS (and 20% responded from 10% SS) and 25% did not responded to the PER. OR
was statistically different (P <0.05) of ON and ON of OF (Kruskal-Wallis One Way and Post-hoc test
Dunn). This variation in response threshold of the different SS reflected the changes in the transition
between these different behavioral stages during the lifetime of the workers.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CAPES, CNPq and FUNARBE / UFV

Palavra chave: PER - Melipona quadrifasciata - worker - Meliponini - sucrose solution

341
AVANÇOS EM CRIAÇÃO DE ABELHAS

342
EVALUATION OF INTERNAL COLONIES

CONDITIONS IN Scaptotrigona SP. NOV. AND
MELIPONA SUBNITIDA BEES USED FOR
POLLINATION IN THE GREENHOUSE.
Autores: Antonio Diego de Melo Bezerra¹,²; Isac Gabriel Abrahão Bomfim¹,²; Epifânia
Emanuela de Macedo Rocha¹; Alexandre Campos Nunes²; Raquel Andréa Pick¹; Luiz Wilson
Lima-Verde¹, Fernando Antonio Souza de Aragão²; Breno Magalhães Freitas¹
Instituição: ¹Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC; ²Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, 2977, 60356-001, Fortaleza - Brasil
Email: antonniodiego@hotmail.com
The aim of this work was to evaluate the condition of brood combs and the number of food
pots inside the nest, and also to assess the recovery time of colonies of two stingless bees species
used in the pollination of mini watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) under greenhouse (160m²) condi-
tions. To evaluate these variables were used four colonies of Melipona subnitida and two colonies
of Scaptotrigona sp. nov. during the flowering period. The results showed that during this period
the number of young brood combs of Melipona subnitida reached zero, and the emerging brood
combs became formless and showed many empty cells spread out along the brood area in a ir-
regular pattern. Probably, it happened due to the fact that Melipona subnitida foragers did not visit
the mini watermelons flowers, and the interruption in the oviposition by the queen, and also the
stress induced by protected environment conditions which promoted an increase in mortality of
larvae. However, after leaving the greenhouse it was observed that oviposition was retaken, and
consequently the total number of brood combs gradually increased, nevertheless the colonies did
not recover the initial condition. The colonies of Scaptotrigona sp. nov. showed a few empty cells
along the brood area, and a slightly reduction in the number of young brood combs, but there was
an increase in the number of food pots due to flower visitation, and they recovered the initial condi-
tion of internal development in less than 30 days. It was concluded that colonies of Scaptotrigona
sp. nov. demonstrate a better potential for commercial use in pollination under protected environ-
ment conditions, not only because they visited the mini watermelon flowers, but because they had
a satisfactory development of the internal structures, and a short recovery time, which enable the
reuse of the same colonies in new pollination services.
Apoio: FUNCAP; CNPq

Área: Avanços em criação de abelhas
Palavra chave: Meliponini - , internal colony condition - greenhouse - mini watermelon -
pollination services.

343
DOES TRANSPORT OF NESTS OF Xylocopa

frontalis TO PASSION FRUIT ORCHARDS
INFLUENCE NEST DEVELOPMENT?
Autores: Camila Nonato Junqueira1; Katja Hogendoorn2; Solange Cristina Augusto1
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - Campus Umuarama - Bloco 2D – CEP: 38400-
902 Uberlândia, MG – Brasil; 2University of Adelaide - SA 5005 Adelaide, Australia
Email: camilanj@hotmail.com
Solitary bees that nests in pre-existing cavities are good candidates for the management of pol-
linators in agroecosystems. In southeastern Brazil, Xylocopa frontalis is one of the main pollinators
of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, Passifloraceae), a crop classified as vulnerable to pol-
linators decline since it is a self-incompatible fruit crop. Due to a frequently encountered pollinator
shortage, there is a need to increase Xylocopa spp. population in passion fruit crops and thus design-
ing appropriated bee management techniques. To investigate the effects of nests transportation, we
compared the longevity, the number of brood cells and the sex ratio in nests of Xylocopa frontalis
that were transferred to a pre-established site with newly founded nests in the same site (experimental
site). The transferred nests were originated from another site (original site) in the same area, Água
Limpa Farm, located in Ubelândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. After transfer, the actively nesting
females remained in the nests significantly more often than the females that were not actively nesting.
The average number of brood cell or the longevity in transferred nests and newly founded nests did
not differ significantly. The sex ratio of the introduced and newly founded nests were not different and
did not differ from the theoretically expected 1 female:1 male sex ratio (chi-square introduced= 1.4,
p>0.05; chi-square founded= 0.2, p>0.05). Thus, the transfer of active nests of Xylocopa frontalis did
not seem to affect nesting behavior of these bees, while transfer of inactive nests was less successful.
Therefore, transport of active nests is a viable management strategy to start or enhance populations of
Xylocopa frontalis in passion fruit orchards.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CAPES/PROCAD

Palavra chave: pollination - bee management - solitary bees - trap-nests - Xylocopa frontalis

344
ADAPTING THE FRAMES COLLECTORS

“TAKE AND PUT,” IN THE PROPOLIS
PRODUCTION OF STINGLESS BEE
TUBI, Scaptotrigona aff. postica L. 1807
(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE: MELIPONINI)
IN BARRA DO CORDA, MA, BR
Autores: Wilson Amorim Melo1; Helder Rocha de Souza2,3; Patrícia Maia Correia de Albuquerque3
Instituição: 1Meliponário Abelha Nativa Tubi, Barra do Corda, MA, Brasil;
2
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal
do Maranhão; 3 Laboratório de Estudos Sobre Abelhas (LEA/UFMA
Contato: Av. dos Portugueses s/n 65085-58 São Luís-MA , Brazil
Email: heldersouza.br@gmail.com
The production of propolis by “Tubi” bee, Scaptotrigona aff. postica Latreille, 1807 is an
important activity of beekeeping in the city of Barra do Corda, central region of Maranhão state,
Brazil. This propolis is used as raw material for producing handmade creams, alcoholic extracts,
soaps, and honeys compounds that are used by the population due to their therapeutic properties
and nutritional values. The stingless bees keeper Wilson Melo began his creation of Tubi bees
28 years ago and has over 800 hives installed in sixteen different places. The hive model used in
Barra do Corda is the PNN, which you can use up to three overlapping loops on the nest. However,
opening the top cover to collect propolis causes great interference in the biological activities inside
the hive. This management stresses the colony, causing sudden change in temperature of the nest,
increased brightness, disruption of structures that hold food pots and combs. The strong vibration
caused by the cut of propolis stimulates defensive instinct of Tubi and causes severe attack to the
stingless bees keeper. This study aimed to test an adaptation of propolis collector “Put and Take”
used in hives of Apis mellifera L. in Brazil. Two gatherers TP were adapted into the sides of the
loops of the hives, then the bees closed the gaps of the gatherers with a tape of propolis 20 cm long
x 1.5cm wide x 1.0cm thick. The benefits of this adaptation were: (i) less aggressiveness of bees;
(ii) less interference in the nest; (iii) easier of propolis cutting; (iv) decrease the possibility of con-
tamination and (v) diurnal managing.
Apoio: FAPEMA, CAPES

Palavra chave: hives - propolis - resins - stingless bees - tubi

345
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT

MULTIPLICATION METHODS FOR
STINGLESS BEE COLONIES.
Autores: Teixeira, J. C. da S.¹; Leão, K. S.³; Queiroz, A. C. M.²; Santos, R. I. R.¹; Cordeiro, H. K.
C.¹; Lage-Filho, N. M¹.; Venturieri, G. C².; Menezes, C.²
Instituição:¹Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia; ²Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa
Agropecuária; ³Universidade Federal do Pará.
Contato: Av. Perimetral, Bairro Terra Firme, 66077-901, Belém, PA, Brasil.
Email: joyce_agronomia@hotmail.com
The demand for stingless bee colonies has increased a lot and the conventional multiplication
methods are not enough. The aim of this study was to compare different possibilities for establish-
ing new colonies: (1) Conventional method, using 50% of biological material from the mother-col-
ony; (2) Queenless mini-colony, using about 10% of biological material from the mother-colony;
(3) Queenright mini-colony, similar to the previous method, but received a physogastric queen; (4)
Confined queenright mini-colony, similar to previous method, but was kept closed for 80 days. Five
colonies were produced with each method and observed for 80 days. At the end of this period the
number of brood cells was counted. The experiment was performed at Belém-PA, between January
and March 2012, with Melipona flavolineata . The results were: (1) Conventional method: three colo-
nies developed quickly and healthy, average of 458 brood cells at the end of experiment; two colonies
died; (2) Queenless mini-colony: three colonies survived, but developed very slow and needed much
more care; average of 134 brood cells; two colonies died; (3) Queenrigth mini-colony: one colony
killed the physogastric queen and needed a new one; the other four colonies accepted the queen and
survived, but developed slowly; average of 156 brood cells; (4) Confined queenright mini-colony:
three colonies survived but also developed very slow; all of the colonies were very weak and stopped
brood construction around 70 days after being settled; average of 32 brood cells; two colonies died.
We can conclude that the conventional method is still the most adequate method because the daughter
colonies did not need much care and developed faster. The other three methods, which used less bio-
logical material from the mother colony, were very laborious because the daughter colonies needed
much care to survive and colony developed too slowly.
Apoio: Fapespa-PA, Embrapa-CPATU.

Palavra chave: Production - Nest - Beehive - Queen – Demand.

346
EFFECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON

THE LONGEVITY AND NUMBER
OF WORKERS Bombus atratus COLONIES
Autores: Mario Simón Pinilla¹*; Marlene Lucia Aguilar¹; Jose Ricardo Cure¹
Instituição: ¹*Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
Contato: Carrera 11 # 101-80 Bogota, Colombia
Email: ecologiadeabejas@unimilitar.edu.co; simonpinilla@yahoo.com
Among bees, species belonging to genus Bombus are of great interest, given than unlike Apis
mellifera, they can tolerate low temperatures, and they have long tongues that allow them pollinate
flowers with stretch and long corollas. In Colombia, the bumblebee Bombus atratus is being used as
pollinator in many commercial crops, and it has been shown that when B. atratus pollinates tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum) it improves the fruit quality. In this research we compare the B. Atratus
colonies development taking into account the number of workers in the colonies and the longevity
of workers under greenhouse, open field, and brood chamber conditions. Two colonies were used in
each environment, which were monitored for ten weeks. The workers of each colony were labeled
with a small numbered tag, the colonies were checked weekly to label new workers and establish
which workers had died or disappeared. The longevity of workers in each environment was calculat-
ed; a variance analysis (ANOVA) and a Duncan test were performed to identify differences between
the treatments. The results determined that there exist significant differences between the longevity
of workers belonging to the colonies inside the brood chamber (54±20 days) and workers belong-
ing to the colonies outside the brood chamber (open field and greenhouse), being higher in colonies
inside the brood chamber. No differences were found between workers longevity in open field (12±4
days) and greenhouse (15±6 days). The colonies that reached the highest number of workers were the
brood chamber colonies. The colonies development in open field and greenhouse was very similar.
These identified differences might be due to the fact that colonies inside the brood chamber were un-
der stable environmental conditions, and were not exposed to many variating factors like nest main-
tenance, foraging activity, food availability, weather conditions, parasitism or predation. Likewise,
as environmental conditions change during the year, changes on the workers longevity and colonies
development are to be expected; for this reason more research would be required on different seasons
of the year in order to be able to design a good colony management system.

Palavra chave: Bombus atratus - environment - longevity - Workers - Colonies

347
UTILIZATION OF A GIS IN THE

EVALUATION OF FACTORS THAT AFFECTS
HONEY PRODUCTION (Apis mellifera L).
Autores: Simone Cristina Camargo1, Regina Conceição Garcia1*, Armin Feiden1, Edmar
Soares de Vasconcelos1, Bruno Garcia Pires1, Alceu Maurício Hartleben1, Juyverson Giasson1,
Eduardo Schulz Mittanck1, Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi1, Diana Jessica Pereira1
Instituição: 1Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – UNIOESTE
Contato: Rua Pernambuco, 1777, caixa postal 91, 85.960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon – PR, Brasil
Email: * garcia.regina8@gmail.com
In beekeeping there is a lack of studies to improve honey production. This study aimed to de-
velop a Geographic Information System (GIS), for storage of information and geographic location of
apiaries in eight counties in western Paraná, to evaluate the honey productivity, local flora and how
the soil was used in two of these counties. For the construction of the GIS was used the software for
processing georeferenced information (SPRING), delimiting a radius of action of bees of 3000 m
around the apiaries. Were interviewed and registered 126 beekeepers with 383 apiaries distributed
by the eight counties. By the images were selected areas with greater and lower overlap of hives in
the counties of Marechal Cândido Rondon (MCR) and Santa Helena (SH), a total of four studied
areas, selecting 15 colonies in each area, accompanying its honey production of honey in the 2010
harvest, and a diagnosis of vegetation. In MCR, in areas with higher and lower overlapping apiaries,
in 3 km radius, there were 144 and 44 hives, while in county of SH had 165 hives and 40, respec-
tively. Multivariate analysis separated into five groups of hives, by similarity of management between
them,indicating higher average production in the hives of the most populated area of SH and lower
in the most populated of MCR. Beekeepers with hives more productive performed exchange of wax,
feed bees in winter, had Langstroth hives and had performed more than one extraction per harvest.
The Simpson diversity index of the four study areas indicated a greater diversity of flora in the area
of greatest overlap of hives of SH. The grouping of hives, the differences in the production of honey
and floristic survey indicated that these differences may be associated with management, floristic and
climatic differences recorded in the period of production, in the areas studied.
Support: CAPES; ITAIPU-Binacional; COOFAMEL; SETI - 032/2008

Area: Avanços em criação de abelhas
Key word: georeferencing - floral biodiversity - management - traceability - planning

348
UTILIZATION OF A GIS IN THE

EVALUATION OF FACTORS THAT AFFECTS
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HONEY
(Apis mellifera L).
Autores: Simone Cristina Camargo¹, Regina Conceição Garcia¹*, Armin Feiden¹, Edmar Soares
de Vasconcelos¹, Bruno Garcia Pires¹, Alceu Maurício Hartleben¹, Juyverson Giasson¹, Eduardo
Schulz Mittanck¹, Jeferson Rodrigo Gremaschi¹, Francieli Liesenfeld¹
Instituição: ¹ Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – UNIOESTE
Contato: Rua Pernambuco, 1777, caixa postal 91, 85.960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon – PR, Brasil
Email: garcia.regina8@gmail.com
Brazil is rich in diversity of honey and a better quality control will allow greater food security
and valuation of product. This study aimed to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS),
for storage of information and geographic location of apiaries in eight counties in western Paraná,
study the physicochemical characterization of honey, local flora and how the soil was used in two of
these counties. For the construction of the GIS was used the software for processing georeferenced
information (SPRING), delimiting a radius of action of bees of 3000 m around the apiaries. We inter-
viewed and registered 126 beekeepers with 383 apiaries distributed by the eight municipalities. We
selected through the images areas with greater and lower overlap of hives in the county of Marechal
Cândido Rondon (MCR) and Santa Helena (SH), a total of four studied areas, selecting 15 colonies
in each area, to evaluate the physicochemical composition of honey from the 2010 harvest, and to
diagnosis of vegetation. According to the results of physicochemical analysis, the 80 honey samples
showed values within those permitted by law. One area of SH had lower acidity than the others, prob-
ably explained by the types of organic acids and minerals in plants visited by bees. The mean values
of ash in honey obtained from areas of the county of MCR were higher and darker than those obtained
in the county of SH. Multivariate analysis of grouping indicated that lighter honeys were predominant
in areas with higher proportion of forests, with a predominance of Hovenia dulcis, while the darker
areas were from predominantly agricultural, with soybean and corn. The GIS has become a tool for
spatial planning of areas to be exploited by apiculture and product traceability.
Support: CAPES; ITAIPU-Binacional; COOFAMEL; SETI - 032/2008

Area: Avanços em criação de abelhas
Key word: georeferencing - floral biodiversity - beekeeping - traceability - planning

349
STINGLESS BEES BEEKEEPING

IN MOSSORÓ, RIO GRANDE
DO NORTE, BRAZIL
Autores: Ulysses Madureira Maia¹*; Caio César de Azevedo Costa¹; Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonseca²
Instituição: ¹ Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Animal – UFERSA; ² Faculdade de
Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Contato: UFERSA, BR 110 – Km 47, s/n, Bairro Presidente Costa e Silva, 59.625-900, Mossoró
Email: ummaia@ufersa.edu.br
The stingless bee beekeeping with some species is a traditional activity in Brazilian Northeast
and aims mainly to honey harvesting, considered medicinal.The growth of this activity is significant
in recent years in Brazil, which requires more objective information on the biology of these bees,
improving the management and training, consultancy and implementation plans in agriculture. In
Rio Grande do Norte, a state with one of the highest concentration of urban stingless bees beekeep-
ing in Brazil, the Melipona subnitida is specie more common. This study aimed to analyze the type
of beekeeping in the region. We interviewed 16 stingless bees beekeepers, aged 39-84 years, who
voluntarily agreed to participate this study. The existent beekeeping was analyzed via a questionnaire
and photographic record. These beekeepers practice the beekeeping in their backyards, have many
colonies, understand the importance of bees as pollinators, have the ability in the management of the
colonies and particular techniques according to the traditional knowledge and the main product sold
is honey, which is sold at a price ten times higher than the honey bees. Thus, we considered the bee-
keeping in Mossoró as an activity well-developed and expanding able to promote the conservation of
biodiversity, and provide an alternative source of income for local people, but not very well organized
as evidenced by honey sold directly to middlemen. An association of beekeeping would be a good
alternative to a strengthening of this activity.
Apoio: Capes, Cetapis

Palavra chave: stingless bees - beekeeping - beekeepers - traditional activity - Melipona
subnitida

350
SISTEMÁTICA E BIOGEOGRAFIA DE ABELHAS

351
SPECIES OF THE BEE GENUS

Epanthidium MOURE, 1947 (HYMENOPTERA:
MEGACHILIDAE: ANTHIDIINI)
OCCURRING IN MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL.
Autores: Amanda M. S. Dias*; Fernando A. Silveira
Instituição: UFMG
Contato: Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha 31270-901 - BELO HORIZONTE - MG
Email: amandamonik@yahoo.com.br
Epanthidium is a Neotropical bee genus including 23 species of which seven are known to
occur in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Considering that the bee fauna of this state was poorly
represented in the previous studies of the genus and that a considerable amount of specimens of Ep-
anthidiumwas recently collected in regions of the state which were poorly sampled previously, this
study aimed to: a) make a review of the species of Epanthidium occurring in Minas Gerais; and b)
compile relevant information on the biology and ecology of the species of the genus present in the
state. No new species was recognized, but Epanthidium erythrocephalum is here recorded for the first
time in the state. The geographic distribution of all species in Minas Gerais was updated and a simpli-
fied key was constructed for their identification.
Apoio: Fapemig
Área: Sistemática e biogeografia de abelhas
Palavra chave: Epanthidium - biology - taxonomy - identification key - geographic distribution

352
SYSTEMATICS OF THE BEE GENUS

Arhysoceble (APIDAE: TAPINOTASPIDINI):
TAXONOMIC REVISION AND
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA
Autores: Antonio J. C. Aguiar¹*; Gabriel A. R. Melo²
Instituição: ¹*Departamento de Zoologia - Universidade de Brasília;
²Departamento de Zoologia - Universidade Federal do Paraná
Contato: ¹*Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto Ciências
Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia CEP 70910-900 Brasília, DF
Email: ¹*ajcaguiar@unb.br
The oil-collecting bees in the genus Arhysoceble (Tapinotaspidini) are known only from five
described species, A. dichroopoda, A. huberi, A. picta, A. melampoda and A. xanthopoda. Little
is known about the floral relationships and biological aspects of these species, but they are known
to visit Malpighiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Krameriaceae and Iridaceae. Phylogenetic analyses places
the genus Arhysoceble in a uncertain position in Tapinotaspidini tribe. The species of Arhysoceble
occurs mainly in the diagonal of open vegetation areas, with mostly species with restricted distri-
bution, and thus studying the phylogenetic relationships within the genus is specially interesting
for biogeographical purposes. In the present study, the taxonomic revision of the genus Arhyso-
ceble and phylogenetic analysis with morphological and molecular data were carried out. Four
holotypes of the five previously described species were examined, excepting Arhysoceble picta
(Friese), which were not found in the main cited museums. Material from Brazilian and foreign
main entomological collections were studied, including specimens from the majority of regions of
geographical distribution in Neotropical region. Thirteen species were recognized based on exter-
nal morphology. Key for the species were provided with illustrations of the main characters. The
phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular data corroborates the monophly of
Arhysoceble. Main lineages were recognized on the phylogeny suggesting the historical affinities
between species from Chaco and Pampas (Arhysoceble melampoda and A. picta), and Chaco and
Caatinga (Arhysoceble sp.nov. [Bolivia, Argentina] and Arhysoceble huberi), however, it was not
possible to recognize a pattern of relationships between the lineages of species from Cerrado.
Apoio: CNPq, FAPDF

Palavra chave: taxonomy - Neotropical - phylogeny - biogeography - oil-bees

353
MOLECULAR TAXONOMY OF SPECIES

OF Euglossa (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE)
FROM THE ATLANTIC FOREST:
CASE STUDIES
Autores: Bruno Reganin Ferrari
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Paraná
Contato: Av. Cel. Francisco H dos Santos, s/n, CEP: 81530-900, Curitiba, Pr - Dep. Zoologia, LBCH.
Email: bui.ferrari@gmail.com
The subtribe Euglossina includes neotropical bees whose integument color is predominantly
metallic, in special those from the genus Euglossa Latreile, 1802, that presents a large variation in
their coloration, presenting mainly bluish and greenish colors. In the Atlantic Forest, some species
present color variation along their distribution, with warmer colors (green, with coppery and reddish
tones) in lower latitudes and cooler colors (blue, with purple shades) in higher latitudes. Opposing
taxonomic interpretations of this color variation lead to recognition of distinct species for the different
color morphs. In all three cases studied in this work (Euglossa iopoecila case, E. stellfeldi case and E.
townsendi case), samples of forms involved in each one were collected throughout their distribution.
Forty-two samples from 18 different localities were used, which had their DNA extracted, amplified
and sequenced for fragments of the genes cytochrome B (CTB) and cytochrome C oxidase, subunit
1 (CO1). It was sequenced respectively 433 and 658 base pairs, which were put together in a concat-
enated data matrix of 1091 base pairs. Parsimony and Bayesian analysis were performed, resulting in
phylogenetic trees of similar topologies, that, together with the estimated genetic distances between
samples led to the conclusions that: in the E. iopoecila case, both green and blue forms constitute a
single taxonomic unit, distributed along the entire Atlantic Forest coastline, named E. iopoecila; in
the E. stellfeldi case, both forms are also a single taxonomic unit throughout the entire distribution,
with a hybridization area occurring between northeastern São Paulo and southwestern Rio de Janeiro;
in the E. townsendi case, that both the widely distributed green form, known as E. townsendi, and
the blue form, restricted to the southern Atlantic Forest and known as E. anodorhynchi, constitutes a
single species, despite a relatively small genetic variation observed within the taxon.
Apoio: CNPQ
Palavra chave: Euglossa - COI - Taxonomy - Molecular - CitB

354
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DRY CORRIDOR

(CAATINGA, CHACO AND CERRADO) IN
THE ISOLATION OF POPULATIONS OF
Euglossa mixta (APIDAE: EUGLOSSINA)
IN THE AMAZONIAN AND ATLANTIC
FOREST MORPHOCLIMATIC DOMAINS – A
PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC STUDY
Autores: Carolina Ferreira Cardoso1*; Fabrício Rodrigues dos Santos2; Laurence Packer3;
Fernando Amaral da Silveira1
Instituição: 1,2*Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais;
3
Department of Biology - York University
Contato: Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Abelhas, Departamento de Zoologia,
Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG - Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901,
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
Email: carolyfc@yahoo.com.br
Orchid bees (Euglossina, Apidae), comprising 221 species in five genera, despite being
broadly distributed in the Neotropics, are most diverse in forest ecosystems. Here, we evalu-
ated the phylogeographic structure of Euglossa (Euglossa) mixtaFriese, 1899 which occurs in
both the Amazonian and the Atlantic Forest domains, in large, well-preserved forest remains.
We tested the hypothesis that the separation of these two domains by the xeric strip has dif-
ferentiated E. mixta populations, producing a cryptic species pair. For this, we investigated the
interpopulational relationships of this species, using a mitochondrial DNA marker (‘COI’). We
sequenced 614 bp of 72 E. mixta (14 from Amazonia, 56 from the Atlantic Forest and two from
Central America) and one individual of each of two related species of outgroups. These focal
specimens were collected from 12 localities (two in Amazonia, nine in the Atlantic Forest and
one in Honduras). Bayesian inference revealed the existence of five groups: two composed of
individuals from localities in Bahia and Espírito Santo (Atlantic Forest), another with individu-
als from Pará (Amazonia), one individual from Pará in a group by itself and another one from
Honduras. One of the Atlantic Forest clades appeared as sister to all others and the Honduran
population as sister to the others. The relationships among the other groups as well as internal
relationships within each group were not resolved. Possible scenarios explaining the result may
be: 1) the xeric strip did not isolate the populations of E. mixta; 2) a vicariant event separated
an ancient Atlantic Forest population from a northern one, followed by separation of Honduran
and Amazonian populations and, then, migration of Amazonian populations back to the Atlantic

355
Forest. We are now working on sequencing additional DNA markers, hoping to best define the
relationships among and within these clades.
Apoio: FAPEMIG (Project APQ 2006-10), Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, York Uni-
versity, Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade - Emerging Leaders in the
Americas Program and PRONEX História Natural 2009
Palavra chave: bees - crypticspecies - biogeography - mitochondrial DNA - COI

356
EVALUATION OF THE UTILITY OF

CHEMICAL CHARACTERS FOR
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYZES IN BEES
Autores: Eglelson Alencar; Túlio Nunes; Sidnei Mateus; Eduardo Almeida.
Instituição: Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP.
Contato: Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Cep.14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil.
Email: eglelson@usp.br
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) are lipids produced on the surface of insect cuticle. CHs form a
protective layer preventing water loss and may function as semiochemicals. CHs were initially con-
sidered to possess taxonomic utility when it was discovered that the composition of hydrocarbons in
the cuticle is species-specific. Since then CHs have provided relevant clues about the delimitation of
many species of insects. Research about these compounds on a phylogenetic framework are, how-
ever, still scarce. In bees, research on cuticular hydrocarbons has emphasized aspects of chemical
communication and has been taxonomically restricted. There is not a single study to evaluate the
possibility of using the profiles of CHs as a source of phylogenetic characters for bees, the main goal
of this work. For this study, we selected eight species of native stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponina)
representing six genera. The CH profiles were encoded in data matrices ranging from 34 to 160 char-
acters, in which three characteristics were taken into account: (1) the presence and absence of various
compounds; (2) their relative proportions in the profile, and (3) the position of double bonds when
their identification was possible. Our results detected phylogenetic signal in these characters for the
reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships, although there was some divergence between the phylo-
genetic hypotheses of this work in comparison to previously proposed hypotheses based on molecular
and morphological data. Species belonging to the same genus were consistently grouped in all analy-
ses. An important result of this study was the indication of ways of analyzing and extracting phyloge-
netic information from chemical characters of CH’s profiles. The capacity to generate well-resolved
phylogenetic hypotheses, the relative degree of homoplasy, and reconstruction of the evolution of
chemical characters were important paths taken to understand and evaluate their phylogenetic utility.
Apoio: CAPES.
Palavra chave: Meliponina - Cuticular Hydrocarbons - Phylogenetics - Evolution -
Chemical Characters.

357
DNA BARCODE REVEALS CRYPTIC

BUMBLEBEE SPECIE IN
NORTHEASTERN OF BRAZIL
Autores: Elaine Françoso, Maria Cristina Arias.
Contato: Rua do matão 277, sala 320, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brasil.
Email: francoso@usp.br
There are about 250 Bombus species in the world, most occurring in cold climate zones in
Eurasia and North America. In Brazil, there are only six recognized species: B. morio, B. pauloensis,
B. brasiliensis B. bellicosus, B. transversalis and B. brevivillus, presenting large geographic distribu-
tion. They all belong to the subgenus Fervidobombus. Association between behavior and climate is
hypothesized as a plausibly explanation to the low number of species. In a tropical climate, the disper-
sion may be more frequent promoting gene flow through large areas. However, taxonomic problems
are clearly present, and may have been neglected due to limitations in the species identification based
on morphological characters and the low number of taxonomists working with this group. Thus a
new tool to recognize taxa, in general, is necessary. The Cytocrome C Oxidase I (COI) gene shows
high level of phylogenetic signals than any other mitochondrial gene and has been utilized in a new
methodology, called DNA barcode, as a novel system of identification very useful to distinguish close
related species. COI sequences (650 bp) were obtained for 13 bumblebees collected in Northeastern
of Brazil (identified as Bombus sp. nov.) and for the others Brazilian species. A phylogenetic tree was
reconstructed by Neighbor Joining analysis based on K2P distances. The 13 bumblebees collected in
Northeastern of Brazil are monophyletics, being B. brevivillus the sister clade. This result indicates
that this monophyletic group should consist in a new species. Considering the large occurrence area
of the Brazilian bumblebees and the few researches made, it is possible that others species constitute
a complex of species and, in future researches, new species should be described.
Apoio: Fapesp.
Palavra chave: cryptic bumblebee specie - DNA barcode - Brazil - Bombus - Cytocrome C
Oxidase I gene.

358
BRAZILIAN INITIATIVE FOR

BEE DNA BARCODES
Autores: Elaine Françoso1*, Rute Brito2, Solange Cristina Augusto3, Silvia Helena Sofia4,
Patrícia Drumond5, Gislene Almeida Carvalho-Zilse6, Ana Maria Waldschmidt7, Tiago Mauricio
Francoy8, Marco Antonio Costa9, Maria Cristina Arias1.
Instituição: 1*Instituto de Biociências – USP; 2Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica – UFU; 3Instituto
de Biologia – UFU; 4Centro de Ciências Biológicas – UEL; 5Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do
Acre – EMBRAPA; 6Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas na Amazônia; 7Universidade
Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia.
Contato: Rua do Matão, 277. CEP 05508090. São Paulo – SP.
Email: francoso@usp.br
The identification of species based on morphological characters sometimes is very limited.

Besides that the number of taxonomists is decreasing. Recently a molecular tool, called DNA bar-
code, has been suggested for species identification, specially where taxonomic inconsistencies or
lack of morphological data are presented. It does not mean that traditional taxonomy has become
less important. Rather, DNA barcoding can sign for species complex that deserve more taxonomic
efforts. The standard DNA barcode is based on mitochondrial c oxidase 1 gene (CO1), a fragment
of 648 base-pair long. Such region has been employed for most of the animal groups, such as birds,
butterflies, fish and flies. About two years ago, CNPq, a Brazilian research founding agency, an-
nounced a National Initiative to build a DNA barcode data bank for Brazilian fauna and flora. Bees
were included as a key group due their high economic importance. Researchers working with bees
were invited to participate. During this first year, 90 specimens, encompassing 70 species from the
tribes Apini, Bombini, Centridini, Euglossini, Meliponini, Tetrapediini and Xylocopini were ana-
lyzed. The middle leg of each individual was used for DNA extraction. To amplify the COI region
for most of the species, we designed and tested new primers. Several PCR conditions were tested.
The new primers amplified successfully the COI for all species, indicating that these primers can be
used as universal primers for bee Barcode. The annealing temperature at 40oC was optimal for the
bees tested. The sequences were used to generate a phylogenetic tree by Neighbor Joining analysis
using K2P distance. Among the samples, some appeared to be polyphyletic, like Scaura latitarsis,
Melipona quadrifasciata, Bombus and Frieseomelitta. However our data set are very preliminary
to suggest a taxonomic revision for such groups.
Apoio: CNPq, NAP BioComp – USP.

Área: Sistemática e biogeografia de abelhas.
Palavra chave: DNA Barcode - Brazilian bees - molecular identification - cytochrome c oxi-
dase 1 gene - CO1.

359
A NEW SPECIES OF THE BEE

GENUS Thygater HOLMBERG, 1884
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE), WITH A
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OCCURRING IN
THE BRAZILIAN STATE OF MINAS GERAIS
Autores: Felipe V. Freitas, Fernando A. Silveira.
Instituição: Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Abelhas, Departamento de Zoologia,
Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Contato: Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 - Pampulha, 31270-901 - Belo Horizonte, MG.
Email: felipevieirafreitas@hotmail.com
Thygater Holmberg, 1884 is a bee genus distributed from Argentina to Mexico. The last com-
prehensive revision of its species was published more than 40 years ago. Considering the species
recognized then and a few others described as new in recent years, eight species were known to oc-
cur in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais (T. analis (Lepeletier, 1841); T. armandoi Urban, 1999; T.
chaetaspis Moure, 1941; T. latitarsis Urban, 1967; T. minarum Urban, 1999; T. palliventris Friese,
1908; T. paranaensis Urban, 1967 and T. seabrai Urban, 1967). Due to its great environmental diver-
sity, Minas Gerais (a territory as large as France) is home for a highly diverse but still poorly studied
fauna. Here, a new species of Thygater is described, another two are recorded for the state for the first
time (T. latitarsis Urban, 1967; T luederwaldti (Schrottky, 1910)), and a new synonymy proposed (T.
armandoi = T. palliventris). Diagnoses, flower and geographic records and an identification key are
provided for the nine species now known to occur and for two other presumed to occur in that state.
Apoio: FAPEMIG.
Área: Sistemática e biogeografia de abelhas.
Palavra chave: Eucerini - Taxonomy - New species - Identification key – Neotropics.

360
COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY
OF THE BRAZILIAN STINGLESS
BEES Melipona capixaba AND Melipona
scutellaris: TAXONOMIC UNCERTAINTY
AND CONSERVATION GENETICS OF
ENDANGERED POPULATIONS
Autores: Helder Canto Resende1*, Ana Maria Waldschmidt2, Tânia Maria Fernandes Salomão3;
Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos3
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV - Campus Florestal; 2Universidade Estadual do
Sudoeste da Bahia, UESB campus Jequié; 3Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV
Contato: 1Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brasil. CEP 35.690-000; 2Jequié, BA, Brasil, CEP 45.200-000;
3
Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. CEP 36.570-000
Email: helder.resende@ufv.br
Melipona (Michmelia) capixaba Moure & Camargo, 1994, the “uruçu capixaba”, is the only one
social bee species currently included in the Brazilian Red List of threatened species - IBAMA, 2003/2008.
Melipona (Michmelia) scutellaris Latreille, 1811, the “uruçu nordestina”, has been considered as presum-
ably threatened with extinction due to the reduction of its area of natural occurrence. We compared the
phylogeography and genetic diversity of these bees based on partial nucleotide sequences of mitochon-
drial genes CO1 and nuclear EF1alpha and POL2. Our results show a close relationship between the two
species that are sister group in the phylogenetic tree. M. capixaba is a well defined monophyletic group.
However, populations of M. scutellaris sampled in regions of low altitude and populations sampled in
regions of high altitude in the state of Bahia form polyphyletic clades. This suggests a possible complex
cryptic species. Populations of M. scutellaris are structured geographically and should be considered
different management units for conservation of the species, considering the geographical distribution of
groups. The phylogeny based on molecular clock calibrated with fossils dating suggests an evolutionary
hypothesis of population expansion and vicariance in three main different moments. (i) Expansion event
during the Miocene in areas with large and continuous rainforests, with the colonization of different areas
of South America by ancestral lineages. (ii) Vicariance event of the Pliocene, approximately 5 million
years ago (Mya) isolated the Atlantic Forest of other vegetation formations, maintaining the ancestral
lineages of M. capixaba and M. scutellaris in this confined environment. Vicariance events during the
Pleistocene isolated the ancestral lineages that diverged in the current group of M. scutellaris (0.65 - 1.2
Mya) and also on the speciation of M. capixaba ( ~ 1.2 Mya).
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CNPq, CAPES.

Palavra chave: Melipona capixaba - Melipona scutellaris - cryptic species - phylogeography
- endangered species

361
ASPECTS OF RICHNESS AND

BIOGEOGRAPHY OF Euglossini
(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN BRAZIL.
Autores: José Neiva Mesquita Neto1*, Maria Inês Cruzeiro Moreno2.
Instituição: 1*PPG em Biodiversidade Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Federal de Goiás; 2Universidade Federal de Goiás.
Contato: Rua Augusto Neto 34, Bairro São João, Catalão, GO, Brasil.
Email: jneiva.bio@gmail.com
This study aims to identify and analyze the composition of species of the tribe Euglossini (Hy-
menoptera; Apidae) occurring in Brazilian territory, as wealth, as regards the Brazilian biogeography
and similarity based on published works. The work also aims to make a significant contribution
towards knowledge of the Euglossini bee fauna, in Brazil. For this work we used secondary data ob-
tained from several publications about the richness of Euglossini in Brazil. In total 25 Euglossini fau-
na inventories were verified, distributed in nearly all Brazilian biogeographical regions. In total, there
were included in the array of data 87 species distributed in five genera. The majority of the studies
focused on the Atlantic Forest, by grouping most of the national scientific community and university
centers. Already the Amazon region concentrates the more isolated populations of Euglossini versus
other regions sampled; the similarity between the work carried out in the region is relatively high. The
studies that formed more cohesive clusters, present converging elements, such as similar methodol-
ogy and/or are geographically close, and/or are located in biomes with smaller dimensions and exten-
sions. On the other hand, the most divergent studies in relation to the fauna of Euglossini presented
characteristics that were contrary to the cluster studies in a more cohesive form, they presented gener-
ally distinct methodologies and/or were conducted in geographically distant locations and/or sampled
in large biomes and dimensions. In a summarized manner, the determining methodological factors in
the formation of clusters are many, as well as with the national diversity, generating a range of results
that do not always follow human logic. This work is conceptualized as a foundation for undertaking
new surveys to be conducted in future, with standardized methodologies and sampling efforts, giving
the study of Euglossini a greater scientific character, which is more consistent and uniform, providing
comparisons that are more reliable to the natural composition.
Apoio: UFG.
Palavra chave: Euglossini - geographic distribution – conservation - solitary bees.

362
FIRST RECORD OF GYNANDROMORPH

IN THE BEE TRIBE CALLIOPSINI
(APIDAE: ANDRENINAE)
Autores: Kelli S. Ramos1*; Luisa Ruz2
Instituição: 1*Museu de Zoologia -USP; 2Pontificia Universidade Católica de Valparaíso, Chile - PUCV
Contato: Av. Nazaré, CEP 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Email: kellisramos@yahoo.com.br
Gynandromorphy, also called gynanders, is one of the best known cases of teratology. How-
ever, this type of anomaly is uncommon in nature with only 109 cases reported for almost all families
of bees. Gynanders are organisms in which male and female characteristics occur on the same indi-
vidual. There are three commonly accepted gynandromorph categories: bilateral symmetry, trans-
verse and mosaic or mixed. The relative proportion of each gynanders category found in the literature
reveals that transverse and mixed are the most frequently reported cases among wild bees. At mo-
ment, cases of gynandromorphy in Andreninae bees are known only in the large genus Andrena (An-
drenini). The present work describes and figures the first known gynandromorph in Calliopsini bees.
The gynanders reported is based from a single specimen of Acamptopoeum submetallicum (Spinola)
collected in the III Region of Chile and it is deposited in the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de
São Paulo (MZSP). The terminology adopted is essentially that employed by Michener (2007). The
specimen could be regarded as a mixed gynandromorph and presents a head displaying female char-
acters, except for the antenna with male features (11 flagellomeres), the mesosoma are mostly female
in characters and metasoma display female features but with an evident male genitalia.
Apoio: FAPESP 2010/17046-5

Palavra chave: Gynanders - Morphology - Neotropical - South America - Teratology

363
STINGLESS BEES FROM THE AMAPÁ

NATIONAL FOREST – FLONA,
AMAPÁ, BRAZIL
Autores: Richardson Ferreira Frazão¹*; Orlando Tobias Silveira²; Arley Jose Silveira da Costa¹
Instituição: ¹*Universdidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP; ²Museu Paraensi
Emílio Goeldi - MPEG
Contato: Rod. Juscelino Kubistschek de Oliveira Km02, 68.900-000 Macapá, Brasil
Email: richardson@peabiru.org.br
The State of Amapá is considered one of the most preserved state of the natural resources of
the federation. It has a biodiversity corridor composed by a mosaic of protected areas, although there
are many details of this mega diversity still unknown and it could be used with the purpose of utili-
zation in public policy and technical-scientific knowledge. The diversity of social stingless bees of
Amapá is presented here in the southern portion of the Conservation Unit Amapá National Forest –
FLONA, which is located in the middle East of the Amapá state, due to being the most populated of
its 412 000 hectares, contributing to the knowledge of bee species and its biogeography. After four
expeditions from December 2008 to July 2009 were collected bees in the flowers and nests through
active search in the vegetation along all the trails, river margins and rural properties with the aid of
an insect net. Were raised 35 species from 13 genera of stingless bees, resulting in 615 specimens
with an effort of 88 hours. The biodiversity was represented by Frieseomelitta sp1; Frieseomelitta
sp2; Lestrimelitta rufipes; Leurotrigona pusilla; Melipona compressipes; Melipona fulva; Melipona
ogilviei; Melipona paraensis; Melipona sp; Nogueirapis minor; Oxytrigona obscura; Paratrigona
sp; Partamona sp; Partamona testaceae; Partamona vicina; Plebeia minima; Plebeia sp1; Plebeia
sp2; Plebeia sp3; Plebeia sp4; Plebeia sp5; Ptilotrigona lurida; Scaura latitarsis; Tetragona clavi-
pes; Tetragona handlirschii; Trigona cilipes; Trigona fuscipennis; Trigona dallatorreana; Trigona
pallens; Trigona williana Trigona sp1; Trigona sp2; Trigona sp3;Trigonisca sp1; Trigonisca sp2.
Some of these recorded species have the potential for honey production in the region.
Apoio: ICMBIO; Programa Abelhas Nativas; Instituto Peabiru

Palavra chave: Amazon - Biodiversity - Inventory - Hymenoptera - Meliponina

364
A NEW SPECIES OF Hylaeus

(HYMENOPTERA: COLLETIDAE) FROM
THE NORTHERN REGION OF BRAZIL.
Autores: Rodolfo C. C. Arantes*; Fernando A. Silveira
Instituição: Instituto Ciências Biológicas - UFMG
Contato: Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG
Email: rodolfo2885@yahoo.com.br
The bee genus Hylaeus Fabricius, 1973 is composed by small, slender bees distributed through
all continents, except Antarctica. It is divided in 46 subgenera, of which, only four are present in
Brazil. The Brazilian fauna of Hylaeus is poorly known, with only 20 species recorded for the coun-
try up to now. This is partly explained by poor sampling due to these bees small size. This lack of
knowledge is especially serious for Amazonia, where only two species, H. rugosus and H. variolo-
sus, are known to occur. The discovery of a third species of the genus in the margins of a marsh in
a rocky field in Serra dos Carajás, Pará state, is thus, a relevant finding. This species differ from the
other two Amazonian species especially for the rounded propodeum, the absence of a crest on the
pronotum and the sparse punctation of mesoscutum. In the identification key for Neotropical Hy-
laeus, by Moure, the specimens from Carajás fall near H. cruentus and H. fissus, from which the new
species differs by the following characters: from H. cruentus, by the presence of a carinated omaulus
below the lower end of the episternal groove and the reticulate integument of the first tergite; from
H. fissus, it differs by the absence of yellow marks on the clypeus and supraclypeal area. It also dif-
fers from both known species by the presence of an incomplete pubescent band on the apex of the
first tergite. According to the key by Snelling, this species better fits in the subgenus Hylaeana.
Apoio: ICB-UFMG; FAPEMIG

Palavra chave: Hylaeus - Colletidae - Amazonia - Brazil - New species

365
NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS OF

NEOTROPICAL SUBGENUS Ceratina
(Rhysoceratina) MICHENER, 2000
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, XYLOCOPINAE),
WITH A TAXONOMIC NOTE
Autores: Thiago Mahlmann1*, Juliana Hipólito2, Favízia Freitas de Oliveira1, Fernando Cesar
Vieira Zanella3, Augusto Loureiro Henriques4
Instituição: 1*. Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos, Universidade
Federal da Bahia (BIOSIS - UFBA); 2. Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Abelhas (LABEA –
UFBA); 3. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rur
Contato: Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, S/N, Campus Universitário de Ondina, CEP: 40170-115,
Salvador - Bahia - Brasil
Email: thi_mahl@yahoo.com.br
The tribe Ceratinini is composed only by genus Ceratina Latreille, 1802. It has been abundantly
represented on most continents, except Antarctica where it is absent and Australia where there is only
one species. The Ceratina popularly known as “small carpenter bees”, presents vespiforme aspect,
nearly hairless bodies and nest in pithy dead stems or twigs that they enter at broken ends. The sub-
genus Ceratina (Rhysoceratina) Michener, 2000, can be easily distinguished from others Neotropical
subgenus by the presence of a strong carina in tergum 6 of the female, which extends from the apex
anterolaterally, separating the dorsal to the lateroventral surface of the tergum. It is currently recognized
five species in C. (Rhysoceratina), all narrowly distributed to the southern of South America: Argentina
(Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Mendoza), Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo) and Paraguay. Here we reported new
geographic records for the subgenus, with emphasis on the first occurrence in northeastern Brazil, and
a taxonomic notes. For this purpose, specimens borrowed from various national and foreign institutions
were examined, in a total of 29 individuals. The new geographic records were to BRAZIL: two speci-
mens collected in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais (2 ♀♀, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto);
the first occurrence in the northeastern region of Brazil is a specimen collected in Cascavel, Chapada
Diamantina, Bahia (1 ♀, Museu de Zoologia da UFBA); BOLIVIA: a specimen collected near
Cochabamba, in 2.550m high (1 ♀, British Museum of Natural History); ARGENTINA: seven
specimens collected in Entre Rios province, Concordia (2 ♀♀ and 5 ♂♂
BMNH). To this date no taxonomic revision of the subgenus was proposed, but seven morphospecies
were observed here, which indicates the existence of at least two species yet to be described reinforcing
the need for a taxonomic study in C. (Rhysoceratina).
Apoio: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Coordenação de

Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Fundo Brasileiro para Biodiversidade
Palavra chave: Carpenter bees - Ceratinini - Neotropical Region - Revision - Taxonomy

366
NINHOS DE ABELHAS

367
SOLITARY BEE NESTING IN TRAP-

NESTS IN AN URBAN AREA OF FEIRA DE
SANTANA CITY, BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL
Autores: Alex de A. dos Santos1; Cândida M. L. Aguiar2; Gesline F. Almeida3;
Nayane R. G. Santos1
Instituição: 1,2Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana; 3Universidade Federal
do Recôncavo da Bahia
Contato: Ave., Novo Horizonte, Zip Code: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil;
Rui Barbosa street, Zip Code: 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
Email: alex_uefsbio@hotmail.com/ nayane.biologia@gmail.com
The genus Centris bees present a good ability to nesting in preexisting cavities, but their mortal-
ity rate is still considered high and without a causal explanation. This study aims is record the nesting
period and monthly fluctuations in nesting frequency of solitary bees species in trap-nests, and also,
investigate the offspring mortality in these species. The trap-nest consists in cardboard straws inserted
into cavities drilled lengthwise on wooden blocks. The study area is located at State University of
Feira de Santana campus, in the urban area of Feira de Santana, Bahia State, Brazil. Monthly sam-
plings were carried out from October/2010 to March/2011. The completed nests were removed and
transferred to the laboratory. The three different species (Centris analis, Dicranthidium, C. tarsata,
and Centris sp.) and a total of 64 nests were recorded. C. analis presented the highest nesting fre-
quency (97% of the nests). November/2010 and January/2011 were the months with higher number
of completed nests by the bees. The 10 cm long cavities were more frequently used (50 nests, 78%)
than the 14 cm long cavities (5 nests, 22%). From 322 cells built by C. analis, 189 individual bees
emerged, and in 133 cells were found dead individuals or parasites. The mortality rate of those indi-
viduals reached 41.3% of the brood cells provisioned by C. analis. Cleptoparasites and parasitoids
attacked 17 brood cells which represent 5.3% of all deaths with parasitism as a cause.
Apoio: Fapesb, CNPq

Área: Ninhos de abelhas
Palavra chave: Solitary bees - Centris - Mortality - trap-nests - parasitoids

368
CLEPTOPARASITIC BEE Austrostelis

heringi(ANTHIDIINI) ATTACKING NESTS IN
TRAP-NESTS OF SOLITARY BEES IN THE
ATLANTIC FOREST IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
Autores: Ana Luiza de O. Nascimento*1, Guaraci Duran Cordeiro1, Carlos Alberto Garófalo1
& Isabel Alves dos Santos2
Instituição: 1FFCLRP, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo. 2Instituto de
Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo
Contato: FFCLRP, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes,
3900, Ribeirão Preto- SP, Brasil. CEP:14040-901.
Email: analuizanascimento@uol.com.br
Approximately 10% of all species present in the world are cleptoparasites. These lay their
eggs in nests built by other species of bees. The larvae utilize the food resource of the offspring of
the host. Austrostelis iheringi is a cleptoparasitic species belonging to the Anthidiini tribe and was
registered only in Brazil. In this work we reported the occurrence of A. iheringi in São Paulo State,
in regions of the Atlantic Forest domain attacking nests established founded by solitary bees in trap-
nests. The areas of occurrence were Estação Biológica de Boracéia (23°38’S/45°52’W) in the city
of Salesópolis and Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar – Núcleo de Picinguaba – Fazenda Cambucá
(23°18’S/44°56’W) in the city of Ubatuba. The two attacked nests were established in bamboo canes,
both founded in January 2008, in the hot and rainy season. Four cells of the host (two cells per nest)
with measurement of 0.9 cm each were attacked, these resulted in three individuals (one male and two
females) with development time of around 300 days. Despite the impossibility of the knowledge of
host, since all cells were parasitized, nests were made of clear resin, similar to other Anthidiini nests
described in literature. Given the present data and previuos reports, can be inferred that A. iheringi is
a specialist on the choice of host, thus, probably, parasitized Anthidiini nests.
Apoio: FAPESP
Palavra chave: Solitary bee - Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar - Estação Biológica de Bora-
céia - cleptoparasitic - trap-nests

369
NEST ARCHITECTURE, DEVELOPMENT

AND NATURAL ENEMIES OF Centris
(Paracentris) burgdorfi FRIESE, 1900
(APIDAE, CENTRIDINI)
Autores: Cláudia Inês da Silva¹, Letícia Biral de Faria², Elisa Pereira Queiroz¹& Isabel
Alves-dos-Santos²
Instituição: ¹Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-USP; ²Instituto de
Biociências-USP
Contato: ¹Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Cidade Universitária, CEP 14040-901 - Ribeirão Preto, SP- Brasil;
²Rua do Matão, 321, Travessa 14, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900 - São Paulo, SP - Brasil
Email: elisa_queiroz@msn.com
A nest aggregation of Centris (Paracentris) burgdorfiFriese, 1900 was found in a formation of

petrified dunes in “Deserto dos Anjos” (Natal-RN, Brazil). The nest architecture was studied in loco
and in the laboratory. Nests were excavated and kept in the laboratory for monitoring the emergence
of individuals. The females use sand and oil for brood cell construction. Each nest has one circular
entry measuring 1.25 ± 0.14 cm diameter, followed by a tunnel with 5.62 ± 0.96 cm length until the
first cell. These are constructed side by side, sequentially and horizontally, ranging from 1-16 cells
per nest. The cells are oval, with 2.15 ± 0.14 cm height, 1.46 ± 0.09 cm wide in the middle region
and 0.82 ± 0.10 cm in the operculum region. Closed completed cells containing pollen weighs 2.68
± 0.64 g. The provisioned material weighs 0.20 ± 0.17 g. The mature larva of C. burgdorfi, after eat-
ing all provisioned material, defecates and weaves a dark cocoon with glandular secretion, using her
own compressed feces at the base. The emergence period occurred between February and July and
C. burgdorfi is probably a protogynous species, because in all the sequences (n = 6) females emerged
before males. From all the cells (n = 124) emerged 31 females and 24 males of C. burgdorfi and four
cleptoparasites, one Mesoplia sp. and three Mutillidae. The Mutilidae cocoons had a fiber differentiat-
ed composition and were inside the host cocoon, indicating that the attack of this parasite occurs after
the last larval stage. There was no emergence in 52.42% of the cells. These were opened and: 12.9%
were empty (no evidence of oviposition or parasitism), 14.52% with pollen only, 8.06% with live bee
larvae, 11.29% with dead bee pupae, 4.84% with Diptera larvae and 0.81% with Mutillidae cocoon.
Apoio: Fapesp, Capes-PNPD, CNPq, FFCLRP-USP,

Palavra chave: oil bee – solitary bee – petrified dunes - cleptoparasites – nest aggregation

370
NESTING AND MORTALITY RATE OF

SOLITARY BEES IN TRAP-NESTS IN A
FAMILY FARM SYSTEM IN THE SEMIARID
REGION, BAHIA STATE
Autores: Gesline F. Almeida1, Claudia Oliveira dos Santos2*, Cândida M. L. Aguiar3, Alex de A.
dos Santos4, Patricia Oliveira-Rebouças5
Instituição: 1Researcher PNPD-CAPES, Insecta Research Group, Federal University of Recôncavo
of Bahia - UFBA; 2*Master Program in Zoology - Department of Biology Science, State University
of Feira de Santana - UEFS; 3Department of Biology Science, State University of Feira de
Santana – UEFS; 4Scientific Initiation Scholarships, State University of Feira de Santana - UEFS;
5
Department of Technology and Social Science, campus III, State University of Bahia - UNEB.
Contato: Unnumbered Transnordestina, Ave. Novo Horizonte, Zip Code: 44036-900,
Feira de Santana, BA.
Email: cauoliver2@yahoo.com.br
Centris bees are efficient pollinators of Malpighia emarginata (West Indian Cherry), nesting in
pre-existing cavities, and it should be studied for management in these crops. The trap-nest consists
in cardboard straws inserted into cavities drilled lengthwise on wooden blocks. This study aimed to
identify the nesting abundance of solitary bee species in trap-nests; investigate the offspring mortality
rate, and possible parasites. This study area was in a family farming area, in Maria Quitéria district,
Feira de Santana / BA. Nests were collected from August/2009 to August/2010. Five bee species
(Centris sp., Centris analis, Centris tarsata, Tetrapedia sp. and Megachile sp.) had their nesting in
trap-nests in West Indian cherry crop. C. analis was the species with the highest number of estab-
lished nests (n = 686; 93.97%), followed by: C. tarsata, Tetrapedia sp. Megachile sp. and Centris
sp. (1.51%, 3.97%, 0.41%, and 0.14%) respectively. Tetrapedia sp. presented the highest offspring
mortality rate (47.25%), followed by C. analis and C. tarsata (44.98% and 26.47%) respectively. C.
analis presented a total of 3,001 brood cells built and 1,350 dead brood cells (eggs, larvae), being
a maximum of 8 cells built in large nests (10 cm) and 4 cells in small nests (5cm). Tetrapedia sp.
presented a total of 91 brood cells built and mortality of 43 brood cells with a maximum of 7 brood
cells per nest built. C. tarsata presented a total of 34 brood cells built and 9 dead brood cells with a
maximum of 6 brood cells built per nest. Four parasites had been found: Coelioxys sp. and Coeliox-
oides (Megachilidae), and a parasitic hymenoptera species Leucospis sp. (Leucospidae). The results
demonstrated that C. analis is the main trap-nesting species at the study location; their nests have
increased considerably, and it should be a candidate species for management in these crops.
Apoio: Fapesb, CNPq.

Área: Ninhos de abelhas.
Palavra chave: West Indian Cherry - Mortality - Solitary bees - trap-nest - cells.

371
NEST AGGREGATION OF FEMALE

EPICHARIS (Epicharoides) (HYMENOPTERA,
APIDAE) IN AN ATLANTIC RAIN
FOREST AREA, SOUTH BAHIA
Autores: Maise Silva¹²*, Marília Dantas e Silva², Daniela Monteiro², Maria Cristina Gaglianone3.
Instituição: ¹Lab. de Entomologia, Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de
Feira de Santana- UEFS; ²*Lab. de Ecologia da Polinização – ECOPOL, Instituto de Biologia,
Universidade Federal da Bahia- UFBA; 3Lab. de Ciências Ambientais, CBB, Universidade
Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro.
Contato: Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, Campus de Ondina, CEP: 40170-290 Salvador - Bahia – Brasil.
Email: dannymonte@hotmail.com
In tropical environments, the tribe Centridini bees are known to use floral lipids in larvae
feeding and waterproof the walls of the brood cells. In this tribe, most females use the soil as a nest-
ing substrate. An Epicharis (Epicharoides) nest aggregation (120m² length) was studied in April
2011. This aggregation was located on an open clay soil ravine in Michelin Ecological Reserve
(13°50S, 39°15W), South Bahia State. The nest entrances were very close from each other, dis-
tancing from 8.7mm to 554mm maximum, in a total of 110 open entrances per square meter. Nests
were arranged randomly in different depths from 0.02m to 1.50m below ground level. It was only
possible to distinguish them from the entrance that usually had a small vestibule and then brood
cells, both with internal waterproofed walls. The cells quantities varied between one (56%, n = 41)
and two (44%, n = 32 nests). The average length from nest entrances to the bottom of the cell was
79mm (± 25). Females were observed foraging pollen and oil up on rainy days with high humidity.
The temperature inside the channel, at the nesting area, was 25.9°C (± 0.5sd) at 2cm, 23.9°C (±
0.2sd) at 30cm, and 23.9°C at 150cm from soil surface. Therefore, the inside temperature varied as
the external temperature: in ambient (25°C), at surface (25.9°C) and at 50cm soil depth (24.2°C).
Epicharis (Epicharoides) females nested in clay soil and an intensive activity was remained even
in rainy days. This species reproductive cycle can be synchronized with rainfall increase in this
region, since waterlogging confers more flexibility to the sediment.
Apoio: FAPESB, CAPES, MICHELIN/BA.

Palavra chave: Epicharis - nesting - Apoidea - Atlantic rainforest – Centridini.

372
BEES AS HOSTS OF MUTILLID WASPS IN

THE NEOTROPICAL REGION
Autores: David R. Luz¹*, Gabriel A. R. Melo¹.
Instituição: ¹*Laboratório de Biologia Comparada de Hymenoptera, Departamento de Zoologia,
Universidade Federal do Paraná.
Contato: Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
Email: drdaluz@gmail.com
Mutillidae forms a large family of solitary wasps that are ectoparasitoids of mature larvae or
pre-pupae of other aculeate Hymenoptera, especially bees. They are characterized by a strong sexual
dimorphism: all females are wingless, while males of most species have wings. Despite the size of
the family in the Neotropical Region (about 1,500 species), knowledge of their biology is scanty.
There is very little published information on host relationships within Mutillidae and host records
are known for less than two percent of the Neotropical species. The purpose of this work is to pres-
ent an updated list of Mutillidae and their host bees in the Neotropical Region based on published
records. Host records are known for about 20 species in 15 genera, comprising the two subfamilies of
Mutillidae – Mutillinae and Sphaeropthalminae – present in the Neotropics. Their host bees belong
to the subfamilies Apinae, Halictinae and Megachilinae. Apinae is known to host at least ten mutillid
genera, while in Halictinae there are more records of species as hosts. Only a single case of mutillid
parasitism has been published for Megachilinae. Also, many records of bee species as potential hosts
of Mutillidae have been published. In general, these records derive from observations of mutillid
females trying to enter or entering bee nests. This type of record, however, must be viewed with cau-
tion, since in most cases they are not confirmed by rearing adult mutillids from their potential hosts.
Degree of host specificity is also poorly known. Some species appear to be situation-specific rather
than host-specific and this could be a general characteristic of the family. A commented list of mutillid
species, their host bees and their potential host bees is presented.
Apoio: CNPq.
Palavra chave: Mutillidae - velvet ants - host record - parasitism - Neotropical region.

373
NESTING BIOLOGY OF Megachile

(Melanosarus) brasiliensis DALLA TORRE
1896 AND Megachile (Austromegachile)
sejuncta COCKEREL 1927 (HYMENOPTERA,
MEGACHILINAE) IN AMAZONIAN
FORESTS FRAGMENTS IN MARANHÃO’S
ISLAND, BRAZIL
Autores: Diego Marinho Pereira¹*, Gisele Garcia Azevedo².
Instituição: ¹*Graduando do Curso de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Maranhão,
Bolsista PIBIC; ²Departamento do Curso de Ciências Biológicas – Universidade Federal do Maranhão.
Contato: Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão.
Email: diego.mp89@gmail.com
There are few studies about solitary bees’ biology. This work aims to describe the nesting biol-
ogy of two Megachile species: Megachile (Melanosarus) brasiliensis and Megachile (Austromega-
chile) sejuncta. Samples were collected at fragments from Eastern Amazonian Forest fragments local-
ized in a biological reserve on the east side of Maranhão’s Island, at the municipality of São José de
Ribamar, MA (2°38’47.03’’S; 44°08’26.25’’O) from August/2011 to April/2012. The collect method
utilized was trap-nests with different diameters (8, 10, 12, 14 mm) in two different areas: primary
forest and secondary forest. Nest architecture parasitism and sex ratio data were analyzed from nests
obtained. There were collected five M. brasiliensis’s nests (n = 1 for primary forest with two cells; n
= 4 for secondary forest with cell number varying between three and five cells). The nests ranged in
size between 3,6cm to 6,9cm (mean = 6,071cm). Four M. sejuncta’s nests were collected only at the
primary fragment (mean size =7,43cm, ranging between 6,5cm and 8,5cm) and their cell number is
unknown because some bees are yet to emerge. Their nest architecture looks like a cartridge built up
using pieces of leaves and mud with cells in line, differing only in the amount of mud utilized. One
trap-nest of M. brasiliensis presented two nests built up in the same cavity. Another nest showed an
association with a different hymenopteran nest built with sand in a 16mm trap nest. Nest parasitism
was observed only in M. brasiliensis for Lepidoptera (Piralidae) and Coelioxys sp. (Megachilidae),
both in the secondary forest, while at the primary forest only Coelioxys occurred. The biased sex ratio
in M. brasiliensis tending for male in secondary forest could be explained by the high parasitism rate.
Only males emerged so far in M. sejuncta, then sex ratio cannot be observed yet.
Apoio: CNPQ; UFMA.

Palavra chave: Megachile brasiliensis - Megachile sejuncta - trap-nests - nesting - amazonian
forest.

374
NESTING SUBSTRATE OF Tetragonisca

angustula (HYMENOPTERA: MELIPONINA)
IN THE FOREST OF GINÁSIO SÃO JOSÉ IN
THE CITY OF UBÁ - MG, BRAZIL
Autores: Érica Bernardo Pacheco*; Rafaela Dutra Marques; Gustavo Junior Araújo; Georgina
Maria de Faria-Mucci.
Instituição: *Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais.
Contato: Av. Olegário Maciel, 1427 Industrial – Ubá/MG – Brasil.
Email: ericabp15@yahoo.com.br
The ecological purpose of bees is essential for the maintenance of biodiversity, once they pol-
linate most of the plants in different ecosystems. Subtribe Meliponina bees use preexisting cavities
to build their nests in different types of substrates. The present study aims to determine the type
of substrate used on nest building of Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811), “jataí”, in a small
area of the Atlantic forest. The area studied was the forest of Ginásio São José (45 hectares), which
is located in the urban area of Ubá - MG. Inspections in trees (trunks, branches and roots) and in
soil were done in order to find nests. The nests found were georeferenced and photographed. The
substrate found (soil or tree), the common or scientific tree name, the tree diameter and its height
as well as the nest entrance height were registered. Twenty-three Tetragonisca angustula “jataí”
nests were found in tree trunk hollows in about ten species of plants. Most of these nests, six, were
found in Anadenanthera colubrine. Lecythis pisonis was the second most used substrate in which
three nests were found. The conservation state of the studied area is medium to low, due to human
influence. The results found were similar to the ones of other authors as Tetragonisca angustula
is a species found in many ecosystems, including the urban environment. The big number of nests
found in Anadenanthera colubrina may be associated with the great existence of this substrate in
the areas studied. However, this study has not been concluded.
Apoio: CNPq.
Palavra chave: Meliponina - Atlantic Forest - nesting substrates - Tetragonisca angustula – Ubá.

375
SURVEY OF STINGLESS BEES (APINAE:

MELIPONINA) NESTS IN URBAN AREA IN
THE CITY OF UBÁ – MG – BRASIL
Autores: Gustavo Júnior de Araújo¹*; Luiza Santos da Silva¹; Georgina Maria de Faria Mucci¹
Instituição: 1Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais
Contato: Av. Olegário Marciel, N.1427 - Bairro Industrial – UBÁ – MG.
Email: gustavojraraujo@hotmail.com
Meliponina are stingless eusocial bees belonging to the Apinae subfamily (Hymenoptera,
Apidae). Meliponina species can be found in all tropical regions in the globe, as well as in some
neotropical regions. There are 397 species of this kind of bees described of which about 226 spe-
cies exist in Brazil. In general, depending on the ecosystem, stingless bee pollinates 40% to 90%
of the flora. In order to conduct a survey of Meliponina species nests in the urban area in Ubá
- MG, buildings, energy patterns, fence posts and trees in five neighborhoods (Santa Bernadete,
Industrial, Inês Groppo, Residêncial São José and Francisco Parma) were inspected. The nests
found were georeferenced and photographed. About 10 individuals from each nest were collected
for identification. In total, it was found twenty-one nests distributed among the following species:
Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811), Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) and Nannotrigona
testaceicornis (Lepeletier, 1838). T. angustula species nests were the most abundant ones found, as
well as in many other urban surveys, probably due to their good adaptation to urban environments.
This species was also the one which built its nests in a greater variety of substrates: some nests
were found in very peculiar places such as in wood burning stove and wood furniture. However, the
predominant substrate used by them was the masonry wall. Fewer nests belonging to the other two
species were found. Only one N. testaceicornis species nest was not found in trees. The fact that
only three Meliponina species was found is directly related to the excess of buildings, heavy cars
and trucks traffic as well as to the few arboreous areas in Ubá urban perimeter area which would
serve as food source (nectar and pollen) and nesting substrates (tree holes).
Apoio: FAPEMIG
Palavra chave: stingless bees - eusocial - survey - nests - urban environments

376
NESTING PLASTICITY OF Tetragonisca

fiebrigi IN URBAN AREA OF PORTO
ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL.
Autores: Ramos, J.D.; Halinski, R.; Ferreira, N.R.; Blochtein, B.
Instituição: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul.
Contato: Av. Eduardo Prado 2132, casa 4, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
Email: jenifer.ramos@acad.pucrs.br
Tetragonisca fiebrigi, popularly known as jataí, is one of 22 species of stingless bees regis-
tered in Rio Grande do Sul. As substrates for nesting, the stingless bees usually use pre-existing
cavities in hollow trees, rock crevices, walls of houses or nests can be exposed. The nesting sub-
strate is a limiting factor for the establishment of species, especially in anthropogenic environ-
ments. This study aimed to demonstrate the nesting plasticity of T. fiebrigi in urban areas. The study
was conducted at Central Campus of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul,
located in the urban area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. The campus covers approximatly 38 hectares,
high rate of buildings as well as landscaped gardens consisting of native and exotic ornamental
species. From September/2011 to February/2012 were registered colonies of T. fiebrigi through the
entrance nest which is characteristic of the specie and the geographic coordinates of the nesting
substrates were recorded. The average density of nests found was 0.45 nests / ha, a total of 17 nests.
T. fiebrigi used for nesting the following substrates: tree holes (41%), slope (18%), walls (brick-
work) (29%) and others (12%). According to the literature, this species has a preference for warm
regions. Then, is probable that urban environments are prone for developing due to heat trapped by
buildings, concrete and brickwork, and asphalt pavement. The availability of nesting substrate is a
limiting factor for expansion of the species, however, this study showed that T.fiebrigi has a great
plasticity to substrate for nesting in urban area.
Apoio: FAPERGS, CAPES.

Palavra chave: stingless bees - substrate - limiting factor - jataí - tree holes.

377
TRAP-NESTING BEES IN AREAS OF

ORGANIC GRAPES AND STRAWBERRIES.
Autores: Jucélia Iantas*, Lia Gonçalves, Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini.
Instituição: Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste.
Contato: Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03; 85040-080; Guarapuava; PR; Brasil.
Email: juceliais@yahoo.com.br
The change and habitat loss on local and regional scales have been considered a major cause of
changes in ecosystems. A group of great importance for maintenance of plant communities is bees,
most of which species are solitary. The goal of this study was sampled the fauna of solitary bees that
nest in preexisting cavities in eight areas of organic grapes and strawberries in União da Vitória - PR
and Porto União – SC, from august/2011 to April/2012. To collect them it were used wood trap-nests
with different diameters that were arranged in blocks at 1.5m above the ground. A total of 37 nests
were built by the bees being 32 of Centris tarsata, 4 of Megachile sp. and 1 of Anthodioctes sp., Me-
socheira bicolor emerged from 4 nests of Centris tarsata. The grape areas had the highest number
of nests (67.50%). Megachile sp. founded nests only in a strawberry field. Although Centris tarsata
occupied nests with diameters of 0.7cm, 1cm and 1.3cm, it used more those with 1cm (n = 17 nests).
Anthodioctes sp. used only nests with 1.3cm and Megachile sp. those with 0.7cm and 1cm. January
was the period with more abundance of nesting (15 nests) and was the warmer month of these regions.
Apoio: UNICENTRO, CAPES.

Palavra chave: Solitary bees - trap nests - Centris tarsata - Megachile - Anthodioctes.

378
COMMUNITY OF BEES AND WASPS

IN TRAPNESTS IN SEASONAL
SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST ON AN
Inselberg (MORRO DO ITAOCA, RJ)
Autores: Marcelita França Marques¹*; Maria Cristina Gaglianone¹
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense – UENF
Contato: Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Brasil
Email: marcelita_marques@yahoo.com.br
Inselbergs are rocky outcroppings in predominantly plain areas, distinguished by their peculiar
floristic composition. In this work, the composition and diversity of bees and wasps in trap-nests were
studied in a seasonal semideciduous forest with rocky outcrops, located in an inselberg (Morro do
Itaoca, 300 ha, 414m altitude, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ). From Mar/2009 to Apr/2010, 140 trap
nests in bamboo canes and cardboard tubes distributed in nine sampling points were inspected month-
ly. Bees of the genus Megachile (5 species), Epanthidium (1), Centris (3), Xylocopa (1), Eufriesea
(1) and Euglossa (2) and wasps of the genus Trypoxylon (3), Auplopus (1), Pachodynerus (1 ), Zethus
(1) and Monobia (1) occupied 726 trap nests, from which emerged 1602 individuals. The highest oc-
cupation occurred in the hot - rainy season. The diversity (H= 1,252) was higher than that observed in
other communities in seasonal forests. The average length of the nest and the number of cells per nest
for the most abundant species were 11,6cm and 5 cells for T. lactitarse (n=476), 10cm and 6 cells for
Pachodynerus grandis (n=60), 6,8cm and 4 cells for Monobia angulosa (n=42), 6,5cm and 6 cells to
Trypoxylon sp2 (n=24) and 6,7cm and 3 cells to Megachile nigripennis (n=22). Ichneumonidae was the
most abundant natural enemy, attacking 49 of 121 parasitized nests of Trypoxylon and Auplopus. The
number of species of bees, wasps and natural enemies sampled in this study was higher than in other
areas of seasonal semideciduous forest in North Rio de Janeiro. The data demonstrate that Morro do
Itaoca detains high diversity of bee and wasp species, confirming previous study with Euglossina, and
its preservation is important for the maintenance of local and regional biodiversity.
Apoio: PROCAD/CAPES; FAPERJ

Palavra chave: Hymenoptera - Inselberg - Atlantic Forest - Nesting - Species Richness

379
NESTING BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF

Centris (Centris) flavifrons (FABRICIUS, 1775)
(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE CENTRIDINI)
IN THE CITY OF JOAO PESSOA–PARAIBA,
BRAZIL
Autores: Marcella Pereira Peixoto¹*; Celso Feitosa Martins¹
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB
Contato: Depto. de Sistemática e Ecologia/CCEN, Cidade Universitária,
58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
Email: nigritadrummer@yahoo.com.br
Centris (Centris) flavifrons Fabricius, 1775 is a ground-nesting solitary bee species that has
an important role in crop and native plant species pollination from Neotropical region. The present
research studied the nesting biology and the ecology of this species. The study site was a residen-
tial garden located at an urban area in Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. The females were individually
marked and nesting behavior was observed. The females built nests only during the dry season, from
September to March. In two years of study (comprising two breeding seasons) 286 nests were found
forming an aggregate. The establishment of the nests occurred on horizontal, sunny, sandy and bare
surfaces, without vegetation. The entrances of the nests had a circular shape, usually exposed, and
typical amounts of sand located laterally to them. The average time spent by a female to dig a nest
was 3h:40min (range 80-330 min, n=12). The time duration of a nest, from excavation to closure, was
in average 6.9 days (range 2-19 days, n=141). However, most of the nests (69%) showed activity for
2-7 days. Females did 4-11 daily foraging flights (X=7 flights, n=434). 83% of the flights occurred in
the morning, being shorter at the beginning of the day. 75% of the flights were for pollen foraging and
25% for oil. The excavated nests showed a main tunnel with lateral branches. An average of five cells
per nest (range 1-9 cells), which could be vertically aligned or not, was observed. The dimensions of
the cells did not varied much, showing capsular form, with rounded base and an operculum with a
central curved projection forming a terminal nipple. Larvae were found in all larval instars, but pupae
were not found. Mesoplia sp. was observed parasitizing the cells of Centris flavifrons.
Apoio: CNPq/CAPES
Palavra chave: Nest biology - Brood cells - Provisioning - Ground-nesting - Solitary bees

380
POLLEN GRAINS USED BY Epanthidium

nectarinioides, Anthodioctes claudii
(HYMENOPTERA, MEGACHILIDAE;
MEGACHILINAR; ANTHIDIINI) AND
Rhynchocolletes sp. (HYMENOPTERA;
COLLETIDAE; COLLETINAE) IN THE
PROVISIONING THEIR NESTS
Autores: Mary Ellen dos Reis Diniz¹*; Maria Luisa Tunes Buschini¹
Instituição: ¹* Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná - UNICENTRO
Contato: Rua Presidente Zacarias 875, 85010-990 Guarapuava, Brasil
Email: maryreisdiniz@yahoo.com.br
Epanthidium nectarinioides, Anthodioctes claudii and Rhynchocolletes sp. are solitary and use
pre-existing cavities to build their nests, provisioning them with nectar and pollen. Epanthidium nectar-
inioides and A. claudii build their nests with resin, and Rhynchocolletes sp. with glandular material. This
study was carried out in the Parque Municipal das Araucárias, Guarapuava - PR, using trap-nests that
were installed in araucaria forest, swamp and grassland, for capture the nests of these bees. Pollen grains
were collected from 2002 to 2003 in their nests and also from flowering plants throughout the area in
which nests were built. They were preserved on permanent slides with the acetolysis method. Although
Epanthidium nectarinioides and Rhynchocolletes sp. have different habits of larval supply, and belong-
ing to different families, both nest in swamp and grassland areas. According to the pollen study of these
species they have preference for pollens of the family Fabaceae, which is the third richest family in this
Parque. Epanthidium nectarinioides also uses large amounts of pollen from Styracaceae, followed by
Commelinaceae, Asteraceae, Lauraceae and Polygalaceae, in smaller quantities. Beyond Fabaceae’s
pollen, Rhynchocolletes sp. uses pollens from Polygalaceae, Campanulaceae, Myrtaceae, Styracaceae,
Lauraceae, Commelinaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae families. Unlike the others species, A. claudii nests
in araucaria forest, and uses pollen only from two families, Myrtaceae and Styracaceae. Since E. nec-
tarinioides, A. claudii and Rhynchocolletes sp. use pollen from more than one botanical family, we can
consider that these bees are polylectic in their larval provisioning in this region of southern Brazil.
Apoio: Fundação Araucária

Palavra chave: Pollen grains - Anthodioctes claudii - Epanthidium nectarinioides - Rhyncho-
colletes sp - Trap-nests

381
NESTING BEHAVIOR OF NEOTROPICAL

BUMBLEBEE Bombus brevivillus
(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN ITS
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE
STATE OF CEARÁ, BRAZIL
Autores: Mikail Olinda de Oliveira*¹; Marcelo Casimiro Cavalcante¹; Breno Magalhães Freitas¹
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) - Centro de Ciências
Agrárias/Departamento de Zootecnia
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, S/N, Fortaleza - CE
Email: mikail_olinda@yahoo.com.br
Bombus brevivillus is a neotropical bumblebee species endemic to the state of Ceará, Brazil.
This bee is poorly studied in its natural environment and little is known on its nesting behavior and
how it relates to temperate species. The objective of this study was to find and gather information
about nesting behavior of feral colonies of B. brevivillus in the natural environment of Ceará. We
made several trips to the countryside between August and September 2011 and found seven nests.
Observations of these nests showed that B. brevivillus makes its nests on the ground, however the
location and the types of protection used to the nest itself can be vary from colony to colony. Four of
the colonies found were located near banana (Musa paradisiaca) trees, at 866 m above sea level, on
the bases of the trees, in an average depth of 5 cm below the soil surface and crushed leaves of M.
paradisiaca protecting the cocoons. Two colonies built the nest directly on the soil, beneath a dense
grass coverage, at 679 m above sea level and did not show any kind of protection, unless the grass it-
self around the cocoons. The last colony nested inside a pre-existing cavity with 40 cm of profundity.
Only the nest built inside the cavity had a defined nest entrance, while in the other colonies workers
getting in and out of the nest using many different paths. We can conclude that the B. brevivillus spe-
cies is opportunist in relation to nesting sites and brood protection and does not invest much in the
building a nest or any kind of involucrum to protect the cocoons.
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: Nesting - Bombus brevivillus - Soil surface - Bumblebee - Nests

382
POLLEN ANALYSIS OF SOLITARY

BEES NESTING IN A REGENERATION
PROCESS AREA
Autores: Nathália Ribeiro Henriques¹*; Ana Paula de Souza Medeiros Santos²;
Anete Pedro Lourenço¹
Instituição: ¹*Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, FCBS - Universidade Federal dos Vales do
Jequitinhonha e Mucuri; ²Departamento de Ciências Florestais, FCA - Universidade Federal dos
Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri
Email: nathy_fixie@hotmail.com
The pollen study found in trap-nests provides a lot of information about food used to feed the
larvae, as well as which plants were visited to obtain pollen. This work aimed to analyze the col-
lected pollen by solitary bees and its relationship with native and exotic plant species in an altered
area. To this end, a total of 160 trap-nests made of bamboo stalks (approximately 2 to 25 mm in di-
ameter) were distributed in a degraded area under regeneration in Diamantina, Minas Gerais state,
Brazil. The pollen content of the larval cells was removed from five nests: two nests corresponding
to Megachile sp. (Megachilidae) and three nests to Centris tarsata (Apidae). After recovery of the
pollen content, the pollen grains were acetolyzed for qualitative and quantitative analysis. In total,
eight pollen types were observed. For Megachile sp. only Asteraceae pollen type was found in the
nests. In the nests of Centris tarsata it was observed pollen types belonging to Asteraceae, Con-
volvulaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Melastomataceae e Solanaceae. The most frequent pollen
types were belonging to the plant families Fabaceae (50%) and Solanaceae (34%). These results
indicate that Centris tarsata bees showed a larger diversity of pollen types to feed their larvae when
compared with the Megachile sp. bees. Besides, it reveals the diversity of the floral species visited
by these bees, indicating the importance of these insects on the reproductive success of some plants
in the area under regeneration process.
Apoio: FAPEMIG; PIBIC

Palavra chave: Trap-nest - Pollen - Centris tarsata - Megachile sp. - Regeneration area

383
NESTING ACTIVITIES OF SOLITARY BEES

IN PREEXISTING CAVITIES, IN IRRIGATED
ACEROLA ORCHARDS (Malpighia
emarginata) IN A SEMIARID REGION
OF BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL.
Autores: Cândida M. L. Aguiar1*, Geane A. de Oliveira2, Kátia M. de M. Siqueira3, Gesline F.
de Almeida1, Vinina S. Ferreira4 , Patrícia L. Oliveira-Rebouças3
Instituição: 1Lab. de Entomologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2Programa de Pós-
Graduação em Zoologia,3Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Agrárias, Campus III, Universidade
do Estado da Bahia. 4Lab. de Apicultura, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco
Contato: Av. Transnordestina, Feira de Santana, BA
Email: patlu13@gmail.com
The study was conducted in an irrigated orchard of West Indian cherry (acerola) on Middle
São Francisco River Valley in Juazeiro, semiarid region of Bahia, from October/10 to August/2011,
and aimed to determine the richness, abundance and temporal fluctuations in the frequency of soli-
tary bees through trap-nesting. We used trap-nests made of cardboard (8 mm diameter, 5 or 10 cm in
length) inserted into cavities drilled in compact blocks of wood. Six species nested in trap-nests (Cen-
tris analis, Centris tarsata, Centris trigonoides, Megachile dentipes, Megachile sp. and Epanthidium
maculatum), building a total of 282 nests. C. analis and C. tarsata had higher nesting frequencies
(52.8% and 36.5% of total nests, respectively). The number of nests made in holes of 10 cm in depth
(n = 264) was significantly higher than in the holes of 5 cm (n = 19). The highest frequency of nesting
occurred from November/2010 to January/2011 and lower from February to August/2010. The spe-
cies with larger nesting frequency, C. analis and C. tarsata, nested throughout the sampling period,
while M. dentipes nested in the months of March to May and November, and Megachile sp. in Janu-
ary. There were significant and positive correlation between rainfall and monthly nesting frequencies
by bees C. analis (r = 0.6169, p = 0.0431) and C. tarsata (r = 0.6127, p = 0.0450). The results of this
study showed that among the species registered in acerola cultivation in Juazeiro, C. analis was the
one that founded the greatest number of nests, which was also registered in other similar studies con-
ducted on this crop in the Northeast. This suggests that C. analis can be considered a suitable species
for the management of pollination services in acerola cultivation in semiarid region.
Apoio: CAPES, FAPESB

Palavra chave: Centris - trap-nests - nesting biology - Centris analis - Centris tarsata

384
NESTING BIOLOGY OF
Centris (Heterocentris) analis
(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE:
CENTRIDINI) IN TRAP-NESTS
IN FORTALEZA, CEARÁ
Autores: Arianne M. Cavalcante; David S. Nogueira; Rita K. O. Pontes;
Raquel A. Pick e Breno M. Freitas
Instituição: Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, 2977, Campus Universitário do Pici, 60356-001 Fortaleza - CE, Brasil
Email: pickraquel@hotmail.com
Trap nests have been widely used to understand the biology of solitary bees that nest in preex-
isting cavities. This paper aims to describe aspects of the biology of Centris (Heterocentris) analis
(Fabricius, 1804) regarding the number of established nests, development time, number of individual/
nest, and emergency period throughout the year. The experiment was carried out at the Setor de Abel-
has da Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC, Fortaleza - CE, between October 2010 and October
2011. Cardboard trap nests were placed inside wood blocks containing 456 openings with 0.4 to 0.8
cm diameter and 20 cm in length. The nests were inspected daily and when completed, transferred to
plastic bottles closed with voile. Afterwards, the nests were positioned in a sheltered place near the
nesting area and at room temperature for emergence monitoring. Simultaneously, the nests removed
from the wooden blocks were replaced by new trap nests. During the experiment, 162 nests were
founded, of which 48 were C. analis. In a total of nests, 152 individuals emerged, 63 males and 89
females. The development time from the conclusion of the nest to emergence was from 34 to 40 days
(n = 46). The average number of individuals emerged per nest was 3.2, ranging from 1 to 10, and there
was a peak during the rainy season in February (31%).
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: Apoidea - Centris - Solitary bee - Nests - Emergence

385
MORTALITY IN OFFSPRING OF TWO

SPECIES OF Centris (HYMENOPTERA,
APIDAE) IN AN URBAN AREA.
Autores: Renata Lee dos Santos Medeiros¹, Cândida Maria Lima Aguiar², Gesline Fernandes
Almeida³, Claudia Oliveira dos Santos¹
Instituição: ¹Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira
de Santana. ²Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de
Santana.³Programa de pós graduação em Ciência Animal e Ciências Agrárias, Universidade
Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia
Contato: Avenida Transnordestina, s/n. Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana - Bahia
Email: tinhalee@hotmail.com
This study investigated the incidence of mortality in the offspring of two species of bees(Centris
analis and Centris tarsata) that nest in preexisting cavities in an urban area (Feira de Santana, Bahia).
The nests were collected over 12 months, in trap nests 8 mm diameter and 5 and 10 cm in length, and
inserted into carton made of solid wood blocks. C. analis showed a higher frequency of nesting (n
= 197) and C. tarsata founded few nests (n = 20). The mortality rates were recorded: 13% of brood
cells in C.analis and 26% in C. tarsata. Didn´t was recorded emergence of natural enemies from the
nests of both species. The mortality rate of offspring in C. analis was very low, and may be related to
the environmental conditions of storage of the nests and the small displacement that the nests were
submitted between field and laboratory.
Apoio: FAPESB
Palavra chave: Centris analis - Centris tarsata - trap nests - nesting biology - solitary bees

386
COMPORTAMENTO DE ABELHAS

387
ARE INTRA-COLONIAL BEHAVIORAL

INTERACTIONS IN Euglossa melanotricha
INFLUENCED BY KINSHIP?
Instituição: 1*Laboratório de Comportamento e Ecologia de Insetos Sociais -
Departamento de Biologia - FFCLRP - USP
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP. 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brasil
Email: a.crandrade@usp.br
Reproductive potential conflicts are likely to occur within the colonies due to physiologi-
cal totipotency of females. These conflicts are solved through the establishment of reproductive
dominance determined by the order of emergence of females. Identifying the factors that mediate
changes in the aggressive behavior of nest-mates and the mechanisms that regulate these interac-
tions is fundamentally important to the understanding of the evolution of social behavior in the
insects. The behavioral interactions of female Euglossa melanotricha (Hymenoptera, Euglossina)
were monitored using micro-cameras installed on the glass cover walls of the observation box
during five months. A total of 2713 interactions were recorded, of which 1791 (66%) were non-
aggressive, while the other 918 (34%) were classified as aggressive. The proportion of aggressive
interactions varied according to the degree of relatedness of the females. Whereas only 10% (20,
n = 199) of the interactions between sisters were aggressive, the proportion rose to 27% (64, n =
237) for mother-daughter interactions, 59% (120, n = 204) for aunt-niece interactions, and 76%
between unrelated females (211, n = 278). Tolerance between females was likely a prerequisite
for the evolution of social behaviors such as cooperation and the reproductive division of labor. In
the present study, a clear inverse relationship was found between kinship and rates of aggressive
behavior. However, a more direct assessment of kinship, such as the analysis of the genetic related-
ness between pairs of females, will be needed for a more conclusive evaluation of this pattern. The
results of this analysis would help understand whether genetic relatedness is an important factor in
the evolution of nest-sharing, as predicted by Hamilton’s rule, or whether other factors intrinsic to
the biology or ecology of E. melanotricha play a more important role.
Apoio: Fapesp
Área: Comportamento de abelhas
Palavra chave: Conflicts - Nest-mates - Relatedness - Evolution of nest-sharing - Euglossina

388
DOES FEMALE BODY SIZE AFFECT

USURPATION RATES AND NEST CLOSURE
IN Euglossa melanotricha?
Instituição: 1*Laboratório de Comportamento e Ecologia de Insetos Sociais - Departamento de Bio-
logia - FFCLRP - USP
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP. 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brasil
Email: a.crandrade@usp.br
In primitive social insects in which a single foundress establishes the nest, solitary provision-
ing phase represents a period of risk due to attempted usurpation by other females. In Euglossa
melanotricha, females visit nests already occupied and try to replace the resident foundresses.
All bees were chilled and then their maximal head width, thorax width between tegulae and wing
length measured. In nests kept in boxes for behavioral observation were observed 12 attempted
usurpations, three of which (25%) were successful. In these successful cases, the occupying fe-
males were significantly larger than the residents, and the resident females remained for two or
three days without provisioning the nest before disappearing. In five (42%) of the cases, the invad-
ing female was similar in size to the resident. In three (60%) of these cases, the invaders entered
the nest, but disappeared without engaging in any specific behavior or interfering in the activity of
the resident female, whereas in the other two cases (40%), the invader became a subordinate provi-
sioner. In the latter cases, the foundress became dominant and ingested the eggs laid by the invader.
The other four attempts (33%, n = 12) did not result in the occupation of the nest by the invading
female, although the foundress reacted to the attempted incursion by terminating the provisioning
of the nest. Invasions appear to accelerate the closure of the nests, marking the end of the solitary
provisioning phase in the foundresses, prior to the emergence of the subordinates. Large body size
appears to confer an advantage for nest residence by the foundress during the solitary provisioning
phase. However, additional observations and experimental procedures will be necessary to assess
whether other factors, such as nest parasites or the mortality of parasitized foundress females, may
also be determinants of the interruption of nest activity during the founding phase.
Apoio: Fapesp
Palavra chave: Foundress - Solitary provisioning - Competition - Activity break - Eu-
glossa melanotricha

389
FORAGING PARTTERN OF Scaptotrigona

xanthotricha MOURE, 1950 (HYMENOPTERA,
APIDAE, MELIPONINI) AT THE CAMPUS OF
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF BAHIA,
SALVADOR, BA, BRAZIL
Autores: CARVALHO, A. V.1*; OLIVEIRA, T. T. S.1; SANTANA, T. S.1; GUIMARÃES, R.1;
MOREIRA, R. V.1; LIMA, R.1; MAHLMANN, T.1; OLIVEIRA, F. F.1
Instituição: 1Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos – BIOSIS -
do Instituto de Biologia – Universidade Federal da Bahia – UFBA
Contato: Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia
e Sistemática de Insetos (BIOSIS), Rua Barão de Geremoabo S/N, Campus Universitário Ondina
40170-110 - Salvador, BA - Brasil
Email: alinefsaba@gmail.com
Information on bee’s routine flight is important for studies on foraging pattern contributing to
knowledge of the biology for species conservation and sustainable use. To check the daily pattern of
Scaptotrigona xanthotricha Moure, 1950 flight activity a natural colony was observed during seven
days on Abril/2012, from 7:00 to 17:00 hours, 20 minutes each hour totaling 77 hours of observa-
tions. This native “stingless bees” (Meliponini) is popularly known in Brazil as “yellow mandaguari”,
nesting on trees cavities and having a remarkable nest entrance resembling a trumpet. The studied
nest was built in the trunk of a mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC., Fabaceae), located at the park-
ing lot of the Ondina Campus, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (-12.997556,
-73.983400), 60 cm from the soil. The number of bees entering and leaving the nest was measured us-
ing two manual counters, and the temperature and humidity by a thermo-hygrometer. It was observed
that the colony activities varied throughout the day, with highest average of workers leaving the nest
between 10:00 am (452 bees/ h, 31.1 º C and 56.6% RH) and 12:00 (404 ab/h, 28.2ºC and 64.7% RH).
The highest average of workers entering was observed at 11:00h (788 ab/h, 30.0ºC and 59.4% RH)
and 12:00 (720 ab/h, 28.2ºC and 64.7% RH) and the period when was observed the lower activity of
bees, both leaving (8 ab/h) and entering the nest (23 ab/h) was at 17:00, when was also registered the
lowest temperature (27.5°C) and higher humidity (67,7% RH). The data suggest the higher activity
of S. xanthotricha[/ i] in periods of high temperatures, which may be related to the need to collect re-
sources specially water. Further studies will be necessary including Melissopalynology to understand
the flight activity of this species and its relationship with the visited flowers.
Apoio: FUNBIO, FAPESB, CNPQ

Palavra chave: Yellow Mandaguari - foraging - stingless - nesting - bees

390
DAILY FORAGING PATTERN AND

RESOURCE COLLECTION BY COLONIES OF
THE NEOTROPICAL BUMBLEBEE Bombus
brevivillus KEPT IN CAPTIVITY
Autores: Angela Maria da Silva Gomes; Mikail Olinda de Oliveira; Regina Maria Fontenele
Magalhães; Hiara Marques Meneses; David Silva Nogueira; Breno Magalhães Freitas.
Instituição: Department of Animal Science – CAS, Federal University of Ceará
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, s/n - CEP 60021-970 - Blocos 808 e 809 - Campus do Pici - Fortaleza - CE
Email: angela_msgomes@yahoo.com.br
The study was carried out from September to December 2012 in the Animal Science Department
of the Universidade Federal do Ceará. Data were collected twice a week from two colonies of Bombus
brevivillus kept in rational breeding boxes. The objective of this research was to obtain information
on the foraging behavior of B.brevivillus workers. Observations were based on the daily foraging
behavior of bees entering and leaving the nesting box, and on the type of resource collected: pollen,
and nectar or water from 5:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Results showed that workers initiated the foraging
activities at 5:00 a.m and both the flow of bees and pollen collection were higher in the early hours
of the day, especially between 6:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. From 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. 50,5% of workers
focused their activities in pollen collection, but from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. this number represented
only 2,2%. We could observe that at 10:00 a.m the flow of bees began to decrease drastically and
finished at 6:00 p.m., when no more bees were saw leaving the nesting boxes. It was concluded that
unlike temperate bumblebees, workers of B. brevivillus concentrate an intense foraging activity early
in the morning, especially for pollen collection, while harvesting water and/or nectar all day long.
Apoio: UFC, CAPES

Palavra chave: Foraging behavior - Bombus brevivillus - Resource collection - Foraging ac-
tivities - Pollen

391
FREQUENCY OF Apis mellifera

IN EARLY DWARF CASHEW
(Annacardium occidentale)
Autores: Camila Queiroz Lemos, Epifânia Emanuela de Macêdo Rocha, Antonio Diego de Melo
Bezerra, Roberto Felipe Rocha; Breno Magalhães Freitas
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, 2977, 60356-001, Fortaleza - Brasil
Email: antonniodiego@hotmail.com
The number of bees in commercial crops may be a limiting factor for crop production. Then a
highest frequency of pollinators is favorable for decrease of deficit pollination. The aim of this study
was to analyze the rate of visitation of Apis mellifera in early dwarf cashew crop (A. occidentale).
Two plots were chosen (202 – 8.2 ha; 206 – 8.2 ha) during the months September, October, Novem-
ber. The plots were demarcated in five transects with respect to edge fields crop (40m; 80m; 120;
160m; 200m) of native forest fragment (plot 206) and open area (plot 202). The count started with
manual count in five times (7h; 9h; 11h; 13h; 17h). An observers were on transects counting bees that
landed on panicles. It was observed the area (plot 206) closest to native forest fragment had a lower
quantity of bees, total 934 bees in panicles of cashew and 2335 bees in plot 202 with open area. The
values were justified because there colonies for pollination of watermelon (526m) closer to crop ca-
shew. The highest rate of visiting of bees in panicles of cashew was 7h (128,80 ± 22,2) in plot 206
and 9h (51,60 ± 10,0) in plot 202 after these times the rates decrease in both plots and lowest values
are 17h (13,00 ± 6,8) in plot 206 and 17h (11,80 ± 8,7) in plot 202. Concluded that the number of bees
can change both the introduction of colonies or even depending on the demand for flowers, but the
native wood could be a source of natural colonies Apis mellifera.
Apoio: CNPq; FUNBIO; FAO; MMA

Palavra chave: Pollination - Crop production - Honey bee - Pollinator - Crop field

392
TIME OF QUEEN REPLACEMENT IN

Scaptotrigona depilis (APIDAE, MELIPONINI)
Autores: Ayrton Vollet Neto1*, Cristiano Menezes2, Francis Ratnieks3
e Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonseca4
Instituição: 1 Fauldade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP 2 EMBRAPA
Amazônia Oriental 3Universidade de Sussex/UK 4Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido
Contato: Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP: 14.040-901 Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brasil
Email: ayrtonvollet@gmail.com
Colonies of highly eusocial bees Meliponini tribe shows reproductive division of labour, which
only one queen is responsible for reproduction. New queen are constantly produced to, after mating,
heade new nest through swarming. In Scaptotrigona depilis there is an overproduction of queens that
should be needed for swarming, with one royal cell (with a virgin queen) per brood comb produced.
This excess could come to replace the other queen when this is dead for any reason. We removed 20
fisogastric queens of S. depilis from their respective colonies and verify periodically the presence of
a new queen. We verify that 14 of the 20 queens removed were replaced in 10 days. The other 6 were
replaced in the subsequent 10 days. Moreover, we checked the proportion of males in the brood pro-
duced by the new queens and verified that in one of them there are strong evidences of diploid male
production (55% of males randomly distributed by the comb). The results shows that queen replace-
ment in S. depilis is a relatively quick process, what lead us to deduce that there are sexually mature
virgin queens inside the nests. The presence of diploid males shows that a matched mating occurred (a
mating between a male and a queen with the same sexual allele). This proportion of matched mating
(PMM) of 5% could be used to estimate the quantity of sexual alleles in the population through the
formula PMM=2/n, where “n” is the number of alleles in the population. Thus, we found 40 sexual
alleles for this population, however the confidence interval of 95% with this sample size is too high,
being necessary increase sampling at least 10 times. This results also could be interesting to stingless
bees beekeeping, once the obtention of fisogastric queens is still a bottleneck on nest multiplication.
Apoio: Capes; FAPESP; Pós-graduação Entomologia FFCLRP;

Palavra chave: Scaptotrigona depilis - queen replacement - diploid males - stingless bees - queens

393
EXTERNAL ACTIVITY OF WORKERS

OF Melipona quadrifasciata (APIDAE,
MELIPONINA) IN UBERLÂNDIA, MG
Autores: Bruno Ferreira Bartelli¹; Isabel Farias Aidar¹; Fernanda Helena Nogueira-Ferreira¹
Instituição: ¹Instituto de Biologia - UFU
Contato: Rua Ceará, s/n, Bloco 2D, Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Brasil
Email: brunobartelli@yahoo.com.br
The foraging behaviour of stingless bees is related both to factors intrinsic to the colony, such
as communication skills and the population size of the colony itself, as extrinsic factors such as abun-
dance and distribution of resources in the environment and susceptibility to abiotic factors. This study
aimed to evaluate the daily pattern of resource collection by Melipona quadrifasciata. The research
was carried out at the Meliponário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), located at the
Fazenda Experimental do Glória (Uberlândia-MG). The farm is composed of fragments of cerrado
and semideciduous forest, cultivated areas and pastures. Three colonies of M. quadrifasciata were
analyzed for three days in March 2012. Workers leaving (with or without garbage) and returning to
the colony were observed from 6 to 18h, for 10 minutes every hour, and the frequencies of pollen
collection, nectar/water, resin and mud were recorded. At each time, temperature, relative humidity
and wind speed were measured using a digital thermo hygrometer anemometer luximeter. The peak
activity of the colonies occurred from 6 to 8h. Among the observed workers, 20.1-88.5% collected
nectar/water, 7.7-18.2% pollen, 3.6-55.7% resin and 0.2-11.1% mud. Pollen collection occurred only
in the morning, showing a peak from 6 to 8h with temperature, humidity and wind speed averages of
20°C, 69.1% and 3.2 km/h, respectively. The highest frequency observed for nectar/water occurred at
6h and collection of this resource was reduced gradually throughout the day. With respect to resin and
mud, peak collection occurred, respectively, from 8 to 10h and 10h. The results suggest that, given the
heterogeneity of the study area, the needs of each colony and the preferences of the species has been
the most important factors in determining the daily pattern of resource collection.
Apoio: FAPEMIG; CNPq; CAPES

Palavra chave: Foraging behaviour - Stingless bees - Resource collection - Frequency of
collection - Pollen

394
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FORAGING

ACTIVITY Of Melipona subnitida AND
Plebeia flavocincta IN CAATINGA
Autores: Caio Cesar de Azevedo Costa1*; Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonseca1;
Luciana Freitas de Andrde2; Wesley Adson Costa Coelho3
Instituição: 1*Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido; 2Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande
do Norte; 3Faculdade de Enfermagem Nova Esperança Mossoró;
Contato: Avenida Francisco Mota, 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, 59625-900. Departamento de
Ciências Animais, UFERSA CPF: 030922134-08
Email: caiocesar.costa@ibest.com.br
The foraging is one of the most important activities for the bees, since their feeding behavior
will reflect the development of the whole colony. The pattern of foraging depends on environmen-
tal conditions and natural resources available to their pasture. In Melipona subnitida and Plebeia
flavocincta, two native species in the caatinga, adapted to droughts and scarcity of resources, have
different patterns of foraging. The objective of this study was to compare the pattern of foraging
for Melipona subnitida and Plebeia flavocincta throughout the day. The survey was conducted on
National Forest Assu-RN (NF-Assu), where nests were installed inside the forest. Bees were moni-
tored in relation to the outputs of the nests. These observations occurred in 40 minutes per hour, 20
minutes for Melipona subnitida and 20 minutes for Plebeia flavocincta (5 minutes on each hive),
12 times a day from 5:00 AM to 05:00PM. The bees were counted with manual counters. The data
were analyzed with the statistical program OriginPro (OriginLab Corporation, USA) version 8.0
and nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The Melipona subnitida and Plebeia flavocincta were not
different in relation to its resource collection times (P = 0.495), with a peak of activity observed at
6:00AM to 7:00 PM forM. subnitida, and from 10:00AM to 11:00AM for P. flavocincta.
Apoio: CAPES; CETAPIS; FLONA/ASSÚ

Palavra chave: Melipona subnitida- Plebeia flavocincta - Caatinga - foraging - resources

395
PATTERN OF FORAGING FOR

Melipona subnitida AND
Plebeia flavocincta IN CAATINGA
Autores: Caio Cesar de Azevedo Costa1*; Ulysses Madureira Maia1; Vera Lucia Imperatriz
Fonseca1; Wesley Adson Costa Coelho2
Instituição: 1*Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido; 2 Faculdade de Enfermagem Nova
Esperança Mossoró;
Contato: Avenida Francisco Mota, 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, 59625-900. Departamento de
Ciências Animais, UFERSA CPF: 030922134-08
Email: caiocesar.costa@ibest.com.br
The Meliponini bees are social bees native to Brazil and tropical areas of the world. They
present a division of labour that ensures the annual colony development. In caatinga, Melipona
subnitida and Plebeia flavocincta are adapted to the local climate and the scarcity of resources
throughout the year. They look for their food resources at different times of day in response to
daily changes in environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to analyze changes in
patterns of foraging Melipona subnitida and Plebeia flavocincta throughout the day. The survey
was conducted on National Forest Assu-RN (NF-Assu), where nests were installed inside the for-
est, where they were monitored for inputs and outputs of the individuals. These observations occur
40 minutes per hour, 20 minutes for Melipona subnitida and 20 minutes for Plebeia flavocincta
(5 minutes on each hive), from 5:00AM to 05:00PM. The temperature and relative humidity were
recorded with thermo hygrometers installed inside and outside the nest. The data were analyzed
by statistical program OriginPro (OriginLab Corporation, USA) version 8.0 and nonparametric
Mann-Whitney test. The peak activity recorded for the species occurred in the morning occurred
from 6:00AM to 7:00 AM, for M. subnitida, with an average temperature of 25 ° C and relative
humidity 80%.P. flavocincta, present the greatest activity between 10:00AM and 11:00 AM, with
average temperatures of 33 ° C and relative humidity 55%.
Apoio: CAPES; CETAPIS; FLONA/ASSÚ

Palavra chave: Melipona subnitida- Plebeia flavocincta - Caatinga - flight activity - abió-
tica conditions

396
DAILY PATTERN OF RESOURCE

COLLECTION AND CLEANING
ACTIVITIES IN COLONIES OF
Melipona subntida DUCKE
Autores: Nayanny de Sousa Fernandes, Epifânia Emanuela de Macêdo Rocha,
Aline dos Santos Silva, Camila Queiroz Lemos*, Breno Magalhães Freitas
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC;
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, 2977 60356-001, Fortaleza - Brasil
Email: camilaqlemos@hotmail.com
Melipona subnitida Ducke is a stingless bee species native to the semiarid NE Brazil. During
their external activities to the hive, workers of the bees of M. subnitida collect food and materials for
nest building, as well as carry out the cleaning of the colony. This work aimed to investigate the ex-
ternal activities of colonies of M. subnitida at different times of day. The experiment was carried out
in the Bee Unit of Universidade Federal do Ceará, in Fortaleza, state of Ceará, using six M. subnitida
colonies randomly selected among those found in the meliponary. The colonies were observed for 29
days, in May and June 2011. Observations were carried out five times a day (6:00 am; 9:00 am; 12:00
pm; 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm) for the first five minutes of each hour. Entering and leaving bees were
recorded using a manual counter; temperature and relative humidity were obtained from a thermohi-
grometer and the luminous intensity by using a luxmeter. Data were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and Tukey test at 5% probability. During the 29 days of observation we counted a total
of 6.310 bees of which 718 (11%) carried pollen, 2,395 (38%) water or nectar, 330 (5%) resins, 274
(4%) debris and 2,593 (41%) left the hive carrying nothing. The greatest flight activity of the colonies
occurred at 6:00 am (p<0.05), representing 50% of the total resource collection and cleaning activity,
as well as the flow of bees coming out of the colony. External activities to the nest decreased as the
day progressed and stopped after 3:00 pm. We concluded that being more active outside the nest in
the early morning can be advantageous to M. subnitida because climate conditions are mild and this
is the time of greatest nectar and pollen presentation by the caatinga vegetation.
Apoio: CAPES; FUNCAP; GPA (Grupo de Pesquisas com Abelhas)

Palavra chave: External activities - Pollen - Resins - Debris – Stingless bee

397
COULD THE CEPHALIC SALIVARY GLANDS

FROM WORKERS OF Apis melliferaL.
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) BE SOURCE
OF CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS?
Autores: Silvana BeaniPoiani&Carminda da Cruz-Landim
Instituição: Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP
Contato: Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13.506-900 Rio Claro, SP., Brasil
Email: cclandim@rc.unesp.br
The primary function of hydrocarbons found in insect cuticle is protecting the insects from des-
iccation. Besides, hydrocarbons also provide recognition cues especially importants in social insects
in which chemical communication is essential to maintain the colony integrity and discriminate nest-
mates from non-nestmates. The oenocytes and the exocrine glands, both originated from ectoderm,
have been pointed as the main sources of these cuticular compounds. Among the exocrine glands of
adult bees, the cephalic salivary glands (CSG) present ultrastructural features compatible with secre-
tion of lipid-like compounds as hydrocarbons. In order to verify the participation of CSG in secretion
of cuticular compounds, workers of Apis mellifera in different phases of life (newly emerged-NE,
working at combs area-AC and foragers-FO) were analyzed chemically by gas chromatography-
mass spectrometry. Statistical correlation analysis was done in order to compare the composition of
both compartments. The cuticle of workers of A. mellifera presents 44 compounds from which 36
are hydrocarbons varying from C14 to C33 and consisting of alkanes, methyl-branched alkanes and
alkenes. In the CSG secretion were also found 44 compounds, being 31 hydrocarbons varying from
C16 to C33, including alkanes and alkenes. From 44 compounds found on cuticular surface, 32 are
also present in glandular secretion, although not in the same relative amounts. Besides the hydro-
carbons, oxygenated compounds were also identified as part of the cuticular and secretion chemical
profiles. The correspondence between glandular and cuticular compounds suggests the CSG partici-
pation in cuticular production and replacement of compounds.
Apoio: CNPq and FAPESP

Palavra chave: Labial glands - Cuticle - gas chromatography - Nest mates recognition - Worker

398
NESTING BIOLOGY AND INTRANIDAL

BEHAVIOR IN Euglossa annectansDRESSLER,
1892 (HYMENOPTERA : APIDAE:
EUGLOSSINI)
Autores: Claudia Akemi Saito¹; Samuel Vieira Boff²; Isabel Alves dos Santos¹
Instituição: ¹Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo - USP;
²Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Contato: Rua Pretoria, 243 ap 36, 03416-000, São Paulo, Brasil
Email: claudiakemis@gmail.com
Euglossini are commonly described as solitary bees, but in many cases, the females share the
same nest, characterizing a primitive eusocial behavior. In some species the dominant and subordi-
nate behavior occurs between the females that share the nest. They can be females of the same or
different generations. A nest of Euglossa annectans, obtained at University of São Paulo, was trans-
ferred to laboratory. The structure of the nest and intranidal behavior were observed from February
2011 to February 2012. The females were marked with spots of different colors on their thorax to
individual identification. They constructed grouped cells forming a cluster and they reuse the resin
of other cells to construct new ones. Each female oviposits on average 3-4 times while they are in
the nest. Agonistic behavior and oophagy were recorded. The agonistic behavior occurs when a fe-
male approaches cells of another female. The more frequent interactions were characterized by the
attacks of one female to another with her mandible in different parts of the body; besides removing
it from the cluster. These attacks took more than 2 seconds. We observed more than 20 times the
oophagy behavior and at least 22 times the females opened a cell and took off the immature from
it. After this, they started the cell reactivation process.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavra chave: oophagy – agonistic behavior – primitive eusocial behavior - dominant - subordinate

399
BEEKEEPING MANAGEMENT AND

ITS IMPACT IN THE AMBIENCE OF
COLONIES OF Apis mellifera
Autores: Daniel de Freitas Brasil1*, Michelle de Oliveira Guimarães1,
Breno Magalhães Freitas1, José Antonio Delfino Barbosa Filho1.
Instituição: 1Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC.
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, 2977 - Campus do Pici - CEP 60021-970 - Fortaleza - CE – Brasil.
Email: danieldfb@gmail.com
Researches carried out in ambience are trying to analyze the characteristics of the environment
due to the thermal comfort zone of Apis mellifera colonies. The objective of this study was to de-
termine the amount of hours required for the reestablishment of thermal homeostasis of A. mellifera
colonies after management practices in Fortaleza - CE. Eight colonies of A. mellifera with different
population levels were used. Colonies were classified as strong or weak according to the quantity of
brood (eggs, larvae and pupae) found in the hives. Each hive was equipped with a mini weather sta-
tion (Data Logger) to capture and keep temperature and relative humidity data at every hour of the
day. These devices were installed near the highest brood concentration, being this best thermoregulat-
ed place in the colony, thus increasing the precision in capturing the internal environmental data. The
hives were opened on two occasions; first opening occurred to install the Data Logger and the second
after a period of ten days. The time (h) required for each colony to reach stable values of temperature
in the two experimental moments were recoded. Results showed that seven out of the eight colonies,
i.e. 87.5% of the colonies studied, succeeded to stabilize the internal temperature after a period of up
to six hours, thus demonstrating that the bees are able to return to the thermal homeostasis relatively
quickly. This behavior, however, requires the colony be healthy and bears a minimum number of
workers responsible for thermoregulation, otherwise beekeeping management practices can harm the
ambience of the colony, directly affecting the development of young individuals who are most in need
of a good thermoregulation due to be extremely stenothermics.
Apoio: Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC.

Área: Comportamento de abelhas.
Palavra chave: Thermoregulation - homeostasis - bee brood - internal temperature – environment.

400
IS THE DEAR ENEMY PHENOMENON

APPLICABLE FOR STINGLESS BEES?
Autores: Daniela Lima do Nascimento1*, Fábio S. Nascimento1
Instituição: 1*Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP.
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, Brasil.
Email: daninascimento@usp.br
Many territorial animal species behave less aggressively toward their neighbors than when
eventual territory intrusions are made by non-neighbors (strangers). This difference in the ag-
gressiveness of the responses toward neighbors and strangers has been termed the “dear- enemy
phenomenon”. In many cases, the mechanisms by which neighbors are discriminated remain con-
troversial. Most studies of the dear enemy phenomenon have focused upon terrestrial vertebrates,
especially birds, while few studies had been made with invertebrates. The aim this study was to
verify if the phenomenon of the dear enemy occur in Melipona scutellaris, through the observation
of the behavior of acceptance and rejection of nestmates and non-nestmates (neighbor colonies
and non-neighbors). The tests were carried out using nine colonies of M. scutellaris in which were
recorded the interactions between guards and introduced foragers in colonies. In the bioassays us-
ing nest mates and non-nest mates (neighbors), we introduced respectively 180 and 240 bees, and
to nestmates and non-neighbors non-nestmates: 56 and 181, respectively. The results comparing
nestmates and neighbor non-nestmates showed that the neighbors’ acceptance was high. Significant
differences between rates were found only in three of nine colonies (Colony 4: χ2 = 12.36, p= 0.006;
Colony 5: χ2 = 9.46, p= 0.02 and Colony 9: χ2 = 9.39, p= 0.02). However in the experiments between
nestmates and non-neighbor non-nestmates, the rate of non-nestmate rejections was close to 100%
for all tested colonies: 78% of the colonies (seven of nine colonies) showed significant differences
between the rate of acceptance and rejection. We conclude that the dear enemy phenomenon can be
applicable at least for M. scutellaris.
Apoio: CAPES.
Palavra chave: Melipona scutellaris - Dear enemy phenomenon - Recognition systems - Ag-
gression - Stingless bees.

401
REPELLENT EFFECT OF 2.HEPTANONA

AND SUGAR CANE HYDROLYZED
TO AFRICANIZED HONEYBEES
ON CATTLE TROUGHS
Autores: Malerbo-Souza, D.T.*1, Santos, S.M.C.2, Scarpino, F.B.O.2, Peruchi, A.P.M.2, Aquaroli, D.B.2
Instituição: *1Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP.
Contato: Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP.
Email: darclet@superig.com.br
The objective of this study was to evaluate the repellent effect of the addition of 2-heptanone to
the sugar cane in natura and the process of hydrolysis of sugar cane on the infestation of bees in cattle
troughs. The work was carried out at the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal.
Were used three treatments: sugar cane chopped fresh; sugar cane hydrolyzed and sugar cane contain-
ing 1 ml of 2.Heptanona (Sigma ®). The hydrolysis of the sugar was performed using 0.5 kg of hy-
drated lime chemical in 2 liters of água/100 kg of chopped sugar cane. With each repetition and each
trough were placed 4 kg of chopped sugar cane, using three replicates per treatment, each positioned
at a 2 meters of the hives. The observations were made over three consecutive days at the same time
(12:00) for 1 hour. The sugar cane each trough was exchanged every day. Were evaluated the number
of bees every 10 minutes after the supply of sugar cane in the troughs, the time spent in each trough of
bees and bee behavior in the food supply. Were observed a higher number of bees in the trough cattle
containing sugar cane in natura, lower bees in the trough of sugar cane hydrolyzed and no bees in the
trough with 2.Heptanona repellent. The bees stayed longer in the trough with sugar cane in natura, on
average, 2 minutes. It was concluded that the 2. Heptanona repellent was effective in preventing the
infestation for a period of 1 hour, and the hydrolysis of sugar cane in smaller proportions.
Apoio: FCAVJ/UNESP.
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - repellent - behavior - sugar cane - 2.Heptanona.

402
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC

VARIATIONS ON THE EXTERNAL
ACTIVITIES OF THE NEOTROPICAL
BUMBLEBEE Bombus brevivillus
(Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Autores: David Silva Nogueira, Mikail Olinda de Oliveira, Hiara Marques Meneses,
Regina Maria Fontenele Magalhães, Ângela Maria da Silva Gomes, Breno Magalhães Freitas.
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC.
Contato: Rua 339, N. 26, Caucaia, Ceará, Brasil.
Email: davidsn@zootecnista.com.br
The objective of this study was to obtain information on the influence of climatic variations to
the external activities of workers of Bombus brevivillus. The research was carried out at the Depart-
ment of Animal Science of Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC, from September to December,
2012. Two colonies of Bombus brevivillus were captured and transferred to nesting boxes, where
twice a week, from 5:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m, on the first 10 minutes of each hour, all external activi-
ties carried out by the workers were observed and the number of bees performing thermoregulation
(fanning) in the entrance of nesting box were recorded. The information collected at the entrance
of the nesting boxes were associated with weather data of temperature, relative humidity and solar
radiation, collected by the weather station of the UFC. Results showed that climatic variations,
mainly the temperature, influenced external activities of workers. After 9:00 a.m., as the tempera-
ture increased, workers reduced foraging activities and pollen collection, and begin the process
of thermoregulation, increasing the number of bees fanning outside of the nesting boxes. It was
concluded that the external activities of the Bombus brevivillus were concentrated in the morning,
especially in the early hours of the day, when the temperature and solar radiation were lower and
the relative humidity is higher. The need for thermoregulation during the hottest hours of the day
promoted a negative influence on the external activities of this species.
Apoio: UFC.
Palavra chave: Temperature - Bombus brevivillus - External activities - Thermoregulation - Cli-
matic variations.

403
INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE,

RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND LIGHT
INTENSITY IN THE FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF
Melipona subntida Ducke COLONIES
Autores: Epifânia Emanuela de Macêdo Rocha*, Nayanny de Sousa Fernandes,
Aline dos Santos Silva e Breno Magalhães Freitas.
Instituição: Dpto. de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC.
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, 2977 60356-001, Fortaleza – Brasil.
Email: epifaniademacedo@yahoo.com.br
Environmental factors such as temperature, light intensity and relative humidity can influence
flight activities of bees colonies. Knowing the relationship between these external factors and colony
flight patterns can provide important information for improvement in the management of stingless
bees species. The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of temperature, light intensity and
relative humidity on the flight activity of Melipona subnitida Ducke. The experiment was carried out
in the Bee Unit of Universidade Federal do Ceará, in Fortaleza, state of Ceará, using six M. subnitida
colonies randomly selected among those found in the meliponary. The colonies were observed for 29
days, in May and June 2011. Observations were carried out five times a day (6:00 am; 9:00 am; 12:00
pm; 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm) for the first five minutes of each hour. Entering and leaving bees were
recorded using a manual counter; temperature and relative humidity were obtained from a thermohi-
grometer and the luminous intensity by using a luxmeter. Data were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and Tukey test at 5% probability. It was found that the greater external activity of the colo-
nies was at 6:00h, showing an average of 19.6 ± 17.2 bees entering the colony and 25.2 ± 24.6 bees
exiting, differing significantly (p<0.05) to the other times of the day at an average temperature of 26
°C, 6% relative humidity luminous intensity of 209 lux. At 12:00 pm bees presented their minimum
external activities, with an average of only 2.6 ± 3.7 bees leaving the hive and 3.8 ± 2.3 bees entering
it. At that time, average temperature was 27 °C, luminous intensity 1,229 lux, and relative humidity
65%. It was concluded that this bee species favor the mildest period of the day for activities external
to the nest, probably an adaptation to the harsh conditions of the semiarid NE Brazil.
Apoio: CAPES; GPA (Grupo de Pesquisas com Abelhas).

Palavra chave: Bioclimatology - Climate factors - Stingless bees - Flight activity - Meli-
pona subnitida.

404
FORMATION OF FRUITS OF MELON Cucumis

melo WITH DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF VISITS
OF Apis melliferaIN IRRIGATED CROP
Autores: Mara Poline da Silva1*, Tamires Almeida da Silva1, Eva Mônica Sarmento da Silva2,
Márcia de Fátima Ribeiro3, Lúcia Helena Piedade Kiill3
Instituição: 1Bolsista Funbio/MMA; 2Profa. Univasf; 3Pesquisadora Embrapa Semiárido.
Contato: Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Colegiado Acadêmico de Zootecnia,
Rodovia BR 407, km 12 – Lote 543 –Projeto de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho, s/nº “C1”.
Email: evasarmento@yahoo.com.br
Melon Cucumis melo is one of the crops dependent of pollination services. The objective of
this study was to evaluate the influence of the number of visits of Apis mellifera on the quantity and
quality of fruits. The work was performed in June 2011, in a area of 6 ha, at the Irrigate Perimeter of
Salitre, Juazeiro (BA), cultivated with melon of yellow type (10/00), in conventional system, without
mulching, drop irrigation and without the addition of honeybee hives. The hermaphrodite buds were
closed with tulle bags and opened to bee visitation at 9:00 am. The flowers were submitted to five
treatments concerning the number of A. mellifera visits: one (T1); five (T2); ten (T3); 15 (T4), and
20 visits (T5). For each treatment were used 20 flowers, which were kept closed after receiving the
bee visits. The produced fruits in each treatment were evaluated in relation to mass and total soluble
solids (SST). The results showed that T5 (50%) and T4 (40%) presented the larger fructification
taxes, followed by T2 (35%) and T1 (30%). T3 was the one that presented the lowest success (20%),
however, presented heavier fruits (x=1,76 ± 0,21 Kg, n=4. The other results were: T5 (x=1,66 ± 0,44
Kg, n=10), 2 (x=1,49±0,80 Kg, n=7), 4 (x=1,45±0,35 Kg, n=7) and T1 (x=1,33±0,41 Kg, n=6). Con-
cerning SST, T3 was also the one which presented the largest values (x=8,12±1,09), followed by T5
(x=7,81±1,26), T2 (x=7,38±2,00), T1 (x=7,15±1,58), and T4 (6,95±1,39). The comparisons of mass’
averages and of SST did not differ statistically (P>0.05). The results indicated that in order to obtain
a satisfactory fructification were needed at least 15 visits. As conclusion one can say that the number
of visits influenced the fructification but not the quality of the fruits.
Apoio: CNPq no.556055/2009-8, Funbio/MMA, GEF.

Palavra chave: Cucumis melo - pollination - number of visits - Apis mellifera – fruits.

405
ASSESSING THE SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF

PESTICIDES ON THE NURSES BEE
Autores: Fellipe Chaves Nominato; Andrigo Monroe Pereira; Osmar Malaspina.
Instituição: Universidade Estadual Paulista - Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais.
Contato: Av. 24A 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, Brasil.
Email: fellipefcn@hotmail.com
The use of pesticides is still the most widely used technique to combat insect pests. In Brazil,
for example, neonicotinoid thiamethoxam places great importance on the greening control of the
citrus crop. However, this pesticide also affects non-target organisms, and among them are the hon-
eybees, an insect with a broad ecological and economic importance. Africanized honeybees Apis
mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) may frequently become exposed to such pesticide as a
consequence of their foraging activities, and not only forager bees, as well as nurse bees, and the
newly emerged and the larvae that feed on pollen and nectar stored. Many aspects of the behavior
of A. mellifera can be influenced by sublethal doses of pesticides, for example the proboscis exten-
sion reflex (PER), a reliable bioindicator of the effects of toxins in honeybees. Under laboratory
conditions PER elicited by sucrose stimulation of antennae can be used as an ecotoxicological tool.
In this way the objective was to understand the effects of low doses of this insecticide in PER re-
sponse using ten-day old A. mellifera. Newly emerged bees were collected directly from the combs
in healthy hive. They were labeled and reintroduced. After ten days they were collected for testing.
The gustatory responsiveness effect was assessed after the application of 1µl of the lethal dose
(LD50) and sublethal doses (LD50/10, LD50/50 e LD50/100) of thiamethoxam applied topically.
Considering of results was notice that only LD50 showed great impairment in the PER. No influ-
ence was observed after application of LD50/50, LD50/100, LD50/10.
Apoio: CNPq.
Palavra chave: neonicotinoid - behavior - Apis mellifera - PER – thiamethoxam.

406
FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF STINGLESS BEE

Geotrigona subterranea FRIESE, 1901
Autores: Fernando Mendes Barbosa¹*; Rogério Marcos de Oliveira Alves²; Cristiano Menezes³.
Instituição: 1Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais-
Campus Januária; 2Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano;
³Embrapa Amazônia Oriental.
Contato: Faz. São Geraldo, Km 06, CEP 39480-000, Januária, MG, Brasil.
Email: fernando.barbosa@ifnmg.edu.br
Flight activity of bees is influenced both by environmental factors, such as temperature, rela-
tive humidity and luminosity; and by internal condition of the colonies. Information about external
activity of bees is very important, because it provides important data to knowledge of the species
biology, supplying subsidies for the use of these insects in the pollination of crops. The present work
aimed to evaluate the flight activity of Geotrigona subterranea in natural environment. The study
was performed at campus of the Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas, at municipality Januária (15°
29′ 16″ S, 44° 21′ 43″ W; 554 m altitude), Minas Gerais State. Two natural nests were observed. The
external activities of bees were recorded, one to three times each month, between December 2011 and
April 2012, totaling 252 observations. The number of bees leaving and entering and the type of mate-
rial transported were recorded during ten minutes each hour from 5:00 to 19:00 h. Temperature and
humidity data were taken locally using a TFA station. It was observed bees carrying pollen, resin and
debris. As it was not possible to identify the transport of nectar, it was considered only the bees that
entered into the colony without any material (WAM). The bees began external activities by 6:00 h at
20°C and finished at 18:30 h. The activity peak occurred between 13:00 and 14:00 h, with tempera-
ture ranging from 28°C to 35°C and relative humidity between 31% and 65%. The pollen collections
occurred between 6:00 and 18:00 h; resin and WAM throughout the foraging period; and debris, from
11:00 at 18:00 h. This study is in its initial phase and will be expanded, since additional observations
in other times of year are necessary.
Apoio: IFNMG.
Palavra chave: Meliponini - Geotrigona subterranea - external activity - temperature - re-
lative humidity.

407
SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN
Euglossa melanotricha MOURE, 1967
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, EUGLOSSINI)
Autores: Gabriele Antico Freiria¹*; Silvia Helena Sofia²; Natália de Campos Muradas
Cerântola¹; Marco Antonio Del Lama¹; Solange Cristina Augusto³
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar; ²Universidade Estadual
de Londrina - UEL; ³Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU
Contato: Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565.905, São Carlos, Brazil
Email: gabi_freiria@hotmail.com
The purpose of this study is to determine the social structure in a Euglossa melanotricha
nest. After the solitary foundation, this nest passed through six reactivation processes, resulting
in 1 to 3 reactivating females and 9 to 18 built cells. The reactivating females were identified as
forager/egg-laying females (FELF), which performed activities of construction, provisioning and
cell oviposition, or as egg-laying females (ELF), which rarely go out of the nest and oviposit in
the cells provisioned and oviposited by FELF; oviposition by ELF is always preceded by oophagy.
In the sixth reactivation process, we associate behavioral observations with molecular analyzes,
aiming to verify the kinship relationships between reactivating females and their offspring, and to
identify not observed oophagy processes. For the genetic analyses, seven individuals were geno-
typed at ten microsatellite loci: two adult reactivating females [assuming that one is an egg-laying
female (ELF) and the other is a foraging/egg-laying female (FELF)] and five individuals produced
by them, including a female (F1) and four males (M2, M4, M9 and M10). F1 and M2 were FELF
female offspring, since the cells from which these individuals emerged were oviposited in a period
when only this female was present in the nest. The emergence of the ELF female occurred on the
day of M4 cell oviposition. M4 shared an exclusive allele with FELF and therefore is also her son.
M9 and M10 cells were built, provisioned and oviposited by FELF female, when the ELF female
was already present in the nest. Both M9 and M10 shared exclusive alleles with ELF, indicating
that this female is their mother and that she practiced oophagy in both cells. The results indicated a
social structure that differs from a communal structure and it is closer to that observed in Euglossa
townsendi, Euglossa cordata and Euglossa fimbriata.
Apoio: FAPESP – 2011/13363-9; PROCAD/CAPES

Palavra chave: Euglossini - Microsatellite - Social structure - Oophagy - Kinship relationships

408
VERTEBRATE FECES ARE STORED INSIDE

COLONIES OF Melipona flavolineata TO BE
USED LATER AS BUILDING MATERIAL
Autores: Hayron Kalil Cardoso Cordeiro¹*; Cristiano Menezes²; Nauara Moura Lage Filho¹;
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia- UFRA; ²Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa
Agropecuária- EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental; ³Universidade Federal do Pará
Contato: Passagem Odete Martins 96, 66095-420 Belém, Brazil
Email: hayron.zootecnia@gmail.com
Some stingless bee species harvest vertebrate feces, mix with resins and use to close the gaps
of the hive. Recently we observed a different behavior in Melipona flavolineata, which stored ver-
tebrate feces at the bottom of the hive instead of using it immediately after harvesting. The aim of
this contribution was to study why this species store feces inside the colony and what do they do
with it. The study was performed at Belém-PA, between February and April 2012. Two colonies
were used; they were kept in observation hives and each one was observed for 15 min twice a day
for 60 days. It was observed that the species M. flavolineata keep one or two feces piles, which
were around 6 cm2 each. The feces were harvested from environment and added to the piles be-
fore being used. When no disturbance occurred, the workers were macerating the feces with their
mandibles. When the area where the piles were became too humid, with visible water around, the
workers carried the feces to a dry location. The feces stayed there for several days without being
used until a disturbance occurred. When we removed the glass lid for cleaning it, immediately the
bees started to make small balls of feces with their mandibles, mix with resins from resin piles and
close the gaps between the new lid and the hive. Therefore, we conclude that M. flavolineata uses
feces as a building material, producing “batume” with it, but differently from other species, they
store the feces at the bottom of the hive until needed.
Apoio: EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental

Palavra chave: Meliponini - feces - building material - non-hygenic behavior - meliponiculture

409
MALE MATING BEHAVIOR OF Epicharis

(Epicharoides) picta (Smith, 1874)
Instituição: Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa¹;
Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa²
Contato: Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n Campus Universitário 36570-000VIÇOSA – MG - Brasil
Email: beehugo@gmail.com
Observations about the behavior of E. picta males were conducted in a dense nesting aggre-
gation located in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between January and April 2011. Researches about
male behavior of the genus Epicharis are scarce in the literature. Males patrolled nesting site in dense
clusters at a height of 30 to 50 cm. Their flight was alternated with periods in circles, in the shape
of eight or “zig-zag”. Groups of three to five males fight for position in nests entrances. Patrolling
flight occurred between 6:30 to 16:00 h. Males have no territorial behavior. They were attracted both
by virgin females and by the ones in nesting activity. However, only mating with virgin females was
observed. Males of E. bicolor were also attracted by females in nesting activity but there were no
mate. Virgin females of E. picta are grasped by two or three males each but only one can mate. After
about 11 seconds, female frees itself and flies. Mating behavior of E. picta is similar to E. bicolor, E.
analis and E. dejeanii. Male density exerts great selection force on populations and has importance in
favoring or not the territorial behavior. Territorial males in sites with low male density find females
easily. Nevertheless, if male density increases, the cost to defend the territory against intruder males
increases as well, making territorial behavior unfavorable to selection force.

Palavra chave: Oil-collecting bees - Male behavior - Centridini - Territoriality - Inbreeding

410
KEEPING YOURSELF CLEAN: DOES THE

HYGIENIC BEHAVIOR OF AUSTRALIAN
Trigona carbonaria IMPROVE DEFENSE
AGAINST PATHOGENS?
Autores: Jenny Shanks¹*, Robert Spooner-hart¹, Anthony M. Haigh¹, Markus Riegler².
Instituição: ¹*School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney;
²Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney.
Contato: University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia, 2751.
Email: j.shanks@uws.edu.au
Highly eusocial bees, such as the domesticated European honey bee Apis melifera L., use
hygienic behavior as an important defense against pathogen and parasite infections in their colo-
nies. Australian stingless bees have no recorded pathogens; however, little is known about their
ability to defend against pathogenic infections. Although untested, it is been speculated that their
high levels of hygienic behavior may play a significant role in colony defense. This study aims to
identify potential responses of Trigona carbonaria Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae)
workers to invading pathogens by investigating their hygienic behavior. Hygienic experiments
were conducted on T. carbonaria using the pin-kill method. Bee behavior of four hives of T.
carbonaria (total sixteen replicates) was video recorded and time assessments were made each
hour, until all killed pupae were detected, their cells were uncapped and pupae removed. Results
were compared to the published data of A. melifera and five Brazilian stingless bees. Initial data
show that workers of T. carbonaria took an average of 345 ± 26 minutes to detect, uncap and re-
move all pin-killed pupae from the experimental hives. This is shortest known time for hygienic
behavior of any social bee species, and gives a possible indication as to their ability to defend
against and subsequently have fewer pathogenic infections.
Apoio: University of Western Sydney Postgraduate Award and Hawkesbury Institute for the
Environment Conference Fund.
Palavra chave: i]Trigona carbonaria - stingless bees - bee pathogens - hygienic behavior
- pin-killing.

411
PRODUCTION OF NEW QUEENS IN

QUEENLESS COLONIES OF
Frieseomelitta languida MOURE 1990
(HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, MELIPONINI).
Autores: Fadil, J.P.R.; Mateus, S.; Nunes, T.M. e Nascimento, F.S.
Instituição: Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento de Insetos Sociais, Depto de Biologia,
FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo.
Contato: Av Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
Email: jpfadil@hotmail.com
One of the most intriguing characteristic of the highly social insects - in this case, the stingless
bees - is the presence of two castes: the queens and the workers. In some of the stingless bees spe-
cies, queens are exclusively responsible for reproduction, and workers do not develop their ovaries
to lay eggs. The present work discusses the production of new queens in queenless colonies of Fri-
eseomelitta languida. It was observed that workers of this species select a cell containing a larva in
feeding stage and construct a new cell (auxiliary cell) beside, and a little upward of it. This auxiliary
cell, containing larval food only, will be connected to the cell with the larva, which will consume the
extra food. The extra fed larva will develop into a bigger larva and become a new queen. This queen
can either be accepted or refused and killed by workers in the colony. When multiple queens are pro-
duced, in the same colony, only one will be selected and the others killed. When the number of cells
with feeding larvae in a given colony was too low, a group of cells deriving from a non-related colony
was introduced. It was noted that workers do not construct auxiliary cells in non-related cells. Data
from twenty five auxiliary cells and eight emerged queen where obtained.
Apoio: FAPESP(2010/10027-5).
Palavra chave: queenless colony - queen production - auxiliary cells - Frieseomelitta lan-
guida – behavior.

412
CAPTURE EFFICIENCY OF BEES BY

Pan traps IN THE MUNICIPALITIES OF
MUNDO NOVO AND CRISTALINA, GOIÁS.
Autores: Karoline R. de Sá Torezani1*, Viviane C. Pires2, Wallyson A. Rodrigues1, Alex A. T. Cortês
de Sousa1, Fernando A. Silveira2, Antônio J. C. Aguiar3, Edison R. Sujii1, Carmen S. S. Pires1.
Instituição: 1*Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 2Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais, 3Universidade de Brasília.
Contato: Parque Estação Biológica Av. W5 Norte (final), 70.770-917, Brasília, DF, Brasil.
Email: karoll_torezani@yahoo.com.br
The development of new methodologies for collecting bees is important to enhance and com-
plement more traditional methods of sampling. This study aimed to estimate the efficiency of the at-
tractiveness of different color traps using pan traps for collecting bees. Each sample contained a set
of five triplets with 15m distance between them forming a plot. Each triplet consisted of three plates
(yellow, white and blue) distant from each other three meters. The bees were collected monthly from
October/2010 to September/2011, in Goiás, in the municipitalities of Mundo Novo (small farm) and
Cristalina (large farm). Two plots were installed in Mundo Novo, one in the cotton field and other in
the surrounding vegetation. A total of six plots were installed at Cristalina, among them, three cor-
responding to the cotton field and three corresponding to the vegetation area. We captured 431 bees
distributed in 60 species, 86 individuals and 24 species in Mundo Novo, and 345 individuals and
40 species in Cristalina. The number of species collected at Mundo Novo in the blue pan traps was
higher than yellow and white for the crop (F (2,6) = 32.71, p = 0.0059) and for the area of vegetation
(F (2,63) = 9.44, p = 0.0026). The same pattern was observed also for the abundance of species, crop
(F (2,6) = 77.6, p = 0.0005) and vegetation (F (2,63) = 9.52, p = 0, 0024). However, in Cristalina the
number of species and individuals collected by the blue pan traps was higher only in the vegetation
(Number of species: F (2,27) = 4.58, p = 0.019; Abundance: F (2.27) = 5.8, p = 0.0079) and no dif-
ference was observed for the crop (Number of species: F (2,3) = 0.20, p = 0.82; Abundance: F (2,3)
= 7 , 00, p = 0.74). Regarding the attractiveness of the pan traps colors, the blue color was the most
efficient, capturing more bees. These results corroborate findings in other published works, and this
preference may be explained by the shortest wavelength of blue color as compared with the other
colors, which bees are able to discern better that color.
Apoio: CNPq; FAO/GEF/UNEP.

Palavra chave: bees - pan traps - attractiveness - cotton – vegetation.

413
THE ATTACK OF Trigona spinipes IN

Artemisia annua PLANTS CAN AFFECT ITS
ARTEMISININ PRODUCTION,
AN ANTIMALARIAL DRUG.
Autores: Kátia Sampaio Malagodi-Braga¹*, Kenny Roncon¹, Waldemore Moriconi¹,
Pedro Melillo de Magalhães².
Instituição: ¹*Embrapa Meio Ambiente, ²Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pequisas Químicas,
Biológicas e Agrícolas (CPQBA) – UNICAMP.
Contato: Rodovia SP 340, Km 127,5 Caixa Postal 69, Jaguariúna, SP, Brasil.
Email: katia@cnpma.embrapa.br
Malaria is still responsible for a large number of deaths worldwide. The leaves of Artemisia
annua L. (Asteraceae) a native shrub of Asia acclimated in many regions of the world are a source of
artemisinin, the main molecule in falciparum malaria therapy. The species have become an interest-
ing crop since the recommendation of the World Health Organization for use artemisinin in ACTs
(Artemisinin-based combination therapies). In October 2011, Embrapa Meio Ambiente in partnership
with the Multidisciplinary Center of Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Researches (CPQBA) of
the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) installed on its site a plot with 400 plants. In January
2012, we observed Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) a stingless bee known as irapuá
cutting the artemisia stems using their mandibles. We found longitudinal injuries from 0.5 cm to 15.0
cm occuring close to the base in the main stem of these plants where the number of bees per plant
varied from 2 to 30 (n=12). The damage was used to collect sap which was dehydrated by the bees
before returning to the nest. We made monthly evaluations (January-March) to classify all plants in
relation to the degree of attack severity and we found an increase in the frequency of plants severely
attacked from 5% to 25% with time. In general, plants with high attack severity have been continu-
ously exploited by bees and showed a decomposition process around the injuries which attracted
other insects (flies, beetles, wasps) resulting on early death of the plant. Comparing these plants with
those without such degree of attack severity we verified that, in the first ones, there was a reduction of
biomass (dry weight) and an early senescence. Therefore, the attack of T. spinipes in Artemisia annua
plants can affect the production of artemisinin.
Apoio: Embrapa Meio Ambiente.

Palavra chave: stingless bee - Malaria - pest behavior - medicinal plant – artemisia.

414
A NECROPHAGEOUS BEE (Trigona hypogea)

USES LABIAL GLAND SECRETIONS AS
TRAIL PHEROMONE
Autores: Lucas Amaral Oliveira¹*; Daniela Lima do Nascimento¹; Sidnei Mateus¹;
Stefan Jarau²; Fábio Santos do Nascimento¹
Instituição: ¹*Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP;
²Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Bloco 7, Depto. Biologia - Setor de Ecologia e Evolução
Email: lucas.a.oliveira@usp.br
Foragers of several species of stingless bees can effectively recruit nestmates to a profitable
food source and communicate its location by means of a scent trail. Recent studies have shown
that the foragers’ labial glands are the source of trail pheromones in nectar and pollen collecting
Trigona bees. However, little is known about the mechanisms of chemical communication in obliga-
tory necrophageous species that completely replaced pollen by animal flesh as protein source, like T.
hypogea. Here we investigated the biological significance of labial gland secretions in eliciting trail
following behavior in T. hypogea and determined the chemical structures of the glands’ components.
In field bioassays, we tested the trail following behavior of recruits with artificial scent trails branch-
ing off from natural scent trails of this stingless bee. Newly recruited bees were significantly more at-
tracted to artificial trails made with labial gland extract (89,9%) than to trails made with pure solvent
(11,1%). Chemical analyses of labial gland secretions revealed octyl octanoate as the main compound
(approx. 95% of all volatiles). This ester was also found in the labial gland secretions of Geotrigona
mombuca, T. hyalinata, T. corvina, and as the dominant compound in T. spinipes. Our results demon-
strated the role of labial gland secretions as trail pheromone in T. hypogea and revealed the identity of
their components. However, the importance of additional sources of information in recruitment such
as food odors and visual cues, should also be investigated in future studies.
Apoio: CAPES
Palavra chave: Trigona hypogea - Labial glands - Chemical communication - Trail phero-
mone - Recruitment behavior

415
MALE Euglossa melanotricha Moure,

1967 (HYMENOPTERA, EUGLOSSINI):
DOES IT USE CONTINUOUSLY
THE SAME PLACE TO SLEEP?
Autores: 1,2Maise Silva; 2Marília Dantas e Silva & 3Aline Andrade-Silva
Instituição: 1Lab de Entomologia, Depto de Ciências Biológicas, UEFS; 2Lab de Ecologia da
Polinização – ECOPOL, Instituto de Biologia, Depto de Botânica, UFBA; 3Lab de Comportamento
e Ecologia de Insetos Sociais, Depto de Biologia/FFCLRP, USP
Contato: 1Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44.036-900 – Feira de Santana-Bahia;
2
Campus Universitário de Ondina. Rua Barão do Jeremoabo s/n – Ondina, 40170-115
Salvador,Bahia, Brasil;3 Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
Email: ailirambio@hotmail.com
Apoidea males form aggregates at night and are rarely observed at the same place twice.
However, it was observed thatEuglossa melanotrichamales occupied the leaves of the same plant
for a long period. This fact presupposes that the use of the same substrate was a consequence of
odoriferous plants abundance and nests. It was considered that in the study area there are multiple
aggregates and their formation is temporal predictability. Thus, this study aimed to verify whether
E.melanotrichamales form large and multiple aggregates in this area; understand what determines
the aggregates formation; testing whether males migrate between the dormitories and testing for
vegetal substrate preferences to build dormitories. The study was carried out from December 2011
to January 2012, within the highest activity period in the nests and largest registry of males on the
leaves. The study area was in an urban residential, with 5000m² in Campo Formoso city, Bahia
State (10°30’17.71”S, 40º19’10.99”W). Two aggregations were observed, 44m far from each other,
with 86 and 180 males respectively. The migration rate between aggregates was less than 10%. The
gradual distancing from the plant (±20cm per night) did not result in dormitories abandonment but
the leaves of other plant species nearby had been occupied. When the dormitories were moved to 1m
away, all males abandoned their respective aggregates. Continuous use of the same location and sub-
strate at night seems to be a memory effect in E.melanotrichamales. Over the fifteen days observed,
it was noticed that the first male to arrive at the dorm was marked. Moreover, it can be supposed that
E.melanotricha males can maintain fixed dormitories if the dormitories were established in protected
sites and near the nests. This behavior results in reproductive advantages over other males.
Apoio: FAPESB; CAPES; FAPESP

Palavra chave: Apoidea - dormitory - migration - fidelity - aggregates

416
FLORAL VISITORS OF CASHEW

(Anacardium occidentale) L.) IN TWO
PLANTATIONS AT HORIZONTE, CEARÁ
Autores: Lilian Maria Araújo de Flores, Alípio Pacheco Filho,
Patrícia Barreto de Andrade, Breno Magalhães Freitas
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Ceará
Contato: Campus do Pici, Departamento de Zootecnia,
Av. Mister Hall caixa postal 12168, CEP 60021970 Fortaleza - CE
The objective of this study was to analyze the diversity and abundance of floral visitors to ca-
shew, Anacardium occidentale. The study was carried out at Horizonte, Ceará, Brazil. We selected
two cashew plantations next to native vegetation and, in each of them, chose five rows perpendicu-
lar to the native forest marking a cashew tree in each row. These native areas were distinguished
by being more distant from urban areas and better preserved than traditional cashew crops. Dur-
ing the cashew blooming season, from July to December 2011, for two consecutive days at every
fortnight, we used a sweep net to collect all visitors to cashew flowers of the selected trees during
the first 10-minute interval of each hour. For data analysis we used a Generalized Linear Model
(GLM). The calculation of the generalized models and test Fish were performed with the aid of the
software 7 Statistica (StatSoft, Inc., 2005). Results showed that we collected 11 species visiting the
flowers of cashew in both areas: five bee species (Apidae), four wasps (Vespidae), a fly (Syrphidae)
and a butterfly (Hesperiidae). Among the social bees collected the most abundant species were Apis
mellifera and Trigona spinipes and the solitary carpenter bees Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis,
)Xylocopa sp. and Centris sp. Social bees visited white flowers (young flowers), collecting nectar
and came into contact with the stigma of the flower. The richness and abundance of floral visitors
varied between the two areas. In the first area, ten floral visitor species were collected while only
five were found in the second area. However, the two areas were inequitable, showing dominance
of a single species, Apis mellifera.
Apoio: Cnpq
Palavra chave: native vegetation - Apis mellifera - solitary carpenter bee - young flowers
- richness

417
REPELLENCY BIOASSAY IN SEMI-FIELD

USING MINT ESSENTIAL OIL IN
Apis melifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae).
Autores: Rafael Fávero¹, Andrigo Monroe Pereira¹, Osmar Malaspina
Instituição: ¹Unesp - Universidade Estadual Paulista
Julio de Mesquita Filho - Campus de Rio Claro
Contato: Av. 24-A, 1515 - Bela Vista, 13506-667 Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
Email: rafaelfavero1@gmail.com
The honeybees of the specie Apis melifera stand out for their role in plants pollination. How-
ever, the growing urbanization also increases the human contact with this insect and can cause serious
accidents. Few studies have been achieved in the development an appropriate methodology to control
this problem and thus, this study attempts to analyze the toxicity of some essential oils to use them as
potential repellents. To accomplish this bioassay three feeders were used in the apiary of UNESP, Rio
Claro, SP. Each feeder consisted of a glass bottle containing 30 ml of honey on a watch glass. After
honeybees were trained in these feeders, mint essential oil was applied on them with a cotton swab. A
third feeder was positioned in the center and used as a control. Honeybees were counted in each feed-
er at 10 minutes intervals a total of 100 minutes. It was verified the occurrence of a repellent effect
right in the first 10 minutes after application, an effect that was maintained through the experiment.
Advance the research and development of such substances and prospect new repellent compounds is
an alternative to control this insect. Although it is so important in the pollination of plants worldwide,
it can become a great urban problem.
Apoio: Bolsa de incentivo a pesquisa - Reitoria - UNESP

Palavra chave: REPELLENCY - ESSENTIAL OIL - Apis mellifera - MINT - toxicity

418
RESPONSE OF AFRICANIZED
HONEYBEES (HYMENOPTERA -
APIDAE) TO PER - PROBOSCIS
EXTENSION RESPONSE -
EXPOSED TO NEEM INSECTICIDE
Autores: Renata Oliveira de Fernandes¹*, Atílio Dalcin Júnior¹, Nayara Soares Smith Braga¹,
Sharrine Omari Domingues de Oliveira¹, Weyder Cristiano Santana², Evaldo Vilela²
Instituição: ¹*,² Departamento de Entomologia - Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV
Contato: Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36.570-000, Viçosa, Brasil
Email: renata.defernandes@gmail.com
The indiscriminate use, coupled with obsolete technology application of insecticides has
brought severe consequences. One of them is the disappearance of bees from their hives, known as
CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder), that in some parts of the world are taking place quickly and still
unsolved. Botanic insecticide NEEM, originated from the seed of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae)
tree, is currently known as its selectivity to natural enemies and pollinators, and an important com-
ponent in integrated pest management. Even so, a few studies have been sensitive to this lack of in-
formation. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of commercial formulation (AZAMAX)
in different concentrations (0; 0.0003; 0.003 and 0.03 g [a.i.] L-1), through the proboscis extension
reflex on Apis mellifera africanized, by stimulation with different concentrations of sucrose (0.1%,
0.3%, 1%, 3%, 10%, 30% and 50%) immediately after 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The highest
dose used is recommended for tomato culture in Brazil, and diluted in honey and water (1:0,7). The
bees were kept in BOD (34 ± 2 ºC and 70 ± 10% relative humidity and photoperiod of 12 hours) and
each treatment was composed by 10 bees. In the interval time between the applications of sucrose
solutions, distilled water was passed through each of the antennas of the bees. The data were sub-
mitted to oneway ANOVA. It was observed that the bees in the control and treatment with 0.0003 g
[a.i.] L-1 were more responsive to sucrose than in others treatments. However, there was no statistic
difference between the treatments (P=0,281). Thus, future studies should be performed with more
accuracy to evaluate possible effects of the insecticide or not, in order to improve its use, increasing
efficiency and protecting the ecosystem.
Apoio: CAPES; FAPEMIG; CnPQ

Palavra chave: PER - Neem - Apis mellifera africanized - Colony Colapse Disorder - To-
xicology

419
BEHAVIOR DESCRIPTION OF THE FAUNA

ASSOCIATED WITH URUÇU YELLOW
Melipona flavolineata
Autores: Rosana Ingrid Ribeiro dos Santos ¹*, Hayron Kalil Cardoso Cordeiro¹, Cristiano Menezes ²
Instituição: ¹ Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia-UFRA; ² Embrapa Amazônia Oriental
Contato: Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/nº Caixa Postal, 48 Belém, PA - Brasil CEP 66095-100
Email: rosanaingridribeiro@gmail.com
The stingless bees have a wide variety of organisms associated with them, such as bacteria,
fungi, mites and insects. Although many have already been identified, the relationships between ten-
ants and hosts have been little explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship
between Uruçu yellow Melipona flavolineata and its tenants. We used two colonies kept in boxes of
observation were followed for 60 days, with a frequency of four times a day lasting 15 minutes each.
During the study we detected mites, colembolas, blind larvae and beetles. The most mites remaining
on the stocks of time waste and feces, about 75% of total observed that the bees store the bottom of
the box. The colembolas stayed in places with high humidity at 85% of the observations in parts of
the colony where the accumulation of water was visible. The larvae of beetles blind remained pre-
dominantly in the stocks of garbage and feces of substrate feeding until they reach the adult stage. It
was also noted that these larvae occupied moist and dark places of the colony to develop. The blind
beetles were found in all parts of the colony, 30% of observations were noted blind beetles feeding
on feces of arthropods and organic matter of the colony. We did not observe aggressive interactions
between these organisms and bees. The organisms associated with the colony of this species feed on
the waste organic matter within the colony and live in harmony with the bees.
Apoio: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental

Palavra chave: Uruçu yellow - Meliponidae - Tenants - feces - insects

420
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF BEES ON

FLOWERS OF CANOLA
Autores: Sidia Witter1*, Flávia Pereira Tirelli1, Hellena Müller1 & Betina Blochtein2
Instituição: Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária
Contato: Fundação Estadual de pesquisa Agropecuária, Rua Gonçalves Dias,
570 - Bairro Menino Deus, Porto Alegre - RS, CEP 90130-060
Email: Sidia-witter@fepagro.rs.gov.br
Social bees, with perennial colonies, store large amounts of pollen and nectar, favoring their
survival for long periods of low food availability. The workers can collect floral resources, beyond
the immediate needs, resulting in intense visit to the flowers which can be critical for crop pollina-
tion. Several species of insects can easily get rewards in flowers of canola, and Apis mellifera is
considered an efficient pollinator. The importance of floral visitors to the reproductive success of a
plant species depends on its abundance, frequency of visitation and capacity to deposit pollen on the
stigma of the flower. We analyzed the behavior of three species of social bees on flowers of canola:
the visit time, collected resource and contact with the reproductive structures of the flower. The study
was conducted at Experimental Station of FEPAGRO, Viamão, in Southern Brazil. A. mellifera, (N =
49) collected nectar from flowers in nectaries from the short stamens. Pollen is obtained indirectly by
workers during shifts in flowers contacting anthers and stigmas. The visit time on flowers by workers
was 6s (SD = 5s). The species Mourella caerulea had a similar behavior, collecting nectar. However,
this species (N = 24) collected pollen as well (42% of visits), or both features (12% of visits) touching
anthers and stigmas of the flowers (42% of visits). The visit time on flowers was 12s (SD = 9s). The
stingless bee, Plebeia emerina(N = 67), also collected pollen actively on anthers and touch stigma
(64%), the visit time was 35s (SD = 19s). It was found that the collection of nectar it species is car-
ried out of the flower, the nectaries located at the base of stamens long. It appears that this species is
a potential pollinator of canola flowers when collecting pollen only.
Apoio: CNPq, Fao/Funbio

Palavra chave: stingless bees - pollination - Brassica napus - Apis mellifera - pollen

421
LITERATURE REVIEW OF BEES

(APIFORMES) ASSOCIATED WITH
VERTEBRATE CARRION IN THE
NEOTROPICAL REGION
Autores: Thiago de Carvalho Moretti
Instituição: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia,
Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Contato: Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14040-901 - Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: tcmoretti@yahoo.com.br
The great abundance of some species of bees at vertebrate carcasses, the rapid reduction of
this type of organic matter by these insects, and their aggression toward carrion flies indicate that
this hymenopteran group may be much more important in carrion decomposition than previously
thought. However, apart from the well-known case of obligate necrophagy displayed by the Tri-
gona hypogea group, very little is known about the actual importance of other species of bees in
carrion reduction, and a possible forensic utility for the group requires more concrete investiga-
tions. For this reason, I reviewed the literature for inventories of insects, particular bee species,
found at vertebrate carcasses in the Neotropical region. This review was based on a bibliographical
survey that included only journal articles, excluding abstracts and papers presented at congresses
or conferences. Seventeen relevant papers, published between 1911 and 2010, were identified.
These papers reported the following taxa: Apis Linnaeus, 1758; Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758
(Apinae: Apini); Epicharis Klug, 1807 (Apinae: Centridini); Eulaema Lepeletier, 1841 (Apinae:
Euglossini); Scaptotrigona depilis (Moure, 1942); Partamona Schwarz, 1939; Trigona hyalinata
(Lepeletier, 1836); Trigona amalthea (Olivier, 1789); Trigona hypogea Silvestri, 1902; Trigona
crassipes (Fabricius, 1793); Trigona necrophaga Camargo & Roubik, 1991; Trigona fulviventris
Guérin, 1835; Trigona branneri Cockerell, 1912; Trigona williana Friese, 1900; Partamona vicina
Camargo, 1980; Partamona gregaria Pedro & Camargo, 2003; Partamona testacea (Klug, 1807);
Partamona ailyae Camargo, 1980; Melipona rufiventris Lepeletier, 1836; Melipona (Mi-
chmelia) seminigra merrillae Cockerell, 1919; Melipona (Michmelia) melanoventer Schwarz,
1932; Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811) (Apinae: Meliponini); Bombus impatiens Cresson,
1863; Bombus (Fervidobombus) pennsylvanicus (De Geer, 1773) (Apinae: Bombini); Colletes La-
treille, 1802 (Colletinae: Colletini) and Halictinae Thomson, 1869 (Halictidae).
Apoio: FAPESP (2012/02027-0)

Palavra chave: forensic entomology - necrophagy - carcass - Hymenoptera - bees

422
MALE SLEEPING AGGREGATION OF

MULTIPLE GENERA OF EUCERINI
BEES (APIDAE, APINAE) IN CHAPADA
DIAMANTINA, BAHIA, BRASIL
Autores: Thiago Mahlmann¹*, Juliana Hipólito², Favízia Freitas de Oliveira¹
Instituição: 1*. Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos,
Universidade Federal da Bahia (BIOSIS - UFBA); 2. Laboratório de Biologia
e Ecologia de Abelhas (LABEA – UFBA)
Contato: Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, S/N, Campus Universitário de Ondina,
CEP: 40.170-115, Salvador - Bahia - Brasil
Email: thi_mahl@yahoo.com.br
While females of most solitary bees species spend the night inside their nests in construc-
tion, males have to find a place outside the nests to sleep forming sometimes male sleeping ag-
gregations. These aggregations are redone each evening, and may contain hundreds of individuals,
been classified by different authors as “dense” (ball-like) or “loose” (when individuals do not have
physical contact). Usually, these clusters are formed by a single species, however few records with
multiple species can be found. In the present work we reported the occurrence of a “dense” male
sleeping aggregation in multiple species of Eucerini bees. The Eucerini consist of robust, rather
hairy of moderate size bees whose most species nest on the ground; the vast majority of species are
solitary, although some are communal. Males of many species are easily recognized by the long an-
tenna, sometimes reaching or surpassing the metasoma. The aggregation reported in here was ob-
served in the Ventura area, in Morro do Chapéu, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (-40.970000;
-73.983400) in an dried inflorescence of a shrub, approximately 1m high. The agglomerate was
observed at 15h30, being all bees specimens collected for identification as well as a sample from
the plant. A total of three male specimens were collected belonging to two different species of bees,
from two distinct genera of Eucerini: two Melissodes sp. and one Melissoptila sp. The specimens
aggregated by holding the down side of the shrub capitulum (Hyptis sp., Lamiaceae) by their man-
dibles maintaining their legs close to the body. Although this is the first record of “dense” male
sleeping aggregation for these two genera of Eucerini, there are still gaps in knowledge about the
starting timing of the formation, duration, site fidelity and the number of individuals involved,
demonstrating the need for more works which this kind of association.
Apoio: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Coordenação de

Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Fundo Brasileiro para Biodiversidade
Palavra chave: Melissodes - Melissoptila - Dense aggregation - Behavior - Hyptis

423
OUTROS

424
DATA QUALITY APPLIED IN BIODIVERSITY

INFORMATION SYSTEM
Autores: Allan Koch Veiga¹; Antonio Mauro Saraiva²
Instituição: Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo - USP
Contato: Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, travessa 3, nº 158, sala C2-56 Edifício de
Engenharia Elétrica, Cidade Universitária - São Paulo - SP - CEP 05508-900
Email: ¹allan.kv@usp.br;²saraiva@usp.br
Biodiversity data, such as occurrences of species observed or preserved in museums and her-
baria, are very important for a range of studies, such as niche modeling and biogeographical distribu-
tions of species. These studies are widely used for making decisions for preservation and sustainable
use of biodiversity. However, data used in those studies are inherently prone to Data Quality (DQ)
problems, arising from collection method, digitization and transcription errors, among other factors.
The poor DQ caused by these problems can harm the accuracy of modelings and data analyses results,
affecting decision-making. Therefore, to ensure the credibility of research on bees biodiversity, it is
essential to apply DQ methods in biodiversity Information Systems (IS). In the IS Biodiversity Data
Digitizer (BDD), which was designed for the easy digitization of collections and herbaria data, a DQ
Assessment methodology was applied in measuring, and DQ Management for improving species
occurrences data. DQ Assessment was performed in three steps: (1) data domains identification, (2)
DQ dimensions identification, and (3) DQ problems identification. In the first step, three of the most
relevant data domains were identified: taxonomic, geospatial and location data. In the second step,
five DQ dimensions (aspects) were identified: completeness, consistency, source credibility, accu-
racy, precision and believability. Finally, eight problems were identified that degrade the QD of each
dimension in each data domain. For example, the problem of “incorrect data” affects the accuracy of
taxonomic data domain. From this DQ Assessment, thirteen computational resources were designed
in BDD for reducing the identified problems. These resources were designed using a DQ Manage-
ment approach called error prevention. For example, the resource for autocompleting scientific names
and taxonomic hierarchies based on international taxonomic authorities allows the prevention of
“incorrect data”, “inconsistent data” and “missing data” problems, and thus completeness, accuracy,
consistency and credibility DQ dimensions are improved.
Apoio: Fundo Brasileiro para a Biodiversidade - FUNBIO; Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em

Biodiversidade e Computação - BioComp
Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Data Quality - Information System - Biodiversity Data - Species Occur-
rence - Credibility

425
CHANGES IN THE BEE BRAIN VOLUME

LINKED TO BEHAVIOUR PLASTICITY
(Melipona scutellaris: APIDAE, MELIPONINI)
Autores: Ana Carolina Roselino, Carminda da Cruz-Landim
Instituição: Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro - Unesp
Contato: Av. 24 A 1515, Bela Vista CEP 13506-900
Email: anacarolinaroselino@yahoo.com.br
Anatomical changes in the insect brain can be a morphological prediction of behavioral plas-
ticity. The known constitutive forms of plasticity in insect nervous system are volumetric growth
and synaptic complexity increase. The brain volumetric growth reflects the increase in complexity,
such as more neuronal arborisations, glial cells, dendritic spines and changes in metabolic activity
resulting in improvement or changes in brain functions. The antennal lobe of the insect olfactory
system shows a specific volumetric pattern of growth, also related to the behavioural experiences
that the insects are exposed to. In a social context, a worker bee confronts two foremost tasks in
division labour: as nurses inside the hive and as foragers outside the hive. The dramatic behavioural
change in the transition from inner to out colony tasks involves sophisticated abilities and special-
ization of the olfactory sense. Our studies on antennal lobe structure in M. scutellaris demonstrate
a robust anatomical plasticity associated with these events. Volumetric analysis of antennal lobes
shows that it is smaller in newly emerged workers that in foragers. Volume growth of the glomeru-
lar units during the development of adult, is in part due to increase in glial cell numbers actuating
in enveloping and definition of the olfactory glomeruli. In this sense the glia has an important func-
tion as a potential contribution to post-embryonic development and maintenance of the olfactory
pathways. Besides was observed that the larger glomerulus in the olfactory lobe of newly emerged
worker is different from that of forager. This glomerulus in both antennal, based on its shape and
position, might be considered a hypertrophied glomerulus. This finding can be interpreted as even
the newly emerged workers having the potential ability to process a given pheromone or other spe-
cific odour, since the first days of their adult life.
Apoio: Fapesp 2010/03692-2

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Brain plasticity - Behaviour plasticity - Antenal Lobe - Glomeruli - Glial cell

426
INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION IN
Apis mellifera L. IN ARTIFICIAL SOURCES
Autores: Bruno Gusmão Vieira¹, Julia Albano de Barros¹, Carolina de Lima Paiva¹,
Vanessa de Almeida Barros¹, Márcio Valente Martins Júnior¹, Weyder Cristiano Santana²
Instituição: ¹ Graduation student of Biology, ² Entomology Department, Federal
University of Viçosa, Brazil.
Contato: Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n. Centro, Viçosa – MG – 36570-000
Email:vieira.bg@gmail.com
Since its africanization, the exotic honey bee, Apis mellifera, has become more competitive
in food sources, what makes competition studies even more important to know the impact of these
bees on natural communities of stingless bees. The aim of this study is evaluate the competition
between individuals of Apis mellifera using the numbers of agonistic behaviors (fight, flight and
persecution) in relation to the concentration or the volume of an artificial resource. There were used
four different concentrations and three different volumes of a mixture of sugar (sucrose) and water.
The concentrations were 0.5:1, 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1 (w/v) of water. It was also added 1 µl of Eugenol,
as an attractive substance to bees. The solution was distributed in four plastic cups of 50 mL, with
each different concentration in a cup. The cups had also different volumes of solution (10, 20 and
30 mL). Each round of the experiment consisted of 15 minutes of observation of the cups and the
counting of the agonistic behaviors that happened in each one of them. By the end of each round,
the cups were changed and their contents randomized. Therefore, at the end of the experiment, each
volume has been tested 8 times and each concentration, 6 times. A cup with water was used as a
control group. The results shown that the volume of the food source doesn’t interfere in the number
of agonistic behaviors of bees (p=0.2346). On the other hand, the concentration of the resource
highly interferes on the behaviors number (p < 0.0001). This is probably because of the efficient
communication strategy of this specie and because of its high number of individuals on the nest,
what makes the search and defense of high quality resources bigger.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CAPES, CNPq e FUNARBE/UFV

Palavras-chave: Intraspecific competition, Apis mellifera, worker, sucrose solution, honey bee

427
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF
POLLINATOR-FRIENDLY PRACTICES -
THE CASE OF CASHEW PRODUCERS
Autores: Patrícia Verônica Pinheiro Sales Lima; Breno Magalhães Freitas; Ana Cristina
Nogueira Maia; Jamille Albuquerque de Oliveira; Camila Queiroz Lemos*
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC;
Contato: Av. Mister Hull, 2977 60356-001, Fortaleza - Brasil
Email: camilaqlemos@hotmail.com
The pollinator-friendly practices to encourage the attraction of these agents in various cultures.
If the cashew, the main pollinators are bees. Pollinators provide an essential service to the ecosystem
and bring numerous benefits to society, through its role in increasing production and hence income
generation in agriculture. In this context, the agriculture need of conservation and sustainable use
of pollinators. For much emphasis is given to strategies for the dissemination of pollinator-friendly
practices since such practices are characterized as forms of risk reduction and loss of agricultural pro-
ductivity. In this perspective, this paper aims to analyze the impacts of the use of pollinator-friendly
practices on social and economic indicators relating to the cashew producers of northeast. The cashew
producers from states of Ceara, Piaui and Rio Grande do Norte were the object of study. 166 question-
naires were applied to the producers of cashews. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed with
the help of descriptive statistical techniques. Results indicated that the use of these practices have
caused a positive impact, especially on an average monthly income and yield of cashew in the three
states surveyed. The producers said that with increased productivity and income have improved food
consumption and buy food more diverse.
It was found, still, not using pesticides in cashew trees, and consequently, reduction in spending
on inputs. The socio-economic impacts of pollinator-friendly practices, led to improvements in the
economic situation of the producer of cashew Northeast.
Apoio: CNPq. Rede de Polinizadores do Cajueiro. Funbio.

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Pollinator-friendly practices - Cashew – Socioeconomic impacts - Pollina-
tors - Agriculture

428
miRNA REGULATION IN THE EGG

ACTIVATION OF Apis mellifera
Autores: Camilla Valente Pires¹; Flávia Cristina de Paula Freitas¹; Zilá Luz Paulino Simões²
Instituição: 1Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP; 2Faculdade de Filosofia,
Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP
Email: camisvalente@usp.br
In Apismellifera, fertilized eggs develop in females (2n) and unfertilized eggs in males (n).
The process of egg activation that leads to haploid zygote formation and subsequent male devel-
opment is still a mystery. In Drosophila, egg activation occurs before fertilization by mechanical
stimulus that causes calcium ions entrance in oocyte, which is in meiose I, then calcium pathway
is activated. Consequently, the cyclin-cdk complex is inactivated allowing the completion of meio-
sis, egg activation, and beginning of development. miRNAs are clearly involved in developmental
processes and in systemic responses to environmental changes. We investigated the honeybee tran-
scriptome (mRNA and miRNA) during early phases (0-6h) of haploid and diploid embryonic de-
velopment to understand egg activation process and the ongoing of male and female development.
Illumina plataform sequencing was performed to construct the transcriptome libraries. RNAhybrid
software was used to search for miRNA-binding sites in the 3’UTR of a set of conserved genes
involved in egg activation. The parameters considered were seed pairing (2-7) and minimal free
energy (-20 kcal/mol). The pairs of miRNAs and potential targets that showed antagonistic expres-
sion profile were selected as best candidates to regulate potential interactions. Our data revealed
six potential miRNAs-target interactions in which conserved genes involved in activation of the
eggs take part. GB17817/CaMKII is potentially regulated by ame-miR-306, ame-miR-3742 and
ame-miR-3727 and GB13839/sra by ame-miR-375 and ame-miR-34. Both genes belong to calcium
signaling pathway. The GB10871/fzy, which is involved in meiosis, is a potential target of ame-
miR-279b. Growing evidences suggest that miRNAs play an important role in regulation of the
activation of both haploid and diploid eggs. In addition, the understand of their function will give
us new possibilities to shed light about this process in drones’ eggs.
Apoio: FAPESP - 2010/08150-3 and 2011/03171-5

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: egg activation – Illumina plataform - miRNA - Apis mellifera - embryonic

429
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF FIPRONIL ON

THE BIOENERGETICS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATED FROM AFRICANIZED AND
EUROPEAN HONEY BEES
Autores: Daniel Nicodemo*, Fábio Ermínio Mingatto, Marcos Antonio Maioli,
José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira.
Instituição: UNESP - Câmpus de Dracena.
Contato: Rod. Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, 17900-000 - Dracena, Brasil.
Email: nicodemo@dracena.unesp.br
The mitochondria are known as the “powerhouse” of the cell because they provide the most
of ATP by respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorilation. They are present in cells of the nervous
system, heart and, on bees, they are found mainly on the thorax. Fipronil is a broad-spectrum systemic
insecticide that blocks GABA-gated chloride channels in the central nervous system, however, the
effects from sublethal doses are poorly understood. In this work we investigated the effects of Fipro-
nil on the mitochondrial bioenergetics of Africanized and European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.).
Approximately 300 bees of each race were caught from the hives and anesthetized on a refrigerator at
4oC. After anesthesia, honey bee heads and thoraces were removed and separated into two mortars,
chilled and mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation. An aliquot of 0.5 mg protein
was added to 1 mL of the standard reaction medium in the presence of different substrates: 4 mM
pyruvate plus 4 mM malate (complex I), or 4 mM succinate (complex II) and mitochondrial respira-
tion was monitored at 30°C using a Clark-type oxygen electrode. Rates of oxygen consumption were
determined and expressed as the nmol of oxygen per mg of protein per minute. Fipronil was tested
in four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 µM) and the experiment was repeated with three differ-
ent mitochondrial preparations. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to detect differences
in mitochondrial bioenergetics. For head mitochondria, the inhibition of ADP-stimulated respiration
initiated at 50 µM of Fipronil, both for Africanized and European honey bees, for both substrates. A
significant effect on thorax mitochondria of Africanized honey bees was also observed with 50 µM
and 75 µM of Fipronil, for pyruvate plus malate and succinate, respectively. In the mitochondria iso-
lated from thorax of European honey bees, the inhibition of respiration was firstly observed at 50 µM
(succinate) and 75 µM (pyruvate plus malate). Fipronil causes inhibition of ADP-stimulated respira-
tion in a dose-dependent manner in mitochondria energized by pyruvate plus malate or succinate for
both races. The head mitochondria were more sensitive to inhibition of respiratory chain than thorax
mitochondria, both on Africanized and European honey bees. These results indicate that Fipronil per-
turbs the mitochondrial bioenergetics depleting ATP.
Apoio: Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa – UNESP.

Área: Outros.
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - ATP - Fipronil - mitochondria - sublethal doses.

430
INSECTS VISITING THE FLOWERS OF THE

SWEET ORANGE (Citrus sinensis L. OSBECK)
IN JABOTICABAL, SP
Autores: Soares, D.F., Malerbo-Souza, D.T., Beserra, V.A., Silva, G.V., Nasralla, L.G.,
Valverde, M.F., Felipe, B.O.
Instituição: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP.
Contato: Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n 14884-900 - Jaboticabal, SP.
Email: danifagotti@hotmail.com
The production of fruits and seeds in many crops of economic interest depends on pollination
by insects in general. In some cultures, the flowers were not pollinated properly can result in abor-
tion or fruits of small size and low quality. Among insects, honeybee has been used successfully in
the pollination of various crops. This experiment was conducted at the experimental campus of the
Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal (FCAVJ / UNESP) in October 2011 to
identify flower visitors in the sweet orange crop (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), as well as the behavior
of visitors to the flowers (frequency and constancy). The frequency of the insects was obtained by
counting the first 10 minutes of each hour, from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm on three different days (three rep-
licates) noting the number and the collection type (nectar or pollen) of insects. The foraging behavior
of each insect species was evaluated by field observations throughout the day during the experimen-
tal period. The insects observed were insects of the order Diptera (39.6%), Africanized honeybees
(22.1%), stingless bees Trigona sp. (18.5%), insects of the order Formicidae (18.3%), insects of the
order Lepidoptera (1.17%) and carpenter bees (0.33%). The flies visited the flowers to suck nectar
from flowers throughout the day without effecting pollination. Honeybees preferred to collect nectar
(51.9%) compared to pollen (48.1%) on orange flowers being more frequent between 11:00 am and
3:00 pm. The stingless bees visited the flowers to collect nectar exclusively throughout the day. It can
be concluded that the flies, honeybees and stingless bees were the most frequent and constant floral
visitors in the orange flowers in Jaboticabal, SP.
Apoio: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP.

Área: Outros.
Palavra chave: bees - insects - sweet orange – Citrus sinensis – pollen.

431
FLORAL RESOURCE PARTITIONING

BY Xylocopa (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
SPECIES IN AN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM
Autores: ¹Danielle Mendes Carvalho, ¹,²Gilberto Marcos de Mendonça Santos,
³Janete Jane Resende, 4Marco Aurélio Ribeiro de Mello
Instituição: ¹Master Program on Zoology/State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS);
²Department of Biology science/Entomological Lab/UEFS; ³Department of Biology science/
Entomological Lab/UEFS; 4Universität Ulm, Institut für Experimentelle Ökologie.
Albert-Einstein - Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
Contato: Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológica,
Laboratório de Entomologia. Avenida Transnordestina, S/N. Bairro: Novo Horizonte.
Cep: 44.036900. Feira de Santana-Ba, Brasil.
Email: danimendes_bio@yahoo.com.br
Bees are one of the most threatened functional groups. Actual studies demonstrate that some
bees remain abundant in ecosystems, probably due to their generalist/specialist feeding habits.
Morphological and behavioral differences of bees allow them to select several sources of floral
resources.This study aims to evaluate the relative importance of cultivated plants and the levels of
niche overlap of Xylocopa in an agricultural area. Bees were collected monthly for seven months
using a transect observed for 12 consecutive hours. The level of trophic niche overlap between
pairs of species was estimated by the Schoener index and the level of overall niche overlap was es-
timated by the Pianka index.The null model approach was used to evaluate whether the data differ
from random chance.The niche overlap in each pair ranged from 0.25 to 0.95, which was highest
between Xylocopa suspecta and Xylocopa nigrocincta. The overall niche overlap among the five
species was 55%.The null model analysis showed that the overlap detected by the index is higher
than the expected by random chance. The importance index of plants to bees ranged from 0.004 to
0.430.The highest importance index of food to Xylocopa was Moringa oleifera. These plants had
their flowers visited by 83% of the Xylocopa and 37.5% of the total of individual bees recorded.
The importance index of bees to plants ranged from 0.006 to 0.582. Xylocopa frontalis was the
species with the highest importance index which visited 71% of species and represented 62% of
all visits. Despite the relatively large spectrum of flowering plants in this agricultural system, the
foraging behavior of Xylocopa was concentrated in a few plants, which contributed to the increase
in overlap degree and to the high relative importance of few plants in its diet.
Apoio: CNPq (620021/2008-0) and FAPESB (Project 5577/2009) supported this project. G. M.
de M Santos would like to thank CNPq for a Research Productivity Fellowship (No. 309711/2009-6)
and D. M. Carvalho would like to thank FAPESB for a Master student Fellowship.
Área: Outros.
Palavra chave: Bees - niche overlap - importance index - null model - agricultural system.

432
DIVERSITY OF SEMINAL ORGANS AND

ITS CHEMICAL NATURE AMONG BEES:
Epicaris sp, Bombus morio, B. atratus and
Melipona bicolor (Apidae)
Autores: Fábio Camargo Abdalla1*, Douglas Nazareth Rivera1, Mateus Marcondes2,
Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacharin1.
Instituição: 1*Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, UFSCar - Campus
de Sorocaba, 2Programa de pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular,
IB, Unesp, Campus de Rio Claro.
Contato: Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110 - SP-264
Bairro do Itinga Sorocaba - São Paulo – Brasil.
Email: fabdalla@ufscar.br
All males of bees produce semen providing spermatozoa a chemical stable environment for
their development and survival into the reproductive apparatus. Except for meliponines, the semen
is produced by special glands, which open into the deferent duct or into the ejaculatory duct. Such
glands are named mucus gland. In meliponines, the sperm is produced by the epithelium of the semi-
nal vesicles and also by the deferent ducts. The present study investigated the chemical nature of the
semen in four species of bees (one solitary Epicaris sp; two primitively eusocial Bombus morio and
B. atratus; and one highly eusocial Melipona quadrifasciata) under routine light microscopy and
histochemical for total protein, neutral and acid glycoconjugate, and lipids. The results showed that
despite the structure of the organ that produces the semen is not conserved among bees, since meli-
ponines do not have the mucus gland, the production of the semen it is. The chemical nature and the
manner of secretion releasing of the secretion is highly conserved among the investigated eusocial
species, being constituted of glycoproteins and lipids. The glycocoproteins are released by apocrine
secretion vesicles and the lipids passes through the cuticle. While the semen production is present in
all bees and does not correspond to the presence or absence of a specific structure of the male repro-
ductive apparatus, the nature of the secretion between eusocial and solitary bees used for this study
does not seem conserved. Despite both of them present the mucus gland, in Epicaris the secretion is
composed mainly of neutral and acid glycoconjugate, poorly stained for total proteins and negative
for lipids histochemical. The non correspondence of the chemical nature and the inespecificity of the
organ where the semen is produced among the bees studied may be related to specific spermatozoa
needs and different male reproductive strategies.
Apoio: CAPES; CNPq; FAPESP.

Área: Outros.
Palavra chave: Mucus gland - Morphology - Histochemistry - bee – semen.

433
USING A MELIPONARY AS A TOOL

FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF
ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS
Autores: Sarah de Freitas Oliveira; Fernanda Helena Nogueira Ferreira.
Instituição: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU)
Contato: Rua Ceará s/n°, 38400-902, Campus Umuarama, UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brasil.
Email: sarinha022@hotmail.com
The museums and science centers and technology are emerging in a striking and played a cen-
tral role in the movement of scientific literacy of the population. The consensus is that science educa-
tion has much to gain from these instances of a non-formal education. Based on this and other reasons
teachers and students of Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, promote various educational activities
at the Museu de Biodiversidade do Cerrado, which is located in the Siquierolli Park in the city of
Uberlândia, MG. Among these actions, was recently deployed Cantinho das Abelhas, an interactive
meliponary, whose goal is to deconstruct the fear that many people have the bees and to emphasize
the ecological importance of these species. In this space there are five nests of stingless bees (“jatai”
and “mandaçaia”) that can be observed by visitors (community people and students of Basic Educa-
tion and Higher education). Mediators report on morphological, behavioral and economic species
and allowing the public close to the bees. We also use informative booklets, puzzles and a game of
questions and answers which we named road of bees. Comparisons with human society are made and
visitors can reflect on the daily life and family relations. The Cantinho das Abelhas has shown an ap-
paratus for effective cultural awareness and consequent delight of visitors who learn about ecology,
pollination, society and environmental education.
Apoio: FAPEMIG, CNPq.

Área: Outros.
Palavra chave: stingless bees - space non-formal education - environmental education -
Cantinho das abelhas – education.

434
ROBUST IMAGE SEGMENTATION

APPLIED TO BEE’S FORE WINGS
Autores: Flávio Sales Truzzi*¹; Nicolau Leal Werneck¹; Carlos Eduardo Oliveira Vido¹;
Tiago Mauricio Francoy²; Anna Helena Reali Costa¹.
Instituição: *¹Laboratório de Técnicas Inteligentes - Departamento de Engenharia de Computação
e Sistemas Digitais - Escola Politécnica - USP, ²Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades – USP.
Contato: ¹*Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto tv. 3, 158, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil;
²Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, 03828-000 São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Email: flavio.truzzi@usp.br
Identifying bee species using image processing of the fore wings has been shown to be an ef-
fective method. Extraction of useful information from image frequently involves a segmentation step
that partitions the image into regions in order to extract features that can be used in a classification
procedure. In this work we propose a segmentation method based on a Gaussian Mixture Model
(GMM) to model the color of the wing venation, of the background, and of the wing cells. The pa-
rameters of the GMM are adjusted automatically for each image, providing robustness to changes on
lighting conditions and on the wing colors. We use the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm
to optimize the GMM parameters for each image. The combination of GMM and EM results on an
effective segmentation method. The output can be used to enable the extraction of morphological
markers that can be used to identify different bee species. We tested this method against 149 images
of wings of the following bee species: Euglossa chalybeata, Euglossa flammea, Euglossa ignita, Eu-
glossa orellana, Euglossa imperialis, and despite the absence of ground truth values the method was
capable of segmenting the areas of interest with a good precision.
Apoio: CAPES; FAPESP - CogBot 2011/19280-8; FAPESP - JP 2011/07857-9; CNPq -

311058/2011-6.
Área: Outros.
Palavra chave: Image Segmentation - Wing Venation - Wing Cells - Euglossa spp. - Euglos-
sa spp.

435
MAY ROUNDUP® IMPACT THE FORAGING

CAPACITY OF THE BUMBLEBEE
Bombus morio?
Autores: Guilherme Sampaio, Daiane Almeida de Camargo,
Mateus Marcondes, Fábio Camargo Abdalla
Instituição: Universidade Federal de São Carlos Campus Sorocaba
Contato: R. José Girão Sanchez N 80
Email: guisampaio@hotmail.com
The Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in Apis mellifera is a highlight problem, decades before
this problem emerge, disappearance of whole populations of Bombus have being related in North
America, Canada and Europe. In Brazil it is supposed that B. bellicosus has extinct in the northeast-
ern portion of Parana State. All authors suggest that the CCD and the Bombus disappearance are
related with environmental disturbance, mainly the extensive, indiscriminate use of herbicide and
insecticide in large agricultural areas. The glyphosate is the main herbicide used for weed control
in such agricultural activity. The present study observed the effect of Roundup®, which the main
active molecule is the glyphosate, on the flight muscle of Bombus morio. The bees are collected
and reared in B.O.D. The contamination occurred every 12 days by ingestion ad libitum, using a
1:1 glyphosate solution (1 ppm) / organic sugar. After exposed for 31 days, the flight muscle of the
bees were dissected and prepared for routine light microscopy analysis. Measurements of the sar-
comeres and myofibrils were made, as well as, the morphological analysis of the muscle between
experimental and control group. The morphometric result was statistically significant, showing an
increase of the myofibril height and sarcormeres width in experimental. It was also observed an
increase in the number of mitochondria between the myofibrils. These changes are associated to
the muscle fiber morphological changes on exposed bees, which increase their cytoplasm and pre-
sented more disorganized than the control group. The preliminary results show that the increase of
myofibril may be an adaptive response to the herbicide and could affect the foraging fitness of the
bee. This also reinforces bees as environmental bioindicator.
Apoio: CNPq
Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Bombus morio - Glifosato - Roundup - Músculo - Abelha

436
LNC OVARY-1, A LONG NON-CODING

RNA DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED
IN CASTE-SPECIFIC OVARY PHENO
TYPE DEVELOPMENT IN THE
HONEY BEE, Apis mellifera
Autores: Gustavo J. Tibério, Fernanda C. Humann, Klaus Hartfelder
Instituição: Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e de Bioagentes
Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo
Contato: Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
Email: gustiberiopro@gmail.com
The main difference between queens and workers of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the size
of the ovaries, with queens having 150-200 ovarioles per ovary whereas workers typically only have
2-20 of these serial units composing the functional adult ovary. This contrast represents the ana-
tomical basis underlying reproductive division of labor among the females castes. It is during larval
development, especially during the fifth larval instar when these differences in ovarian phenotypes
become established, as a result of extensive autophagic cell death in the ovaries of workers larvae.
Analysis of differential gene expression in ovaries of larvae of queens and workers evidenced tran-
scripts representing an unknown and not-predicted genes as overexpressed in the ovaries of worker
larvae. Full-length sequencing of its cDNA (1.386 bp with very limited coding potential) indicated
that it corresponds to a long non-coding (lnc) RNA, intronic to another gene of yet unknown func-
tion, and thus was named lnc-ovary-1. Interestingly, it genomically maps to a previously identified
QTL on chromosome 11 for ovariole number variation in honey bees. Fluorescence in situ hybridiza-
tion showed that lnc-ovary-1 transcripts typically appear as foci concentrated near the nuclei of cells
within larval workers ovaries. Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR analyses of lnc-ovary-1 expression
in ovaries of fourth (L4) and fifth instar (L5) worker larvae revealed a marked increase of transcript
levels in ovaries of late feeding stage larvae (L5F3), i.e. coinciding with the developmental stage
where we had previously detected extensive autophagic cell death by TUNEL labeling and action
cytoskeleton analysis. We thus consider lnc-ovary-1 as a major candidate gene, and a first non-coding
RNA related to and possibly mediating an important development decision in the differentiation of
the queen and worker castes of this social insect.
Apoio: FAPESP grants 08/07231-0 and 2012/01808-9 and scholarships 06/06521 and 11/15810-2.

437
THE COMMUNITY OF EUGLOSSINA

BEES (APIDAE, APINAE) IN FRAGMENTS
OF AMAZON FOREST AND RESTINGA
IN MARANHÃO’S ISLAND,
EASTERN AMAZON, BRAZIL
Autores: Haylla Cristina Saraiva Ribeiro¹, Gisele Garcia Azevedo1
Instituição: ¹Laboratório de Estudos sobre Abelhas - Meliponário,
Universidade Federal do Maranhão
Contato: Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n Bacanga, São Luís, MA
Email: haylla.ribeiro@yahoo.com.br
Euglossina bees are exclusively neotropical and can be studied due the male’s fragrance col-
lection from flowers and other sources through morphological adaptations such as a dilatation on the
hind tibia. Species can be found at all Brazilian biomes. In Maranhão, some papers estimate these
family), although few sampling studies happened in forest reminiscence and restinga areas. This
study aimed to characterize the structure of the community of Euglossina at an amazon forest frag-
ment and restinga area, on the east coast of Maranhão’s Island. Sampling occurred monthly (from
June/2010 to June/2011) at Sitio Aguahy (600 ha.), comprising amazon forest fragments, restinga
area and mangrove sites, located at the municipality of São José de Ribamar (2° 38’ 47.03’’S; 44°
08’ 26.25’’O). Aromatic bates were used to capture the males, made of PET bottles, containing
three gaps and a cotton as an aromatic attraction, plus active sampling using aromatic baits contain-
ing methyl salicylate, eucalyptol, eugenol and vanillin hanged 1.5m above the ground with at least
2m of distance from each other. 427 males were collected from 17 species belonging to the genus
Euglossa, Eulaema, Eufriseae and Exaerete. A rich fauna was observed (S=17) at the sampled frag-
ments, with typically amazonian species such as Eg. liopoda, Eg. modestior, Eg. amazônica, Eg.
fimbriata, Eg. securigera, Eg. augaspis, Eg. gaianii, Eg. ignita, Ef. pulchra, and other species that
occur in different Brazilian biomes (northeast and south-center), such as El. meriana, Eg. ignita,Eg.
securigera and Eg. fimbriata, as one would expect from a transition state such as Maranhão. The
most abundant specie was Eg. cordata (37.4%), followed by El. nigrita (19.2%) and Eg. modestior
(10%). This data confirms a pattern already known by different authors: that the subtribe Euglossina
presents higher diversity on humid forest areas.
Apoio: Universidade Federal do Maranhão

Palavra chave: Orchid Bees - Apini - Diversity - Richness – distribution

438
BIOPROSPECTING THE ASSOCIATED

MICROBIOTA IN STINGLESS BEES
FROM CENTRAL AMAZONS
Autores: Henriette Soares Pereira Paskinn¹; Mirna Sayuri Farias Miyamoto¹;
Luciana Leomil¹; Gislene Almeida Carvalho Zilse²; Edmar Vaz de Andrade¹;
Spartaco Astolfi Filho¹; Carlos Gustavo Nunes da Silva¹
Instituição: ¹Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM;
²Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia - INPA
Contato: Av Gen Rodrigo Otávio 3000, 69077-000 Manaus, Brazil
Email: henriettesoares@yahoo.com.br
The stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) constitute one of the main pollinators
in different Amazonian ecosystems, occupying a environmental key position. Their nests have a high
population density and its micro-environment provide unique characteristics to microorganisms.
However, there are few studies related to the cuticle microbiota of bees and its relationship to hosts.
Bees may act as bacteria carriers from outside hive to the nest. Bacterial samples were isolated from
bee integument in a survey. Samples were captured in a 0.8% saline buffer followed by inoculation
in brain heart infusion (BHI) at three different concentrations and incubated at 37°C. This growth
has built up a bacterial collection containing approximately 1200 isolates. Some of these were tested
against pathogenic bacteria ATCCs to check antagonistic activity by the criss-cross method. Morpho-
logical differences could be observed among the isolated samples as well as an antagonistic activity
against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922 was confirmed. More detailed studies on this microbiota
are being carried and here are shown some of these results.
Apoio: CNPq; CAPES; UFAM

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: cuticle - antagonism bacterial - microbiota external – Melipona seminigra -
stingless bees

439
GYNANDROMORPHISM IN Megachile
(Pseudocentron) sp. (APOIDEA,
MEGACHILIDAE)
Autores: Igor Rismo Coelho1*; Rafael Rodrigues Ferrari1; Geraldo Wilson Fernandes2
Instituição: 1 Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Abelhas, ICB, UFMG;
2 Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade, ICB, UFMG
Contato: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas – ICB, Bloco E2 sala 245. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6.627 –
Campus Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
Email: igoriscoe@yahoo.com.br
A gynandromorph is defined as a sexually abnormal individual exhibiting male and female

characteristics simultaneously. Most sexual anomalies in bees were reported in Megachilidade, main-
ly in the genus Megachile. Here, we described a new case of gynandromorphism in the subgenus
Megachile (Pseudocentron) sp., based on a single specimen collected at Parque Nacional da Serra
do Cipó, Brazil, 22th October 2011. This bee was found resting inside a dry fruit of Mimosa foliosa
(Fabaceae), with other co-specific specimens. The head, which is about 1.4 times as wide as long,
has a long and dense pilosity ranging from cream to ferruginous color. Clypeus is about twice wider
than long without a median emargination; supraclypeal area is not conspicuously elevated nor flat-
tened medially, but with a small bump on disc as in males. Interocellar distance (about twice as long
as ocellar diameter[OD]) and ocelloccipital distance (2.5 times greater than OD), are similar to male
condition. The gynandromorph has a mixed antenna: scape almost 3.5 times OD and almost twice
flagellomere length, as observed in female. However, the antenna has 11 flagellomeres as male´s, but
is 1.8 times longer than wide and slightly larger than male´s. Mandibles are female-like, four-toothed,
with well-developed cutting edge between 2nd- 3rd teeth and 3rd- 4th teeth. The first tooth is bigger than
female´s (but 0.86 times the tooth length of the male). All legs are similar of male condition. Meta-
soma is totally female-like, however, the sternal scopal setae are not as stiff and straight as in typical
females. Following the categories erected by Michez et al. (2009), this gynandromorph can be clas-
sified as a “mosaic”, due to random distribution of male and female features.
Apoio: CAPES; CNPq; FAPEMIG

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Megachilinae - leaf-cutter bees – intersexes - Hymenoptera

440
EFFECT OF POLLINATION BY
STINGLESS BEE Scaptotrigona SP NOV.
ON FRUIT QUALITY OF MINI
WATERMELON VARIETIES UNDER
GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS
Autores: Isac Gabriel Abrahão Bomfim¹,²; Antônio Diego de Melo Bezerra¹,²;
Alexandre Campos Nunes²; Jorge André Matias Martins¹;
Instituição: 1. Universidade Federal do Ceará; 2. Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical
Contato: 1. Av. Mister Hull S/N; CEP-60021-970; 2- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical-CE,
Brasil, C. Postal 3761.
Email: isacbomfim@yahoo.com.br
The aim of this work was to compare the quality of fruits of mini watermelon (Citrullus lana-
tus) produced from pistilate flowers pollinated by Scaptotrigona sp. nov. with the fruits from pisti-
late flowers pollinated by hand. The experiment was carried out between August and October 2011
at Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical located in Fortaleza. Inside an automated greenhouse (160m²)
were transplanted seedlings of two seeded mini watermelon varieties (“POLIMORE” and “MINI-
POL”) and three seedless mini watermelon varieties (HA-5106, HA-5158, HA-5161). During the
flowering phase of these varieties were introduced two colonies of Scaptotrigona sp. nov. for pol-
lination purpose. Pistilate flowers were also selected to perform hand pollination treatment, based
on the pollination requirements of both types of mini watermelon (seeded and seedless). The fruits
were harvested approximately 30 days after the pollination of the pistilate flowers and then they
were analyzed regarding the following variables: weight, length, width, deformation, rind thick-
ness, flesh color, flesh firmness, soluble solids content, and number of seeds and, only for seeded
varieties, the weight of 25 seeds. The results showed that pollination performed by Scaptotrigona
sp. nov. was able to provide fruit quality patterns equivalent to those of the fruits from hand pol-
lination treatment, since there was no significant difference between the two treatments for any of
the studied variables, in all the five varieties. Thus, we concluded that the introduction of colonies
of Scaptotrigona sp. nov. is capable of replacing hand pollination performed in greenhouses culti-
vated with seeded and seedless mini watermelon, without any loss in the quality of the fruits, which
would lead to reduce the costs of production of this activity.
Apoio: FUNCAP; CNPq

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Meliponini - pollination - seeded mini watermelon - seedless mini watermelon
- fruit quality

441
SOCIAL NETWORKS ANALYSIS METRICS

AND ITS APPLICATION IN
POLLINATOR-PLANT INTERACTION
NETWORKS STUDIES.
Instituição: 1*Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP);
2
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso.
Contato: Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, travessa 3, nº 158, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Email: juliana.silva@cba.ifmt.edu.br
Pollination is an essential ecosystem service to support life, agriculture development and natu-
ral areas maintenance. However, there has been a decline in pollinators, resulting from factors such as
deforestation, pollution, among others. Algorithms, metrics and computational resources for analyz-
ing and building networks are important tools to systematically measure interdependencies among
pollinators (or, more generically, plant visitors) and plants. The conceptual foundations of these tools
are the same as in Social Networks. Thus, the application of Social Networks Analysis (SNA) metrics
in pollinator-plant Interaction Networks studies was investigated, through a literature review (1999-
2011). Among the results, we found that SNA concepts and metrics have already been used in the
biodiversity context, such as the application of graphs and adjacency/binary matrices to represent
pollinators Interaction Networks, and the use of centrality metric degree. Most of the Interaction
Networks studies mapped referred to network tolerance analysis regarding the extinction/inclusion
of a species – similarly to analyzing the potential of an actor in Social Networks studies. The data
types commonly used were: pollinated and visited species, interaction frequency, connectance and
asymmetry index. Concerning computational tools, there is a trend towards: having graphical and
user-friendly interfaces; being based on open source codes having extensive documentation; sup-
porting data import/export to other software, metrics calculation and interactions representation on
graph form. From this work we have found that other metrics already exploited in the Social Network
Analysis, such as the centrality metrics (betweenness centrality, closeness centrality and eigenvector
centrality), can be applied to the pollinator Interaction Networks studies, because they allow analyz-
ing the potential and the characteristics of a node in the network. These findings will guide further
developments on the application of SNA tools and concepts to pollinator-plant studies.
Apoio: FAPEMAT, CAPES, IFMT, BioComp-USP.

Palavra chave: pollinators - interaction networks - social networks - metrics – tools.

442
NodeXL - A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

TOOL APPLIED TO A POLLINATOR-PLANT
INTERACTION DATABASE.
Instituição: 1*Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP);
2
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso.
Contato: Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, travessa 3, nº 158, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Email: juliana.silva@cba.ifmt.edu.br
Several researchers have used the Interaction Networks foundations for analyzing the visitor-
plant interactions, focusing on the factors that have contributed and influenced Biodiversity mainte-
nance. The concepts, metrics and tools commonly used in this field have their foundations in Social
Network Analysis (SNA), which uses the graph theory concepts, computing techniques and resources
to characterize the network structure. Therefore, the aim here is to assess the suitability of an SNA
tool for pollinator-plant interaction studies. In this research the NodeXL, an open-source template for
Excel, was used. It was chosen because it has a graphical user interface which does not occur with
software packages based on scripting and/or programming languages; moreover, biologists are used
to working with Excel spreadsheets. It supports researchers both in the calculation of the centrality
metrics (degree, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality and eigenvector centrality) and in the
representation of interactions in graph form. Furthermore, it can identify the network clusters, by
means of classical algorithms for detecting communities in complex systems. It can also dynamically
filter vertices and interactions, and customize the graphs layout. The possibility of incorporating ad-
ditional columns to register further information, for each interaction, was also observed. In order to
evaluate its suitability, NodeXL was applied to a pollinator-plant interaction database – available as
part of a FAO Report, developed by the authors in 2010. It was possible to calculate the centrality
metrics, in order to verify the following network characteristics: the bridge nodes, the influence of
a node in a network, and how close each node was to all other nodes. Finally, the possibility of ap-
plying the NodeXL to unexplored perspectives was also observed – as in the qualitative analysis of
interaction elements (such as geospatial location and temporal aspects), rather than simply recording
the interaction occurrence, common in specimen occurrence databases in biological collections.
Apoio: FAPEMAT, CAPES, IFMT, BioComp-USP.

Palavra chave: interaction networks - social network analysis - metrics - tool - biodiver-
sity informatics.

443
FIPRONIL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN
AFRICANIZED AND EUROPEAN HONEY
BEES DETERMINED BY INGESTION TESTS.
Autores: Kamila Vilas Boas Balieira*, José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira, Leriana Garcia Reis,
Viviane do Nascimento Santana de Almeida, Daniel Nicodemo.
Instituição: UNESP - Câmpus de Dracena.
Contato: Rod. Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, 17900-000, Dracena, SP, Brasil.
Email: kamilabalieira@hotmail.com
The large-scale use of insecticides in agriculture has been considered one of the major factors
responsible for the collapse of hives, causing countless damage to natural ecosystems and agroeco-
systems due to decline of pollinators. The active ingredient Fipronil is used in some products to con-
trol populations of insect pests, however, it is highly toxic to bees, and its use is already banned in
some European countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effect of Fipronil in median
survival of Africanized and European honey bees (Apis melliferaL.) and to determine the LD 50 (dose
required to kill 50% of a population of a test population) of this insecticide for the two races, feeding
the bees with sugar syrup plus the insecticide, at different concentrations. The Fipronil was diluted
into water to give solutions with increasing concentrations of this insecticide, for bees intoxication
with 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 ηg per bee. We use distilled water as control. We used 10 young bees each
race per treatment with three replications. The bees were placed in plastic pots with lids that allowed
ventilation. In each pot we place a cotton ball in which we applied the food (sugar syrup) plus the
dose of the insecticide for each treatment. The pots were kept at temperature (30 ° C) and humidity
(70%) controlled. To determine the median survival and the determination of LD50, we counted the
number of dead bees every 24 hours after intoxication, totaling 96 hours. The survival rate of the
bees was analyzed using the nonparametric method of Kaplan-Meier and the LD50 was calculated
by Probit analysis. Compared to control, there was no reduction on the survival rate of Africanized
honey bees when we used the doses of 1 and 5 ηg. The median survival of European honey bees was
96 hours with doses of 1 and 5 ηg. For the doses 10, 20 and 50 ηg of Fipronil, the median survival
was 96, 72 and 60 hours for the Africanized honey bees and 72, 60 and 48 hours to the European
honey bees, respectively. The Fipronil LD 50 value for the European bees (4.36 ηg) was 44.7%
lower than the LD 50 of this insecticide for the Africanized honey bees (7.88 ηg). We observed a
dose-dependent effect on median survival of both bees races. The European honey bees were more
sensitivity to Fipronil in relation to Africanized honey bees.
Apoio: Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa – UNESP.

Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - Fipronil - Median Survival - DL50 – Toxicity.

444
HIGH NUCLEAR GENETIC VARIABILITY IN

Tetragonisca angustula FROM MELIPONARIES
Autores: Leandro Rodrigues Santiago1*; Flávio de Oliveira Francisco1; Maria Cristina Arias1
Instituição: 1 Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências-USP, São Paulo
Contato: Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brasil
Email: lrsantiago@usp.br
Tetragonisca angustula has been aim of Meliponini beekeepers, especially for its well valued
honey and easy keeping and abundance. The practices of nest division in meliponaries can increase
the genetic structure and population isolation as well as inbreeding, that leads to a decreasing in
population heterozygosity and genetic variability. Natural populations of Tetragonisca angustula
have already been studied nonetheless the genetic variability of Meliponaries samples has not been
assessed yet. This project aimed to measure the genetic variability and inbreeding of Tetragonisca
angustula maintained in nine meliponaries. A total of 330 individual (one per nest) were sampled
in: Pedreira (PED), Amparo (AMP), both in São Paulo state, Marechal Cândido Rondon (MCR
and MCR2), São Miguel do Iguaçu (SMI), Santa Helena (SHE and SHE2), Entre Rios do Oeste
(ERO) and Curitiba (CUR), all in Paraná state. A hundred individuals (SSB and PNI) collected
from nature were used for comparison. Nine microsatellites loci were amplified. PED, MCR, AMP
and SSB did not present deviations of HWE, however PED presented heterozygote deficit. PED,
MCR, AMP and SSB were the only populations with low Fis values. Comparison of Na and Ne did
not show differences among all populations, indicating a high genetic variability (HGV) in meli-
ponaries. Despite of the HGV, most meliponaries presented evidences of inbreeding. This scenario
can be explained by: (1) introduction of new alleles through queens breeding occasionally with
males from other areas; (2) most of the nest maintained in the meliponaries were collected from
nature; and (3) the practices of colony division are not intense. It is interesting that inbreeding was
also detected in PNI. These results indicate strong female phylopatry. This behavior promotes a
general consequences concerning inbreeding, independently whether the populations are in nature
or meliponaries without intensive nest division.
Apoio: FAPESP; CAPES

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Genetic variability - Inbreeding - Meliponaries - Tetragonisca angustula -
Microstellites

445
MITOCHONDRIAL AND MICROSATELLITES

POLYMORPHISM IN ETHIOPIAN HONEYBEE
Autores: Leandro Rodrigues Santiago1, Addissu Gebre Ayele2, Mohamed Tilahun2, Zenebe
Abreha2, Patrícia Maria Drumond3, Maria Cristina Arias1
Instituição: 1. Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva,
Instituto de Biociências-USP; 2. Mekelle University; 3. Embrapa Acre.
Contato: 1. Rua do Matão 277, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo-SP; 2. Mekelle University, Mekelle,
Etiópia; 3. Rodovia BR-364, km 14, Caixa Postal 321, CEP 69900-970, Rio Branco-Acre.
Beekeeping in Africa plays significant role in attaining poverty reduction strategy through the
production of honey and other hive products that use and create assets to beekeepers. Honey is the
most important product of beekeeping in northern Ethiopia from the socio-economic viewpoint.
Development interventions involved to improve honey production in Ethiopia are, however, highly
dependent on bee races selection as the colony multiplication technique currently used is unreli-
able to select good races. This problem can be solved through grafting method of queen rearing
of specific races. To characterize honeybee populations from three different agro-ecological zones
(here called Low, Mid and Low) we designed a molecular approach encompassing the sequencing
of COI-COII mitochondrial intergenic region (well established as reliable marker to identify bee
races) and the genotyping of 4 microsatellite loci. A total of 160 colonies were analyzed. We found
high genetic variability in terms of allelic number, but most of microsatellite alleles were shared
among all populations. Therefore population structuring was not observed, indicating current gene
flow. The mitochondrial data showed also high variability (number of haplotype) in all populations.
Tests for populations structuring showed that there is difference between the pairs Mid - Low and
High – Low. So in conclusion, the samples from Low land are genetic distinct in relation to the
others two. These data should now be correlated with ecological and productiveness parameters to
recommend appropriate strains in each agro-ecological zone.
Apoio: Africa-Brazil Agricultural Innovation Marketplace

Palavras-chave: Honeybee Microsatellites Mitochondrial DNA Honey Beekeeping

446
MITOCHONDRIAL AND MICROSATELLITES

POLYMORPHISM IN ETHIOPIAN HONEYBEE
Autores: Leandro Rodrigues Santiago1; Addissu Gebre Ayele2; Patrícia Maria Drumond3;
Maria Cristina Arias1
Instituição: 1. Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências-USP;
2. Mekelle University; 3. Embrapa Acre
Contato: 1.Rua do Matão 277, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo; 2. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Etiópia;
3. Rodovia BR-364, km 14, Caixa Postal 321, CEP 69900-970 - Rio Branco – Acre
Beekeeping in Africa plays significant role in attaining poverty reduction strategy through the
production of honey and other hive products that use and create assets to beekeepers. Honey is the
most important product of beekeeping in northern Ethiopia from the socio-economic viewpoint.
Development interventions involved to improve honey production in Ethiopia are, however, highly
dependent on bee races selection as the colony multiplication technique currently used is unreli-
able to select good races. This problem can be solved through grafting method of queen rearing
of specific races. To characterize honeybee populations from three different agro-ecological zones
(here called Low, Mid and Low) we designed a molecular approach encompassing the sequencing
of COI-COII mitochondrial intergenic region (well established as reliable marker to identify bee
races) and the genotyping of 4 microsatellite loci. A total of 160 colonies were analyzed. We found
high genetic variability in terms of allelic number, but most of microsatellite alleles were shared
among all populations. Therefore population structuring was not observed, indicating current gene
flow. The mitochondrial data showed also high variability (number of haplotype) in all populations.
Tests for populations structuring showed that there is difference between the pairs Mid - Low and
High – Low. So in conclusion, the samples from Low land are genetic distinct in relation to the
others two. These data should now be correlated with ecological and productiveness parameters to
recommend appropriate strains in each agro-ecological zone.
Apoio: Africa-Brazil Agricultural Innovation Marketplace

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: honeybee - Beekeeping - honey - COI-COII mitochondrial intergenic re-
gion - Ethiopia

447
COMPARATIVE FIPRONIL SUSCEPTIBILITY

BETWEEN AFRICANIZED AND EUROPEAN
HONEY BEES DETERMINED BY TOPICAL
APPLICATION TEST
Autores: Leriana Garcia Reis1*; José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira1; Kamila Vilas Boas
Balieira1; Viviane do Nascimento Santana de Almeida ¹; Daniel Nicodemo¹
Instituição: ¹UNESP – Dracena Câmpus
Contato: Rod. Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, 17900-000 - Dracena, Brasil
Email: lerianag@netsite.com.br
The active principle Fipronil is used in several commercial pest control products. As this prod-
uct is systemic, even when it is applied at sowing the bees that collect floral resources from those
plants may be intoxicated and, eventually, killed. Therefore, the pollination benefits of agricultural
and forest crops are decreased. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effect of Fipronil in
median survival of Africanized and European honey bees Apis mellifera and to determine the LD 50
(dose required to kill 50% of a population of a test population) of this insecticide for the two races, by
topical application test. Fipronil was diluted in water to obtain solutions with increasing concentra-
tions of the insecticide (1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ng per bee). For control we used distilled water. For
each race, 12 young bees were used per treatment, with three replicates. The honey bees were placed
in plastic containers with lids that allowed ventilation. To determine the median survival and LD50,
the number of killed bees was verified every 24 hours, with a total period of 72 hours. The median
survival time of the honey bees was analyzed through the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier method, and
the LD50 was estimated through the Probit analysis. The median survival of Africanized bees (72
hours) was 24 hours longer than the European honey bees median survival (48 hours) when the 01
ng dose was used. When using the 05 and 10 ng doses, the median survival was 12 hours longer for
Africanized bees (60 hours) when compared to European ones (48 hours). There was no difference
in the median survival time of both honey bee races when 20 and 50 ng (48 hours) were used. For
the highest dose (100 ng), the median survival observed was of 36 hours for both races. The insecti-
cide Fipronil LD50 value was 1.16 ng for the European honey bees and 4.45 ng for the Africanized
ones. The higher susceptibility of European bees to Fipronil when compared to Africanized ones is
evidenced by the lower median survival observed in the use of doses up to 10 ng and by the LD50
being 2.84 times lower when compared to the LD50 observed in Africanized bees. The colony col-
lapse disorder is a problem specially observed in countries where European honey bees are reared.
The higher susceptibility of these bees to Fipronil and maybe other insecticides may have contributed
to worsening this problem, which has caused a drastic bee population decline worldwide.
Apoio: PROPE
Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - LD50 - Fipronil - Median Survival Time - Toxicity

448
FIPRONIL EFFECT IN GENE ACTIVITY

OF HYPOPHARINGEAL GLANDS
AND BRAINS OF FORAGING BEES
(AFRICANIZED Apis mellifera )
Autores: Lívia Matsumoto da Silva¹; José Ricardo Penteado Falco¹
Instituição: ¹Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM
Contato: Av. Colombo, 5.790 Jd. Universitário Maringá - Paraná - Brasil CEP 87020-900
Email: livia.matsumoto@gmail.com
Recent researches have showed the indirect effect of some contaminants on insect pollinators,
as well as on the disappearance of bees. The africanized Apis mellifera can be affected by contact
with pesticides, due to the fact that insecticides, such as Fipronil, even at sub lethal doses, can also
act on non-target organisms. This study evaluated the effect of the insecticide Fipronil at 0.5% in
the gene expression of the hypopharyngeal glands and in the brains of foragers bees, by cytochemi-
cal method (nuclear basophilia and critical electrolyte concentration – CEC) detecting chromatin
structure using toluidine blue with MgCl2 at different concentrations. The hypopharyngeal glands
are part of the digestive glands of bees. During the nursing period, this gland has the function of
synthesis of royal jelly. The young ones have smaller glands and produce enzymes which act in
the honey composition. Bee’s brain is the headquarters of integration of activities. Motor orders
emanates from it to the antennae muscles and the posterior part of the body. Genetic alterations in
foraging africanized Apis mellifera hypopharyngeal glands and nervous tissue can trigger a colony
imbalance, by compromising the foraging workers performance in their jobs. Our results showed
that the hypopharyngeal gland chromatin exposed to the insecticide (CEC: 0.10 M) underwent de-
condensation as compared to control without exposure to the insecticide (CEC: 0.20 M) and that
the nervous cells chromatin (CEC: > 0.30 M) was condensed if compared to control (CEC: 0.20
M), indicating that insects exposure to Fipronil at 0.5% interferes in chromatin structure and gene
activity of hypopharyngeal glands and brains of foraging workers bees.
Apoio: CNPq
Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Agrochemicals - CEC - Chromatin - Brain - Hypopharyngeal gland

449
PATHOGENS SPORES FOUND

IN “IMPORTED” BEE POLLEN
MARKETED IN BRAZIL.
Autores: Santos, L.G1; Martins, M.F 2, Message, D3; Alves, M.L.T.M.F1; Teixeira, E.W1
Instituição: 1Pólo Regional do Vale do Paraíba/DDD/APTA, SAA-SP. PRDTA-VP, CP 07,
Pindamonhangaba, SP. CEP 12400-970.
2
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Juiz de Fora, MG.
3
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Departamento de Entomologia, UFV. MG.
Contato: Avenida Prof. Manoel Cesar Ribeiro, 1920. Santa Cecília. Pindamonhangaba – SP.
E-mail: lubi.guimaraes@hotmail.com
Several pathogens, and inappropriate agricultural practices, may be related to the current losses
of Apis mellifera colonies that have been reported worldwide. Among them, the microsporidian No-
sema, which is an obligatory intracellular parasite and whose infection process starts from the inges-
tion of spores during the cleaning process, during the forage or by contaminated food. This organism
multiplied in epithelial cells is released into the lumen of the digestive tract of bees, contaminating
the colony through feces, probably also through glandular secretions that can contaminate the pollen
at the time of collecting plants and can contaminate the whole colony, including products present
there. As the microsporidian Nosema, the fungus Ascosphaera apis has resistant forms of spores,
dispersing easily within the colony. This body is responsible for damage to young bees that become
contaminated after eating food with spores that germinate in the intestine and can occupy the whole
body of the insect, leaving it with a mummified look. The products present in the hive such as honey,
pollen, royal jelly and wax are vulnerable to contamination by these pathogenic microorganisms.
During the production process the bee pollen is retained in pollen traps fitted to hives, where the off-
spring will also be retained with some abnormality identified during the cleaning done by the bees in
the brood area. With increasing demand for this product by the consumer, because of their nutritional
properties and non-competitive prices with which it has entered our country, especially coming from
Eastern countries, it appears to be extremely concerning to monitor this traffic for maintaining the
health of our bees. This paper reports the first evidence of molecular genetic detection of spores of
two species of microsporidian Nosema (N. ceranae and N. apis) and fungus Ascosphaera apis in
pollen which is declared imported and marketed in Brazil.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavras-chave: Nosema ceranae, N. apis, Ascosphaera apis, Bee Polen, africanized A. mellifera.

450
ON THE EVOLUTION OF
CLEPTOPARASITISM IN Lestrimelitta limao
(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE, MELIPONINI)
Autores: von Zuben, Lucas Garcia; Nunes, Túlio Marcos
Instituição: Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - USP
Email: lucaszuben@gmail.com
The interactions between flowers and bees played an important role in the behavioural evo-
lution of these insects since they feed on floral resources. Nevertheless, some species of stingless
bees have a different feeding strategy, known as cleptoparasitism. These species obtain their food
exclusively through pillaging of other beehives. The exclusivity of this stealing behaviour can be
found in two groups of stingless bees, Lestrimelitta and Cleptotrigona. In the present study, we ap-
proach this strategy from the perspective of associated costs and benefits. The benefits of pillage
behaviour can be calculated by assigning a value (V) for the resource to be foraged (in this case,
the colony that will be attacked). The cost (C), by its turn, can be calculated by assigning a cost to
the foraging. Thus, it is possible to infer which is the net benefit of pillage behaviour by analyzing
the reason V / C. In cleptoparasitic species, the value of the resource is extremely high, given the
amount of food stored in the beehives, although, it also has a very high cost associated. This cost
is related to the possible defense of these resources by the host species. In this way, understanding
how this ratio (V / C) becomes positive in these bees could provide important information on the
evolution of cleptoparasitism. We propose that despite of other factors, the evolution of a much
larger number of ovarioles in the queen of this species, when compared to other species of stingless
bees, allowed a reduction in the cost associated with the pillage and can help to explain the evolu-
tion of cleptoparasitic behaviour in these species.
Apoio: FAPESP
Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Lestrimelitta limao - cleptoparasitism - evolution - ovarioles - food resources

451
IABIN PROJECT: DIGITIZATION OF DATA

ON POLLINATOR–PLANT INTERACTION
BASED ON THE “PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD
CATÓLICA DE VALPARAÍSO BEE
COLLECTION”, CHILE.
Autores: Luisa Ruz*, Yanet Sepúlveda*, Sharon Rodríguez**, Dennis Navea*
Instituição: *Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. **Facultad de Agronomía
e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Contato: Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
Email: luisa.ruz.e@gmail.com
Digitized data on preserved native and wild Chilean bees and their interaction with host plants
are discussed. These data have been taken from registered information from the PUCV bee collec-
tion. The Darwin Core Extension for pollinators was used: 23 fields involving data for bees, 1 field
of interaction data for bees visiting one or more plant species and 17 fields of plant data. The bee
–plant interaction data concerns 3.111 bee specimens belonging to 78 species from 5 families and 89
plant species from 30 families. The breakdown of bees in the interaction data set is according to fam-
ily: Colletidae (33.3%), Apidae (32.1%), Megachilidae (16.7%), Andrenidae, (12.8%) and Halictidae
(5.3%). The bees with plant data are represented by 2.633 specimens and are disproportionately dis-
tributed in northern Chile, while only 472 specimens are from the Central zone. No interaction data
are registered in Southern Chile. The most polylectic species are: Caenohalictus dolator (Halictidae),
Centris buchholzi (Apidae) and Bombus dahlbomii (Apidae), visiting 10, 9 and 8 plant species re-
spectively. The species of the following families of plants are most frequently visited by bees: Astera-
ceae (22.5%), Fabaceae (13.5%), Solanaceae, (11.2%) and Malvaceae (6.7%). The rest of the families
showed a smaller number of bee visitors. Medicago sativa and Baccharis paniculata were visited by
18 and 11 bee species respectively. Even these partial data can form the basis for future investigations
on: the distribution of native bee and plant species, changes in abundance of these organisms and the
conservation of bees and pollinator-plant relationships.
Apoio: Financial support: OEA, IABIN Project # 269015

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: bee- plant interaction - PUCV - bee - collection - Chile.

452
TOXICITY OF THE AGROCHEMICALS

FIPRONIL THE HONEYBEE Apis mellifera
L. AFRICANIZED.
Instituição: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia de Botucatu- UNESP
Contato: Distrito de Rubião Jr. s/n, 18.618-970 Botucatu, Brasil
Email: mah_pedraza@yahoo.com.br
The culture area expansion has been occupied with a single plant species, which favors the
occurrence of pests and diseases which makes agriculture increasingly dependent of agrochemicals
used. These products can enter in the chain soil-water-plant, representing a dangerous source of di-
rect and indirect bees contamination. These toxic substances can be taken to the hive, killing brood
and adult bees or causing a series of physiological and behavioral disturbances, compromising the
productivity of the hive. Besides the damage bees, pesticides can contaminate their products, such
as honey and pollen. In view of the foregoing, the purpose of this study was to determine, through
ingestion test, the lethal dose (LD50%) of agrochemical fipronil to honeybees Apis mellifera Afri-
canized. The research was conducted at Production of Apiculture Area in the Lageado Experimental
Farm, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. For the ingestion test, 1 ml of honey was provided containing different
doses of the agrochemical of 0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05 µg// bee, 10 forager honey bees were used.
After application of the pesticide, the bees were transferred to wooden boxes containing screens on
the sides (25.0 x 15.0 x 10.0 cm) and kept at room temperature for 24 hours. The control group was
treated with honey. After 24 hours was counted the number of dead individuals for each treatment.
The experiment was performed in triplicate. For calculation of LD 50%, the results were submit-
ted to Probit analysis using the program BioStat. The LD50% obtained for the ingestion test was
0.2852 ± 0.1125 µg / bee. The literature suggests that pesticides with LD 50% less than 2.0 µg / bee
are highly toxic to honeybees. It is concluded that the pesticide fipronil is extremely harmful to the
forager bees Apis mellifera Africanized
Apoio: FMVZ- UNESP Botucatu

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Toxicity - Fipronil - Apis mellifera - Sublethal effect - Contamination

453
TOXICITY OF THE AGROCHEMICALS

IMIDACLOPRID THE HONEYBEE
Apis mellifera L. AFRICANIZED.
Instituição: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia de Botucatu- UNESP
Contato: Distrito de Rubião Jr. s/n 18.618-970 Botucatu , Brasil
Email: mah_pedraza@yahoo.com.br
Bees are important pollinators and they have increasing productivity in agricultural areas.
However, with the growth of cultivated areas has been needed the increase of the pesticides used.
The agrochemical Imidacloprid used in crop fields represents a dangerous source of contamination
that inhibits the action of nicotinic receptors of insects. Bees infected can suffer behavioral changes
that complicate the hive communication and foraging activities, which may cause the death of in-
dividuals, or even the entire hive. Then, this study aimed to determine the lethal dose (LD 50%) of
agrochemical imidacloprid in Africanized honeybees, by patch test. The research was conducted at
Production of Apiculture Area in Lageado Experimental Farm, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. For the test,
bees were 2 µL concentrations of 0, 0.08, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01 and 0.05 µg / bee of the pesticide, with
the aid of micropipettor, the dorsal region of the chest. For each treatment, were used 10 forager
bees. After application of the pesticide, bees were transferred to plastic boxes (15x9x6 cm) and
kept at room temperature for 24h. The control group received only distilled water. After 24 hours
was counted the number of dead individuals for each treatment. The experiment was performed
in triplicate. For calculation of LD 50%, the results were submitted to Probit analysis using the
program BioStat. The LD50% obtained for the test was 0.0151 ± 0 µg / bee. It is concluded that
imidacloprid is detrimental to bees Apis mellifera, for according to the literature, pesticides with
LD 50% less than 2.0 µg / bee are considered highly toxic.
Apoio: FMVZ- UNESP Botucatu

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Toxicity - Apis mellifera - Imidacloprid - Sublethal effect - Contamination

454
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN

EUGLOSSINI (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE)
POPULATIONS FROM A COASTAL PLAIN
AREA AND AN INSULAR AREA IN
SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Autores: Léo Correia da Rocha Filho1; Natália de Campos Muradas Cerântola2;
Carlos Alberto Garófalo1; Marco Antonio Del Lama*2
Instituição: 1 Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão
Preto, USP; 2 Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos
Contato: Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
Email: dmdl@ufscar.br
Euglossini bees are known as long-distance pollinators of plant species in tropical and subtropi-
cal forests in Central and South America due to their exceptional flight performance. Here we assessed
through microsatellite loci the gene variation and genetic differentiation between populations of four
abundant Euglossini species populations sampled in two areas of study, Parque Estadual da Serra do
Mar (Picinguaba) and Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta, Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, southeastern
Brazil. There was no significant genetic differentiation between the island and continental samples of
Euglossa cordata (Fst=0.008, P=0.60), Eulaema cingulata (Fst=0.017, P=0.23) and Eulaema nigrita
(Fst=0.062, P=0.38), but a significant gene differentiation between continental and island samples of
Euglossa stellfeldi (Fst=0.028, P=0.016) was detected. As expected, our results showed that the sea
water barrier that separates the island from the continent does not constitute a geographic barrier for
these Euglossini bees. The absence of populational structuring of three out the four species studied
corroborates previous reports on those bees, characterized by large populations, with high gene di-
versity and gene flow and very low levels of diploid males. But the Euglossa stellfeldi results clearly
point that dispersal ability is not similar to all euglossine bees, what requires the development of dif-
ferent conservationist strategies to the Euglossini species.
Apoio: FAPESP - 2004/15801-0; 2011/21501-2

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Population Genetics - Euglossini - gene flow - dispersion - microsatellites

455
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GENETICALLY

MODIFIED EUCALYPTS ON DEVELOPMENT
OF Apis mellifera LINNAEUS,
IN SOUTHEAST BRAZIL
Autores: 1Mariana Zaniol Fernandes, 2Annelise de Souza Rosa,
1
Betina Blochtein,3Giancarlo Pasquali
Instituição: 1Faculdade de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Ecologia,
Laboratório de Entomologia, PUCRS; 2 Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão
Preto, USP; 3 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
The flowers of eucalypts are strongly sought for honeybees to collect nectar and pollen. The
worldwide distribution of the genus and the experiments with genetically engineered in Brazil em-
phasizes the need for information about possible adverse effects of this process on bees. It were eval-
uated the possible impacts on development synchronism and morphological changes on A. mellifera
immatures. The study was conducted in two fields in São Paulo state, from February to March/2011.
Three hives were placed at different distances in relation to the experimental area with genetically
modified (GM) plants (0, 400, 1000 and 85.000m) and, from each, a brood comb was collected,
getting a subsample. It were opened 144 cells, the development stage was identified, following the
distribution in three concentric areas, each with 48 cells. For morphometric analyzes it were used 35
pupae/comb, measuring the head width (HW) and the intertegular distance (ID). Similarity in pro-
portions of different development stages, occurred in all areas (p>0,05). Differences were observed
comparing the HW and ID obtained in each area. Those placed at 1000m away from the experimen-
tal area were differed from others (0m, p=0,001; 400m, p=0,023 and 85.000m, p=0,001). It was also
observed, difference among the areas 400 and 85.000m away (p=0,005). The samples of 85.000m
away differed from those obtained from 400 e 1000m away (p=0,007 and p=0,014, respectively).
Furthermore, the area 400m away differed from the experimental (p=0,043). It infers regularity of
queens laying on period, because the temporal and spatial pattern of laying occurred according to
the expected. The differences demonstrated in the analyzes are expected because, in Brazil, the hon-
eybees represent hybrid populations with phenotypic expressions among individuals. Once the dif-
ferences verified aren’t progressively related to the distance from experimental area, the hypothesis
of changes caused by ingestion of GM pollen is discarded.
Palavras-chave: GM plants, development synchronism, morphometry, honeybee immature

456
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH AND

AUTHOPHAGY IN OVARIES OF Bombus
morio (APIDAE: BOMBINI) EXPOSED TO
CADMIUM CHLORIDE (CDCL2)
Autores: Marina Pedrosa¹*; Mateus Marcondes²; Elaine Cristina Mathias Silva-Zacarin¹;
Fábio Camargo Abdalla¹
Instituição: ¹*Universidade Federal de São Carlos - campus Sorocaba.
²Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho - Rio Claro.
Contato: Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110. Bairro Itinga. Sorocaba.
Email: pedrosa.marina@hotmail.com
Like all bees, Bombus morio has meroistic polytrophic ovaries. The ovary is composed of four
ovarioles where the oogenesis undergoes. The ovariole is a solid filament shelter by a peritoneal
membrane and in adult bees two regions may be distinguished: the germarium and the vitellarium.
The natural process of development of such type of ovary comprehends the gradual programmed cell
death (PCD) of the nurse cells, according the oocyte becoming mature. When the oocyte is complete-
ly mature, all nurse cells dead. Environmental disturbance may provoke whole ovarioles reabsorp-
tion. This work investigated the effect of the cadmium chloride on the ovaries of B. morio, due this
trace metal is highly toxic, being present in all degraded biomes. The bees were collected and reared
in B.O.D., and on the 12th day contaminated by ingestion ad libitum, using a 1:1 Cdcl2 solution (1
ppm)/organic sugar. The control group was constituted only of bees reread in organic sugar solution.
The preliminary results showed that experimental females showed more incidence of classical PCD
and Atg described for insect in relationship with the control.
Apoio: Fapesp
Área: Outros
Palavra chave: ovariole - cadmium chloride - reabsorption - vitellarium - bombus morio

457
Bombus morio versus Bombus atratus (APIDAE,

BOMBINI): A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE
SPERMATECAL GLAND AND SPERMATECAE
BETWEEN THE TWO SPECIES
Autores: Mateus Marcondes¹*; Fábio Camargo Abdalla²; Douglas Nazareth Rivera²;
Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacharin²
Instituição: ¹*Programa de pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, IB, Unesp, Campus de
Rio Claro, ²Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional,
UFSCar - Campus de Sorocaba
Contato: Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110 - SP-264
Bairro do Itinga Sorocaba - São Paulo - Brasil
Email: mm.biolic@gmail.com
The species Bombus morio and Bombus atratus were collected in forest fragments of the
Federal University of São Carlos - Campus Sorocaba. The spermathecae and spermathecal glands
of both species were dissected and processed for routine light microscopy and histochemical tests,
staining with Bromophenol Blue (AB) and Variant of CEC. In both species, the spermatheca is as
a spheroidal-shaped organ, formed by a simple columnar epithelium lined by a thick cuticle. The
secretion contained in the common duct of the spermatecal gland, as well as in the spermathecal lu-
men was positive to AB, showing production and store of protein content by the spermatecal gland
and gland lumen, respectively. Variant of CEC showed that spermathecal gland cells are more active
than the spermathecal epithelium. Additionally, the spermathecal gland cells present prevalence of
cytoplasmic RNA, being in accordance with the positivity by protein histochemistry. Despite the
variation in size between the two species, their spermathecae presented equal in structure and size.
Among the functions assigned to the spermatecal glands, secrete substances to preserve the sperm
stored in spermathecae is the most important, considering that the sperm in eusocial mated females
the sperm may be stored for months or years.
Apoio: CAPES; CNPq; FAPESP – 2011/038462

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Bombus morio - Bombus atratus - spermatheca - spermathecal glands - bee

458
HISTOLOGY OF OVARIES OF NATURAL AND

PRODUCED QUEENS OF Melipona rufiventris :
THE EFFECT OF JUVENILE HORMONE III
Autores: Matheus Lacerda Viana¹*; Luciane Cristina de Oliveira Lisboa1;
Instituição: ¹* Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Campus de Rio Paranaíba;
Contato: Rodovia MG-230 Km 7 CEP: 38810-000, Rio Paranaíba - MG, Brasil.
Email: matheus.viana@ufv.br
Ovarian development in eusocial bees has attracted great interest, since there are marked dif-
ferences when comparing the worker’s ovaries and queen’s ovaries. The Juvenile Hormone plays a
key role in the determination dimorphism between the castes. The present study aimed to analyze
the morphology of the ovaries in natural and produced queen with Juvenile Hormone III of Meli-
pona rufiventris from the larvae, in most cases give rise to workers. For the production of queen
was applied topically to the larvae that had not defecated one microliter of juvenile hormone III.
Later the pupae were collected in accordance with the progressive eye pigmentation during devel-
opment. Were also collected queens virgin natural and newly emerged produced, which with pupae
were dissected, their ovaries were removed, fixed and finally passed through a series increasing
ethanol. Then the material was embedded in historesin, cut, colored by hematoxilin and eosin and
toluidine blue. The sections were examined and photographed using the light microscope. The re-
sults showed morphological differences between the ovaries of queens of natural and produced and
that during the development of queens produced showed the cystocytes are organized in circular
regions basophilic and stained, indicating the beginning of the formation of fusomas. The cells with
the aspect of death was only found between the germ cells of the ovaries of queens produced, which
can be a sign of early degeneration or may be related to the development of the organ that has al-
ready started and it goes through a process of reorganization to enter the reproductive life. A time
that the cells of the germarium had presented a precocious development in the queens produced of
what in the natural queens, can be concluded that oogenesis in the queens produced with juvenile
hormone III starts more early of what in the natural queens.
Apoio: FUNARBE - UFV

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Determination of castes - Ovarian development - Juvenile hormone - Queens
of Melipona rufiventris. - Germarium

459
TWO NEW CASES OF GYNANDROMORPHY

IN BRAZILIAN SPECIES OF THE
CARPENTER BEE GENUS Xylocopa
LATREILLE, 1802 (APIDAE: XYLOCOPINI).
Autores: Felipe Vivallo¹; Paola Marchi²*
Instituição: ¹Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
²Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo.
Contato: ¹Laboratório de Hymenoptera, Departamento de Entomologia. Quinta da Boa Vista, São
Cristóvão. CEP: 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil. ²Laboratório de Abelhas - Departamento de
Ecologia,CP 05558-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Email: pmarchi@usp.br
The term “gynandromorph” (from Greek “gyn” meaning woman, “andro” meaning man
and “morph” meaning form or shape) is used to identify specimens which due to genetic prob-
lems have a combination of morphological characteristics of both males and females. Although
gynanders are difficult to find in nature, have been described over 100 cases of gynandromorphy
in almost all subfamilies of Apidae (sensu lato), being especially abundant in Apinae and Mega-
chilinae. Depending on their morphological conformations, the gynanders can be classified into
3 categories: (i) bilateral if female and male body parts are equal and symmetric, (ii) transverse
if sex characters are distributed in two asymmetrical parts; (iii) mosaic if sex characters are dis-
tributed randomly in the body, being approximately 10%, 50% and 40% of the reported cases,
respectively. Although in some cases gynanders can be difficult to recognize, almost always are
easily detectable, especially by the differences in coloration, size and shape of the normal males
and females of the species, such as in the carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa Latreille, 1802.
In the described cases in this genus, only five records belong to Neotropical species: Xylocopa
fenestrata (Fabricius, 1798), X. mendozana Enderlein, 1913, X. nigrocincta Smith, 1854, X. or-
dinaria Smith, 1874, and X. micans Lepeletier, 1841. In this contribution are presented for the
first time two new Brazilian cases of gynandromorphy in the species Xylocopa brasilianorum
(Linnaeus, 1767), based on a specimen collected in Jundiaí, SP, and X. frontalis Olivier, 1789,
based on a specimen collected in Corupá, SC. Both gynanders are mosaics and are deposited in
the Museu de Zoologia of the Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) and in the Museu Nacional
of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ), respectively.
Apoio: * FAPESP - 08/54100-8

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: carpenter bees - gynandromorphy - Hymenoptera - morphology - new cases

460
POLLINATION OF TOMATO INSERTED IN A

LANDSCAPE WITH A PREDOMINANCE OF
SUGARCANE PRODUCTION IN THE CITY
OF RIO CLARO, SÃO PAULO
Autores: Paula C. Montagnana1; Gleiciani B. Patricio1; Elizandra G. Gomig1;
Felipe G. Brocanelli1; Bruno. B. Grisolia1; Maria J. O. Campos1
Instituição: 1- Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’
Campus de Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia,
Grupo de Estudos em Ecologia e Conservação de Abelhas Silvestres
Email: paula-eco@hotmail.com
The presence of most species of native bees in agricultural crops is closely related to the exis-
tence of forest fragments in the surroundings of the crops. The studied area is located in Rio Claro/SP
in a landscape with a predominance of sugarcane cultivation. Tests of pollination Pollinator Exclusion
(PE), n = 30 and Open Pollination (OP), n = 36, on flowers of tomato to investigate the importance of
bees to fruit quality. The fauna of bees was sampled with entomological nets. For the description of the
landscape around the studied area it was made a characterization of the use and occupation. The PE
test resulted in the formation of fruits in 73.33% of the flowers studied, while only 44.44% of flowers
formed fruits submitted to OP. However, the quality of fruits formed from the bees visit the flowers is
better compared to those fruits whose flowers were precluded from receiving visits, due to their larger
amount of pulp, reddish coloration, but mostly higher average number of seeds per fruit being 50.12 ±
16.47 against 15.64 ± 36.5 formed in PE test. The species identified as being capable of vibrating the
cone of anthers of tomato flowers were Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) analis, Exomalopsis (Exomalop-
sis) auropilosa, Augochlorella ephyra, Pseudaugochlora callaina, Augochlora sp. and Augochloropsis
sp.; it was also collected individuals of Trigona spinipes pillaging pollen. The low percentage of fruit
by OP test can be understood as a poor pollination in this studied area, with a landscape incapable to
host bee populations in sufficient sizes to provide adequate levels of pollination. 34.83% of the land-
scape is composed by plantations of sugarcane, 17.48% are comprised of exposed soil prepared for
planting sugarcane, 13.42% consists of grassland and only 10.76% are of forest fragments.
Apoio: CNPq
Palavras-chave: Pollination, Tomato, Wild Bees, Ecology, Sugarcane

461
PANTRAPS AS A POTENTIAL METHOD

FOR COLLECTING BEES OF SUBGENUS
Ceratina (Crewella) Cockerell, 1903 (APIDAE,
XYLOCOPINAE) IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL
Autores: Patrícia Barreto de Andrade1*, Roberto Felipe Rocha1, Thiago Mahlmann2, Favízia
Freitas de Oliveira2, Breno Magalhães Freitas1
Instituição: 1*. Grupo de Pesquisas com Abelhas, Universidade Federal do Ceará (GPA-UFC);
2. Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos,
Universidade Federal da Bahia (BIOSIS - UFBA).
Contato: Campus do Pici, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Mister Hall caixa postal 12168,
CEP 60021970 Fortaleza - CE
Bees of the genus Ceratina Latreille, popularly known as “small carpenter bees” by the habit
of digging their nests in dead pithy, are small (6 - 13 mm), vespiforms with hairless bodies. There are
nearly 32 described species assigned to the Neotropical subgenus Ceratina (Crewella) Cockerell, 1903,
but no taxonomic review for the subgenus was performed yet. Among the Neotropical subgenera of
Ceratina, Crewella) is the most well represented in Entomological Collections, but little is still known
about the methods used to collect these bees. In this context, this study aimed to identify a passive
collecting method, to implement the knowledge of this subgenus species diversity. Were installed a
total of 255 pantraps with three different colors, 85 each (blue, yellow and white), in five particular
areas with cashew crop (Anacardium occidentale). The pantraps remained in the area for 24 hours and
samples were collected every 15 days, from August to December 2011, during the cashew flowering
in Horizonte, Ceará State. To evaluate the best color attracting the bees was counted the total number
of individuals and species collected by each pantrap color. Were collected 60 individuals from eight
morphospecies, including 45 females and 15 males. Among the three pantrap colors used, the blue was
more efficient with approximately 64% of total individuals, followed by white (28%) and yellow (8%).
All colors collected greater number of females, blue (79%), white (71%), yellow (60%), but only blue
collected all morphospecies. The white and yellow pantraps collected six and two morphospecies only,
respectively. The data collected are relevant, demonstrating that the blue pantrap seems more efficient
to collect (abundance and species richness) of Ceratina (Crewella), although other studies including
other variables, such as the biome, seasonality and stratification of traps must be done to understand the
efficiency of the method in different ecosystems.
Apoio: CAPES
Área: Outros
Palavra chave: blue trap - cashew - abundance - species richness - morphospecies

462
MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE

ANTENNAL SENSILLAE OF MALES AND
FEMALES OF THE STINGLESS BEE
Melipona Quadrifascianta ANTHIDIOIDES
Autores: Samira Veiga Ravaiano1*; Ríudo de Paiva Ferreira2; Uyrá dos Santos Zama3;
Lúcio Antônio de Oliveira Campos2; Gustavo Ferreira Martins2
Instituição: 1- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia;
2 - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Geral;
3 - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
Contato: Universidade Fereral de Viçosa, Campus Viçosa, 36570-000 - Viçosa - MG.
Email: samiraravaiano@hotmail.com
When Juvenile Hormone (JH) is topically applied in worker larvae (last instar), they originate
individuals with queen’s phenotype. Similarly, it happens with diploid males, in which after JH appli-
cation they develop individuals with queen’s phenotype but still with male-like reproductive system.
Take into account that these individuals play different roles in the colony, it is reasonable to assume
that their sensorial organs are different. Sensillae are integumental units that are important for the
mechanical and chemical perceptions. In the present study we used morphological and morphometric
approaches to compare the antennal sensillae plethora of males (n and 2n), females (workers, queens)
and artificial queen-like males of M. quadrifasciata anthidioides. Images of antennae dorsal surface
were taken with the scanning electron microscope LEO1430VP. Ten different types of antennal sen-
sillae were found: trichoid (type I to VII), placoid, basiconic, coeloconic and ampullaceal sensillae.
The basiconic type was exclusive of females, including workers and queens, and the trichoid I and
placoid were most abundant in all individuals. Exceptionally, trichoids IV and V occurred only in the
first flagellomere, while the ampullacea type occured only at the antenna’s tip. The other sensillae
were seen along all antennas surface. The basiconic and trichoid III had an apical pore suggesting that
is works as chemorecerptor. On the other hand, the other trichoids did not have pores, suggesting that
they are mechanoceptors. The antennal sensillae of queen-like individuals are similar to that of the
queen or 2n male’s sensillae in terms of composition and size. Despite these individuals have queens’
phenotype, their antennae are more similar to diploid males.
Apoio: CNPq
Área: Outros
Palavra chave: sensillae - M. quadrifasciata - chemorecerptor - mechanoceptor - sensillae trichoid

463
in vivo EFFECT OF THIAMETHOXAM ON

ESTERASES OF Apis mellifera L., 1758
Autores: Stephan M. Carvalho1, Luc P. Belzunces2 and Osmar Malaspina1
Instituição: 1 UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais,
13.506-900 Rio Claro/SP, Brazil - 2 INRA, UR 406 Abeilles & Environnement,
Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, 84.914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
Contato: Avenida 24A, 1515, Barro Bela Vista, Rio Claro/SP
Email: stephan.carvalho@yahoo.com.br
During the forager activity, the honeybee Apis mellifera L., 1758 can be exposed to xenobiotics
on environment, as for example the insecticide thiamethoxam. However due the low concentrations,
is difficult to assess the effect of this neonicotinoid on honeybee being necessary the development
of new tools. Thus, this work had as goal assess in vivo the effect of thiamethoxam on acetylcholin-
esterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CaE) of honeybee head. Thiamethoxam was administered
orally using as reference the LD50 dose (11.13 ng a.i./honeybee). The first experiment was conducted
providing the thiamethoxam in a single dose (=LD50) and the survival honeybee were collected 24h
after. The second was carried out providing an aliquot of 1/5 of LD50 per day and during five days,
being samples of survival honeybees collected at the sixth day. After ingestion of 1/5 of LD50 along
five day, the enzymes AChE, CaE-1 and CaE-2 from honeybee had a significant reduction (19, 26 and
22%, respectively) on tissue activity (TA) when compared to the control. For CaE-3, no difference on
TA was observed during this experiment. When administered as single dose (=LD50) no difference
was observed on TA of AChE, CaE-1 and CaE-2. Already for CaE-3, increased on TA was observed,
reaching 11% more activity in treated honeybees that in control. These preliminary results showed
that esterases has a dose-dependent pattern. Moreover, the ingestion of low doses of thiamethoxam
(1/5 of LD50 during six days) can be more harmful to honeybees than in comparison of high doses
(=LD50). Finally, these results suggest that the enzymes AChE and CaE have potential to be em-
ployed as biomarkers of environmental assessment.
Apoio: Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2010/00747-0)

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: honeybee - neonicotinoid - toxicity - biomarker - environment

464
EUCALYPT POLLEN USE BY Melipona

obscurior MOURE AND Apis mellifera L.:
INFLUENCE OF THE LANDSCAPE ON THE
HARVESTING BEHAVIOR OF SOCIAL BEES.
Autores: Suzane Both Hilgert-Moreira*, Mariana Zaniol Fernandes and Betina Blochtein
Instituição: 1Faculdade de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Ecologia,
Laboratório de Entomologia, PUCRS
Contato: Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619 900, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
Email: suzaneboth@yahoo.com.br
Eucalypt is an exotic plant in Brazil, whose species have attractive flowerings to bee’s for-
aging. Studies on bee registered the frequency of pollen from Eucalyptus spp. compared to other
floral sources, without relating to the area occupied by this element around the hives. To evaluate
the influence of the landscape on the bee’s pollinic diet, was assessed the relation between the pro-
portion of pollen from Eucalyptus spp. harvested by Apis mellifera and Melipona obscurior and the
representativity of this element on the landscape. Every two weeks, pollen was collected from three
hives of each bee species, in rural areas of Riozinho and Rolante, Atlantic Forest in south Brazil,
from April/2009 to March/2010. The pollinic samples were acetolysed for posterior palynologic
analysis. The landscape was classified in an area of 3km around the hives by remote sensoring of
which eucalypts occupied 4.33% of land cover in Riozinho and 3.62% in Rolante, whose land-
scape was more fragmented than Riozinho. To verify the possible relation between the proportions
of pollen from eucalypts collected by both species with the land cover by eucalypts was applied
UNIANOVA with the percentage of use indices. The percentage of pollen from eucalypts harvested
by A. mellifera and M. obscurior was resembling for both (p=0.281) and in both areas (p=0.061).
There was no significative difference in the use index of eucalypts for both bees species (p=0.707),
in both areas (p=0.314) and the interaction of these variables (p=0.850). However, the use index
ranged significantly relating to data (p<0.001). Probably, the attractiveness of massive flowerings
from eucalypts to both bees species A. mellifera and M. obscurior hives, allowed them to use pollen
from this plant, in the similar way, in both areas. The use index of eucalypts was influenced by its
pollen availability along the year, but independent on landscape characteristics.
Apoio: CNPq, CAPES.

Palavras-chave: Eucalyptus, Meliponini, Land cover, Honeybee, Pollinic diet
Seção: Outros

465
EFFECT OF JUVENILE HORMONE III

IN FEMALES AND MALES OF Melipona
quadrifasciata: MORPHOMETRIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Autores: Talitta Guimarães Simões¹*; Riudo Paiva Ferreira¹;
Luciane Cristina de Oliveira Lisboa¹; Lúcio Antonio de Oliveira Campos¹
Instituição: Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV
Contato: Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n. Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
Email: talitta.guimaraes@hotmail.com
The level of juvenile hormone (JH) at a certain stages of larval development determines the
characteristics of females. Males and females of Melipona quadrifasciata that received topical JH
in last instar larvae develops some external morphological characteristics of queen. This work was
based on morphometric data to investigate the effect of JH III in the development of haploid and
diploid males of Melipona quadrifasciata and compare morphological characteristics of them with
females. Ten individuals were used for each treatment: workers, natural queens, queens produced
from larvae that received topical application of JH, natural haploid and diploid males, haploid and
diploid males that their larvae received topical application of JH but seemingly did not differ of
natural males, haploid and diploid males that their larvae received topical application of JH and
developed features of queens (QLM - Queen-Like Male). The anatomical characteristics analyzed
were: width of compound eyes, width of tibia, length of mouthparts, length of mandible, intertegula
distance and interorbit distance. All averages allowed the separation of individuals into groups.
However, the lengths of the mouthpart averages were differences most significantly between treat-
ments. Natural queens and queens produced from the effect of JH in female larvae had similar aver-
ages. Diploid and haploid QLM showed average variables with similar size in the natural queens
and queens produced from topical application of JH. Workers were more similar to males than the
queens in the most averages variables and. Diploid and haploid natural male had close averages,
which does not allow visual differentiation of these individuals. The dates confirm that the JH is
primarily responsible for the differentiation of specific characteristics of each caste, and, in the high
levels of it causes the appearance of the characteristics of queen.

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Melipona quadrifasciata - Juvenile Hormone - Caste Determination - Morpho-
metric Characteristics - Diploid males

466
DIFFERENTIAL IMIDACLOPRID
SUSCEPTIBILITY BETWEEN
AFRICANIZED AND EUROPEAN HONEY
BEES DETERMINED BY TOPICAL
APPLICATION TEST
Autores: Viviane do Nascimento Santana de Almeida1*; José Eduardo Martins de Oliveira1;
Leriana Garcia Reis1; Kamila Vilas Boas Balieira1; Daniel Nicodemo1
Instituição: ¹UNESP - Câmpus de Dracena
Contato: Rod. Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, 17900-000 - Dracena, Brasil
Email: viv.nsa@gmail.com
The Imidacloprid is a neocotinoid insecticide that acts like a neurotoxin. It interferes with the
transmission of nerve impulses in insects by binding to one or more of the nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors. It is the used to control insect pests and its use has been argued because this insecticide is
highly toxic for beneficial insect like bees. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effect of
Imidacloprid in median survival of Africanized and European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and to
determine the LD 50 (dose required to kill 50% of a population of a test population) of this insecti-
cide for the two races, by topical application test. We tested Imidacloprid at different concentrations
(1, 5, 10, 20, 50 e 100 ηg). We use distilled water as control. We used 12 young bees from each race
per treatment with three replications. The bees were placed in plastic pots with lids that allowed
ventilation. The mortality rate after 48 hours of Imidacloprid application was used to determine the
LD50. The counting of dead bees were made daily until the completed 72-hour period. The survival
rate of the bees was analyzed using the nonparametric method of Kaplan-Meier and LD50 calculated
by Probit analysis. For the analysis of median survival, we obtained the following results (in hours):
Africanized bees: 01 ηg - 72; 05 ηg - 60; 10 ηg - 60; 20 ηg - 60; 50 ηg - 48; 100 ηg - 36; European
bees: 01 ηg - 72 ; 05 ηg - 48; 10 ηg - 48; 20 ηg - 48; 50 ηg - 48; 100 ηg - 24.The median survival of
European bees was 12 hours smaller when we used the doses of 05, 10 and 20 ηg compared to the me-
dian survival of Africanized bees. The LD50 for bees Africanized (3.92 ηg) was 32.65% higher than
the value obtained for the European bees for the LD50 (2.64 ηg). Evaluating the results, we can see
that European bees are more susceptible to the Imidacloprid action as a neurotoxin, when compared
to that Africanized bees which are also more resistant to some diseases. The higher susceptibility to
the insecticide Imidacloprid by European bees in comparison with Africanized bees can be one of the
factors that have contributed to colony collapse disorder in countries where these bees are cultivated.
The loss of swarms affects agricultural yields and production of bee products.
Apoio: Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa - UNESP

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Apis mellifera - DL50 - Imidacloprid - Median Survival - Toxicity

467
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
ENDOCRINE CELLS IN THE MIDGUT OF
Bombus sp. (HYMENOPTERA)
Instituição: Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology,
Department of General Biology – UFV
Contato: Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-000 Viçosa – Brasil
Email: wagner.gonzaga@ufv.br
Bees of the genus Bombus are considered primitively eusocial, with division of work and
foraging of the queen. The midgut of the insect is considered the major endocrine gland, due to
the greater number of endocrine cells. The objective of this study was to analyze quantitatively the
endocrine cells of queens and foragers of Bombus sp. Midguts of five queens and workers were
dissected and transferred to Zamboni’s fixative solution for 40 min. After fixation, the midgut was
washed in 1% PBST for 1 h and incubated with primary antibody anti-FMRFamide diluted 1:500
in PBS at 4 ° C for 24 h. Subsequently, the midguts were washed in PBS for 5 min and incubated
with the secondary anti-rabbit IgG FITC-conjugated diluted 1:500 in PBS at 4 ° C for 24 h. The
material was washed again in PBS for 5 min, mounted with 50% sucrose solution and analyzed
in epifluorescence microscopy. The comparison of mean number of FMRF-amid positive cells
between queens and workers was performed using the t-student test for normally distributed data.
The FMRF-amid positive cells were found only in the posterior midgut of Bombus sp. and their
number varied in queens (59 cell /area) and workers. (35 cells/area). This variation may reflect dif-
ferences related to diet and reproductive behavior. The present study demonstrated a dynamic link
the midgut hormone in different castes of Bombus sp.

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Bombus sp - Midguts - Endocrine cells - FMRFamide - Analyze quantitatively

468
HISTOLOGY OF Bombus sp. EXCRETORY

SYSTEM (HYMENOPTERA)
Instituição: Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Department of General Biology – UFV
Contato: Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-000 Viçosa – Brasil
Email: wagner.gonzaga@ufv.br
The excretory system of insects is responsible for the salt and water balance. Some insects
starts in and water absorption in the ileum, but the main site of water absorption resulting in a hy-
perosmotic excreta is in the rectum, which has some specialized epithelial areas termed rectal pads.
However, pioneering studies reported that in males of bumble bees, rectal pads are lacking. This
study describes the histology of the gut excretory organs ileum and rectum as well as the Malpi-
ghian tubules of females of the Bombus sp. The ileum, rectum and Malpighi tubules were submitted
to routine histological procedures and stained with hematoxyline and eosin. The results showed
that the ileum has four large folds projected to the ileum lumen, which was lined by a single epithe-
lial layer. The cells were columnar with spherical nuclei located in the basal cell region cell. The
apical surface of these cells had a well developed striated border followed by a thick cuticle. The
Malpighian tubules were histologically quite uniform, with cubic or pyramidal cells with a mean
number of seven in cross sections. The rectum was a large sac with many folds in direction to the
lumen. The rectal epithelium had flattened cells lined by a relatively thick cuticle. We conclude that
differently from other bees, both males and females of Bombus sp. has not rectal pads, but the ileum
seems to exhibit some features of water absorption, suggesting that in bumble bees this gut region
may play an important role for osmotic control.

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Bombus sp - Histology - Ileum - Rectum - Malpighian tubules

469
HOW SAMPLING ORCHID BEES

(HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE)?
PROBLEMS OF METHODS? HOW ARE THE
BAIT TRAPS USED? THE MODEL OF
BAIT TRAPS THAT WORKED
Autores: Willian Moura Aguiar¹ & Maria Cristina Gaglianone²
Instituição: Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana-Programa de Pós-Graduação em Modelagem
em Ciências da terra e do Ambiente- Laboratório de Estudos Ambientais/ ²Universidade Estadual do
Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro-Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recurs
Contato: ¹Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Km 3- Novo Horizonte-Feira de Santana-BA. CEP:44036-
900/²Av. Alberto Lamego 2000-Parque California-Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ: CEP: 28016-602
Email: wmag26@yahoo.com.br
Entomological nets and bait traps have been used in sampling orchid bee. Nowadays, bait traps
have been criticized by several authors. The goal of this study was to compare the two sampling meth-
ods and propose a model of the bait traps. Male these bees were sampled monthly between May 2008
and April 2009. The bees were captured using bait traps and entomological net after being attracted to
seven scent-baits. The bait traps were prepared using a PET bottles 2L (base) and three funnels (upper
PET bottles), which were prepared with paste of polystyrene and fine sand and subsequently screwed
laterally on the base height 18 cm, so that the entrance of a stay at 120° from each other. A metal rod
(20 cm) with a cotton ball embedded with the scent was attached to the lid of the base, so that the fra-
grance stay arranged 12cm below the funnel. A total 499 individuals from 10 species in four genera in
entomological nets and 659 individuals from nine species in three genera in bait traps were sampled.
The diversity index of the samples obtained was not significantly different (net: H’ = 1.13; bait traps:
H’ = 1.09; tcalc = – 0.97, P = 0.36). A greater abundance of Euglossa (n=294) was observed in ento-
mological nets, but the difference with respect to bait traps (n=264) was not significant (tα =
0.05, df = 18 = 0.1671, P = 0.869). Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus) was the dominant species sampled
by net (54%). The most abundant genus in bait trap sampling was Eulaema (n=401, tα = 0.05,
df = 18 = – 2.597, P = 0.018), with Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier the dominant species (49%). In this
study both methods were equivalent, so I propose the model of bait traps used to collect orchid bees.
Apoio: FAPERJ, PROCAD/CAPES

Área: Outros
Palavra chave: Euglossine bee - pollinators - bioindicator - scent-baits - conservation

470
FIPRONIL CAUSES SERIOUS DISTURBANCE

IN NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF
AFRICANIZED Apis mellifera
Silva, C.A.S.¹, Guapo, F. 1, Abdalla, F.C.1, Malaspina, O.², Silva-Zacarin, E.C.M.¹
1. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional (LABEF),
Sorocaba, SP, Brasil; 2. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais
(CEIS), Rio Claro, SP, Brasil.
carina_jambo@hotmail.com
The fipronil is a non-specific chemical compound largely used in Brazil agricultural as insec-
ticide, despite its proscription in some European countries. In honeybees, the larvae can be exposed
to the fipronil during feeding stage by nurse workers, since the food source of the colony can contain
the insecticide, in case of collection of contaminated pollen and nectar by foraging workers. These
later may also contaminate their mates directly by trophallaxis. The aim of this work was evaluate
the effect of fipronil on larvae of Africanized Apis mellifera under toxicity bioassays rearing larvae
to imago. Larvae were exposed, at day 4 of bioassays, on three different concentrations of fipronil,
using as reference the LD50 for honeybees. In the fipronil-exposed groups, one droplet of solution
(1µL), containing the diluted insecticide, was applied by contact on the dorsal region of each larvae.
In the control group, this same procedure was performed, but 1µL of water solution without fipronil
was applied on each larvae. The results showed that at 0.5 ng/µL/larvae (LD50/10) of fipronil, the
mortality incidence of larvae and abnormality of pupae increased significantly in relationship to the
control. On 5 ng/µL/larvae (around LD50), abnormality on pupae also increased considerably, and
the emergence rate decreased significantly. At 20 ng/µL/larvae (positive control), the rate of anoma-
lous pupae reached the highest level and the emergence rate was zero. In the fipronil-exposed groups,
presence of pupae with pigmented head and thorax, but with no pigmented abdomen, was the most
common abnormality observed during the pupal stage. Larvae with pupa eyes, varying the eye color
from white to pink, were also observed. The results showed that the fipronil causes serious distur-
bance on the larval development of A. mellifera, even on LD50 lower concentration.


Anais Do X Enc. Sobre Abelhas

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Anais Do X Enc. Sobre Abelhas

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

ANAIS DO X ENCONTRO SOBRE ABELHAS

Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)

Encontro sobre Abelhas (10. : 2012 : Ribeirão Preto, SP)

Índices para catálogo sistemático:

Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas. Ribeirão Preto. 2012

R. Floriano Peixoto, 2444 – Alto da Boa Vista – 14025-220 Ribeirão Preto, SP

ANAIS DO X ENCONTRO SOBRE ABELHAS

Fabio Santos do Nascimento Presidente

Zilá Luz Paulino Simões Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi

Aline B. Santos Aline P. Turcatto

Agradecemos o apoio financeiro recebido das agências de fomento à pesquisa científica:

Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas, 2012

NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING: SEARCHING

HONEYBEE INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY: LINKING BEHAVIOR

PERFUME BIOLOGY OF ORCHID BEES:

DELAYED HOSPICIDAL BEHAVIOR OR WHY DO CERTAIN

ECONOMY OF THE HONEYBEE COLONY 6

Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas, 2012

CHANGES IN PLANT-FLOWER VISITOR COMMUNITIES

AVALIAÇÃO DOS SERVIÇOS AMBIENTAIS DE POLINIZAÇÃO E

MODELOS DE SIMULAÇÃO: DESAFIOS E POSSIBILIDADES PARA

MARGINAL CONTRIBUTION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES TO

THE RESEARCH CENTER ON BIODIVERSITY

CONSEQUÊNCIAS DO DESAPARECIMENTO (CCD) DAS

LOSSES OF OVERWINTERING HONEYBEE COLONIES

COLAPSO DE COLÔNIAS DE ABELHAS AFRICANIZADAS

Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas, 2012

COLONY COLLAPSE DISEASE IN THE USA AND

SUCCESSFUL MAINTENANCE OF A STINGLESS BEE

Bombus Morio IS STILL RESISTANT TO HABITAT LOSS 31

FINE SCALE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF Euglossa AND

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION DECLINES IN

CONSERVATION GENETICS OF MELIPONINI BEES 34

MORPHOGENESIS OF THE COMPOUND EYE IN THE

Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas, 2012

NUTRITION, GENES, AND THE DIFFERENTIAL

WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOME BY NEXT-GENERATION

microRNA-mRNA EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN FAT

MECHANISMS OF PLASTICITY IN THE HONEYBEE 40

DISAPPEARING KEYSTONE OF AGRICULTURE??? ROLE OF

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO CONTROL MAIN

PROBLEMAS ATUAIS NA SANIDADE APÍCOLA NO SUL DO BRASIL 44

NEW AND EXOTIC BEE DISEASES –

Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas, 2012

TEMPORAL VARIATION IN A PLANT-POLLINATOR

ADULT POLLEN AND NECTAR NEEDS OF A SOLITARY BEE

POLLINATION NETWORKS: MOSAICS OF SMALL WORLDS 50

AMPLITUDE E SOBREPOSIÇÃO DE NICHO ENTRE ESPÉCIES DE

ESPECIALIZAÇÃO NA DIETA DE CENTRIS (Paracentris)

A SUPERMATRIX APPROACH TO RESOLVING 55

THE “HEADS-OR-TAILS” OF EGG DEPOSITION AMONG

Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas, 2012

ETHOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP WITHIN MELIPONINA,

ONE OR MANY SPECIES: PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CHANGES ON NEOTROPICAL

USING THE OIL-COLLECTING BEE Centris (Heterocentris)

TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CROP POLLINATION IN THE UK:

GEF POLLINATORS PROJECT - POLLINATION,

USE OF STINGLESS BEES FOR THE POLLINATION OF

THE VALUE OF MALE BEES IN POLLINATION:

Anais do X Encontro sobre Abelhas, 2012

DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN

HAIRY LEGS: DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION DURING LEG DISC

OCCURRENCE OF SEXUALS AND MATING FREQUENCY IN